定语从句
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定语从句贯穿每份高考试卷,是复习重点。
由于它是定语的一种形式,复习应从“定语”抛砖引玉。
一、定语定语是句子成分之一,可以由单词、短语或从句担当,对名(代)词修饰和限制。
名(代)词称为中心词。
形容词作定语一般前置,短语和从句作定语要后置,翻译成“……的”。
另外名词、数词、非谓语动词(短语)、介词短语也可以担当定语。
例如:a beautiful girl (形容词作前置定语)一个美丽的女孩a girl in white(介词短语作后置定语)一个穿白色衣服的女孩a girl who is singing(定语从句,a girl为先行词)一个正唱歌的女孩定语有限制性和非限制性之分。
对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语,一般不用逗号将两者分隔;只起补充说明,用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。
She had many red pencils .(red 作限制性定语) 她有许多红铅笔。
She had many pencils , red .(red作非限制性定语) 她有许多铅笔,是红的。
高考“定语”考点:①名词作定语;②不定式作定语;③多个形容词作定语的排列;④定语后置。
【高考衔接】1. (NMET 1993)He dropped the ______ and broke it .A. cup of coffeeB. cup for coffeeC. coffee’s cupD. coffee cup2. (NMET 2001 )The _______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it .A. bicycl e’s shopB. bicycle shopC. bicycles shopD. bicycle’s shop3. (1999 上海) There are five pairs of shoes ______ , but I’m at a loss which to buy .A. to be chosenB. to choose fromC. to chooseD. for choosing4. (NMET1997)--- How was your recent visit to Qingdao ?--- It was great . We visited some friend , and spent the _____ days at the seaside.A. few last sunnyB. last few sunnyC. last sunny fewD. few sunny last5. (NMET 1998)If I had ______ , I’d visit Europe , stopping at all the small interesting places .A. a long enough holidayB. an enough long holidayC. a holiday enough longD. a long holiday enough6. (NMET2000)_____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills .A. Brave enough studentsB. Enough brave studentsC. Students brave enoughD. Students enough brave7. I’d like you to give me ______ to readA. different nothingB. something differentC. different anythingD. anything different【答案与分析】1-2.D;B名词修饰名词。
例如apple tree, door bell , church yard , shoe factory , cotton production , art works ; school gate , part y member ; letter box 等。
3.B不及物动词不定式作后置定语不能忽略介词。
4.B几个形容词同时修饰一个名词的排列顺序:限定性的+数量的+描述性+度量+形状+新旧年龄+颜色+国家来源出处+材料质地,例如that pretty little old white house ; his interesting new history book。
5-6A;C.考查enough用法。
7. B 形容词修饰不定代词-thing要后置。
二、定语从句⊙概述定语从句是定语的一种特殊形式,定语从句中的中心词叫做先行词。
形容词常作定语,因此定语从句又称形容词性从句。
定语从句也有限制性和非限制性之分,注意两种形式的翻译。
例如:I still remember the day when we went out for a picnic . .(限制性定语从句)至今我仍记得我们一起外出野餐的那一天。
This pupil studies very well , whose father feels glad .(非限制性定语从句)这位小学生学习不错,他的爸爸感到挺高兴。
⊙重点①关系词的选择。
主要是:which和that区别;as和which用法;介词+关系词。
②关系代词的省略。
③定语从句和其他句型区别。
在复习过程中树立辨证、全面的观点,由普遍到特殊,结合具体语境发散思维。
切忌死背语法条目,只记特殊情况,忽略一般情况,形成思维定势。
例如:1. ---Look ! My name is on the bag .--- Yes . I think this is the same bag _____ you lost yesterday .A. asB. thatC. likeD. who2. (2002 上海春季) Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained【答案与分析】如果认为the same修饰的先行词后用as,reason后面用why,两个题目必错无疑。
1. B根据上下语境,指“同一个包”,并非同类。
2. A the reason在定语从句中作宾语。
⊙典型错误书面表达使用定语从句常出现下列错误:①成分多余或缺失;②从句主谓不一致;③关系词误用或搭配错误;④与其他句型混淆。
单句改错1. The boy I helped him that day isn’t good at English .2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month ?3. I , who is in Australia , feel proud of being a Chinese .4. All what she could do was to go to church .5. The building which roof we can see is a school .6. The girl failed in the exam , that made us disappointed .7. I still remember the house which I lived when I was a child .8. They talked an hour things and persons who they remembered .9. Is this factory where he works ?10.The citizens welcomed the new mayor , most of who are workers .【答案与分析】1、删除him,如果使用关系代词可在I 前加that/who/whom;2、在gave前加that。
注意关系代词作主语不能省略,为避免歧义,本句不能使用who;3、is改为am,应根据先行词确定谓语动词的形式;4、有2种改正方式:①删除all,句子为主语从句;②删除what或者把what改为that。
5、有2种改正方式:①误用关系代词which,表示所有关系,关系代词作定语要用whose;②在which前后分别加of和the。
6、that改为which或as,两者可以代替整个句子。
位于句首只能用as,即As made us disappointed ,the girl failed in the exam .7、①which改为where;②lived后面加in,此时which还可that 或省略;③which前加in。
8、①删除who;②将who改为that,先行词既指人又指物,使用that。
想一想:还有哪些情况只用that而不用which?9、this factory为主语,不是先行词,可where前加the one; 10、who改为whom,其它改法参考(二)§2定语从句的转换。
⊙命题定语从句的命题一般不会太偏。
单项选择命题以“隐身”为显著特点,即隐藏定语从句真面目不被轻易发现:①以假乱真:借助名词性从句、强调句等形似句型混淆。
例如:It was (at ) the bus stop ______we met the singer and dancer . 保留at是强调句,填that;去掉是定语从句,应填where/at which。
②改头换面:采用并列复合句,使句子结构复杂化。
例如:Do you think that it could be in the inn in _____ you sang a folk song yesterday _____ you lost y our passport ?此句包含宾语从句的疑问句、强调句和定语从句,应填which和that。
③笑里藏刀:借助关系词辨析、标点符号、插入语等手段,增加试题难度。
例如:A. itB. asC. thatD. whatE. which1.______ is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth .2.______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth .3.______ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth .4.______ everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .5.The moon travels round the earth ,______ everybody knows.【答案】1.B; 2.A; 3.D; 4. B; 5. A/E【高考衔接】2004上海春季高考的36、37、38和41题。