英语-ED分词的用法

-ED分词

-ED分词

-ED分词(-ED Participle)即传统语法所指的“过去分词”(Past

Participle), 是非限定动词之一。

-ED分词有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED 构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING 分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。

一、-ED分词与-ING分词的区别

虽然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在意义上两者有差别:-ED分词表示被动的意义而-ING分词则表示主动的意义;-ED分词表示已经完成和被动的动作而-ING分词则表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,在表现形式上,-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING 分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。

1. 作表语时,-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态

The book is quite interesting. I am interested in the book very

much.

The play is more exciting than any I have ever seen.

That piece of land lay deserted.

2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况

1) Having been served lunch,_________ .

[A]the problem was discussed by the members of the committee

[B]the committee members discussed the problem

[C]it was discussed by the committee members the problem

[D]a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the

committee (B)

2) _______for her anthropological(人类学的) research,Margaret Mead

also was involved with(涉及) the World Federation for Mental Health.

[A] She is noted primarily

[B] Noted primarily

[C] Primarily is noted

[D] She primarily noted (B)

3) Considered one of the leading poets in America

today,___________ .

[A]a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia

Sanchez

[B]Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays

[C]a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written

[D]there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia

Sanchez (B)

3. 作定语时,①-ING分词表示正在进行的动作,而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;

②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态,而-ED分词则没有时间性;③-ING分词表示主动,而-ED分词表示被动

Identify and correct:

1)The boiled [A]point of any liquid [ B]is determined[C]by the

pressure [D]of the surrounding gases. 将boiled 改成boiling

2)High-grade [A]written [B]paper is frequently [C]obtained [D]from

cotton rags.

将written 改成writing

3)Scientists [A]still cannot find [B]any convinced[C]link between

intelligence [D] and the quantity or quality of brain cells. 将convinced 改成convincing

解析:

1)A错。改为boiling.-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思,

-ING分词则表示主动、进行,也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如:“boiling water(water which is boiling.)”意思是“开水”,意即“正在开着的水”,而“boiled water(water which has been boiled.)”虽也可译为“开水”,但表示“已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。”本句A处应改为boiling,“boiling point”意思是“沸点”。

2)B错。改用“writing”,“writing paper”意为“写字的纸,信纸”,-ING分词“writing”表用途。与此类似的还有“swimming pool”(游泳池),“sleeping car”(卧铺).“written”含有完成和被动意味,不合上下文。

3)C错。改为“convincing”。“令人信服的联系”应为“convincing

link”,“convincing”含有主动的意味,即“联系”(link)本身具有这种性质,而“convinced”则含有完成或被动的含义,修饰有生命的名词 .试比较:a

surprising man (使人惊讶的人),a surprised man (被惊吓了的人)

4. 但少数几个动词的-ED分词,有两种形式而且在意义上有差别,如:bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分,前者只用于“出生”的意义,而后者用于“负担”,“负荷”,“承担”和“传送”之意,如:I was born in 1966. /His borne

responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.

再如:hang的-ED分词也有两种,一是hung,另一形式是hanged,前者表示“悬挂”,后者表示“吊死,绞死”。strike的-ED分词也有两种:struck和striken,前者有“打击”“冲击”“感动”等义,而striken只用作形容词,表示“受折磨”之意。

来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义;来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义:fallen leaves (落叶),a full-blown rose (盛开的玫瑰),escaped prisoners (逃犯),the exploded bomb,her deceased( 已故的)

husband,the retired workers,the vanished jewels,the newly arrived

visitors,the returned students,the risen sun.

二、-ED分词系表结构和被动语态的区别

-ED分词这个结构在英语表达中是常见的。它既可以是系表结构,又可以是被动语态。因此,我们可以称之为静动句的混合体。静句是用来描写事物的性质或状态。动句是用来描写

动作及动作过程。由于在表达形式上这两种结构是一样的,都由be +ed分词构成,这样就给区别系表结构和被动语态带来了麻烦。现将几种区别方法归纳如下:

1.从动词的性质来区分

英语中的不及物动词不用于被动语态。但是,不及物动词的过去分词可以和动词be连用构成系表结构。在这个结构中,过去分词只表示动作已经完成。强调事物的状态。常见的这种形式不及物动词有:gone,come,arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed (烦恼的), mistaken

等。这些不及物动词都具有描述性质。

例如:

①Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak.

②I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it.

③The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which

happened in the campus.

注意:如果构成分词的动词是一个持续性动词,不表示终极界限,不表示动作结果,而强调动作的持续性,在这种情况下谓语大多数是被动语态。

例如:

①All the books were carried to the library.

②Several students were honored for their excellent performance in

the English contest.

2.从句子表达的内容来区分

被动语态表示动作,句子的主语是动作的承受者;系表结构中的过去分词已基本上失去了动词的意义,只起到一个形容词的作用,在句子中作表语,说明主语的性质,或所具有的特征或所处的状态。例如:

①The houses were beautifully decorated.(系表)

②The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in

need of shelters.(被动)

③The book is not illustrated(有插图的).(系表)

④The book was illustrated by a famous artist.(被动)

注意

在现代英语中,有少数从古英语中遗留下来的只能用作形容词的-ED分词。这种分词形容词特性显著,完全起到了形容词作用。例如:

amused,broken,closed,confused,crowded,covered,done,delighted,frightened,bent,

blessed,bound,drunk,lit,melted,rotten,shaved,shrunk,sunk,believed,burnt,

excited,faded,married,interested,pleased,satisfied,surprised等。