红色旅游外文翻译

从翻译目的论的角度看信阳“红色旅游”景区文本翻译王珺玥（信阳农林学院外语系河南信阳464000）摘要：本文以信阳的红色旅游景点为例，从翻译目的论的角度分析研究生活中红色旅游景点景区文本翻译。

关键词：翻译目的论景区文本一、旅游景点文本翻译翻译目的论是由汉斯·弗米尔于1978年首次提出,其核心概念是:翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的。

弗米尔认为,翻译的结果是译文,但是译者必须了解翻译的目的和译文的功能,才能做好翻译工作,生产出理想的译作。

翻译目的论认为,所有翻译活动遵循的首要原则是“目的原则”,即翻译应能在译人语情境和文化中,按译人语接受者期待的方式发生作用。

翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译行为的过程,即结果决定方法。

但翻译活动可以有多个目的,这些目的进一步划分为三类:(l)译者的基本目的(如功利);(2)译文的交际目的(如文化宣传);(3)使用某种特殊的翻译手段所要达到的目的目的论者坚持在翻译过程中要遵守三大法则，即目的法则、连贯法则和忠实法则。

这些法则也同样适用于旅游外宣资料的翻译。

1.目的法则：在目的论框架内，决定任何翻译过程的首要原则是整个翻译行为的目的。

分析红色旅游外宣资料的翻译目的，首先必须考虑人们旅游的动机和目的。

旅游动机被定义为促使人们旅游、使他们积极地达到某种目的的动力。

2.连贯法则：诺德（2001:32）认为，译者所能做并且应该做的就是创造一个至少对目标语文化接受者可能有意义的文本。

就是说接受者应该能够理解译文，译文在其介入的交际环境和文化中应有一定意义”（Nord, 2001:32）。

然而，事实上，特别是在翻译一些带有文化内涵的词语或中国古诗词时，一些译文只是直译过来而不加任何解释，这使得外国游客很不理解，3 .忠实性法则目的论的另一个法则是“忠实性法则”,又叫语际连贯,类似于通常所说的忠实于原文。

在目的论中,忠实性法则仅仅是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系,并不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差。

目的论视角下红色旅游文本的英译——以延安枣园、杨家岭革命旧址旅游文本的英译为例靳晓莲1，张秀旭2（1.西安翻译学院，陕西西安710105；2.中国延安干部学院，陕西延安716000）摘要：随着中国国际地位的提高，红色旅游景点成了外国人的热门目的地，因此红色旅游文本的翻译在跨文化交际中也起着越来越重要的作用。

本文以目的论为理论指导，通过对延安枣园、杨家岭革命旧址一些旅游文本的英译中出现的问题进行探讨，提出红色旅游文本英译中应该采取的策略和应该注意的事项。

关键词：目的论；红色旅游文本；英译中图分类号：H315.9文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5039(2016)15-0111-02作为中国旅游产业一个的一个重要组成部分，红色旅游近年来持续升温。

有“革命圣地”之称的延安遍布着很多红色旅游景点，比如枣园、杨家岭革命旧址等。

红色旅游文本承载着中国革命的历史、革命事迹、革命人物和革命精神，为了使国外游客对这些内容有一个清晰、准确的认识，从而达到传播中国文化的目的，红色旅游文本的英译起着至关重要的作用。

1目的论概述目的论（Skopos Theory）由功能翻译理论的代表人物汉斯·弗米尔（Hans J.Vermeer）提出。

其核心思想为：翻译是一种人类的行为活动，而且是一种有目的性的行为活动。

译入语读者具有自己的文化背景知识、对译文的期待以及交际需求，因此翻译活动要从译入语读者的角度出发，根据译文的预期目的来选择恰当的翻译策略。

目的论包括三个法则：1）目的法则（Skopos rule），即翻译的目的决定翻译的策略；2）连贯法则（co⁃herence rule），即译文必须能让接受者理解；3）忠实法则（fideli⁃ty rule），即译文要忠实于原文。

根据目的论，评价一个译文成功与否的关键在于它是否达到了预期目的。

2红色旅游文本的特点及翻译要求红色旅游文本具有以下特点：1）语言客观、准确。

红色旅游景点主要涉及革命历史事件、人物等，一般没有华丽辞藻的出现。

从中西方差异视角探讨红色旅游文本翻译摘要：红色旅游作为具有中国特色的旅游形式，其旅游文本是国外游客了解中国红色文化的重要媒介。

因此，如何翻译好红色旅游文本，更好地向海外游客宣传和推介中国红色旅游资源也就成为旅游翻译研究中的一项重要议题。

本文以周恩来邓颖超纪念馆为例，以纽马克的文本类型理论为指导，将中西方语言和文化差异进行对比，揭示其对翻译的影响，并据此提出了相应的翻译技巧，打破由于中西方差异带来的翻译桎梏，使译文真正发挥其功能。

关键词：红色旅游文本旅游翻译中西方差异Abstract: The Chinese-English Red Tourism translation is an important medium to popularize the Chinese Red Culture and to boost the inbound tourist industry. It is the most convenient way for foreign travelers to seek information about this country. However, differences in linguistic habits, thinking patterns and culture bring certain difficulties for C-E translation. Taking the Introduction to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao Memorial and the author’s original translation as the example, the author analyzes the definition of Red Tourism translation, the linguistic and cultural differences between the two languages and then provides suggestions under the guidance of Peter Newmark’ translation theory.Key words: Red Tourism, Tourism Translation, Linguistic and Cultural Differences一、引言红色旅游，是指以革命纪念地、革命纪念物及其所承载的革命精神为旅游资源并把革命传统教育与促进旅游产业发展结合起来的一种新型的主题旅游形式。

红色旅游是指以1921年中国共产党建立以后的革命纪念地、纪念物及其所承载的革命精神为吸引物，组织接待旅游者进行参观游览，实现学习革命精神，接受革命传统教育和振奋精神、放松身心、增加阅历的旅游活动。

红色旅游是把红色人文景观和绿色自然景观结合起来，把革命传统教育与促进旅游产业发展结合起来的一种新型的主题旅游形式。

外国游客由于受到各种因素的限制，他们对我国历史的了解颇少，对多数外国游客来说，他们没有中国文化背景，景区英译景介就成为跨文化传播的主要载体。

从笔者的调查来看，目前的英译景介确实还存在一定的问题，无论是内容上还是形式上都有待改进，笔者在参考了大量的文献研究，并通过实地调查，提出了一些针对性的优化对策，希望能对我国的红色旅游起到一定的助推作用。

一、简析翻译目的论翻译目的论（skopostheorie），是将Skopos概念运用于翻译的理论，主要的思想就是在进行翻译的过程中考虑的主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的，做到意思明了，顾全大局。

在红色旅游英译景介的翻译过程中，翻译者需要依据翻译的内容选择恰当的翻译对策与方法，实现既定的信息宣传或者宣讲目的与功能。

我们知道在翻译的过程中，受众是接受信息的主体，受众的文化背景、社会阅历、主观能动性和交际需求等都影响到他们对信息的理解与感悟，为此，优秀的翻译标准不再译文对原文的忠实程度，而是译文预期目的的实现程度。

翻译目的论在红色旅游英译景介运用的过程中，需要遵守目的性原则、连贯性原则和忠实性原则。

二、红色旅游英译景介的目的依据上文中红色旅游目的论的要求，在英语翻译的过程中必须考虑到受众的情况。

英译景介的受众就是广大的海外游客，他们不同于国内游客，海外游客几乎没有什么中文背景，对我国历史也不甚了解，并且他们对我国或多或少都有一点偏执，这些红色旅游内容就是他们慕名而来的载体，使得他们融入到中国文化当中来，能有一种身临其境的感觉，能体验中国共产党和人民在革命战争时期的生活、工作、战斗的历程，这样才能算得上满足了外国游客的旅游需求。

Over the nearly three decades from its establishment in 1921 through the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) marched down a “red” road of revolution. It was a road of hardship, passion, romance and glory. Today, increasing numbers of Chinese with an interest in history are enthusiastically revisiting former revolutionary bases and landmark sites. This is “red tourism.”In December 2004, the Chinese government formulated the General Plan for the Development of Red Tourism (2004-2010). The plan defines the 12 major red tourist areas which best represent the progressive phases of revolution in China. Following are what are commonly considered to be the most important of those officially designated sites.Jinggang MountainNestled in southwestern Jiangxi Province, Jinggang Mountain boasts awell-preserved ecosystem featuring precipitous cliffs and dense bamboo forests. Historically, few humans settled in the area due to limited means of access. On October 7, 1927, Mao Zedong led his troops to Maoping, Ninggang County, where he established the Red Army and the Jinggang Mountain Revolutionary Base. The conditions were rugged and the going tough. Later, during his meeting with American journalist Edgar Snow, Mao recalled the suffering time on Jinggang Mountain: “The troops had no winter uniforms, and food was extremely scarce. For months we lived practically on squash. The soldiers shouted a slogan of their own: ‘Down with capitalism, and eat squash!’ — for to them capitalism meant landlords and the landlords’ squash.”However, attacks from Kuomintang troops were a threat fiercer than low temperatures and starvation. To shatter the seeds of communism in China, from November 1930 to September 1931, the Kuomintang government launched three “annihilation campaigns.” Despite the harsh environment, Mao and his comrades soldiered on, carrying out land reforms and beating back the attacks of Kuomintang troops. In the course of its painstaking struggle, the CPC realized that peasants, making up the overwhelming majority of China’s population, would play a vital role in the Chinese revolution. In his essay A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire, Mao set forth a strategy by which the CPC would shift the focus of its effort from the cities to the countryside and establish revolutionary bases in the countryside by mobilizing and relying on peasants. In this way would be launched a long-term revolutionary war with peasants as the backbone, developing and expanding revolutionary forces, and finally capturing the cities and achieving a nationwide victory.Today Jinggang Mountain is popular with fans of red tourism. Here they can experience the hard life that Red Army soldiers endured: Wearing coarse clothes, eating brown rice and pumpkin soup, and trekking along mountainous paths while learning of their stories. Today, increasing numbers of tourists are flooding into themountain. In 2003, the mountain received 3.7 million tourists, including 60,000 foreigners, and realized tourism revenues of 2.6 billion yuan. The great potential of its tourism market has attracted many investors. For instance, the US-based hotel group, Days Inn, plans to open a five-star hotel here.ZunyiIts prior annihilation campaigns beaten back by the Red Army, the Kuomintang troops launched an even fiercer attack on the Jinggang Mountain Revolutionary Base. In his book The Cambridge History of China, Professor Llord E. Eastman described: “But no t until the fifth annihilation campaign of 1933-4 which Chiang employed about 800,000 troops, was advised by German and Japanese advisers, and augmented his military offensive with a stringent economic blockade of the Communist areas –did he gain a nearly decisive victory over the Communists. The Communists, defeated militarily and suffering incredibly from shortages of food, summoned their last reserves of strength and courage, broke out of the Nationalist encirclement, and in October 1934 commenced what was to become the Long March.”The Long March was a milestone event in contemporary China. Professor John K. Fairbank, a leading scholar in modern and contemporary China studies, proclaimed the Long March as being almost a miracle, more documented than Moses leading his Chosen People through the Red Sea. The marchers covered 6,000 miles in a year, averaging 17 miles a day. However, this miracle was conceived under extremely harsh conditions. Southwestern China’s terrain is incredibly rugged, with precipitou s mountains, deep valleys and rushing rivers. There are no plains.Thanks to Mao’s military acumen, the Red Army finally routed the Kuomintang troops. From January 15 to 17, 1935, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a conference in Zunyi, a small city in Guizhou Province. Here Mao’s military strategy was acknowledged as being correct and his leadership over the Party and the Red Army was formally acknowledged.Under Mao’s leadership, in 1949 the CPC liberated the nation and founded thePe ople’s Republic of China, one of the most important chapters in the nation’s history.A gifted leader, Mao rescued the Chinese revolution from near-failure and defeated an enemy previously thought to be undefeatable. He thus became an everlasting legendin human history.A city hidden deep in the mountains, Zunyi is a popular tourist destination. Today, at the site of the Zunyi Conference stands a memorial hall. The building remains original in appearance, and the streets and lanes in front of and behind the building are paved with stone planks. Also, in order to maintain harmony with the memorial hall, the surrounding buildings were all reconstructed into low structures with the architecturalstyle of northern Guizhou of the early 20th Century. In addition, other memorials of the Long March, such as the Memorial Hall of Crossing the Chishui River Four Times and the Observatory in Loushan Pass Scenic Resort, have been restored and well preserved.The areas around Zunyi have also long been renowned for liquor production. When passing by Maotai Town, near Zun-yi, during the Long March soldiers of the Red Army drank Moutai liquor and found that the potent elixir had curative properties. “Local residents presented homemade liquor to welcome us when we arrived atM aotai Town,” recalled Zhu De, then commander-in-chief of the Red Army. “Soldiers applied the liquor to their wounds and feet and found it could relieve pain and diminish inflammation. They also drank it to treat diarrhea. It was a great help for those of us who suffered an extreme shortage of medicine at that time. Thus, our success in the Long March was partly attributed to Moutai liquor.” After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Moutai liquor was designated as the alcoholic beverage for state banquets. During his 1972 visit to China, former US president Richard M. Nixon spoke highly of the beverage.Yan’anThe Long March ended in northern Shaanxi Province, on a dry loess plateau that lacked rainfall and suffered from severe desertification. It was on this land that the Red Army created a new miracle.American journalist Edgar Snow was one of the first Westerners to look for greater insight into the Red Army and the CPC in northern Shaanxi. Due to many years of assaults and blockades on the part of the Kuomintang government, the life the CPC and the Red Army really led remained unknown to the outside world. Snow explained: “The fact was that there had been perhaps no greater mystery among nations, no more confused an epic than the story of Red Ch ina.” To understand the true “Red China,” Snow came to northern Shaanxi.Based on the trip, Snow wrote the famous book Red Star over China, in which he depicted the tremendous changes brought by the CPC to northern Shaanxi. Yan’an was a poor, inanimate township populated by only 10,000 residents when the Red Army arrived and made it the administrative capital of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. The arrival of the CPC, however, injected the small town with warmth, happiness and passion, transforming it into a place admired by people around China. People here led a life of spiritual abundance although the area still suffered from material scarcity. At that time, subsistence was the primary consideration, and top CPC leaders personally led local people to open up the wasteland and weave cloth. According to Snow, due to arduous living conditions in northern Shaanxi, manyhigh-ranking CPC leaders endured gastric ulcers and dental disease. The CPC leaders who lived a simple life were in strong contrast to the corrupt Kuo-mintang officers.In northern Shaanxi, however, the CPC and its army faced an even more difficult situation. On the one hand, they continued the war against the Kuomintang troops; on the other hand, they battled against Japanese invaders. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CPC mobilized peasants to consolidate the revolutionary base and overcame all difficulties along the road to final success. In 1945, Japan surrendered. Then, in 1949, the Kuomintang, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, fled to Taiwan. After nearly three decades of arduous struggle, the CPC led the Chinese revolution to final victory.From 1937 to 1947, Yan’an served as the capital of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the seat of the CPC Central Committee, and the command center and home front of the Chinese revolution. Thus, it has long been reputed as a holy land of Chinese revolution. Here are preserved many historic sites, including Phoenix Hill, Yangjialing, Zaoyuan and Wangjiaping. Many touri sts pilgrimage to Yan’an each year. The revolutionary sites – whether the Treasure Pagoda on Phoenix Hill or the cave dwellings in Yangjialing – remind visitors of the past hardship endured by the CPC.。

从跨文化角度看红色旅游英语翻译策略-精品文档从跨文化角度看红色旅游英语翻译策略谈起红色旅游英语翻译，首先我们先来看一下红色旅游的概念，红色旅游是具有中国特色的旅游形式，它是指“中国共产党领导人民在革命战争时期形成的纪念地、标志物为载体，以其所承载的革命历史、事迹和精神为内涵，组织接待旅游者开展缅怀学习、参观游览的主题性旅游活动”。

红色旅游和其他形式的旅游进行比较，红色旅游有其鲜明的特点：红色旅游是以红色旅游资源为核心，具有鲜明的中国特色和文化特色，红色旅游的游客主要是以国内的游客为主、以国外的游客为辅，但是近几年国外游客增势明显，越来越多的外国人想通过红色旅游来了解当代中国。

一、国内红色旅游英语翻译的现状语言与文化是相互依存的，文化与根植于语言，语言与文化的关系与翻译与文化关系相互关联、相互作用。

一个民族的文化特点和需求也影响着翻译活动的全过程，红色旅游主要是指以纪念革命精神及其遗产和旅游资源进行革命传统教育和促进旅游业发展相结合的新旅游主题形式的革命纪念馆。

因此，红色旅游英语翻译作为中国当代红色文化对外宣传的一张名片和载体，翻译的本身不仅仅是语言之间的相互转换，更重要的是文化的融合、汇通和交流，也就是说红色旅游英语的翻译不但要跨越语言之间的壁垒，还要逾越文化的鸿沟。

根据调查，目前国内红色旅游英语翻译现状主要表现在以下几个方面：（一）区域性差距较大主要表现在东部发达地区以及旅游发达省区的红色旅游英语翻译工作起步早、机制完善、文本翻译到位。

而相形之下，中西部地区的红色旅游翻译工作比较滞后，存在大量文本翻译错误或者缺失，从业者少之又少。

作者分析，造成这方面的差距拉大原因主要是市场因素和当地政府旅游资源开发决定的。

（二）红色旅游翻译文本普遍缺失中国红色旅游资源丰富，拥有便于目的语读者了解这些旅游资源的英文翻译文本就显得非常重要。

但是笔者从谷歌和百度搜索出的中国红色旅游资源的英译文本非常少。

即使官方旅游网站也缺乏英文推介意识，几乎没有介绍红色红色旅游资源的英译本。

第24卷第4期2017年12月西安翻译学院学报Journal of Xi’an Fanyi UniversityVol.24 No.4Dec.2017◎外语广角从翻译目的论探析延安红色景点解说牌的英译姜春兰胡佳红(西安翻译学院，陕西西安710105)摘要:近年来，随着中国旅游进入高峰期，红色旅游市场日益活跃，成为了海内外游客关注的热点。

本文从翻译目的论出发，以延安红色景点的英译实例为语料，探讨红色旅游景点解说牌汉译英的策略。

关键词：目的论;红色旅游；汉译英翻译中图分类号:H315.9 文献标志码:B文章编号=94004 - (2017)04 - 0055 - 03近年来，随着中国经济的增长和旅游业的迅 速发展，中共中央对红色旅游越发重视。

2016年 12月7日，国务院印发《“十三五”旅游业发展规 划》，其中提到要提升红色旅游发展水平，增强红 色旅游发展水平。

在国家政策的扶持下，红色旅 游市场日益活跃，成为中国旅游业新的亮点。

所 谓红色旅游，是指以革命纪念地、革命纪念物及其 所承载的革命精神为旅游资源，并把革命传统教 育与促进旅游产业发展结合起来的一种新型主题 旅游形式。

延安作为一个孕育中国共产党的摇篮，举世闻名的革命圣地，具有丰富的红色旅游资 源，吸引了大量的国内外国游客前来旅游。

旅游 翻译是实用翻译的研究热点，其英译水平也不断 提高。

然而关于红色旅游英译以及针对红色革命 圣地延安的研究文献和资料相对欠缺，所以本文 从功能派翻译目的论着手，浅析延安红色旅游景 点解说牌的英译技巧。

一、翻译目的论翻译目的论这一概念是由德国功能派翻译理 论家汉斯•弗米尔（Hans Vermeer)于20世纪70年代所提出的。

随后，贾斯塔•赫兹•曼塔利(Justa Holz Manttari)和克利斯蒂安•诺德(Chris-tiane Nord)对目的论进行了补充发展。

目的论者 认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用 下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。

红色旅游的英语作文English: Red tourism, also known as revolutionary tourism, refers to traveling to historical sites and monuments related to the Chinese Communist Party's revolutionary history. It allows people to deepen their understanding of China's revolutionary heritage and gain a better appreciation of the sacrifices made by revolutionary martyrs. Red tourism plays a significant role in promoting patriotism, unity, and national pride among Chinese citizens. By visiting red tourism sites, people can connect with their country's past and take pride in the accomplishments of their ancestors. Through educational tours and interactive experiences, red tourism helps to educate the younger generation about the struggles and victories that shaped China's history. Overall, red tourism serves as a powerful tool for fostering a sense of national identity and unity among the Chinese people.中文翻译: 红色旅游，也称为革命旅游，指的是前往与中国共产党革命历史相关的历史遗迹和纪念碑的旅行。

红色旅游景点英文翻译现状调查——以江西省为例
汤芸;古明;朱杰
【期刊名称】《神州（下旬刊）》
【年(卷),期】2012(000)007
【摘要】红色旅游是极具中国特色的一种旅游形式,随着对外开放程度的不断提高,越来越多的外国友人对我国的红色旅游景点产生了浓厚的兴趣,这使得红色旅游景点的简介牌、指示牌标语的翻译变得尤为重要.笔者以江西省为例,走访了当地一些重要红色旅游景点,并对我国红色旅游景点英文翻译的现状进行了调查研究.
【总页数】1页(P137)
【作者】汤芸;古明;朱杰
【作者单位】北京师范大学外文学院北京100875;北京师范大学外文学院北京100875;北京师范大学外文学院北京100875
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.旅游景点内英文翻译的跨文化研究——以海南省主要旅游景点为例 [J], 石岩
2.浅议中国红色旅游景点的英文翻译目的与改善——以井冈山老区为例 [J], 王瑞辑
3.浅议中国红色旅游景点的英文翻译目的与改善——以井冈山老区为例 [J], 王瑞辑
4.客家地区红色旅游景点的英译——以河源市红色旅游景点为例 [J], 王璐
5.论非旅游景点红色文化资源的保护与开发——以江西省南昌、鹰潭、吉安、赣州四地为例 [J], 漆志鹏;杨建平
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

红色旅游英译研究报告Research Report on Red TourismIntroduction:Red tourism refers to visiting sites that have historical and cultural significance in the Chinese communist revolution. As China's tourism industry has been growing rapidly in recent years, red tourism has gained popularity among both domestic and international travelers. This report aims to provide an overview of red tourism and its impact on China's tourism industry. Development of Red Tourism:Red tourism first began to emerge in the 1990s when the Chinese government recognized the potential of promoting revolutionary sites as tourist destinations. Since then, numerous sites with historical significance, such as the Yan'an Revolutionary Memorial Hall and the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Sites, have been developed and opened to the public. These sites attract millions of tourists each year, contributing to the economic development of the surrounding regions.Characteristics of Red Tourism:One of the key characteristics of red tourism is its focus on the revolutionary history of China. These sites often have important political and historical significance, and they allow visitors to learn about China's revolutionary past. Red tourism also promotes the socialist values and principles that the Communist Party of China stands for. For example, sites like the Mao Zedong Memorial Hall in Beijing emphasize the philosophical and political ideas of the Chinese communist revolution.Impact on Tourism Industry:Red tourism has had a significant impact on China's tourism industry. It has diversified the tourism offerings in China, attracting visitors who are interested in history and politics. This has led to an increase in the number of domestic and international tourists visiting these sites. The development of red tourism has also created employment opportunities for local residents, stimulating economic growth in these regions.Challenges and Opportunities:While red tourism has experienced significant growth, it also faces several challenges. One of the challenges is maintaining the authenticity and historical accuracy of the sites. Due to commercialization and modernization, some sites have been criticized for focusing more on profitability rather than preserving historical integrity. Another challenge is the lack of comprehensive interpretation and guiding services at these sites, making it difficult for visitors to fully understand the significance of the revolutionary history.However, these challenges also present opportunities for further development. Efforts can be made to enhance the interpretation and educational aspect of red tourism, providing visitors with a better understanding of China's revolutionary history. More attention can be given to the preservation and restoration of historical sites, ensuring their historical authenticity. Conclusion:Red tourism plays a significant role in China's tourism industry,attracting millions of visitors each year. It provides a unique opportunity for both domestic and international tourists to learn about China's revolutionary past and promotes socialist values. While there are challenges to be addressed, red tourism has great potential for further development and can contribute to the sustainable growth of China's tourism industry.。

红色旅游作文英文英文：Red tourism is a type of tourism that focuses on visiting historical sites related to the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Revolution. As a Chinese citizen, I think red tourism is a great way to learn about the history and culture of my country. It allows me to gain a deeper understanding of the struggles and sacrifices that my ancestors made to build a better China.One of the most famous red tourism destinations isYan'an, a city in Shaanxi province that served as the headquarters of the Communist Party of China during the 1930s and 1940s. I had the opportunity to visit Yan'an last year, and it was an incredible experience. I visited the Yan'an Revolutionary Memorial Hall, where I learned about the history of the Communist Party and saw artifacts from the era. I also visited the Yan'an Pagoda Hill, where I hiked to the top and saw a stunning view of the city.Another red tourism destination that I would recommend is Jinggangshan, a mountainous region in Jiangxi province that served as the birthplace of the Chinese Red Army. Jinggangshan is a beautiful area with lush forests, clear streams, and stunning waterfalls. It's also home to many historical sites, such as the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Memorial Hall and the Jinggangshan Red Army Martyrs Cemetery.Overall, I think red tourism is a great way to learn about the history and culture of China. It allows us to connect with our past and gain a deeper appreciation for the sacrifices that were made to build our country.中文：红色旅游是一种旅游方式，重点是参观与中国共产党和中国革命有关的历史遗址。

外文资料From Traumascapes to Touristscapes: “War Tours” inSarajevo and VukovarPatrick NaefAbstractIf the link between war and tourism has already received considerable academic and media attention, the spatial representation of war in the tourism sector is still emerging in the fields of cultural geography and anthropology. In this paper I seek to explore the rehabilitation and touristification of sites traumatised by war –which I have approached using the concept of Traumascape (Tumarkin, 2005) – by presenting two case studies in the Balkan region: Sarajevo (Bosnia) and Vukovar (Croatia). These two cities lived through a terrible and traumatic siege during the Balkan war of the 1990s and are both undergoing a process of post-conflict reconstruction. Tourists are now coming back to the region and many are eager to visit the war heritage left by the conflict. So-called “war tours”, leading tourists through war-affected areas, are appearing in these towns: the Time of misfortune tour and the mission impossible tour in Sarajevo or The soldier’s trail tour in Vukovar. The touristification of these sites and of the Balkan war in general raises many questions in terms of the representation and interpretation of a collective and recent trauma: why are certain si tes “touristified” and others not? Can tourism foster cooperation and reconciliation between divided communities? Can tourism be a vector of expression for silent or peripheral voices? What is the relationship between these sites and those who visit them? In conclusion I will introduce the concept of dark tourism which is often used to problematize the relation between war and tourism and consider it from a critical perspective.Key Words: Heritage, tourism, war, Balkan, Vukovar, Sarajevo, dark tourism, trauma.This paper presents a current research on the rehabilitation of sites traumatized by war and more specifically on their touristification. It will explore two case studies taking place in cities characterized by the siege they lived through during what was commonly named as the Balkan war. Those towns now expose sites specifically linked to the war to tourists through what is labelled as “war tours”. In Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia Herzegovina, the tourism board proposed the Time of Misfortune tour and on another hand a private guide introduced the war torn heritage of the city through a tour called the Mission Impossible Tour. In Vukovar, a mid-sized town in East Croatia, a private tour operator invites tourists to visit the scars of the conflict through a tour called the Soldier’s Trail. For a good comprehension of the following text, it is important to first clarify the concept of Traumascape (Tumarkin 2005) in order to put in light itstransformation into a touristscape. The presentation of the case studies will lead to a critical analysis of this existing field of research problematizing the relation between war and tourism mostly as it will be shown through the notion of dark tourism (Lennon & Folley 2000, Stone 2006).Heritage –and in this context war heritage –should be approached through a dynamic manner, not as a collection of elements simply transmitted from past to present, but as a permanent creation aiming to respond to contemporary needs, such as tourism development or the reconstruction of a war-torn image. Gregory Ashworth for instance insists on its contemporary dimension: Heritage is not an artefact or site associated with past times, conditions, events or personalities. It is a process that uses sites, objects, and human traits and patterns of behaviours as vehicles for the transmission of ideas in order to satisfy various contemporary needs.Furthermore now that tourists –local and foreign –come back to visit the region and the stigmata of war, the rehabilitation and the touristification of those traumascapes raise a number of questions in terms of interpretation and representation of a collective trauma, but also regarding economic and territorial development, or even in terms of reconciliation and social cohesion: Why are some sites rehabilitated and others not? Can tourism foster reconciliation between divided communities? Can tourism be a vector of expression for silent voices? Or on the opposite side, could the touristification of traumatic elements aim to serve the powers in place? Finally, while situating a trauma like war in an industry close to leisure, don’t we risk disconnecting it from its traumatic history? The criteria which Name and Surname of Author(s) determined the choice of the case studies will first be presen ted. Second, an analysis of those “war tours” will be undertaken and the sites exposed to tourists through this experience will be put in light.Sarajevo in Bosnia Herzegovina and Vukovar in the Croat region of Slavonia were chosen as case studies. The principal criteria which determine this choice can be summarized as the following: first those two places lived through a traumatic siege2 during the war and this has great implications in the interpretation of the conflict, since the two parties did not have the same means of fighting at their disposal. Secondly those two cities are totally divided, in an institutional way in Sarajevo-since the division of Bosnia Herzegovina in two distinct entities: The Federation of Bosnia Herzegovina and the Serbian Republic – and in a more informal manner in Vukovar where Serbian and Croatian communities are totally segregated. This social and politic fracture is at the heart of the freezing of numerous projects, linked or not to tourism and conservation. Thirdly those two cities acknowledged an international Notoriety through Medias such as CNN orEuronews and also due to cinematographic productions3 which thrust those places into the forefront of the global scene, generating a particular imaginary for potential visitors. Finally, both of those places are experiencing the birth of what can be considered as “war tourism”, through what most of the actors of the field named as “war tours”: The Mission Impossible Tour and The Time of Misfortune Tour in Sarajevo and the Soldie r’s Trail in Vukovar. Advertising for the Time of Misfortune Tour. （Tourism Board of Sarajevo）Before taking a close look at the touristification of sites traumatized by war it is important to explore the notion of traumascape that Maria Tumarkin defined as a distinct category of places transformed physically and psychically by a trauma. A trauma, which can be linked to war, natural disaster or even a terrorist attack, is not only embodied in the place and the event, but in the way this place and event are lived, experienced and represented through time. In this context tourism can become a vector of experience and interpretation of the trauma and the place it is associated with. Sarajevo is even part of the seven cases that Tumarkin uses as examples to illustrate her concept of traumascape in her founding book. I’ve chose n to identify some landmarks of those traumascapes that are Vukovar and Sarajevo. The two cities are now under a process of post-war reconstruction and tourism is developing moderately. Foreign visitors have come back to Sarajevo in significant way since 2005 and Vukovar which wasn’t on the touristic trail before the war is seeing the appearance of a form of tourism specifically related to its war History.中文译文将心灵创伤转化成旅游：萨拉热窝和乌科瓦尔的“战争之旅”Patrick Naef 帕特里克内夫摘要如果战争与旅游业之间的联系已得到学术和媒体的相当关注，战争的空间表示仍然被旅游部门认为是新兴的人类学和文化地理学的领域。

红色旅游英文作文英文：Red tourism is a popular form of tourism in China, which is focused on visiting historical sites related to the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Revolution. As a Chinese person, I have had the opportunity to visit red tourism sites and have found them to be both educational and inspiring.One of my favorite red tourism sites is Yan'an, which was the center of the Chinese Communist Party's activities during the 1930s and 1940s. The city is filled with historical sites, such as the Yan'an Revolutionary Memorial Hall and the Yan'an Pagoda Hill. These sites offer a glimpse into the lives of the Communist Party leaders and the struggles they faced during their time in Yan'an.Another red tourism site that I have visited is the Jinggang Mountains in Jiangxi Province. This mountainousregion was the birthplace of the Chinese Red Army and is home to many historical sites, such as the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Memorial Hall and the Jinggangshan Martyrs Cemetery. These sites offer a unique perspective on the early days of the Chinese Revolution and the sacrifices made by the Communist Party members.中文：红色旅游是中国一种流行的旅游形式，它专注于参观与中国共产党和中国革命有关的历史遗址。

学生红色旅游英文作文Student Red TourismIn the ever-evolving landscape of education, the concept of "red tourism" has gained significant traction among students, offering a unique opportunity to explore the rich historical and cultural heritage of China. Red tourism, a term that encompasses visits to sites and landmarks associated with the Communist revolution and the founding of the People's Republic of China, has become an integral part of the educational experience for many students.The allure of red tourism lies in its ability to provide students with a deeper understanding of their nation's history and the sacrifices made by previous generations in the pursuit of a better future. By immersing themselves in these hallowed sites, students can gain a profound appreciation for the struggles and triumphs that have shaped the course of China's development.One of the most compelling aspects of student red tourism is the chance to walk in the footsteps of legendary figures from China'srevolutionary past. From the iconic Tiananmen Square in Beijing to the winding paths of the Jinggang Mountains, students can visit the very locations where pivotal events unfolded, igniting the flames of change that would ultimately transform the country.At the Tiananmen Square, for instance, students can stand in awe of the imposing Monument to the People's Heroes, a towering tribute to the countless individuals who sacrificed their lives for the cause of national liberation. The square itself serves as a poignant reminder of the power of collective action, as it was here that the people of China rallied together to demand social and political reforms.Similarly, the Jinggang Mountains, often referred to as the "Cradle of the Revolution," offer students a chance to retrace the steps of Mao Zedong and his comrades as they built the foundations of the Communist Party. Hiking through the rugged terrain, students can imagine the challenges and hardships faced by these revolutionary pioneers, gaining a deeper appreciation for the determination and resilience that propelled the movement forward.Beyond the physical sites, student red tourism also encompasses visits to museums and educational centers that provide a comprehensive understanding of China's revolutionary history. These institutions, such as the National Museum of China and the Chinese Revolution Museum, house extensive collections of artifacts,documents, and multimedia exhibits that bring the past to life, allowing students to engage with the stories and perspectives that have shaped their nation's destiny.One particularly impactful aspect of student red tourism is the opportunity to interact with individuals who have firsthand experiences of the revolutionary era. Through guided tours and personal accounts, students can gain invaluable insights into the human stories that underlie the historical events, fostering a more nuanced and empathetic understanding of the struggles and triumphs of the past.Furthermore, student red tourism serves as a powerful tool for instilling a sense of national pride and patriotism among the younger generation. By connecting with the heroic narratives of the revolutionary era, students can develop a deeper appreciation for the sacrifices made by their predecessors, inspiring them to become active participants in shaping the future of their country.However, the benefits of student red tourism extend beyond the realm of history and patriotism. The experience also offers valuable opportunities for personal growth and development. By immersing themselves in the rich cultural and social contexts of the revolutionary sites, students can cultivate critical thinking skills, enhance their problem-solving abilities, and develop a greater senseof social responsibility.As they navigate the complexities of the past, students are challenged to confront their own biases, question established narratives, and engage in thoughtful discussions on the ethical and political implications of historical events. This process of self-reflection and intellectual discourse can ultimately lead to the fostering of well-rounded, socially conscious individuals who are better equipped to navigate the challenges of the modern world.In conclusion, the concept of student red tourism has emerged as a powerful tool for educational enrichment and personal development. By exploring the hallowed sites and stories of China's revolutionary past, students can gain a deeper understanding of their nation's history, cultivate a sense of national pride, and develop the critical thinking skills necessary to navigate the complexities of the present and shape the future. As the torch of progress is passed from one generation to the next, the continued embrace of student red tourism will undoubtedly play a vital role in shaping the next chapter of China's remarkable journey.。

红色旅游路线的魅力与启示In the heart of China, a unique type of tourism thrives—Red Tourism. This journey through history and revolution offers a profound understanding of the country's past and present, intertwining the rich cultural heritage with the stories of courage and sacrifice. Spanning from the bustling cities to the serene villages, the Red Tourism route highlights the revolutionary landmarks that have shaped the nation's identity.From the Tiananmen Square in Beijing, where the May Fourth Movement sparked the flame of revolution, to the Long March Museum in Zunyi, where the heroes of the Red Army left their footprints in the snow, each destination tells a story of struggle and perseverance. The visits to these historical sites are not just about looking at the past; they are about understanding the values andprinciples that have guided the Chinese people through tough times.The Red Tourism route also passes through the rural areas, where the revolution took root. Places like theYan'an Revolutionary Base Area, where the Communist Partyof China formulated its strategies during the War of Resistance Against Japan, offer a glimpse into the simple yet resilient lifestyle of the people during those challenging times. Visiting these places is an immersive experience, where one can almost feel the pulse of the revolution beating in the air.Moreover, Red Tourism is not just about looking back; it is also about looking forward. It reminds us of the need to uphold the revolutionary spirit in our daily lives, to fight for justice and equality, and to cherish the hard-earned peace and prosperity of our country.In conclusion, the Red Tourism route is not just a travel route; it is a journey through time, a connection to our ancestors, and a reminder of our responsibilities as citizens of this great nation. It is a powerful testament to the resilience of the Chinese people and their unwavering commitment to freedom and progress.**中文翻译****红色旅游路线的魅力与启示**在中国的心脏地带，一种独特的旅游形式正在蓬勃发展——红色旅游。