2018年上海宝山区高三一模试题(附答案)

2018 年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷II.Grammar and VocabularyWhy My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard. It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there. It requires time and effort, and then hits you in the face and someone in the bac kground says ―Oh, why didn’t you think of that before?‖ Beliefs change, they mature and grow just (21)a child. The best beliefs are the ones that (22) ( cherish) throughout a lifetime. One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is (23) (easy) when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters, imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’ sadness, as well as their joy, is the most amazing thing about reading. A chance to live another life for a short time, to be another person, Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24) (escape). I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.Reading can teach us. Wh ether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account, you learn when you read. It provides grammar and (25) (write) language skills. Reading teaches us about emotion. Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself. In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters. (26)you read, I believe you will learn, mind and soul.Reading can bring people together. I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books. My stepmother, grandmother, and I all rad the same books.(27) is better than being able to share the tense moments, near misses, and happy endings while (28) (drink) a steaming cup of coffee together with someone. Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains. Plus people (29)read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion. Always with a book in my purse, I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side. Books (30) (help) me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration. Books always make me smile. That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading, because it will make you happy.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.A.extentB.substanceC.normalD. potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG. function H.caused I.physical J.restore K. mentallyThe discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing (胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age. The research team found that splicing factors canbe switched back on with chemicals, making aging cells not only look 31 younger, but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a 32 naturally found in red wine, dark chocolate, red grapes and blueberries, to cells in culture. The chemicals 33 splicing factors, which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on. Within hours, the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,behaving like young cells.The discovery has the 34 to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old. Most people by the age of 85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness, and as people get older they are more prone to stroke, heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying, ―This is a first step in trying to make people live35 lifetime, but with health for their entire life. Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to 36 to old cells.‖Dr Eva Latorre, Research Associate at the University of Exeter, who carried out the experiments, was surprised by the 37 and rapidity of the changes in the cells.―When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish 38 I couldn’t believe it. These old cells were looking like young cells. It was like magic,‖ she said. ―I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rej uvenated. I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.‖As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or39 as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the 40for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called ― executive control‖ when it comes to making decisions,41 considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is 42 for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner 43 that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦) and lions, among others ---44 reasonable decision-making.― These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the 45 they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,‖ he wrote.The question has been 46 since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to 47 exactly what sets humans apart from other animals. Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious 48 in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, 49 ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in 50 thought and language structures. Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable 51 to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year 52 the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, 53 their behavior by attaching their own observations to others. In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his 54 . His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, ―to see that we’re gathered enough evide nce to say that animals really are 55 in a unique way.‖t45. A. option B. scheme C. regulation D. random46. A. dismissed B. ignored C. debated D. answered47. A. evaluate B. determine C. overlook D. initiate48. A. results B. successes C. achievements D. attempts49. A. for example B. this is to say C. on the contrary D. as a result50. A. obvious B. feasible C. private D. complex51. A. mystery B. tradition C. evidence D. fiction52. A. substituted B. published C. reflected D. maintained53. A. adapting B. symbolizing C. investigating D. revenging54. A. agreement B. implement C. requirement D. argument55. A. passionate B. reasonable C. confused D. ridiculousSection A(A)We see them everywhere. ―There are some things that money can’t buy… for everything else, there’s MasterCard.‖ We hear them everywhere. ―Make life rewarding… American Express.‖ Whether watching television, driving down the highw ay, or even appearing on our Facebook page, the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up, my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions. Yet, money and all the new, interesting things it could buy did not escape me. As I entered my freshman year, my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates. Between game-day dresses, steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens, I quickly drained 17 years worth of savings.41. A. secretly B. unintentionally C. scarcely D. consciously 42. A. required B. qualified C. acquired D. prepared 43. A. concerns B. complains C. conclude D. convinces44. A. turn down B. engage in C. refer to D. argue abouBy the time summer rolled around, I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent, or how much stuff I had acquired… I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working, I was checking my bank account, try to figure out if m y next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment. My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life, creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern. Finally, after a very heated argument with my Dad, I accepted the truth: I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier (and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower) when money was just something in the bank. While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye. Towards the end of the summer, I let go of my financial issues –a fter all, I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account. I still go shopping occasionally. But now, those aren’t priorities. My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a m eans of satisfaction and happiness. Instead, my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought, exchanged, or returned. I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared betwe en my family and friends: ―There are some things that money can’t buy… Seek them.‖ Unlike cash, this form of wealth grows the more I give.56.A ccording to the passage, the author feels happy now mainly because .A.the appeal of money is inescapableB.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.T he author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph 3 in order to .A.show how to settle problems with othersB.prove how selfish his Dad isC.explain material possessions get him into troubleD.display generation gap between Dad and Son58.T he word ―comfy‖ (paragraph 4) probably means .A.realisticB.individualC.graciousfortable59.W hich of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Seeking a different kind of wealthB.Letting go of different sufferingsC.Wealth as a means of satisfactionD.Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever, according to an American Psychological Association survey, and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health. If you have any of these symptoms, your stress might be making you sick. Here’s how t o battle against them.If you’ve never suffered from headaches bu t suddenly your head is constantly striking, you might be too stressed. Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels(血管) in the brain, which brings on a headache. Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common fo r your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed, which can also cause a headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don’t want to take medicine, try spreading lavender (薰衣草)oil on your temples(太阳穴)when a headache starts. Or try one of thesehome remedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick, too. Too much of the stress hormonecortisol (皮质醇)can make it harder to concentrate, causingmemory problems as well as anxiety or depression, says Dr. Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration. Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly, concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal (old hair follicles (囊)arereplaced by new ones over time), but stress can disturb that cycle.Significant stress p ushes a large number of hair follicles into what’scalled a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,according to . Stress can als o cause the body’s resistantsystem to attack your hair follicles, resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient. Once your stress level returns to normal, your hair should start growing back.60.If you’re stressed, you might have one of the following sympto ms EXCEPT that .A.you keep getting headachesB.you always have a coldC.your hair is falling outD.your brain feels confused61.W hich of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.W hat will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Ou r body’s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D.A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials –thus the label ―additive.‖―The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,‖ said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. ―We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, a nd especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.‖Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production – by consumers, merchants and hobbyists – and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.―This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,‖ said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Enviro nmental Studies. ―If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.‖The special issue contains:life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63.The word ―additive‖ in the passage refers to .A.the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB.the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC.the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.t he traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on.A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the follo wing can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the p assage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses .A.investigations of the 3-D printing processB.the environmental implications of 3-D printingC. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CA.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands.B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.C.These include having a higher status, yielding more power, being more self-focused, ambitious and self-confident.D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.E.Up to now, researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname cho ice influences howothers look at her husband.F.W omen’s rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands’ s urname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies, women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others. They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men. 67 These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women, such as being more caring, kind and having less influence and power.68 For this purpose, Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK. The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men. They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage. Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general in ferences about a couple’s g ender-typed personality characteristics.Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases. People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person. ―We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女性)respond negatively to women who violate traditional g ender roles,‖ says Robnett. ― 69 ‖―This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,‖ says Robnett. ― 70 It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despit e privileging men.‖Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the ―Signaling Code and Security‖ working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an ―electronic purse‖ that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The ―black-box addition plus‖ (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.―Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers dur ing offline operation as well,‖ Andy Rupp says. ―This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use. Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge. There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.‖ Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use: During first test runs, researchers completed payments within about one second.V.Translation72.他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。

2018届宝山区高三一模语文试题一、积累应用（10分）1.把下列名篇名句补写完整。

（3分）（1）是故，，道之所存，师之所存也。

（韩愈《师说》）（2），日月照耀金银台。

（李白《梦游天穆吟留别》）2.按要求补写出下列句子中的空缺部分。

（2分）《月夜》中，杜甫在描写妻子独自看月的情景后，写出了希望结束两地看月的诗句：“，。

”3.填入下列文段横线处的名句，最恰当的一句是（）（2分）周恩来总理为中国的崛起强大，为世界的和平进步，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。

，。

他的品德风范，中国人民崇敬追随，世界人民也敬佩向往。

A.桃李不言，下自成蹊B.高山仰止，景行行止C.人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青D.苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之4.填入下列文段横线处的语句，最恰当的一句是（）（3分）作为一名教师不仅要掌握内容取向的显性知识，如学科内容、学科教学法、课程、教育学、心理学和一般文化等原理类知识；，包括教育信念、自我知识、人际知识、策略知识、情境知识和反思知识等为基础的课程知识、教学设计知识、教学过程知识、组织管理知识和人际知识等，即实践性知识。

实践性知识是教师的核心知识，是关于如何教和怎么支持学的知识。

A.还要掌握核心的教学取向的实践知识B.还要掌握隐性的实践取向的教学知识C.更要掌握丰富的实践取向的隐性知识D.更要掌握基础的教师取向的丰富知识二、阅读（70分）（一）阅读下面甲、乙二文，完成5—10题。

（16分）甲《湄公河行动》：主流电影的良心品质①国庆节档期，《爵迹》《王牌逗王牌》等电影纷纷遭遇口碑滑铁卢，票房成绩后劲不足。

唯有警匪动作片《湄公河行动》低开高走，在观众良好口碑的助推下票房逆袭，多日蝉联单日票房冠军。

影片凭借现代化的艺术表达、奇观化的视觉呈现和商业化的包装手段实现了主旋律题材的类型突破，带给观众不一样的惊喜。

在叫座不叫好的电影不断涌现的行业背景下，这部弘扬主流价值观的良心之作获得市场成功，让更多潜心艺术创作的电影人获得了继续前行的信心。

2018宝⼭区⾼三英语⼀模卷答案宝⼭区2018学年第⼀学期期末⾼三英语参考答案及评分标准参考答案1—5 CADCD 6—10 BDBDC 11—15 DCDCB 16—20 AABDC21.is occupied 22. why 23.killed 24. rescued 25. bigger26. to make 27. being 28. that 29. engaging 30. that/which31.D 32. A 33. F 34. G 35. I 36. E 37. K 38. C 39. H 40. J41—55CABDA CBDCA BCDAC56—59ADAB 60—62 CBD 63—66 BCCD 67—70 DCEB71.It is about an inspiring rescuing a dolphin Winter found trapped in ropes by a fisherman. Badly injured, she had to be transferred to an aquarium where doctors saved her but her damaged tail was removed. Luckily, a specialist Kevin designed an artificial tail for her, helping her swim normally again.(51words)72.Don’t judge a personbased on his appearancewhen making friends.73. After he suffered a serious illness, he realized thatlife is priceless.74.The 2018 Shanghai International Import Exposhows innovative ideas, meanwhileit promotes free trade.75.No matter where you travel, you should respectthe local customs and habits, which will help you becomea civilized traveller.评分标准（⼀）概要写作评分标准：2. 评分时应注意的主要⽅⾯: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。

2018年上海市宝山区高三语文一模试卷及答案对技术美学和美学的认识钱学森曾在一篇文章中谈到了艺术和科学技术之间的关系。

他认为，艺术创作也需要科学技术的基础，例如没有纸张和印刷技术，就很难有今天的文学；没有摄影和电声技术，也不可能有今天的电影。

这是科学技术为艺术服务的一方面关系。

而现在，“技术美学”是一门将美学运用到技术领域中的新兴科学，可以说是美术为科学技术的产品设计和制造服务的另一个方面的关系。

3.钱学森在文章中主要谈论了什么关系？答：艺术和科学技术之间的关系。

4.文章中提到了哪些科技对于今天的艺术创作有重要意义？答：纸张、印刷、摄影和电声技术。

5.“技术美学”是什么？答：一门将美学运用到技术领域中的新兴科学。

6.“技术美学”为什么被认为是美术为科学技术的产品设计和制造服务的一方面关系？答：因为“技术美学”将美学运用到科学技术的产品设计和制造中，为科学技术的产品设计和制造提供美术服务。

7.请简要概括一下钱学森的观点。

答：钱学森认为，艺术和科学技术之间有相互依存的关系。

科学技术为艺术服务，同时美术也为科学技术的产品设计和制造提供服务。

现在，“技术美学”是一门将美学运用到技术领域中的新兴科学。

我曾在一篇文章中提到，科学技术产品的设计和制造中存在着工艺美术问题，例如日常用品如杯子、碗、盘子、瓶子等，以及衣着服饰、图书装帧和产品包装等。

这些产品需要做到既美观大方又经济实用，这就是工艺美术的范畴。

从经济效益的角度来看，这是非常重要的。

例如，现在中国人民的收入增加了，他们希望穿得更好一些，但是纺织工业却面临着库存积压的问题，这是因为以前的衣料布匹花色品种太单调，不够美观，所以人们不喜欢。

因此，工艺美术可以帮助解决这个问题，从而创造出以亿元计的价值。

因此，工艺美术是非常重要的。

实际上，工艺美术的范围可以扩大，包括所有产品的设计，例如机器的外形和颜色，难道它们不需要变得更美观大方吗？以前中国制造的机器总是涂成暗灰色，非常丑陋。

2018年宝山区高三一模语文试题一积累应用 10分1.按要求填空。

〔5分〕〔1〕彼童子之师，________________________，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。

〔韩愈《师说》〕〔2〕不知天上宫阙，________________________？〔苏轼《·明月几时有》〕〔3〕X养浩《山坡羊·潼关怀古》以“伤心秦汉经行处，宫阙万间都做了土〞写王朝的盛衰兴亡；李白《登金陵凤凰台》写王朝盛衰兴亡的句子是“________________________，。

〞2.按要求选择〔5分〕〔1〕一位歌唱家看到学生在舞台上的表现，由衷赞叹。

下列最适合他引用的诗句是〔〕。

〔2分〕〔最适合2分，部分适合1分〕A.落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花。

B.江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年。

C.年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。

D.桐花万里丹山路，雏凤清于老凤声。

〔2〕填入下面语段横线处的句子，最恰当的—项是〔〕〔3分〕〔最恰当3分，部分恰当2分，能连贯1分，全不连贯0分〕革命导师这种尊重实践的严肃的科学态度，给我们极大的教育。

他们并不认为自己提出的理论是已经完成了的绝对真理或“顶峰〞，可以不受实践检验的；；更不要说那些根据个别情况作出的个别论断了。

A.并不认为只要是他们作出的结论不管实际情况如何都不能改变B.并不以为因是自己作出之结论则无论实情如何都不能加以改变C.从实践中来对实践总结概括的规律性理论也要接受实践的检验D.他们尊重从实践中来对实践高度概括的带有普遍规律性的理论二阅读 70分〔一〕阅读下文，完成第3-7题。

〔16分〕对技术美学和美学的一点认识钱学森①我曾写文章谈论文学艺术和科学技术之间的关系,我说文学艺术的创作也总要有个科学技术的基础,没有纸X、印刷,也就难有今天的文学；没有摄影技术和电声技术，也就不可能有今天的电影。

这是一个方面的关系，可以说是科学技术为艺术服务．．，现在我们的“技术美学〞是一门把美学运用到技术领域中去的新兴科学，可以说是另—个方面的关系，是美术为科学技术的产品设计和制造服务．．。

宝山区 2017 学年第一学期期末高三年级物理学科质量监测试卷考生注意：1．试卷满分100 分，考试时间60 分钟。

2．本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包含三部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为填空题，第三部分为综合题。

3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写姓名、班级、学校和准考据号。

作答一定涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不得分。

第一部分的作答一定涂在答题纸上相应的地区，第二、三部分的作答一定写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的地点。

一、选择题（共 40 分。

第 1-8 小题，每题 3 分，第 9-12 小题，每题 4 分。

每题只有一个正确答案。

）1．以下物理量中属于标量的是（）（ A）力（B）磁感觉强度（C）电势（D）速度2．以下图是作直线运动物体的v-t 图像，此中表示物体作匀减速直线运动的图是（）v v v vO tO t OtOt（ A）（B）（ C）（ D）3．意大利科学家伽利略在研究物体变速运动规律时，做了着名的“斜面实验”，他丈量了铜球在较小倾角斜面上的运动状况，发现铜球做的是匀变速直线运动，且铜球加快度随斜面倾角的增大而增大，于是他对大倾角状况进行了合理的外推，由此得出的结论是（）（A）力不是保持物体运动的原由（B）力是改变物体运动状态的原由（C）自由落体运动是一种匀变速直线运动（D）物体都拥有保持本来运动状态不变的性质，即惯性4．一个同学静止站在蓝球场上，将手中的蓝球开释，蓝球碰出席所后弹起来，到最高处后又落下，碰出席所后又弹起，这样连续下去，但蓝球能弹回的高度一次比一次低。

对于蓝球运动的描绘以下说法中正确的选项是（）（A）蓝球的机械能守恒（B）蓝球的内能愈来愈少（C）蓝球的机械能渐渐向内能转变，但蓝球的内能却不可以自觉地向机械能转变（D）用手合适地拍打蓝球，蓝球每次都会回弹到着落时的地点，这表示蓝球的着落运动是一种自觉的可逆过程。

5．在同一地址，两个单摆的摆长之比为4∶ 1，摆球的质量之比为1∶ 4，则它们的频次之比为（ ）（A ）1∶1（ B ）1∶2（C ）1∶4（D ）4∶16．轿车行驶时的加快度大小是权衡轿车加快性能的一项重要指标。

2018学年度上海市宝山区高三第一学期语文期末（一模）教学质量监测试题语 文注意事项：1．答题前，先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

2．选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

3．非选择题的作答：用签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。

4．考试结束后，请将本试题卷和答题卡一并上交。

第I 卷（选择题）一、选择题1．下列选项中，名句使用最恰当的一项是（ ）A ．小李与小黄常常共同学习，相互探讨，可谓是“如切如磋，如琢如磨”。

B ．小李同伴都很贪玩，而他勤奋读书，老师赞他“蓬生麻中，不扶而直”。

C ．小黄因考试失利而懊丧不已，朋友们安慰他说“靡不有初，鲜克有终”。

D ．小黄自己家境贫寒，却还想资助小李，小李说“己所不欲，勿施于人”。

2．将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处，语意连贯的一项是（ ）可以简单地把学会一内艺术分成两个部分，一是掌握理论，二是掌握实践。

这一点既适用于音乐、医学、雕塑，也适用于爱情。

①只有通过长期的实践活动，一直到理论知识和实践经验融会贯通起来变成灵感——也就是掌握了艺术的灵魂，才能成为一名大师。

②学医的人首先要认识人体的结构和各种疾病的症兆。

③但光有理论还无法行医。

④要成为大师，除了学习理论和实践外还有第三个必不可少的因素，即要把成为大师看得高于一切，这一目标必须占据他整个身心。

A ．③②④①B ．②③④①C ．③②①④D ．②③①④第II 卷（非选择题）二、句子默写3．按要求填空（1）__________________，不破楼兰终不还。

（王昌龄《从军行》） （2）位卑则足羞，__________________。

（___________）《师说》）（3）柳永《八声甘州》中“________________，________________”两句描写花叶凋零，感叹自然美景随着时光流逝而消歇。

宝山区2017学年第一学期期末高三年级化学学科等级考质量监测试卷考生注意：1、本试卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟。

2、本试卷设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求；所有答案必须涂或写在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。

3、答题前，考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号。

4、答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

相对原子质量：H—1 O—16 Cu—64 S—32一、选择题（本题共40分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1.古丝绸之路贸易中的下列商品，主要成分属于无机物的是A．瓷器B．丝绸C．茶叶D．中草药2.下列物质不属于电解饱和食盐水的产物的是A. Cl2B. NaOHC. O2D. H23.下列俗称表示同一物质的是A. 纯碱、烧碱B. 胆矾、绿矾C. 甘油、丙三醇D. 苏打、小苏打4.下列物质不和盐酸反应的是A. 锌B. 铜C. 氧化铝D. 氢氧化铁5.下列变化中，气体被氧化的是A. 氯气使KBr溶液变黄B. 二氧化硫使高锰酸钾溶液褪色C. CO2使澄清石灰水变浑浊D. 氨气使AlCl3溶液产生白色沉淀6.《本草衍义》中对精制砒霜过程有如下叙述：“取砒之法，将生砒就置火上，以器覆之，令砒烟上飞着覆器，遂凝结累然下垂如乳，尖长者为胜，平短者次之。

”文中涉及的操作方法是A. 蒸馏B. 升华C. 干馏D. 萃取7.下列物质变化一定吸热的是A. 镁条放入盐酸中产生气泡B. 铝片在空气中长毛C. 铁和硫反应生成黑色固体D. 无色N2O4减压后变红棕色8.以下性质的比较中，错误的是A. 酸性：H2CO3>H2SiO3>H3AlO3B. 碱性：CsOH>NaOH>Mg(OH)2C. 热稳定性：HF>HCl>H2SD. 沸点：HCl>HBr >HI9.下列由实验得出的结论正确的是10.实验室用银氨溶液检验醛基的实验中，下列说法错误的是A. 检验试剂：银氨溶液必须新制B. 所需玻璃仪器：试管，胶头滴管，烧杯C. 银氨溶液的制取：在硝酸银溶液中加入过量氨水D. 实验现象：出现银镜11.下列事实中，不能比较氢硫酸与亚硫酸的酸性强弱的是A. 氢硫酸不能与碳酸氢钠溶液反应，而亚硫酸可以B. 氢硫酸的导电能力低于相同浓度的亚硫酸C. 0.10 mol/L的氢硫酸和亚硫酸的pH分别为4.5和2.1D. 氢硫酸的还原性强于亚硫酸12.对于铵盐的描述都正确的是①都溶于水②都是白色晶体③都有刺激性气味④加热后都有NH3放出⑤与碱混合后加热都有NH3放出⑥都能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝A. 全部B. ①②⑤⑥C. ①②⑤D. ③④⑤13.下列说法正确的是A. 能导电的物质称为电解质B. 1摩尔水中含有6.02×1023个水分子C. 强电解质在溶液中完全电离D. 纯水的pH一定等于714.下列实验操作正确的是A. 用淀粉试纸可以检验碘离子B. 用水可以鉴别NO2和溴蒸气C. 用硝酸银溶液可以检验Cl-D. 用硫氰化钾溶液可以检验出Fe3+溶液中是否混有Fe2+15.能正确表达下列反应的离子方程式为A. 将SO2通入溴水：SO2+Br2+4OH-→2Br-+SO42-+2H2OB. 在NaHCO3溶液中加入稀盐酸：HCO3-+H+→H2O+CO2↑C. 向硫酸铝溶液中滴加氨水：Al3++3OH-→Al(OH)3↓D. 用醋酸除去水垢：2H++CaCO3→Ca2++CO2↑+H2O16.把0.01mol/LHAc溶液和0.01mol/LNaOH溶液等体积混合，所得溶液中微粒浓度关系正确的是A. C(Ac-)>C(Na+)B. C(H+)>C(OH-)C. C(Ac-)=C(Na+)D. C(HAc)+C(Ac-)=0.005mol/L17.甲、乙、丙三种溶液中各含有Cl-、Br-、I-中的一种卤素离子，向甲溶液中加入淀粉溶液和氯水，溶液变成橙色，再加入丙溶液，溶液颜色没有明显变化。

2018年上海宝山区高考英语一模试卷II.Grammar and VocabularyWhy My Best Friend Is a BookWriting about beliefs is hard.It makes you reach deep into your soul and truly look at what is there.It requires time and effort,and then hits you in the face and someone in the bac kground says―Oh,why didn’t you think of that before?‖Beliefs change,they mature and grow just (21)__________a child.The best beliefs are the ones that(22)________(cherish)throughout a lifetime.One belief I cherish above all others is the power and enjoyment of reading.Reading can be for fun and that learning is(23)_________(easy)when you’re having fun. Being able to relate to the characters,imagine the conflicts in your head,and feel the characters’sadness,as well as their joy,is the most amazing thing about reading.A chance to live another life for a short time,to be another person,Reading lends the soul and mind a place (24)_________(escape).I would much rather pick up a good luck than watch a television show.Reading can teach us.Wh ether it’s a fantasy novel or a historical account,you learn when you read.It provides grammar and(25)_______(write)language skills.Reading teaches us about emotion.Reading gives you new words and expands your vocabulary by forcing you to challenge yourself.In its own way it makes us feel the emotions of the characters.(26)________________ _________you read,I believe you will learn,mind and soul.Reading can bring people together.I cannot count the number of new friends and people that have entered my life because of books.My stepmother,grandmother,and I all rad the same books.(27)________is better than being able to share the tense moments,near misses,and happy endings while(28)________(drink)a steaming cup of coffee together with someone.Reading allows you to lower your walls and let people in to form genuine chains.Plus people(29) ________read impressive books are usually pretty cool themselves!Over the years reading has been my companion.Always with a book in my purse,I have never faced the world without a best friend by my side.Books(30)________(help)me through difficult periods and applauded me in times of celebration.Books always make me smile.That’s the biggest reason I believe in reading,because it will make you happy.Section BDirections:After reading the passage below,fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one more word than you need.A.extentB.substanceC.normalD.potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG.function H.caused I.physical J.restore K.mentallyThe discovery builds on earlier findings showed that a class of genes called splicing(胶接) factors is progressively switched off as we age.The research team found that splicing factors canbe switched back on with chemicals,making aging cells not only look____31____younger,but start to divide like young cells.The researchers applied compounds chemicals based on a____32____naturally found in red wine,dark chocolate,red grapes and blueberries,to cells in culture.The chemicals____33____ splicing factors,which are progressively switched off as we age to be switched back on.Within hours,the cells looked younger and started to rejuvenate,behaving like young cells.The discovery has the___34_____to lead to therapies that could help people age better, without experiencing some of the degenerative effects of getting old.Most people by the age of85 have experienced some kind of chronic illness,and as people get older they are more prone to stroke,heart disease and cancer.Professor Harries as saying,―This is a first step in trying to make people live___35_____lifetime,but with health for their entire life.Our data suggests that using chemicals to switch back on the major class of genes that are switched off as we age might provide a means to____36____to old cells.‖Dr Eva Latorre,Research Associate at the University of Exeter,who carried out the experiments,was surprised by the____37____and rapidity of the changes in the cells.―When I saw some of the cells in the culture dish___38_____I couldn’t believe it.These old cells were looking like young cells.It was like magic,‖she said.―I repeated the experiments several times and in each case the cells rej uvenated.I am very excited by the implications and potential for this research.‖As we age,our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____as they should.These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes.This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age.When activated,genes make a message that gives the____40____for the cell to behave in a certain way.Most genes can make more than one message,which determines how the cell acts.Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.III.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cameron Buckner,assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston,argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called―executive control‖when it comes to making decisions,_____41___ considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is____42___for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking,or thinking about thinking.But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner_____43____that a wide variety of animals---elephants,chimpanzees(黑猩猩), ravens(大乌鸦)and lions,among others---______44____reasonable decision-making.―These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the___45_____they are evaluating for their goal,they possess a subjective,internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,‖he wrote.The question has been____46____since the days of the ancient philosophers,as people considered what means to be human is.One way to address that,Buckner said,is to ____47____exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans,and Buckner notes that serious____48____in the1970s and80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language,___49___----found that although they were able to express simple ideas,they did not engage in____50___thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable___51___to study the issue,but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments.Buckner,working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A.Reber,mental biologist at the University of Vienna,last year____52____the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds,___53____their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper,Buckner offers several examples to support his____54____.His goal, Buckner said,was to organize experimental research,―to see that we’re gathered enough evide nce to say that animals really are___55_____in a unique way.‖41.A.secretly B.unintentionally C.scarcely D.consciously42.A.required B.qualified C.acquired D.prepared43.A.concerns plains C.conclude D.convinces44.A.turn down B.engage in C.refer to D.argue about45.A.option B.scheme C.regulation D.random46.A.dismissed B.ignored C.debated D.answered47.A.evaluate B.determine C.overlook D.initiate48.A.results B.successes C.achievements D.attempts49.A.for example B.this is to say C.on the contrary D.as a result50.A.obvious B.feasible C.private plex51.A.mystery B.tradition C.evidence D.fiction52.A.substituted B.published C.reflected D.maintained53.A.adapting B.symbolizing C.investigating D.revenging54.A.agreement B.implement C.requirement D.argument55.A.passionate B.reasonable C.confused D.ridiculousSection A(A)We see them everywhere.―There are some things that money can’t buy…for everything else,there’s MasterCard.‖We hear them everywhere.―Make life rewarding…American Express.‖Whether watching television,driving down the highway,or even appearing on our Facebook page,the appeal of money is inescapable.Growing up,my parents always emphasized the importance of family and faith over material possessions.Yet,money and all the new,interesting things it could buy did not escape me.As I entered my freshman year,my debit card and I engaged in quite the dates.Between game-day dresses,steak dinners and wonderful downtown Athens,I quickly drained17years worth of savings.By the time summer rolled around,I didn’t consider how much cash I had spent,or how much stuff I had acquired…I was focused on how much more money I would need for next fall. When I wasn’t working,I was checking my bank account,try to figure out if my next paycheck would cover those pillows that would look so cute in my new apartment.My bank account balance was becoming a major source of stress in my life,creating tension with my financially smart parents and causing me constant concern.Finally,after a very heated argument with my Dad,I accepted the truth:I simply could not afford money anymore.I realized that I was much happier(and I sensed my blood pressure was much lower)when money was just something in the bank.While the clothes are pretty and those pillows are comfy, they lost their appeal right around the second a new item caught my eye.Towards the end of the summer,I let go of my financial issues–a fter all,I can’t buy more time with my friends and family before going back to Athens.I still check my bank account.I still go shopping occasionally.But now,those aren’t priorities.My money sufferings taught me that I shouldn’t seek out wealth as a m eans of satisfaction and happiness.Instead,my happiness should come from the moments and people that cannot be bought,exchanged,or returned.I now re-word those credit card slogans to reflect the value I place on finding wealth in the love shared betwe en my family and friends:―There are some things that money can’t buy…Seek them.‖Unlike cash,this form of wealth grows the moreI give.56.According to the passage,the author feels happy now mainly because______.A.the appeal of money is inescapableB.he values the love between his family and friendsC.his wealth grows by working hard every dayD.he has paid off his debt in cash57.The author mentions the heated argument with Dad in paragraph3in order to______.A.show how to settle problems with othersB.prove how selfish his Dad isC.explain material possessions get him into troubleD.display generation gap between Dad and Son58.The word―comfy‖(paragraph4)probably means______.A.realisticB.individualC.graciousfortable59.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Seeking a different kind of wealthB.Letting go of different sufferingsC.Wealth as a means of satisfactionD.Happiness grows out of hardships(B)Americans are more stressed than ever,according to an American Psychological Association survey,and nearly one-third say stress impacts their physical or mental health.If you have any of these symptoms,your stress might be making you sick.Here’s how to battle against them.If you’ve never suffered from headaches bu t suddenly your head is constantly striking,you might be too stressed.Stress releases chemicals that can cause changes to nerves and blood vessels(血管)in the brain,which brings on a headache.Stress can cause them or make them worse. It’s also common fo r your muscles to tense up when you’re stressed,which can also cause a headache.WHAT TO DO:If you don’t want to take medicine,try spreading lavender(薰衣草)oil on your temples(太阳穴)when a headache starts.Or try one of thesehome remedies for headaches.Stress can make you mentally sick,too.Too much of the stress hormonecortisol(皮质醇)can make it harder to concentrate,causingmemory problems as well as anxiety or depression,says Dr.Levine.WHAT TO DO:Relax until you regain your concentration.Practice closing your eyes and breathing in and out slowly,concentrating only on your breath.Losing a few strands of hair is normal(old hair follicles(囊)arereplaced by new ones over time),but stress can disturb that cycle.Significant stress p ushes a large number of hair follicles into what’scalled a resting stage and then a few months later those hairs fall out,according to .Stress can also cause the body’s resistantsystem to attack your hair follicles,resulting in hair loss.WHAT TO DO:Be patient.Once your stress level returns to normal,your hair should start growing back.60.If you’re stressed,you might have one of the following symptoms EXCEPT that______.A.you keep getting headachesB.you always have a coldC.your hair is falling outD.your brain feels confused61.Which of the following is suggested if your brain goes out of focus?A.Breathing slowly with your eyes closed.B.Waiting until your brain returns to normal.C.Spreading lavender oil on your temples.D.Relaxing and attacking your brain softly.62.What will happen once we get over our stress according to the passage?A.Our hair starts falling out and then grows back.B.Our body’s resistant system attacks your hair folliclesC.Our hair starts growing again.D.A serious headache starts.(C)For many in the general public and the engineering community alike,the potential implications of additive manufacturing(AM)have excited the imagination.Popularly known as 3-D printing,the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance.Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively,a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale’s Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field,providing important insights into its environmental,energy,and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects,additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies.What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than,as in traditional manufacturing,removing materials–thus the label―additive.‖―The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing,‖said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial.―We need to know much more about the material footprints,energy consumption in production,process emissions,a nd especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process.‖Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production–by consumers,merchants and hobbyists–and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing.Research in this issue,however,indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used.―This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies,‖said Indy Burke,Dean of the Yale School of Forestry&Environmental Studies.―If we are to realize the environmental potential of3-D printing,we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie.‖The special issue contains:life cycle assessments(LCA)of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology63.The word―additive‖in the passage refers to______.A.the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB.the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processesC.the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materialsD.the traditional way to produce products by removing materials64.The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on ______.A.the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainabilityB.a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturingC.the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD.the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology65.Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers’viewpoint from the p assage?A.3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production.B.3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing.C.AM makes a harmful impact on environment,energy,and health.D.The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66.The passage mainly discusses______.A.investigations of the3-D printing processB.the environmental implications of3-D printingC.studies of3-D printing emissions and materialsD.assessments of additive manufacturing processesSection CA.The findings show that they also apply criticism to nontraditional women’s husbands.B.He is also regarded as having less power in the relationship.C.These include having a higher status,yielding more power,being more self-focused, ambitious and self-confident.D.The married surname tradition is more than just a tradition.E.Up to now,researchers have not yet examined how a woman’s married surname choice influences howothers look at her husband.F.Women’s rightist scholars understand why the surname tradition remains widely supported.What does it mean for the husband when his wife keeps her own surname?The tradition of women adopting their husbands’surname after marriage is arguably one of the most widespread gender-role standards in Western cultures despite marked changes in the role that women play in society and in the labor force.According to previous studies,women who violate the married surname tradition are viewed differently from others.They are described in terms of instrumental characteristics that in a gendered society are typically assigned to men.__67__These characteristics contrast with the expressive characteristics that are typically assigned to women,such as being more caring,kind and having less influence and power.__68__For this purpose,Robnett and her colleagues carried out three studies in the US and UK.The first two studies showed that husbands whose wives keep their own surnames are often described through terms that are opposed to the gender-typical personality characteristics and power framework used for men.They are described in more expressive than instrumental terms, and are seen to hold less power in a marriage.Their findings indicate that people conclude from married surname choices to make more general inferences about a couple’s g ender-typed personality characteristics.Results from the third study conducted by Robnett’s team suggest that people hold different opinions in how they think about such cases.People who firmly hold on to traditional gender roles react particularly strongly to a man whose wife keeps her surname because they see him as an incapable person.―We know from previous research that people high in unfriendly sexism(蔑视女性)respond negatively to women who violate traditional gender roles,‖says Robnett.―__69__‖―This study joins several others in implying a link between traditions in men and women’s romantic relationships and power structures favoring men,‖says Robnett.―__70__ It reflects slight gender-role standards and ideas that often remain unquestioned despit e privileging men.‖Secure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp,member of the―Signaling Code and Security‖working group,is always surprised about lacking problem awareness:only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken.To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users,customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database.In every payment deal,the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database.This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an―electronic purse‖that works by unknown names,but prevents misuse at the same time.The―black-box addition plus‖(BBA+)code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods.At the same time,BBA+offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system:The code system guarantees a correct account balance and is mathematically constructed such that the identity of the user is disclosed as soon as the attempt is made to pay with a controlled account.―Our new code system guarantees privacy and security for customers during offline operation as well,‖Andy Rupp says.―This is needed for ensuring the payment system’s suitability for daily use.Think of a subway doorway or a payment bridge.There you may have no internet connection at all or it is very slow.‖Also its high efficiency makes the code system suited for everyday use:During first test runs,researchers completed payments within about one second.______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ V.Translation72.他仍难以用英语表达自己的想法。