供应链管理的英文文章综述

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EuropeanJournalofPurchasing&SupplyManagement7(2001)39}48

Aframeworkofsupplychainmanagementliterature

KeahChoonTan*UniversityofNevadaLasVegas,CollegeofBusiness,DepartmentofManagement,4505MarylandParkway,Box456009,LasVegas,NV89154-6009,USAReceived2February1999;receivedinrevisedform6April2000;accepted7April2000

AbstractOverthepastdecade,thetraditionalpurchasingandlogisticsfunctionshaveevolvedintoabroaderstrategicapproachtomaterialsanddistributionmanagementknownassupplychainmanagement.Thisresearchreviewstheliteraturebaseanddevelopmentofsupplychainmanagementfromtwoseparatepathsthateventuallymergedintothemoderneraofaholisticandstrategicapproachtooperations,materialsandlogisticsmanagement.Inaddition,thisarticleattemptstoclearlydescribesupplychainmanagementsincetheliteratureisrepletewithbuzzwordsthataddresselementsorstagesofthisnewmanagementphilosophy.Thisarticlealsodiscussesvarioussupplychainmanagementstrategiesandtheconditionsconducivetosupplychainmanagement.󰀁2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Logistics;Physicaldistribution;Purchasing;Supplychainmanagement

1.Introduction

Duringthe1990s,manymanufacturersandserviceproviderssoughttocollaboratewiththeirsuppliersandupgradetheirpurchasingandsupplymanagementfunc-tionsfromaclericalroletoanintegralpartofanewphenomenonknownassupplychainmanagement.Sincethisaspectofsupplychainmanagementprimarilyfo-cusesonthepurchasingandsupplymanagementfunc-tionsofindustrialbuyers,wehaveclassi"editelsewhereasthepurchasingandsupplyperspectiveofsupplychainmanagement(Tanetal.,1999,1998b).Correspondingly,manywholesalersandretailershavealsointegratedtheirphysicaldistributionandlogisticsfunctionsintothetransportationandlogisticsperspectiveofsupplychainmanagementtoenhancecompetitiveadvantage.Overthelast10years,thesetwotraditionalsupportingfunc-tionsofcorporatestrategyevolvedalongseparatepathsandeventuallymergedintoaholisticandstrategicap-proachtooperations,materialsandlogisticsmanage-ment,commonlyreferredtoassupplychainmanagement(SCM).Thisarticlereviewstheliteraturebaseanddeve-lopmentofsupplychainmanagementalongthesetwo

*Tel.:#1-702-895-3873;fax:#1-702-895-4370.E-mailaddress:kctan@nevada.edu(K.C.Tan).separatepathsandintegratesthetwobodiesofliteratureintheuni"cationofsupplychainmanagementintoacommonlyacceptedterminologythatincludesallthevaluecreatingactivitiesalongthevaluechain.Inaddi-tion,thisarticleattemptstodescribesupplychainman-agementclearly,sincethetermhasbeenusedveryliberallyintheliterature.Thisarticlealsodiscussesvari-oussupplychainstrategiesandtheconditionsconducivetosupplychainmanagement.

2.Supplychainmanagementde5ned

Theliteratureisrepletewithbuzzwordssuchas:integ-ratedpurchasingstrategy,integratedlogistics,supplierintegration,buyer}supplierpartnerships,supplybasemanagement,strategicsupplieralliances,supplychainsynchronizationandsupplychainmanagement,toaddresselementsorstagesofthisnewmanagementphilosophy(Tanetal.,1998a;New,1997;LaLondeandMasters,1994).Whileeachterminologyaddresseselementsofthephenomenon,typicallyfocusingonim-mediatesuppliersofanorganization,supplychainman-agementisthemostwidelyused(butabused)termtodescribethisphilosophy.Unfortunately,thereisnoex-plicitdescriptionofsupplychainmanagementoritsactivitiesintheliterature(New,1997).Forexample,Harland(1996)describessupplychainmanagementas0969-7012/00/$-seefrontmatter󰀁2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0969-7012(00)00020-4

Fig.1.Activitiesand"rmsinasupplychain.Source:NewandPayne(1995).managingbusinessactivitiesandrelationships(1)inter-nallywithinanorganization,(2)withimmediatesup-pliers,(3)with"rstandsecond-tiersuppliersandcustomersalongthesupplychain,and(4)withtheentiresupplychain.ScottandWestbrook(1991)andNewandPayne(1995)describesupplychainmanagementasthechainlinkingeachelementofthemanufacturingandsupplyprocessfromrawmaterialsthroughtotheenduser,encompassingseveralorganizationalboundaries.Ac-cordingtothisbroadde"nition,supplychainmanage-mentencompassestheentirevaluechainandaddressesmaterialsandsupplymanagementfromtheextractionofrawmaterialstoitsendofusefullife.Baatz(1995)furtherexpandssupplychainmanagementtoincluderecyclingorre-use.Supplychainmanagementfocusesonhow"rmsutilizetheirsuppliers'processes,technology,andcapabilitytoenhancecompetitiveadvantage(Farley,1997),andthecoordinationofthemanufacturing,logis-tics,andmaterialsmanagementfunctionswithinanor-ganization(LeeandBillington,1992).Whenallstrategicorganizationsinthevaluechain&integrate'andactasasingleuni"edentity,performanceisenhancedthrough-outthesystemofsuppliers.Fig.1showstheactivitiesand"rmsinvolveinsuchavaluechainasportrayedbyNewandPayne(1995).Itbeginswiththeextractionofrawmaterialsormineralsfromtheearth,throughthemanufacturers,wholesalers,retailers,andthe"nalusers.Whereappropriate,supplychainmanagementalsoencompassesrecyclingorre-useoftheproductsormaterials.Supplychainmanagementappearstotreatallorganizationswithinthevaluechainasauni"ed&virtualbusiness'entity.Itincludesactivitiessuchasplanning,productdesignanddevelopment,sourcing,manufacturing,fabrication,assembly,trans-portation,warehousing,distribution,andpostdeliverycustomersupport.Inatruly&integrated'supplychain,the"nalconsumerspulltheinventorythroughthevaluechaininsteadofthemanufacturerpushingtheitemstotheendusers.Whileinprinciplethisde"nitionofsupplychainman-agementaddressesthesupplyprocessthroughoutthevaluechain,apracticalapproachtosupplychainman-agementistoconsideronlystrategicallyimportantsup-pliersinthevaluechain(Tanetal.,1998a,b).Technically,thevaluechainistoocomplextoachieveafullintegra-tionofallbusinessentitieswithinitinordertoreapthebene"tso!eredbysupplychainmanagement.Thisleadstoasecondnarrowerde"nitionofsupplychainmanage-ment:theintegrationofthevariousfunctionalareaswithinanorganizationtoenhancethe#owofgoodsfromimmediatestrategicsuppliersthroughmanufacturinganddistributionchaintotheenduser(Houlihan,1987,1988).Researchinthisareagenerallyfocusesonimprov-ingthee$ciencyandcompetitiveadvantageofmanufac-turersbytakingadvantageoftheimmediatesupplier'scapabilityandtechnology,particularlyduringtheprod-uctdesignstagethroughearlysupplierinvolvement.Athirdde"nitionofsupplychainmanagementemergesfromthetransportationandlogisticsliteratureofthewholesalingandretailingindustry,emphasizingtheimportanceofphysicaldistributionandintegratedlogistics.Thereisnodoubtthatlogisticsisanimportantfunctionofbusinessandisevolvingintostrategicsupplychainmanagement(NewandPayne,1995).Physicaltransformationoftheproductsisnotacriticalcompon-entofthisde"nitionofsupplychainmanagement.Thisisprobablywherethetermsupplychainmanagementwasoriginallyused(Lamming,1996).Itsprimaryfocusisthee$cientphysicaldistributionof"nalproductsfromthemanufacturerstotheendusersinanattempttoreplaceinventorieswithinformation.Thisisalsoconsistentwiththosemarketingrelatedliteratureinsupplychainman-agement(Christopheretal.,1998;Christopher,1996).