新城市主义

Explain and evaluate ideas associated with the ‘New Urbanism’ movement New Urbanism is an urban design theory produced in the early 1990s,to a certain extent, it represents the direction of development of urban design theory.The "new" of New Urbanism is caused by the urban crisis of modernism as the representative of the "old" urbanism.Louis Wirth, an American scholar, from a sociological point of the definition of "urbanism” as a way of life in an article called Urbanism as a Way of Life in1938,it includes three features:large population, high density and cross the opposite sex.The different origins of people of different backgrounds in the city large gathering,high population density,strong liquidity, and a link between the people is working relationship rather than kinship or neighborhood,different groups of people gradually divided into different classes according to race, language, income and social status,unlike in the past divided community was based on the feelings of the relatives.New Urbanism is the same as many influential ideological movement,also for some general problems that exist in the social development process and put forward a concept of reform and adjustment patterns of urban development.Next we will explore theories of social reality roots in the realistic background of social development of the USA.Urban development in the United States has entered a stable phase of urbanization,the city has experienced several stages of urbanization - suburbanization - metropolitan,the development of urban sprawl has become the essential characteristics of the city,conventional suburban driven mode of development (CSD) has become a mainstream,then bring in a lot of urban issues such as the deterioration of the urban ecological environment, the recession of the central city, traffic congestion, social isolation and so on.And development model of suburbanization in the US are inseparable from the social mechanisms,these influencing factors include: development of science and technology which is behalf on transport, economy, housing policy, changes in the environment, racial problems, changes in social class, social and cultural characteristics, the government management system and so on.On the development of the theory of urban design context, New Urbanism is a product of modernist criticism,which was built on the basis of architecture and urban design theory in the 1960s or1970s,Collier as the representative of European architects on the research results of the traditional urban space is the direct source of the theory of New Urbanism.In short,the generation of New Urbanism is in the criticism on the basis of reality,which existis not only social reality also the continuity of the features of the theoretical development.In understanding the process of urban development,the region has gone beyond the concept of geography,becoming the sum of political, economic, social, historical and other factors.The region g enerated in the field of economic geography, and gradually extended to the field of urban planning.With the deepening of urbanization,the issue of the city has become a regional one,even wider range of complex issues.From a regional perspective to think about the city has become one of the guiding ideology to solve urban problems. The New Urbanism repeat the region in the 1990s,and its regional concept is mainly reflected in the establishment of regional development and regional coordination mechanisms, the harmonious development of the suburbs and the old city, the region's growth boundary, the regional dimension of transport and land use and regional design. New understanding of New Urbanism about the region firstly is based on the reality ofurban and social development, and combined with new strategies to make the region into a coherent system of life.In the field of urban construction, ecology and sustainable development theory has become one of the basic concepts of urban design, it also brings innovation and improvement of the system of urban design cogitation.New Urbanism not only attach importance to The ecological role of farmland and open space, and through the appropriate capacity of the ecosystem to determine the boundaries of the city and the community, to prevent the development of urban sprawl;It also stressed that the compact urban form, to encourage infill development to achieve sustainable development of cities. Under realistic conditions of the United States, the compact urban form has become the inevitable choice of the New Urbanism, and realization of the ecological balance of the city also became the ultimate goal of development.At the time of concerning about the cities and communities, in addition to attention to the real elements, the nature of the elements of the virtual body is the necessary conditions to study urban phenomenon.As the theory of concerning about the living environment , TND mode of New Urbanism is based on Perry's neighborhood unit concept and the further development and improvement.Behind the patterns reflects New Urbanism want people to rebuild the lost tradition of community life through people's daily life interaction,to realize the regression of community significance, to achieve the purpose of transforming society, so that people of different classes to achieve the harmony of the social and economic level.Functional partition theory of modernism dismember the organic structure of the city, make the complex, rich urban life towards a single and simplified one, and the face of the urban problems of congestion, isolation, Jacobs and Alexander reiterated necessity of diversity and functional cross fared of a city.Similarly, the New Urbanism not only stressed the diversity and vitality of the city, but also to pursue a mix of urban functions, the diversity of architecture, public space diversity.Due to the diversity of human needs, multi-function hybrid has become the one core of the means of community vitality.The development of transport has a significant influence on the urban space growth, structural change and the enhancement of operational efficiency, and exhibit different characteristics.At the same time,concerning for walking represents a shift in people’s traffic attitudes.The main characteristics of New Urbanism is concerned about walking and public transport, and putting forward the public transport-oriented development model, to guide the city's land use and development in order to control urban sprawl and to limit car use, and create Livability of high-quality living environment for sustainable development goals.In the form of the dimension level, centralization and decentralization of the city has been the focus of debate,and for microscopic physical of the city are concentrated in terms of function, vision, tradition,morphological point of view of the New Urbanism emphasized the multi-center urban structure combining centralization and decentralization of urban form, emphasizing the area and neighborhood as the basic unit of organizing of urban form, emphasizing creating a sense of place of street and building.As an urban design theory,New Urbanism in the emphasis on the behind of the construction of the physical environment, the pursuit of daily activities and social activities in public space.New Urbanism as a reflection and reform of the urban development process, the necessity and the limitations are both exist, from the value on the point of view, a rational evaluation of the New Urbanism, to reveal the significance of the existence and value.Firstof all, the New Urbanism is the criticism and constructing of modernist urban design,its value not only reflects the changing trends from the function rationality to the humane care, but also reflects the development of the concept of a single orientation to multi-orientation,and also reflects the respect of public value.Its goal is to change patterns of urban development from the CSD to TND, TOD.Secondly,in the term of the methodology, the New Urbanism has established a relatively complete theoretical system.The idea of sustainable development throughout the deep region of the New Urbanism, cities and communities in the design of the three levels of idea, it is against the spread type of development has not been refused development itself.It represents a bottom-up urban design ,practice becomes an important mean or even the only mean of realizing a design concept,it emphasizes that the construction of the physical environment is as important as economic, social and political problems,it takes advantage of the method of the typology, the form of expert workshop on public participation and the methods of urban design control to guide the construction of the community,and it relies on urban design to reverse the unfavorable situation brought about as a result of the suburbanization of urban development.Any theory has its historical background and the applicable conditions, as modernism represent the ideal city, New Urbanism reflects the contemporary pursuit of an ideal life. However, in order to change Americans inherent lifestyle, the concept is not an easy task, it must be the face of today's severe economic and social reality, and the many challenges and doubts,these challenges and doubts including its theoretical feasibility, as well as conflicting with the U.S. real-world conditions, systems, concepts and so on.Indeed, the New Urbanism is established on the reality basis of the urban development in the United States,it is adapted to some of the innovation trends in American society,at least exploring a road for the innovation of the city ,although we can not be fully expect it to solve all problems, but it lets us see the hope to solve urban problems.Meanwhile,for cities around the world, every city has its historical, cultural, economic and other characteristics , New Urbanism can not simply apply to every cornerof the world, it will mean different values in different place.In this rapidly changing society,New Urbanism is only combining with the actual conditions of the city, and developing into a localization process of urban renewal movement,its contribution and prospects will be clear, because the desire of the New Urbanism,to explore a better community is the same as the urban social development goals.As the same as the development of new urbanism in the United States, in China it was first by the real estate sector through the practice of building a huge market effects ,which caused the attention of the theory community and the public.The next analysis of the type of practice which has the characteristics of New Urbanism and the suitability of a combination of chinese factors,These types include the Metro, suburban communities, as well as transit-oriented development and so on,meanwhile, we also find that New Urbanism in the process of combining with the market will inevitably become a part of the real estate "popular culture" ,which has become a marketing tool.Therefore, the understanding of New Urbanism must hold in a rational manner, and in the term of critical regionalism perspective to explore a useful reference for China's urban construction.Firstof all, from a macro perspective,We should establish a Urban and rural regional development concept,Coordinating urban and rural relationships, and by determining the urban growth boundary to promote within the city's development, and in the end to make the urban development to be a path of sustainable development.Secondly, at the meso level, combined with the reality of our cities,putting forward multi-functional mixed land development ideas under the conditions of the appropriate density.We also recognize thatrail transit has become a powerful force to guide the rational development of the city, the construction of the traffic system under its support and urban structural adjustment is the correct path we should choose.Finally, at the micro level, human-centered urban concept has reached a consensus , only replaced with a high density of street network to change the regular pattern of the main road,and return to the street scale of humanity as well as a continuous street interface, which will help make the streets to restore its old space value.But in the era of motorized, we can not ignore the equal relationship of the motor vehicle and pedestrian,street space for the coexistence of people and vehicles not only meet our pursuit of speed, efficiency, but also make the pedestrian becoming the protagonist of street living space again.Meanwhile,the previously closed residential area meet the people to a life of ease, has brought the urban space, the segregation of social classes,Undeniable that people have both nature similar of gathering and the desire of communicating with different classes,then an open community environment and a mixture of multi-class residential will be conducive to the building of a harmonious society.In short,New Urbanism's way of thinking has brought us the way of rethinking the idea of urban problems, but it must be the combination of regional factors that has practical significance, this may be its true value.。