Cells, tissues, organs and organ systemsAll organisms carry out seven life processes (movement, reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion, nutrition). All organisms are made from cells:Cell part Functioncell surface membrane keeps cell together and controls what goes into and out of the cellnucleus controls the cellcytoplasm where activities happen, including respiration (which occurs in mitochondria) chloroplast contains chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesiscell wall made of cellulose and provides supportvacuole storage spaceA microscope is used to magnify tiny things such as cells.total magnification = magnification of objective lens magnification of eyepiece lens.The object you look at is the specimen. It has to be thin to let light get through it. It is placed with a drop of water onto a slide. A coverslip is carefully lowered on top, to stop the specimen drying out, hold it flat and stop it moving. A stain can be used to help you see parts of the cell.To use a microscope:A Place the smallest objective lens over thehole in the stage.B Turn the focusing wheel to move theobjective lens close to the stage.C Place the slide on the stage.D Adjust the light source or mirror.E Look into the eyepiece lens.F Turn the focusing wheel until what you see isin focus.Some cells are specialised and have special functions.In animalsIn plantsMuscle cells shape to move things. Root hair cellstake in water.Fat cellsin animals store fat. Xylem cells carry water.A group of cells that are the same, all doing the same job, is called a tissue (e.g. muscle tissue).A group of different tissues working together to do an important job is an organ. For example, the heartis an organ and is made of muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Organs have important functions.Organs often work together in organ systems.Organ system Organs Jobbreathing system windpipe (trachea), lungs takes air into the body and getsrid of waste gasescirculatory system heart, blood vessels carries oxygen and food aroundthe bodydigestive system mouth, gullet, stomach, intestines breaks down foodnervous system brain, spinal cord, nerves carries signals around the body urinary system bladder, kidneys gets rid of wastelocomotor system muscles, bones allows movementwater transport system (plants) roots, stem, leaves carries water up a plant。
生物英文考试题及答案详解一、选择题1. Which of the following is not a basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. MoleculeAnswer: D. MoleculeExplanation: Molecules are the building blocks of cells but are not considered a basic unit of life. Cells, tissues, and organs are all composed of cells and are essential for life processes.2. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. FermentationC. PhotosynthesisD. TranspirationAnswer: C. PhotosynthesisExplanation: Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.二、填空题1. The genetic material in all living organisms is either _______ or _______.Answer: DNA; RNAExplanation: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids that carry genetic information in living organisms.2. The process of an organism developing from a fertilized egg to a mature individual is called _______.Answer: DevelopmentExplanation: Development refers to the series of changes that occur in an organism from the time of fertilization until it reaches maturity.三、简答题1. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.Explanation: The primary distinction between these two types of cells is the presence or absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, have their genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes, including plants and animals, have their genetic material enclosedwithin a nuclear membrane.四、论述题1. Discuss the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.Answer: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule responsible for carrying genetic information in all living organisms. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up with each other (A with T, and C with G) to form a double helix structure. The sequence of these bases along the DNA molecule encodes the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. During reproduction, DNA is replicated and passed on to offspring, ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.结束语：This examination paper has covered a range of topics in biology, from basic concepts to more complex processes, aiming to test the students' understanding and application of biological knowledge. It is hoped that through this test, students can identify areas for improvement and continue to deepen their study of biology.。
Name: _______________________________________ Date: _____________HOW PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS DIFFERRubricTotal Points = __________/50__BackgroundAlthough plant and animal cells have many structures in common, they also have basic differences. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, and if they are green, they also have chloroplasts. Animal cells lack both a cell wall and chloroplasts. They also lack the central vacuole common to plant cells.You will observe and compare animal cells and plant cells. You will first examine epithelial cells from the inside of your cheek. Epithelium is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of many organs and cavities of the body.You will then examine cells from a leaf of the aquatic plant Elodea. The leaves of this plant are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, which is found in chloroplasts within each cell, enables plants to manufacture their own food.PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:1. What are two structures common to plant cells that are not found in animal cells? ______________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________2. What are two structures common to plant cells and animal cells? ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________3. What do you expect to happen to a cell if salt water is added to the outside of the cell? Why?___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What shape do you expect the plant cell to be? Why? ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What shape do you expect the animal cell to be? Why? ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________MATERIALS:Microscope ForcepsSlidesLugol’s iodine solution Cover slipsMethylene blue stainElodea plantsWaterSalt waterDistilled waterProcedures and Observations:1.Place a drop of water on a clean slide. Obtain epithelial cells by gently rubbing the inside of yourcheek with a clean toothpick. Stir the material from the toothpick in the drop of water on the slide.Carefully place a cover slip on the slide.2.Place a very small drop of methylene blue stain right next to the left side of the cover slip and thenplace a paper towel on the right side of the cover slip to absorb some of the water from under the cover slip. In this way the stain should be drawn under the cover slip to stain the cells.3.Examine the slide under low power. When you find some cells that are separate from each other,examine them under high power. Recall that you may have to adjust the diaphragm to reduce the intensity of the light.a.Make a drawing of two or three cells as they appear under high power. Label the nucleus,nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, and cell membrane of one of the cells.b.What is the shape of the epithelial cells?___________________________________________________________________________c.Describe the appearance of the cytoplasm.___________________________________________________________________________4.Set your slide of cheek cells aside for later. Break off a small leaf near the tip of a Elodea plant.Place the entire leaf in a drop of water on a clean slide. Add a cover slip. Examine the leaf under low power.5. a. What is the shape of the cells?___________________________________________________________________________6.The boundary that you see around each cell is the cell wall. The numerous small, green bodies inthe cells are the chloroplasts. Look for an area in the leaf where you can see the cells most clearly.Examine these cells under high power, carefully focusing up and down with the fine adjustment.a. Describe the shape and location of the chloroplasts.___________________________________________________________________________7.As you examine the cells, you may see the chloroplasts moving around. If they are not moving,warm the slide on top of the microscope illuminator for a few minutes. Do not allow the slide to dry out. Then examine again under high power.a.Describe the motion of the chloroplasts in a cell.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8.Make a drawing of a Elodea cell. Label the cell wall, chloroplasts, and any other structures you see.Furthermore, the numerous chloroplasts often make it difficult to observe other cell structures in the leaf cells. In order to see the nucleus, nucleoli, and vacuole more clearly, you are going to use a stain.8. Place a very small drop of Iodine right next to the left side of the cover slip and then place a paper towel on the right side of the cover slip to absorb some of the water from under the cover slip. In this way the stain should be drawn under the cover slip to stain the cells.Examine the slide under low power. When you find some cells that are separate from each other, examine them under high power. Recall that you may have to adjust the diaphragm to reduce the intensity of the light.a. Make a drawing of a stained cell. Label the cell wall, cell membrane (if visible),chloroplasts, nucleus, nucleolus, and the large vacuole.b. What structures can you see more clearly after staining?___________________________________________________________________________9. Look at the sizes of the epithelial (animal) cells vs. the Elodea (plant) cells under low power.a.Which is bigger?___________________________________________________________________________10. Make fresh wet mounts of cheek and Elodea cells. Using the staining method described on page 3, expose the plant cells to salt water. Draw and explain the changes that you observe as the plant cell reacts to the salt water.After salt exposure: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11. Using this same staining method, expose the plant cells to distilled water. Draw and explain the changes that you observe as the plant cell reacts to the distilled water.After distilled water exposure: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12. Using the staining method described before, expose the animal cells to salt water. Draw and explain the changes that you observe as the animal cell reacts to the salt water.After salt exposure: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13. Using the staining method described before, expose the animal cells to distilled water. Draw and explain the changes that you observe as the animal cell reacts to the distilled water.After distilled water exposure: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Analysis and Interpretations: at least 5 structures that animal cells have in common with plant cells.___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 structures or organelles that plant cells contain that animal cells do not.___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________3.Some of the epithelial calls are folded or wrinkled. What does this tell you about the thickness ofthe cells?___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ the structure in the plant cell that prevented it from rupturing when exposed to the distilledwater the way that the animal cells did.___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________5.Some state roads are salted heavily in the winter, creating an environmental problem. Based onobservations you made in this laboratory activity, explain how organisms could be harmed by high levels of salt form roadways.___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6.When a person in the hospital is given fluid intravenously (an I.V.), the fluid is typically a saline(salt) solution with about the same water concentration as human body tissues. Explain how the use of distilled water (no salt) in place of this saline solution would be expected to upset the patient’s homeostasis. Your answer should refer to the process of diffusion.________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Many fresh-water one-celled organisms have structures called contractile vacuoles. Thesestructures collect and pump out excess water that accumulates in the cell. Name the process that causes water to flow into these organisms. _______________________ Explain why contractile vacuoles would be of little value to one-celled organisms living in the ocean (salt water).________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Popcorn sold at movie theaters is very salty, causing people to become thirsty and buy sort drinks.Describe in scientific terms why the salty popcorn causes this thirst. You should mention changes in specific body cells in your answer.________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________。
大学临床医学英语教材答案Chapter 1: Introduction to Clinical MedicineSection 1: Basics of Clinical MedicineIntroduction:Clinical medicine is the branch of medical science that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in individuals. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and skills needed for a successful practice in clinical medicine.1.1 Medical History Taking:Medical history taking is a crucial part of patient assessment. It involves gathering information about the patient's symptoms, medical conditions, and previous treatments. By carefully listening and asking relevant questions, healthcare professionals can obtain essential details that aid in making an accurate diagnosis.1.2 Physical Examination:Physical examination complements the medical history and involves the systematic evaluation of the patient's body. Through techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation, doctors can identify abnormalities and signs of disease. A thorough physical examination contributes to proper diagnosis and treatment planning.1.3 Diagnostic Tests:Diagnostic tests play a vital role in clinical medicine. These tests include laboratory investigations, imaging studies (such as X-rays and MRI scans), and other specialized examinations. They provide objective data, aiding in confirming or ruling out potential diagnoses.Chapter 2: Anatomy and PhysiologySection 2.1: Introduction to AnatomyIntroduction:Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. Understanding the human anatomy is fundamental for healthcare providers, as it forms the basis for comprehending the location and function of various body parts.2.1.1 Body Systems:The human body consists of various systems, including the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, and reproductive system. Each system has distinct organs and performs specific functions necessary for overall health and well-being.2.1.2 Anatomical Terminology:To accurately describe anatomical structures, standard anatomical terminology is used. This system ensures clarity and consistency across medical professionals. It includes directional terms, body planes, and body regions.Section 2.2: Introduction to PhysiologyIntroduction:Physiology is the study of how the human body functions at various levels, from cells to organs and systems. Understanding physiological processes is crucial for diagnosing and treating diseases effectively.2.2.1 Cell Physiology:Cells are the fundamental units of life. An understanding of cellular physiology is essential, as it provides insights into cellular functions such as metabolism, replication, and communication.2.2.2 Organ Physiology:Different organs and systems within the body work together to maintain homeostasis. By examining each organ's physiology, healthcare professionals can comprehend the normal functioning and identify abnormalities that may result in disease.Chapter 3: Medical TerminologySection 3.1: Introduction to Medical TerminologyIntroduction:Medical terminology is a specific language used in the field of medicine to describe anatomical structures, medical conditions, and treatments. A strong grasp of medical terminology enhances communication between healthcare professionals and promotes accurate recording of patient information.3.1.1 Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes:Medical terms are composed of word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Word roots represent the main meaning of the term, while prefixes and suffixesmodify or add additional meaning to the base word. Understanding these components allows for easier interpretation and memorization of medical terms.3.1.2 Common Medical Abbreviations:In addition to medical terminology, healthcare professionals often use abbreviations in their notes and prescriptions. Familiarity with common medical abbreviations is essential to ensure accurate and efficient documentation.Conclusion:This article provides a brief overview of the content covered in a typical clinical medicine English textbook for university students. From medical history taking to understanding anatomy and physiology, and acquiring medical terminology, each chapter equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills for a successful career in clinical medicine.。
