(完整版)中科院遥感所考博真题2007年程序设计与算法

遥感概论复习题一、遥感名词解释：1. 遥感2.电磁波谱 3、电磁波 4、微波5、米氏散射6.瑞利散射7. 漫反射 8. 光谱反射率 9. 二向性反射因子（BDRF）10. 大气窗口 11.地物光谱特性 12.地物反射波谱曲线13、发射率14. 亮度温度 15. 辐射亮度16.太阳常数 17电磁辐射18.太阳辐射19、黑体 20黑体辐射21选择性辐射体 22. 图像空间分辨率 23. 光谱分辨率 24.辐射分辨率 25.空间分辨率26.时间分辨率 27.遥感平台 28、卫星轨道参数29. 静止轨道卫星 30.地球同步卫星31.近极轨卫星 32、传感器 33. 被动式传感器 34.成像光谱仪 35.热红外遥感 36. 微波遥感 37. 雷达 38.真实孔径雷达 39. 合成孔径雷达40. 中心投影 41. 瞬时视场角 42. 真彩色合成 43. 标准假彩色合成 44、图像反差增强（反差拉伸） 45、滤波增强处理 46、直方图均衡化 47、数字图像直方图48、假彩色等密度分割 49.边缘检测 50.纹理特征 51. 大气校正52、辐射校正 53.辐射传输方程 54. NDVI 55. 植被指数 56.数字影像 57.遥感影像地图 58. 立体观察 59、直接解译标志 60.间接解译标志 62.色调 63. 非监督分类 64、监督分类65、高光谱遥感66.BSQ 67误差矩阵68.解译精度二、判断1. 光机扫描用机械转动光学扫描部件来完成单元或多元列阵探测器目标的二维扫描。

2. 热红外遥感不能在夜晚进行。

3. 辐射纠正是消除辐射量失真的处理过程，大气纠正是消除大气影响的处理过程。

4. 观察像对时，观察者的眼基线应当与像对上相同地物点的连线保持垂直。

5. 专题制图仪TM是NOAA气象卫星上携带的传感器。

6. 可见光波段的波长范围是0.38-0.76cm（厘米）。

7. 利用人工发射源，获取地物反射波的遥感方式叫做被动遥感。

中科院遥感所03-11（缺08）第一篇：中科院遥感所03-11(缺08)中科院遥感所2003GIS试题一、名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1、地理信息系统2、空间信息网格3、空间数据挖掘4、数据互操作性5、空间索引二、填空题（每空答对得2分，不答或答错不扣分，共40分）1、地理信息系统萌芽于（）年代。

2、我国的地理信息系统工作起始于（）年代，其标志是（）。

3、（）、（）和（）是地理空间分析的三大要素。

4、地理信息系统中的数据转换主要包括（）和（）。

5、地理信息系统的空间分析分为（）、（）和（）三个层次。

6、空间关系通常分为（）、（）和（）三类。

7、手扶跟踪数字化的精度受（）、（）和（）三种条件的影响。

7、空间信息查询方式主要有（）、（）和（）三种方式。

三、判断题（请根据判断在每题的括弧中写入“对”或“错”，每一题答对得4分，答错不扣分，共20分）1、若某一弧段的左、右多边形分别为A和B，则A、B两个多边形相邻。

（）2、若弧段A和多边形P无交点，则A和P是分离关系。

（）3、利用游程编码数据结构一定能够减少数据存储空间。

（）4、对于等角投影，面积越大，造成的畸变越大，因而大面积的区域制图不适合使用等角投影。

（）5、开放式GIS的目的是实现异构分布数据的共享和不同系统之间的互操作。

（）四、简答题（共三题，每题10分，共30分）1、简述地理空间数据库的特点及发展趋势2、简述空间数据质量的标准要素3、简述地理信息系统标准化的内容及意义五、论述题（共两题，45分）1、长江三峡工程是举世注目的重大水利工程。

若根据蓄水前后的水位计算淹没区范围、淹没耕地面积及淹没区移民数量，你需要哪些基本数据？并结合GIS的功能给出详细的技术方案和实现过程。

（25分）2、给定某一海域的海面观测点分布地图及每个点的海面日平均温度观测数据，现需要计算该海域内某一天的海面温度等值线分布及温度变化梯度分布，请利用GIS的功能给出求解方法和步骤。

TIIE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENICE5ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXCAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES14March 2007PAPER ONEPAPER ONEPART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each)1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually than now seems desirable.A: reluctantlyB: unwittinglyC. impulsivelyD: anxiously2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.A. WayB. viewC. visionD. pursuit3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis in Iraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”A. InstantB: InverseC. InsolubleD. Intact4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who had eased their suffering.A. confideB. ponderC. wellD: reflect5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.A: urgeB. forceC. spurD. rush.6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.A. concernB. magnitudeC. volumeD. carelessness7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______ called "hot" and later "swing."A. shortlyB. initiallyC. actuallyD. literally8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth of one's one’s experienceA. tempo withB. time withC. place ofD. proportion to9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, hewould never allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment.A. interruptB. botherC. interfereD. intervene10. His ______ with computers began six months ago.A. imaginationB. invocationC. observationD. obsession11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them.A. vulnerableB. allergicC. inclinedD. hostile12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become______ and are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep alaw______ away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself.A. mannerB. positionC. profileD. station14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______success.A. provisionalB. sensationalC. sentimentalD. potential15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with ______ ideas to promote the corporation's marketing strategies.A. integralB. instinctiveC. intangibleD. ingeniousl6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.A. in paceB. out of focusC. in stepD. out of tune17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.A. taunts forB. asks forC. consists ofD. approves ofl8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage.A. inB. againstC. raftD. of19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______.A. to and froB. upside and downC. inside and outD. now and then20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucianatmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society. Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting in an______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.21. A. for B. than C. as D. that22. A. if B. when C. because D. though23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase24. A. what B. where C. how D. why25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. recliningB. franklyC. accordinglyD. apparently30. A.fortunately31. A. in B. on C. to D. atB. incorrectC. immoralD. imperfect32. A.responsible33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct34. A.B. situationsC. occasionsD. instancesconditionsC. moralityD. modesty35. A. culture B.confidencePART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care isorganized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.A. occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB. a great deal of personal attentionC. low charge by doctors and hospitalsD. stacking nurses and bad services37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______.A. they fear to be sued by the patientsB. they care much about Their reputationC. they compete for getting more patentsD. they wish to join the private medical system38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?A. It must be in total chaosB. It must be a free competition systemC. It should cover the unemployedD. It should involve private care.39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.A. millions of jobless people get support.B. those with steady income do not seek help.C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.D. those with private health care are excluded.40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US?A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the billsB. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitalsC. the lack of government control over the medical pricesD. The merger of private health care with the public system.41. It is implied that American doctors often______.A. trade their professionalism for financial benefitsB. fails to recognize the paying power of the patientsC. discuss about how to make money during the surgeryD. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.Passage twoAlmost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering."We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials Weproved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents’’ refers to ______in particularA. ethnic groups in the U.SB. the American general publicC. a Africa AmericanD. the U.S. working-class43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.A. controversial，among local activitiesB. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.C. fascinating to the civil rights groupsD. barely realized by many environmentalists44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______.A. get relieved of some of their basic dutiesB. know what environmental justice wasC. fight for better working conditionsD. recognize their dangerous surroundings45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonB. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentC. the government intervention helped promote environmental justiceD. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______.A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorB. they cried for government intervention in saving the environmentC. they knew what ‘the environment really meant to the White peopleD. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______.A. showing the achieved successB. attracting national attentionC. identifying relevant issuesD. finding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, manypsychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can't before，”says Jacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis’s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleableSome experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the issue is that many students that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions ‘says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one's life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______.A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______.A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______.A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from class competitionD. labeled as inferior to others53. The last paragraph implies______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of class workC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsPassage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system.56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjectsB. They publish controversial papers that others won't.C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.D. They have a special system of peer-review.57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____.A. the most of allB. best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefit that their papers _____.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers.C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times.Passage FiveThis leaves us with the challenge of finding some politically practicable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But it is an awkward truth that when most U.S senators were asked informally in 2000 if they would support the Kyoto Protocolshould President George W. Bush send it to the Scant for ratification, the overwhelming majority, Democrats as well as Republicans, said they could not. The reason for the liberals' surprising reply is clear. Many studies, not all by conservatives, suggest that full compliance with the terms of the Kyoto Protocol would likely lead to a deep American recession. For those willing to run this risk, sober reflection on the consequences of the economic collapse of 1929 and the subsequent worldwide depression with all its political and ultimately military consequences is certainly in order.That said, what can be done, in particular by our own country Independent of the issues raised by the Kyoto Protocol, and given the weight of evidence that the problem of global warming is serious fraught with dire consequences, failure to do anything at all and instead to promote "business as usual" downright criminal.Yet the Bush administration has given no more than lip service to the problem, though that could he changing. It is one thing weigh alternatives and implements compromises that reflect the complexity of the problem; it is quite another thing to do nothing, especially if doing nothing is just a way of securing support from certain industries that worsen the problem.There are, after all, things that can he done. Reopening a serious international dialogue, and not just saying a few good words, would be a useful if inadequate start. Not every problem must be solving before -the weight of evidence becomes so compelling that certain initial steps become almost mandatory. We already know how to make more fuel-efficient yet no national policy has surfaced to accomplish this. The scientific and engineering communities are the ones best suited to identify the scientific research that is still needed and the technical projects that show the greatest promise. These issues should be decided by them and not the politicians. Once solutions look promising, as a few already do, industry will be all too ready to romp in, for at that stage there is money to be made. And only a fool would underestimate human ingenuity when given a proper incentive, or the strength of American industry once the boiler is lit under it.60. What can be inferred about the Kyoto Protocol from Paragraph 1?A. It was about environment protection.B. It was supported by most Democrats.C. It was considered awkward by conservationsD. It was officially rejected by most US senators.61. Many studies suggest that full agreement with the Kyoto Protocol would run the risk of _____.A. falling victim to military warfareB. offending other countriesC. re-experiencing the past miseriesD. provoking nationwide anger62. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _____.A. measures should be taken to deal with global warming.B. the best way to deal with global warming is `let it be'.C. seriousness of global warming has been exaggerated.D. promoting "business as usual" must be further stressed.63. The Bush administration _____.A. has assisted in aggravating global warmingB. has taken no measures against global warmingC. has executed compromises about global warmingD. has got big industries' support to stop global warming64. The author suggests all of the following measures EXCEPT_____.A. reopening a serious international dialogueB. overcoming all difficulties before startingC. conducting scientific researches concernedD. doing the most promising technical projects65. In the last paragraph, the expression "once the boiler is lit under it" most probably means "when American industry is_____.A. underminedB. upgradedC. incensedD. stimulated.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)The Bush crowd bristles at the use of the "Q-word"--quagmire(沼泽)---to describe American involvement in Iraq. But with our soldiers fighting and dying with no end in sight, who can deny that Mr. Bush has gotten us into "a situation from which extrication is very difficult," which is a standard definition of quagmire?More than 1,730 American troops have already died in Iraq. _____66 one of six service members, including four women, who were killed .She was a suicide bomber struck their convoy in Falluja last week.With evidence mounting that U.S. troop strength in Iraq was inadequate, Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House, "There are some who feel that the conditions are such that they can attack us there. My answer is, Bring'em on."_____67 A New Jersey Democrat said: "I am shaking my head in disbelief. When I served in the Army in Europe during World War II, I never heard any military commander-let alone the commander in chief-invite enemies to attack U.S. troops."_____68"We've learned that Iraqis are courageous and that they need additional skills," said Mr. Bush in his television address. "And that is why a major part of our mission is to train them so they can do the fighting, and then our troops can come home."Don't hold your breath. _____69Whether one agreed with the launch of this war or not, the troops doing the fighting deserve to be guided by leaders in Washington who are at least minimally competent at waging war. _____70A. It was an immature display of street-corner machismo(男子气概)that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat.。

中科院遥感应用研究所2003年GIS专业硕士研究生入学考试试卷一、名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1、地理信息系统2、空间信息网格3、空间数据挖掘4、数据互操作性5、空间索引二、填空题（每空答对得2分，不答或答错不扣分，共40分）1、地理信息系统萌芽于（）年代。

2、我国的地理信息系统工作起始于（）年代，其标志是（）。

3、（）、（）和（）是地理空间分析的三大要素。

4、地理信息系统中的数据转换主要包括（）和（）。

5、地理信息系统的空间分析分为（）、（）和（）三个层次。

6、空间关系通常分为（）、（）和（）三类。

7、手扶跟踪数字化的精度受（）、（）和（）三种条件的影响。

8、空间信息查询方式主要有（）、（）和（）三种方式。

三、判断题（请根据判断在每题的括弧中写入“对”或“错”，每一题答对得4分，答错不扣分，共20分）1、若某一弧段的左、右多边形分别为A和B，则A、B两个多边形相邻。

（）2、若弧段A和多边形P无交点，则A和P是分离关系。

（）3、利用游程编码数据结构一定能够减少数据存储空间。

（）4、对于等角投影，面积越大，造成的畸变越大，因而大面积的区域制图不适合使用等角投影。

（）5、开放式GIS的目的是实现异构分布数据的共享和不同系统之间的互操作。

（）四、简答题（共三题，每题10分，共30分）1、简述地理空间数据库的特点及发展趋势2、简述空间数据质量的标准要素3、简述地理信息系统标准化的内容及意义五、论述题（共两题，45分）1、长江三峡工程是举世注目的重大水利工程。

若根据蓄水前后的水位计算淹没区范围、淹没耕地面积及淹没区移民数量，你需要哪些基本数据？并结合GIS的功能给出详细的技术方案和实现过程。

（25分）2、给定某一海域的海面观测点分布地图及每个点的海面日平均温度观测数据，现需要计算该海域内某一天的海面温度等值线分布及温度变化梯度分布，请利用GIS的功能给出求解方法和步骤。

（20分）中科院遥感应用研究所2005年GIS专业硕士研究生入学考试试卷一、填空题1.数据建模的三个步骤：2.空间分析的三种类型：3.矢量对象按其维数分为五类：分别判断集中对象是人为、还是自然空间对象。

2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。

3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。

三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。

3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。

分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。

科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。

2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。

3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。

三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。

2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。

2007年遥感所考博《程序设计与算法语言》一. 选择题（每小题2分，共40分）1. int a = 2，则执行完表达式a*=a+=a-=a*a;后，a的值是（）。

A) -4；B) 0；C) -8；D) 16；2. 以下程序段中while 循环执行的次数是（）。

int k=0；while(k=1)k++;A）无限次；B）有语法错，不能执行C）一次也不执行D）执行1次3. 用来表示一个变量的地址或者表示另一变量的地址的变量是（）。

A．函数； B.指针； C.数组； D.结构体；4. 若有说明：int a[][2]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7 }; 则a数组第一维的大小是()A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 无确定值5. 一个栈的输入序列为123…n，若输出序列的第一个元素是n，输出第i（1<=i<=n）个元素是（）。

A. 不确定B. n-i+1C. iD. n-i6. 假设以行序为主序存储二维数组A=array[1..100，1..100]，设每个数据元素占2个存储单元，基地址为10，则LOC[5，5]=（）。

A. 808B. 818C. 1010D. 10207. 在任意-棵二叉树中，若终端结点的个数为M，度为2的结点数为8，则M=（）。

A．8 B. 9 C.10 D.118. 链表不具备的特点是（）。

A）可随机访问任何一个元素；B）无需事先估计存储空间大小；C）插入、删除操作不需要移动元素；D）所需存储空间与线性表长度成正比；9. 连续存储设计时，存储单元的地址（）。

A．一定连续 B．一定不连续 C．不一定连续 D．部分连续，部分不连续10. 在右图的流程图中，如果标记为b的运算执行了m次(m>1)，那么标记为a的运算的执行次数为（）。

A．1；B．m-1；C．m；D．m+l；11. 如下定义：int m =2；int n = m<<3, 则n = （）A．2 B. 8 C. 0 D. 1612. 设栈的输入序列是1，2，3，4，则____不可能是其出栈序列。

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1368781648=<?34C 1E392C 1b /=697?4392C 1:=2=61Y G C 7512C 1369701478817639079;/2C 16619/>98=<?3@723/94M G C 7512C 136614176@C614=?24=9E 1642//E<;2C 1A 19167?8=<?3@Q G C 7512C 1364=8163/64A 3512C 100/91276;7>76E:/62C 18=<?3@723/9%,G M /08761E>32C/2C 16b /=697?4!B %-9$#79E C 0(#)0#>/=?EA 3512C 17=2C /64791F267<191:322C 722C 13687B8164GN G >3??<10/61?3D1?;2/<1@/0139:?=19237?79E<1@321EY G >3??<10/61?3D1?;2/<1:611:6/0@C 7??19A 1<;81164M G >3??<161531>1E>32CA 617216@7612/194=612C 17=2C /632;Q G >3??61788176392C 136/63A 397?39878164?3D1B #4A 2$<!(7#,$%::%;’4I C 34?17514=4>32C 2C 1@C 7??19A 1/::39E 39A4/018/?323@7??;867@23@7<?1>7;2/61E =@1A 6119C /=41A 74103443/94G Y =23234797>D>76E26=2C2C 72>C 190/42^.41972/64>16174D1E39:/607??;39"###3:2C 1;>/=?E4=88/622C 1_;/2/Z 6/2/@/?4C /=?EZ 6143E 192g 1/6A 1HG Y =4C419E322/2C 1.19721:/66723:3@723/9!2C 1/516>C 1?039A07b /632;!Q 10/@672474>1??74d 18=<?3@794!473E2C 1;@/=?E9/2G I C 16174/9:/62C 1?3<167?4R 4=6863439A618?;34@?176G J 79;42=E 314!9/27??<;@/94165723514!4=A A 1422C 72:=??@/08?379@1>32C 2C 121604/:2C 1_;/2/Z 6/2/@/?>/=?E?3D1?;?17E2/7E 118N 0163@7961@1443/9G c /62C /41>3??39A2/6=92C 34634D !4/<1661:?1@23/9/92C 1@/941O =19@14/:2C 11@/9/03@@/??7841/:$,",79E2C 14=<41O =192>/6?E B >3E 1E 1861443/9>32C7??3248/?323@7?79E=?230721?;03?3276;@/941O =19@1434@162739?;39/6E 16GI C 72473E !>C 72@79<1E /91!3987623@=?76<;/=6/>9@/=926;-X 9E 1819E 192/:2C 1344=1467341E<;2C 1_;/2/Z 6/2/@/?!79EA 35192C 1>13A C 2/:153E 19@12C 722C 186/<?10/:A ?/<7?>76039A344163/=479E :67=A C 2>32CE 361@/941O =19@14!:73?=612/E /79;2C 39A727??79E394217E2/86/0/21#<=43914474=4=7?$34E />963A C 2@630397?GV 122C 1Y =4C7E 0393426723/9C 74A 35199/0/612C 79?3841653@12/2C 186/<?10!2C /=A C2C 72@/=?E<1@C 79A 39A G X 234/912C 39A2/>13A C7?216972351479E308?10192@/086/034142C 7261:?1@22C 1@/08?1F32;/:2C 186/<?10)3234O =32179/2C 162C 39A2/E /9/2C 39A !1481@37??;3:E /39A9/2C 39A34b =427>7;/:41@=639A 4=88/62:6/0@16273939E =4263142C 72>/64192C 186/<?10G中国科学院"##’年)月考博英语真题!.J"I C 161761!7:2167??!2C 39A 42C 72@79<1E /91G d 1/81939A74163/=4392169723/97?E 37?/A =1!79E9/2b =4247;39A7:1>A //E>/6E 4!>/=?E<17=41:=?3:397E 1O =72142762G ‘/21516;86/<?100=42<14/?51E<1:/612C 1>13A C 2/:153E 19@1<1@/0144/@/081??39A2C 72@162739393237?42184<1@/017?0/42079E 72/6;G H17?B 617E ;D9/>C />2/07D10/61:=1?B 1::3@31927=2/0/<3?14!;129/9723/97?8/?3@;C 744=6:7@1E2/7@@/08?34C 2C 34G I C 14@31923:3@79E19A 3911639A@/00=9323147612C 1/914<1424=321E2/3E 1923:;2C 14@31923:3@614176@C 2C 7234423??911E 1E79E2C 121@C 93@7?86/b 1@242C 724C />2C 1A 617214286/0341G I C 141344=144C /=?E<1E 1B @3E 1E<;2C 1079E9/22C 18/?323@3794G K 9@14/?=23/94?//D 86/03439A !747:1>7?617E ;E /!39E =426;>3??<17??2//617E ;2/b =0839!:/6722C 72427A 12C 161340/91;2/<107E 1G N 9E/9?;7://?>/=?E=9E 1614230721C =07939A 19=32;>C 19A 3519786/81639@192351!/62C 142619A 2C/:N 0163@7939E =426;/9@12C 1</3?1634?32=9E 1632G-#G H C 72@79<139:1661E7</=22C 1_;/2/Z 6/2/@/?:6/0Z 767A 678C $-N G X 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@/9E =@239A4@31923:3@614176@C 14@/9@1691EQ G E /39A2C 10/4286/03439A21@C 93@7?86/b 1@24-%G X 92C 1?7428767A 678C !2C 11F861443/9#/9@12C 1</3?1634?32=9E 1632$0/4286/<7<?;01794#>C 19N 0163B@7939E =426;34G $N G =9E 160391E Y G =8A 67E 1E M G 39@1941E Q G 4230=?721E Y ’B79-*0*.5=9*D 7’:!!5&-9*7:+A 9(’B79-*:(J )#%0"21-"#123324()*+%,,%*#,!1(L#,#)-#)0#,"%L#5##)$#72L#’1$27-"#2$(*()%3-#V-.!"#6%$#3(,-#’1$27!=-2;%)’+9-5#324-"#+%,,%*#.?"22,#-"#72,-,9(-%53#,#)-#)0#1$27-"#3(,--21(33()#%0"21-"#53%)<,K *)975#$#’[[-2\W +.;2$#%0"+%,,%*#!-"#$#(,2)#,#)-#)0#-"%-’2#,)2-1(-()%)621-"#53%)<,.H %$<629$%),4#$,2)629$H %0"()#:,02$()*=),4#$C "##-.$%::%;’!I C 1Y =4C @6/>E<6342?14722C 1=41/:2C 1#h B >/6E $,O =7A 0361*沼泽+,2/E 14@63<1N 0163@79395/?51B 019239X 67O G Y =2>32C/=64/?E 3164:3A C 239A79EE ;39A>32C9/19E3943A C 2!>C /@79E 19;2C 72J 6G Y =4CC 74A /2219=4392/#7432=723/9:6/0>C 3@C1F263@723/934516;E 3::3@=?2!$>C 3@C3474279E 76EE 1:39323/9/:O =7A B 0361-J /612C 79$’)#N 0163@7926//84C 7517?617E ;E 31E39X 67O G !--!G 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中国科学院遥感应用研究所硕士研究生入学考试样题科目：《程序设计与算法语言》一填空题（每空2分，共30分）1、对于一个具有n个结点的二元树，当它为一棵________二元树时具有最小高度，当它为一棵________时，具有最大高度。

2、设数组a［1.。

50,1.。

80]的基地址为2000,每个元素占2个存储单元，若以行序为主序顺序存储,则元素a［45，68]的存储地址为_________;若以列序为主序顺序存储,则元素a[45,68］的存储地址为____________。

3、对于一个具有n个结点的单链表，在已知的结点＊p后插入一个新结点的时间复杂度为________,在给定值为x的结点后插入一个新结点的时间复杂度为______________。

4、已知int*p()，（*q)（）；则p是________________,而q是______________.5、已知一棵二叉树的前序序列为abdecfhg，中序序列为dbeahfcg，则该二叉树的根为__________，左子树中有___________，右子树中有___________。

6、己知有序表为（12,18,24,35,47,50，62，83,90，115，134)当用二分法查找90时，需__________次查找成功，47时__________成功，查100时，需__________次才能确定不成功。

7、XML在地理空间信息领域的应用是____________。

利用它可以存储和发布各种特征的地理信息，并控制地理信息在Web浏览器中的显示。

二选择题（每小题2分，共70分）1、用来表示一个变量的地址或者表示另一变量的地址的变量是（）。

A.函数;B.指针；C。

数组；D。

结构体；2、在C语言中,若函数调用时实参是数组名，则传递给对应形参的是( ）。

A．数组空间的首地址；B．数组的第一个元素值；C．数组中元素的个数；D．数组中所有的元素;3、int a = 2,则执行完表达式a+=a+=a-=a*a；后，a的值是（）A．—4；B．0；C．-8；D．16;4、若有说明：int a[]［3］={1，2,3，4,5，6，7};则a数组第一维的大小是（）.A. 2B. 3 C。