现代大学英语精读6(第二版) 教师用书 Unit 1

Unit11.猛然敲门bang to door2.向国王陛下欢呼cheer His Majesty3.凝视那雕像compelate the statue4.设计/发明一种新方法devise a new method5.获得一种名声gain a reputation6.鼓舞人民inspire the people7.低下头sink one’s head8.象征/代表国家symbolize the nation9.暖和双手warm one’s hands10.毁了某人的健康ruin one’s health11.扮演重要的角色play a important role12.解决这个问题set the issue1.the eternal truth 永恒的真理2.a filing cabinet 文件柜3.utter nonsense 无稽之谈4.delinquent behavior 违规行为5.a frequent visitor 常客6.fresh air 新鲜空气7.high-minded monologue 格调很高的独白8.a setted view 固定的观点9.a speech impediment 语言障碍10.a hideous wind 可怕的风11.head patriotism 令人兴奋的爱国主义12.the remorseless invaders 无情的侵略者13.the Prime Minister 首相14.a mental process 思维过程15.the League of Nation 国际联盟16.a coherent article 一篇连贯的文章17.a proficient interpreter 一位口译好手18.an irresistible trend 一种不可抗拒的趋势19.rotten apples 腐烂的苹果20.a nodding acquaintance 点头之交Unit21.表现自己男子汉大丈夫的气概assort one’s manhood2.在头脑中掠过cross one’s mind3.丈量土地measure the ground4.设法弄到食物secure one’s food5.驱散黑暗scatter the darkness6.揉揉他的眼睛rub his eyes7.大声咀嚼她的面包和黄油munch her bread and butter8.抑制住了恐惧的感觉overpower that feeling of dread9.声音传的很远carry a long way10.弯下他们的腰bend their backs11.Live coals 燃烧着的煤12.His freckled face 他那张长有雀斑的脸13.A fair moustache 淡淡的八字须14.The imminence of the event 事情的紧迫性15.A shrewd woman 一位精明的妇女16.The head of the family 一家之主17.A throbbing heart 一颗砰砰直跳的心18.A cluster of cabins 一群小屋19.A strip of ground 一块狭长的地20.A fierce and hard look 一副凶猛严厉的表情Unit31.将这些动物归类classify these animals2.持不同看法hold an different view3.引申该词的意思extend the meaning of this word4.建立一种新理论establish a new theory5.放弃他的信念abandon his conviction6.把这个过程颠倒过来reverse the process7.珍惜他们的尊敬value their respect8.质疑它的真理性question its truth9.轻视他们的意见belittle their views10.接受/采取一种新的思路accept a new thought pattern of thinking11.把,....考虑在内make allowance for sth12.证明结果完全相反demonstrate exactly the opposite13.怀有/心存种种乌托邦思想entertain various /all kinds of utopian ides14.鹦鹉学舌/重复他人parror other people15.Non-rational factors 非理性因素16.Social position 社会地位17.The good old days 过去的好日子18.Thought patterns 思维方式19.Room for doubt 怀疑的余地20.Stock anecdotes 老一套的趣闻轶事21.A dogmatic view 一种教条的观点22.A striking contrast 一个鲜明的对照23.Age-long struggle 长期的斗争24.Conflicting ideas 互相矛盾的观点25.A bitter quarrel 一场恶吵26.Deeply-rooted convictions 根深蒂固的信念27.Groundless opinions 毫无根据的观点28.Bare assertion 仅仅是断言Unit41.回避某物stay away from sth2.蜿蜒而上直达山顶with its way up to the top of mountain3.从窗户窥视peek through the windows4.对大学生发表讲话address university students5.抓住某人的胳膊grab sb’s arm6.朝某地出发set out for a place7.避免目光接触avoid eye contact8.加快脚步pick up one’s pace9.抢钱包snatch a purse10.练习瑜伽do yoga11.始终低着头keep one’s head down12.划船row a boat13.逃避惩罚escape punishment14.迷失方向lose one’s bearings15.打开睡袋unroll the sleeping bag16.急速转身whip round17.拽出肠子rip out the intestines18.露营camp out19.A plaid shirt 一件花格呢衬衫20.Mineral water 矿泉水21.Horn-rimmed glasses 角质镜架的眼镜22.Founding commissioners 公园创建时期的主管人员23.The domain of the privileged 享有特权的人的领地24.A senior citizen 老年公民25.A highway robber 拦路强盗26.A recreation center 娱乐中心27.A gang of kids 一帮男孩28.A running track 一条供人跑步的小路29.Impenetrable foliage 密不透风的树叶30.The Empire State Building 帝国大厦31.A sense of direction 方向感32.Within arm’s reach 在伸手可及的地方33.Rough elements 野蛮，缺乏教养的人34.An aesthetic experience 一次美的体验35.On a rampage 横冲直撞36.The indefatigable diarist 从不间断记日记的人37.A birdle path 供游人骑马的小道Unit51.分配财富The distribution of wealth2.钻孔Drilling3.驱动涡轮机To drive a turbine4.提炼石油Petroleum refining5.招来灾难Bring disaster6.灌溉土地Irrigated land7.挥霍金钱Spend money8.保持三角洲和湿地Keep the Delta and wetland9.席卷全球across the whole world10.排除污水Sewerage the water11.节约用水save water12.保护土壤Protection of soil13.满足需要satisfaction of wants14.治理江河湖泊15.Insatiable demand永不满足的需求16.Ill-conceived remedies拙劣的补救措施17.Groundwater tables 地下水位18.Rivers no longer flowing to the sea不再流入海洋的河流19.Famine ,pestilence and mass migration饥荒，瘟疫和大规模的迁移20.Supply and demand 供应和需求21.Capacious baths ,power showers and flush lavatories宽敞的浴室，淋浴和冲洗厕所22.Crop breeds作物品种23.The area under irrigation 灌溉面积24.The law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律25.Sea water desalination 海水淡化26.Outgrow supplies (demands)摆脱供给（需求）27.Endangered species 濒危物种28.29.A cooling system 冷却系统30.Thermal power 热功率Unit61.使墙体开裂crack the walls2.拯救灵魂save souls3.玩捉迷藏play hide and seek4.减慢流速成涓涓细流slow to trickle5.抓住某人的头发grab sb by the hair6.谩骂某人call sb names7.撕破她的衬衫rip her skirt8.泄露秘密reveal the secret9.拒绝进步resist progress10.进入视野come into view11.捡柴火gather firewood12.说服某人放弃做某事talk sb out of doing sth13.慢慢挤出人群wriggle one’s way out of the crowd14.跑腿/出去办事run errands15.救某人于水火deliver sb from suffering16.确保供应稳定assure a steady supply17.减轻某人的压力take the pressure off sb18.让他不至于添乱keep him out of one’s hair19.Terraced fields 梯田20. Rocky Mountains多岩石的群山21.whooping cough 百日咳22.surrounding villages周围的村庄23.A clearing in the wood林中的一块空地24.Fine dust 粉尘25.Goat droppings羊粪26.Sticky hands黏糊糊的双手27.Sinewy women精瘦强健的妇女28.A forest of flags旌旗如林29.Firsthand information 第一手信息30.Jet-black hair 乌黑发亮的头发31.A devout Catholic一个虔诚的天主教徒32.Household chores 家庭琐事33.A reassuring homey sound 一种让人感到在家般自在的声音34.Hand-rolled cigarettes手卷香烟35.Lucrative business有利可图，十分挣钱的生意36.A butcher-shop一家肉铺37.A skeleton of its former self它原来模样的空架子38.A missionary school一所教会学校。

Unit 1Paper TigersWesley YangAdditional Background Information(About Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother)What follows is a comment on Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother by Elizabeth Chang, an editor of The Washington Post's Sunday Magazine, which carried the article on January 8th, 2011.The cover of Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother was catnip to this average parent's soul. Although the memoir seems to have been written to prove that Chinese parents are better at raising children than Western ones, the cover text claims that instead it portrays "a bitter clash of cultures, a fleeting taste of glory" and how the Tiger Mother “was humbled by a 13-year-old.”As a hopelessly Western mother married into a Chinese family living in an area that generates immigrant prodigies as reliably as clouds produce rain, I was eager to observe the comeuppance of a parent who thought she had all the answers.And, in many ways, "Tiger Mother" did not disappoint. At night, I would nudge my husband awake to read him some of its more revealing passages, such as when author Amy Chua threatened to burn her older daughter's stuffed animals if the child didn't improve her piano playing. "What Chinese parents understand," Chua writes, "is that nothing is fun until you're good at it." By day, I would tell my own two daughters about how Chua threw unimpressive birthday cards back at her young girls and ordered them to make better ones. For a mother whose half-Chinese children played outside while the kids of stricter immigrant neighbors could be heard laboring over the violin and piano, the book can be wickedly gratifying. Reading it is like secretly peering into the home of a controlling, obsessive yet compulsively honest mother—one who sometimes makes the rest of us look good, if less remarkable and with less impressive offspring. Does becoming super-accomplished make up for years of stress? That's something my daughters and I will never find out.Chua is a law professor and author of two acclaimed books on international affairs, though readers of "Tiger Mother" get only a glimpse of that part of her life, with airy, tossed off-lines such as "Meanwhile, I was still teaching my courses at Yale and finishing up my second book" while also "traveling continuously, giving lectures about democratization and ethnic conflict." Her third book abandons global concerns to focus intimately on Chua's attempt to raise her two daughters the way her immigrant parents raised her. There would be no play dates and no sleepovers: "I don't really have time for anything fun, because I'm Chinese," one of Chua's daughters told a friend. Instead, there would be a total commitment to academics and expertise at something, preferably an instrument. Though Chua's Jewish husband grew up with parents who encouraged him to imagine—and to express himself, he nonetheless agreed to let her take the lead in rearing the children and mostly serves as the Greek chorus to Chua's crazed actions.In Chinese parenting theory, hard work produces accomplishment, which produces confidence and yet more accomplishment. As Chua note s, this style of parenting is found among other immigrant cultures, too, and I'm sure many Washington-area readers have seen it, if they don't employ it themselves. Chua's older daughter, Sophia, a pianist, went along with, and blossomed, under this approach. The younger daughter, Lulu, whose instrument of Chua's choice was a violin, was a different story. The turning point came when, after years of practicing and performing, Lulu expressed her hatred of the violin, her mother and of being Chinese. Chua imagined a Western parent’s take on Lulu's rebellion: "Why torture yourself and your child? What's the point? (I)knew as a Chinese mother I could never give in to that way of thinking." But she nevertheless allowed Lulu to abandon the violin. Given that the worst Lulu ever did was cut her own hair and throw a glass, my reaction was that Chua got off easy in a society where some pressured children cut themselves, become anorexic, refuse to go to school or worse. No one but an obsessive Chinese mother would consider her healthy, engaging and accomplished daughter deficient because the girl prefers tennis to the violin—but that's exactly the point.And, oh, what Chua put herself and her daughters through before she got to her moment of reckoning. On weekends, they would spend hours getting to and from music lessons and then come home and practice for hours longer. At night, Chua would read up on violin technique and fret about the children in China who were practicing 10 hours a day. (Did this woman ever sleep?) She insisted that her daughters maintain top grades—Bs, she notes, inspire a "screaming, hair-tearing explosion" among Chinese parents and the application of countless practice tests. She once refused to let a child leave the piano bench to use the bathroom. She slapped one daughter who was practicing poorly. She threatened her children not just with stuffed-animal destruction, but with exposure to the elements. She made them practice on trips to dozens of destinations, including London, Rome, Bombay and the Greek island of Crete, where she kept Lulu going so long one day that the family missed seeing the palace at Knossos.Sometimes, you're not quite sure whether Chua is being serious or deadpan. For example, she says she tried to apply Chinese parenting to the family's two dogs before accepting that the only thing they were good at was expressing affection. "Although it is true that some dogs are on bomb squads or drug-sniffing teams," she concluded, "it is perfectly fine for most dogs not to have a profession, or even any special skills." On the one hand, she seems aware of her shortcomings: She is, she notes, "not good at enjoying life," and she acknowledges that the Chinese parenting approach is flawed because it doesn't tolerate the possibility of failure. On the other hand, she sniffs that "there are all kinds of psychological disorders in the West that don't exist in Asia." When not contemptuous, some of her wry observations about Western-style child-rearing are spot-on: "Private schools are constantly trying to make learning fun by having parents do all the work," and sleepovers are "a kind of punishment parents unknowingly inflict on their children through permissiveness."Readers will alternately gasp at and empathize with Chua's struggles and aspirations, all the while enjoying her writing, which, like her kid-rearing philosophy, is brisk, lively and no-holds-barred. This memoir raises intriguing, sometimes uncomfortable questions about love, pride, ambition, achievement and self-worth that will resonate among success-obsessed parents. Is it possible, for example, that Chinese parents have more confidence in their children's abilities, or that they aresimply willing to work harder at raising exceptional children than Westerners are? Unfortunately, the author leaves many questions unanswered as her book limps its way to a conclusion, with Chua acknowledging her uncertainty about how to finish it and the family still debating the pros and cons of her approach (anyone hoping for a total renunciation of the Chinese approach will be disappointed).Ending a parenting story when one child is only 15 seems premature; in fact, it might not be possible to really understand the impact of Chua's efforts until her daughters have offspring of their own. Perhaps a sequel, or a series ("Tiger Grandmother"!) is in the works. But while this battle might not have been convincingly concluded, it's engagingly and provocatively chronicled. Readers of all stripes will respond to "Tiger Mother."Structure of the TextPart I (Paras. 1-2)The author, an Asian living in the United States, introduces himself as a ‘banana’.Part II (Paras. 3-5)The author describes how he believes Asians are generally viewed in the United States and how he views Asian values himself. It is clear that his overall attitude toward his cultural roots is negative. Part III (Paras. 6-8)The author agrees that Asians (especially Chinese) are over-represented in American elite schools and that, percentage-wise, more Chinese earn median family incomes than any other ethnic group in the United States. However, he does not accept the idea that the Chinese are “taking over” top American schools. He particularly ridicules the idea that the United States has to worry about a more general Chinese “takeover”, as Amy Chua’s book seems to suggest.Part IV (Paras. 9-14)In these paragraphs, the author tells the story of a Chinese American whose experience as a graduate of one of the most competitive high schools in the U.S. proves that while Asian overrepresentation in elite schools is a fact, the success of Asian students is not an indication of their higher intelligence but rather of their constant practice of test-taking. The fear that U.S. schools might become “too Asian” (too test-oriented) in response, narrowing students’ educational experience, has aroused general concern.Part V (Paras. 15-22)The author points out that the ethnic imbalance in elite schools is not only resented by white students and educators, but that even Asian students are beginning to raise serious doubts. They are tired of the crushing workload and believe there must be a better way. They envy their white fellow students who finally get to the top - strong, healthy, with a high level of academic achievement, and with time even for a girlfriend or boyfriend. They cannot help but still feel alienated in this society.Part VI (Paras. 23-28)In these Paragraphs, the author tells the story of another Chinese student who describes the subtle influence of his Chinese upbringing, which makes it difficult for him to be culturally assimilated.Part VII (Paras. 29-36)In these Paragraphs, the author discusses the problem of the “bamboo ceiling”—the fact that in spite of high academic achievement, virtually no Asians are found in the upper reaches of leadership. The author believes that this is because Asian upbringing fails to provide children with the requisite skills for leadership.Part VIII (Paras. 37-43)Between Para. 36 and Para. 37 in the original essay, there are many more case studies reflecting vividly the negative effects of Asian culture. But in order to limit the essay to a manageable length, we (the compilers) were unable to include them. Therefore, in this section, the essay comes to a somewhat abrupt conclusion.Interestingly enough, the author feels that the Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother is well worth reading although he does not agree with Amy Chua, because, in his opinion, the book provides all the material needed to refute what ‘the Tiger Mother’ stands for. More importantly, the author thinks that Amy Chua should be praised for her courage to speak out and defy American mainstream views.Detailed Study of the Text1. Millions of Americans must feel estranged from their own faces. But every self-estrangedindividual is estranged in his own way. (Para. 1)Millions of Americans must feel alienated (separated) from the essence of themselves by their own faces.The author is referring here to ethnic minority people in the United States, especially Asians.Note that “face” here does not refer to skin color or facial features alone, but also to cultural di fferences. His point is that these attributes force him into the category of “immigrant”, though he doesn’t feel like one.2. You could say that I am a banana. But while I don't believe our roots necessarily defineus, I do believe there are racially inflected assumptions wired into our neural circuitry. (Para. 2)A banana is white inside and yellow outside. The term is often used ironically to refer to anAsian American who is like all other non-Asian Americans people except for the color of his skin.The author admits that people can call him a banana, but he does not like it, because he does not believe his Asian roots determine who he is. However, he has to admit that there are racially inflected assumptions wired into many Asian Ame ricans’ neural circuitry.racially inflected assumptions: racially based prejudices, beliefs and ideaswired into our neural circuitry: deeply planted in our brains (in our minds)3. Here is what I sometimes suspect my face signifies to other Americans: An invisibleperson, barely distinguishable from a mass of faces that resemble it. A conspicuous person standing apart from the crowd and yet devoid of any individuality. An icon of so much that the culture pretends to honor but that it in fact patronizes and exploits. Not just people “who are good at math” and play the violin, but a mass of stifled, repressed, abused, conformist quasi-robots who simply do not matter, socially or culturally. (Para. 3) This is how I sometimes guess other Americans look at us. (This is what I sometimesthink my face means to other Americans.)An invisible person: a person much the same as others of the same group; a person who is hardly distinguishable; a person nobody will pay special attention todevoid of any individuality: without any individualityAsian culture is said to stress uniformity or conformity. The individual is encouraged to merge with the collective. Self-promotion or assertiveness is considered in bad taste whereas invisibility is regarded as a sign of modesty.icon：n. 偶像The successful Asian student has become a symbol to be worshipped.to patronize and exploit: to treat somebody in an offensively condescending manner and make use of him or herThe author says that American culture pretends to honor the ‘Tiger Child’ (the successful Asian) as an icon (a symbol of success and everything it represents), but actually it treats Asians in a condescending way and makes use of them.a mass of stifled, repressed, abused, conformist quasi-robots: a large number of peoplewho are not allowed to act or express themselves freely, treated in a harsh and harmful way, and made to behave similarly, like robots.do not matter socially or culturally: do not have much social or cultural importance.4. I've always been of two minds about this sequence of stereotypes. (Para. 4)of two minds: (BrE: in two minds) not decided or certain about something.this sequence of stereotypes: this series of stereotypes. On the one hand the author is angry that Asians should be viewed this way, and he thinks it racist, but on the other hand, he has to admit that these views do apply to many Asians.It is ironic to note that the author himself seems to be especially influenced by these racist prejudices. One may also wonder whether the stereotyped views some people have when they first encounter people of other races necessarily have devastating effects. For example, Chinese thought of Westerners as a mass of blue-eyed, yellow-haired, big-nosed, hairy chested aliens at one time. Fear of the unknown or unfamiliar is a common human reaction.5. Let me summarize my feelings toward Asian values: Damn filial piety. Damn gradegrubbing. Damn Ivy League mania. Damn deference to authority. Damn humility and hard work. Damn harmonious relations. Damn sacrificing for the future. Damn earnest, striving middle-class servility. (Para. 5)Now the author is talking about much more serious things. He is talking about his feelings toward Asian values rather than features or skin color, and his attitude is one of total rejection and condemnation. While we must realize that all cultures or civilizations have drawbacks, and we have every reason to listen to the bitter reactions of angry young Asians toward our shared culture, we should also remind ourselves that y oung people’s judgments may be hasty, imbalanced, and immature.Damn: Note that this word is generally considered extremely offensive and obscene in all its usages, and is therefore avoided, but here the author is so bitter that no other expression seems adequate. Indeed, he may have deliberately chosen this word to shock the Asian community, especially Asian parents.filial piety: love for, respect for, and obedience to one’s parentsgrade grubbing: striving for high academic scoresivy league mania: craze, obsession regarding entry to ivy league universitiesdeference to authority: respect for and submission to authorityhumility and hard work: modesty, humbleness; diligenceearnest striving middle-class servility: Middle-class people usually “hope t o rise and fear to fall” (Bunyan) and therefore work slavishly and behave submissively.One may wonder whether what the author describes here is racially determined or mainly a reflection of social and economic conditions. Many of the values listed above are similar to those of the American Puritans when obedience, respect for the old, diligence, thrift, simple living, family loyalty, discipline, and sacrifice were considered essential virtues.6. I understand the reasons Asian parents have raised a generation of children thisway. …This is a stage in a triumphal narrative, and it is a narrative that is much shorter than many remember. (Para. 6)The author says that he understands why Asian parents have raised their children this way. It is natural for most Asian parents to try to improve their children’s lives through education.a stage in a triumphal narrative: A stage (the beginning stage) of a success story. Andmany Asians have achieved success in a much shorter time than people realize.7. Asian American success is typically taken to ratify the American Dream and to provethat minorities can make it in this country without handouts. (Para. 7)to be taken to: to be considered toto make it: to succeed8.Still, an undercurrent of racial panic always accompanies the consideration of Asians,and all the more so as China becomes the destination for our industrial base and the banker controlling our burgeoning debt. （Para. 7）But there always exists a feeling of racial panic, though it may not be obvious, whenever people think of Asians. This undercurrent is now becoming stronger as more American industrial companies move their manufacturing base to China, and China has become the banker controlling our growing national debt.9. But if the armies of Chinese factory workers who make our fast fashion and iPadsterrify us, and if the collective mass of high-achieving Asian American students arouse an anxiety about the laxity of American parenting, what of the Asian American who obeyed everything his parents told him? Does this person really scare anyone? (Para. 7)The author is pointing out the contradiction here: If…, then what about…? It is clear that he doubts if there is any reason for Americans to be afraid of the Asian American who obeys everything his parents tell him. Children brought up in this submissive culture cannot pose any threat.fast fashion: This is a contemporary term used to refer to products designed and brought to market quickly in order to capture ever-changing fashion trends.10.Earlier this year, the publication of Amy Chua's Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother inciteda collective airing out of many varieties of race-based hysteria. But absent from themillions of words written in response to the book was any serious consideration ofwhether Asian Americans were in fact taking over this country. (Para. 8)to incite a collective airing out of many varieties of race-based hysteria: To provoke many people into stating openly various kinds of strong racist opinionsb ut absent from the millions of words…was any serious consideration…: But there wasno serious consideration in all these millions of words…11.I mean, I'm proud of my parents and my neighborhood and what I perceive to be myartistic potential or whatever, but sometimes I feel like I'm jumping the gun a generation or two too early. (Para. 9)The second sentence of this sentence means that I feel like I am changing into a new person a generation or two too early.This shows that the changes he has to make in response to a new cultural environment have come in conflict with his old cultural legacy, and he feels lost.12. I ride the 7 train to its last stop in Flushing, where the storefront signs are all written inChinese and the sidewalks are a slow-moving river of impassive faces. (Para. 10)the storefront signs: 店面招牌Note that Flushing (法拉盛) now has the largest Chinese community in New York city, larger than Chinatown.impassive faces: faces showing no emotionNote that etymologically, the word impassive is related to “passion” rather than “passive”.13. There are no set-asides for the underprivileged or, conversely, for alumni or otherprivileged groups. There is no formula to encourage “diversity” or any nebulous concept of “well-roundedness” or “character.” Here we have something like pure meritocracy. (Para. 12)set-asides: slots set aside for people in special categories 招生的保留名额for the underprivileged: 专为弱势群体（保留的名额）F or alumni or other privileged groups: 为校友及其他享有特权的团体（保留的名额）T here is no formula to encourage “diversity” or any nebulous concept of “well-roundedness” or “character.”：There are no special provisions to encourage diversity” (referring mainly to ethnic diversity, guaranteed by what was known as ‘affirmative action’) or any vague idea of “well-roundedness” (referring to set-asides for students with special athletic or other talents) or “character” (referr ing to set-asides for students of especially fine character, demonstrated, or example by community service.)Note that, according to the author, this school is different. It operates on the basis of something like pure meritocracy.meritocracy: a system in which advancement is determined only by ability and achievement.Here it refers particularly to a system of education in which admission to an educational institution, evaluation and promotion are all determined by ability and achievement (merit).14. This year, 569 Asian Americans scored high enough to earn a slot at Stuyvesant,a long with 179 whites, 13 Hispanics, and 12 blacks. Such dramatic overrepresentation,and what it may be read to imply about the intelligence of different groups of NewYorkers, has a way of making people uneasy. (Para. 13)to earn a slot: to get admitted into the school; to be allowed to enter the schoolslot: available position; opening; placedramatic over-representation: a disproportionately large percentage of those admitted15.But intrinsic intelligence, of course, is precisely what Asians don't believe in. (Para. 13)But Asians, of course, believe only in hard work. They don’t believe in natural intelligence.16.“Learning math is not about learning math,” an instructor at one called Ivy Prep wasquoted in The New York Times as saying. “It's about weightlifting. You are pumping the iron of math.” Mao puts it more specifically: “You learn quite simply to nail any standardized test you take.” (Para. 13)an instructor at one called Ivy Prep: a teacher at a school called Ivy Prep, meaning a school for preparing students to get into Ivy League universities.pumping the iron of math: lifting the iron of math, rather than an iron weight.Note that the author is playing on the slang expression “pumping iron”: to lift weights.to nail: to fix, secure, or make sure of, especially by quick action or concentrated effort.17. And so there is an additional concern accompanying the rise of the Tiger Children, onefocused more on the narrowness of the educational experience a non-Asian child might receive in the company of fanatically pre-professional Asian students. (Para. 14)an additional concern accompanying the rise of the Tiger Children: an additional worry related to the rise of high-achieving Asian American children.the narrowness of the educational experience: Non-Asian American parents are worried that their children’s education experience will be very narrow because they are surrounded by Asian students who are all obsessively pre-professional.pre-professional: Preparatory to the practice of a profession or a specialized field of study related to it.18. A couple of years ago, she revisited this issue in her senior thesis at Harvard, where sheinterviewed graduates of elite public schools and found that the white students regarded the Asian students with wariness. In 2005, The Wall Street Journal reported on “white flight” from a high school in Cupertino, California, that began soon after the childre n of Asian software engineers had made the place so brutally competitive that a B average could place you in the bottom third of the class. (Para. 14)to revisit the issue：to look at the issue again“w hite flight”: the fleeing (running away) of white studentsa B average could place you in the bottom third of the class: If your grade were no morethan B on average, then you would be quite likely to find yourself in the lowest third of the class.19.You could frame it as a simple issue of equality and press for race-blind quantitativeadmissions standards. In 2006, a decade after California passed a voter initiative outlawing any racial engineering at the public universities, Asians composed 46 percent of UC Berkeley's entering class; one could imagine a similar demographic reshuffling in the Ivy League, where Asian Americans currently make up about 17 percent of undergraduates. (Para. 16)to frame: to express in wordsto press for: to make a strong demand forrace-blind: treating different races equallyCompare: color-blindrace-blind quantitative admissions standards:没有种族歧视的招生名额原则racial engineering:designing a student body to reflect a pre-determined racial mix (the opposite of race-blind quantitative admissions standards)C ompare: social engineering; genetic engineeringto compose 46 percent: to make up/to represent 46 percentUC Berkeley's entering class：加州大学伯克利分校的新生班demographic reshuffling：changing the representation of component groups making up a larger group of people: in this case, changing the ethnic mix within the population of Ivy League undergraduates20.But the Ivies, as we all know, have their own private institutional interests a t stake intheir admissions choices, including some that are arguably defensible. Who can seriously claim that a Harvard University that was 72 percent Asian would deliver the same grooming for elite status its students had gone there to receive? (Para. 16)to hav e their… interests at stake: to have their… interests in danger/at risk/in jeopardy arguably defensible：It can be argued that some of those private interests are defensible.to deliver the same grooming: to give the same preparation for future elite employment and social position. grooming:梳理打扮21. He had always felt himself a part of a mob of “nameless, faceless Asian kids,” who were“like a part of the décor of the place.” (Para. 17)the décor of a place: the way the place is decorated22.“It's l ike, we're being pitted against each other while there are kids out there in theMidwest who can do way less work and be in a garage band or something—” (Para. 18) to pit us against each other: to force us to compete with each otherout there: used to say in a general way that someone or something existsway less: a lot less.Note that the word ‘way’ is an adverb here.or something: used to suggest another choice, etc., that is not specified.23.“The general gist of most high school movies is that the pretty cheerleader gets with thebig dumb jock, and the nerd is left to bide his time in loneliness. But at some point in the future,” he says, “the nerd is going to rule the world, and the dumb jock is going to work in a carwash”. (Para. 19)gist: the general or basic meaning of something said or written。

现代大学英语精读6（第二版）参考用书Unit 8 Housewifely ArtsMegan Mayhew BergmanAdditional Background InformationWhat is this story about? One answer is simply thatit is about love. Because of the protagonist’s strong maternal love for her son, Ike, she worries about geic weaknesses she might have passed on to him—―cancer genes, hay fever, high blood pressure, perhaps a fear of math‖, plus being undersized for his age making him an easy target for bullies. Being a single parent, she knows that she is all her son has. She takes care to shelter him from bad exles and possible harm. The desire to be a good mother, to help her child grow up happy, healthy, and productive is so intense that she is sometimes haunted by nightmares.The experience of parenting her child gradually makes the protagonist more aware of her relationship with her mother:Will you love me forever? I think to myself. Will you love me when I’m old? If I go crazy? Will you beembarrassed by me? Avoid my calls? Wash dishes when you talk to me on the phone, roll your eyes, lay the receiver down next to the cat?These were exactly the things she did to her mother. Loving her son, she finally realizes how much her parents also loved her. Her father’s love was easier to understand. He tried his best to give her opportunities in life, but when she failed in the year at a private college, which he had funded for her with considerable difficulty, he did not judge or reproach her. She loved her father, but she regarded her mother as cold and harsh and fought constantly with her, reacting like her former self, the rebellious teenager, being neither mature nor passionate in looking after her mother in old age, understanding her, forgiving her weaknesses, and loving her.But now that her mother is dead, she begins increasingly to miss her, and the decision to drive nine hours with her son for the sake of hearing her mother’s voice again through the imitations of Carnie, the African parrot, shows how much she needs this connection. “I realize how badly I need a piece of my mother. A scrap, asound, a smell—something.” She knows she has not been a good daughter, and the parrot her mother loved and whichshe hated so much, always seemed to e between them. Now, however, Carnie has bee her only avenue to the kind of memory she craves. But the bird does not give her that satisfaction, remaining pletely silent. Perhaps it couldnot forgive her unkind treatment of it in the past.Noheless, the journey proves successful. In thetradition of the American ―road trip‖, a nother way of thinking about this story, the protagonist does notmerely make an actual journey with her son in a car,during which various things happen along the way, shealso makes a personal, emotional journey in which she achieves a measure of enlightenment. It is a typicalfeature of―road trip‖ journeys that they teach the characters things about themselves that they did not previously know.Driving toward home, they stop at the house in whichthe protagonist grew up–- ―a deserted, plain house fo rplain folks…‖…I lead him to the back of the house, down thehallway which still feels more familiar to me than any Iknow…I remove the valances Mom made in the early eighties, dried bugs falling from the folds of the fabric into the sink below. These are the things with which she made a home. Her contributions to our sense of place were humble and put forth with great intent, crafts which took weeks of stitching and unstitching, measuring, cutting, gathering. I realize how much in the home was done by hand and sweat. My father had laid the carpeting and linoleum. Mom had painted the same dinner chairs twice, sewed all the window treatments…I scan the kitchen and picture Mom paying bills, her perfect script, the way she always listed her occupation with pride: homemaker…Recalling how her parents had created a home that she describes to Ike by saying, ―This was a beautiful house‖, she understands that her parents were not demonstrative people, not people who talked about love, but people who had shown it to her in all their actions and these things they had made. And here, also, she finds the clear recollections of her mother that she had been seeking: ―… Now I can hear my mother everywhere—in the kitchen, in my bedroom, on the front porch…‖This visit also helps the protagonist to make a major decision around which one part of the plot is constructed: should she and Ike move to Connecticut, a state to which her firm has offered to transfer her? Ike is reluctant.“…What if we live here forever? He asked. People used to do that, I said. Lived in one house their entire life. My mother, for instance…”In revisiting the house of her childhood, she has grasped the profound sense of home that growing up inthis single place has given her. She concludes: “Together, we can make a solid grilled cheese, prune shrubs, clean house. Together, maybe we’re the housewife this house needs. Maybe our best life is here.”And, significantly, she es, finally, to a true understanding of her mother’s courage and streng th, granting her respect and admiration: “Steamrolled by the world, but in the face of defeat, she threatened usall.‖ And the last three sentences of the story—My heart, she’d said. I can turn it off. For years, I’d believed her.But I know the truth now. What maniacs we are—sick with love, all of us.—make clear her final realization that her mother loves and has always loved her, and that she, too, loves and has always loved her mother.Structure of the TextPart I (Paras. 1-11)The protagonist introduces herself and tells us that she is driving nine hours with her 7-year-old son so that she can hear her mother’s voice again.Part II (Paras. 12-22)The protagonist describes how she had to sell her mother’s house and how the house brought back memories of her dead mother with her African parrot.Part III (Paras. 23-34)On their way to the Zoo, the protagonist and her son e to a rest stop and what she sees makes her think about her responsibilities as a mother.Part IV (Paras. 35-51)The protagonist reminisces about how she first saw the parrot at her mother’s home and how they developed a hostile relationship from the very beginning.Part V (Paras. 52-58)The protagonist tells her son where they are going and for what purpose. We learn from this section what kind of person her son’s father is and how she became a single parent.Part VI (Paras. 59-65)The protagonist’s son, Ike, tells her a story about his classmate Louis’ crazy mother and this once again makes her keenly aware of her desire to protect her son against even the knowledge that such people exist.Part VII (Paras. 66-97)This is a most revealing and touching part of the story in which we learn the reasons for the intense disagreements between the protagonist and her mother. She does not understand why her mother often appears harsh and cold, unlike her father, who was kind and did not judge her, nor can she understand why her mother gave so much of her care and attention to a bird so soon after her father’s death.Part VIII (Paras. 98-110)The protagonist and her son check into an inn and there she remembers how her mother cried over her grandmother’s death. She also hears in the news about apython strangling a toddler, which reminds her of a video of a similar event Ik e’s father showed her. The fearthat this could really happen to her son keeps her awake that night.Part IX (Paras. 111-123)In this section, the protagonist recalls how cruelly she hurt her mother’s feelings over the parrot when it was time to send her mother to a nursing home.Part X (Paras. 124-143)These memories show why the protagonist misses her mother so much and wants so much to hear her dead mother’s voice once again through the imitations of the parrot, but the bird refuses to talk, as though her mother still will not forgive her for the way she treated the bird.Part XI (Paras. 144-150)The protagonist now remembers the day her mother finally had to part with her beloved bird and go to the nursing home. It was a heart-breaking day for her.Part XII (Paras.151-177)As the protagonist revisits her home, happy memories e to her and she recalls her deceased parents. Her sonfeels sorry that his mother has been brought up in this place; in its rundown state, he sees it as miserable, buth is mother tells him that it was ―a beautiful house‖.（提醒：因编辑的疏忽，教材(184页)1-4行漏标了段落序号，造成176-179序号缺失，并非文字缺失，特此说明。

Unit3What Is News?Neil Postman and Steve PowersStructure of the TextPart I (Para. 1)In this beginning paragraph, the authors state the purpose of the essay.Part II (Para. 2)Some people might define the news as what television directors and journalists say it is. The authors, however, think that this definition is too simplistic.Part III (Paras. 3–5)In these para graphs, the authors explain why the news cannot be simply defined as “what happened that day” or “what happened that day that was important and interesting”.Part IV (Paras. 6–11)In these paragraphs, the authors tell readers that the news is more often made rather than gathered, and it is made on the basis of what the journalist thinks important or what the journalist thinks the audience thinks is important. Therefore, every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story.Part V (Paras. 12–15)In these paragraphs, the authors point out that to make sense of the news, the viewer has to know somet hing about the journalist’s political beliefs as well as his prejudices, interests, and quirks which are, in turn, influenced by his financial status, the companies he has worked for, the schools he went to, the books he has read, etc.Part VI (Paras. 16–17)In these paragraphs, the authors point out that the journalist cannot always impose his/her views on the general public because the television channel or newspaper cannot survive unless the news they provide satisfies the needs of the general public. On the other hand, the viewer/reader must also take into account his or her relationship to a larger audience because television and newspapers are mass media and their news is not intended for an audience of one.Part VII (Paras. 18–20)In these paragraphs, the authors discuss some other possible definitions of news: news as something to give people pleasure; news as something instructive that reveals the mores, values, and ideals of a society; news as living history; news as a source of literature; news as a reflection of human pain, suffering, tragedies and confusion; news as something to inspire people and make them optimistic; news as something to frighten people and make them aware of the seamy side ofthe reality; last but not least, news as a filler between commercials.Part VIII (Para. 21)In this paragraph, the authors conclude the essay by reiterating their purpose in raising the issue “What is n ews?” It is to arouse our interest and help us understand the problems, limitations, traditions, motivations, and even the delusions of the television news industry.Detailed Study of the Text1. We turn to this question because unless a television viewer has considered it, he or she is in danger of too easily accepting someone else’s definition—for example, a definition supplied by the news director of a television station; or even worse, a definition imposed by important advertisers.(Para. 1)news director: (电视台) 新闻节目负责人advertisers: In many countries in the West, television stations largely depend on selling air time to advertisers for their revenue. Therefore, important advertisers can often impose their views and interests on the news supplied by television stations.viewer：Someone who is watching a movie, a television program, or an exhibitionCompare:audience: a group of people who watch, read, or listen to somethingspectator: a person who watches an event, show, game, or activity2. A simplistic definition of news can be drawn by paraphrasing Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’ famous definition of the law. The law, Holmes said, is what the courts say it is… we might say that the news is what television directors and journalists say it is.(Para. 2) Americans generally accept Holmes’ famous definition of the law because they agree that laws must allow for the new interpretations necessary to meet the challenges of a changing nation and a changing world. But to propose a definition of the news by para phrasing Holmes’ definition of the law probably commits the logical error of false analogy. For example, it would not make much sense if we were to say politics is what politicians say it is, or education is what teachers say it is. simplistic: disapproving too simple; not complete or sufficiently thoroughNothing more. Nothing less. : As simple as that; no more, no less.in similar fashion: in the similar way; likewise; by the similar token3. But if we were to take that approach, on what basis would we say that we haven’t been told enough? Or that a story that should have been covered wasn’t? Or th at too many stories of a certain type were included? Or that a reporter gave a flagrantly biased account? (Para. 2)The fact that people are often unsatisfied with news reporting implies that people have different ideas about what news should be.flagrantly biased: obviously and unquestionably biased4. In modifying their answer, most will add that the news is “important and interestingthings that happened that day.” This helps a little but leaves open the question of what is “important and interesting” a nd how that is decided.(Para. 3)It is all right to say that news consists of the important things that happened that day. But important to whom? In what sense? For what reason?but leaves open the question: but does not give an answer to the question5.Of course, some people will say that the question of what is important and interesting is not in the least problematic. What the President says or does is important; wars are important, rebellions, employment figures, elections, appointments to the Supreme Court. (Para. 4)This is an interesting example of hasty generalization. It is true that what important people say or do is often important, but we can’t jump to the conclusion that everything they say or do is always important. On the other hand, sometimes even what happens to someone completely unknown can escalate to a serious crisis. People call that “the Butterfly Effect.”problematic: causing a problem; questionable; uncertain6. Now, there is a great deal to be said for Saran Wrap. (Para. 4)No w, it’s true that Saran Wrap is very useful.7.Saran Wrap is not news. The color of Liz Taylor’s wrap is. Or so some people believe. (Para. 4)Note that the authors are making a word play on the word “wrap,” which has different meanings.8. We shall never learn about these people either, however instructive or interesting their stories may have been.(Para. 5)We will never hear anything about these people either, no matter how instructive or interesting their stories may have been.instructive: providing knowledge or information; educational9.Of course, there are some events—the assassination of a president, an earthquake, etc.—that have near universal interest and consequences. But most news does not inhere in the event.(Para. 6)to inhere in sth.: formal to be a natural part of sth.; to be inherent in sth.10. In fact, the news is more often made rather than gathered. (Para. 6)In fact, often the news is not something out there for you to pick up; you have to decide what information is newsworthy and make it into news.11．I s a story about a killing in Northern Ireland more important than one about a killing in Morocco?(Para. 6)For Americans of Irish background, the answer will most likely be yes. It is said that the relative importance of an event is often determined by the relative distance of its occurrence to the person involved.12．…every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story. The reporter’s previous assumptions about what is “out there” edit what he or she think s is there. (Para. 6) If news stories were just facts, and facts speak for themselves, then all news stories, though written by different people, would be the same. But news stories are actually all different because every news story is a reflection of the reporter who tells the story, and every reporter has previous assumptions (beliefs, points of view, and biases) which affect what he/she thinks is there.to edit: to decide what will be included or left out, as editors do in preparing, printing, broadcasting, etc.13．The answers to all of these questions, as well as to other questions about the event, depend entirely on the point of view of the journalist. You might think this is an exaggeration, that reporters, irrespective of their assumptions, can at least get the facts straight. (Para. 7) irrespective of: regardless of; without thinking about or consideringAll government officials, irrespective of their rank, must disclose their property.We pursue the diplomatic policy of the five principles of peaceful coexistence in our relationship with all countries irrespective of their size or political s ystem.to get the facts straight: to find out what the facts are without making mistakesnow-defunct: now-dead; now no longer existing or functioningto feature a story: to give a story a prominent place in a newspaper or television news show14．…who thus earn their 35 rubles a month in lieu of “relief”… (Para. 8)Instead of receiving government relief, they are given jobs by the government so that they can earn their money. (这是以工代赈的政策)in lieu of: instead of(government) relief：money that is given to poor people by the government (政府)救济15．…it was the policy of the Journal to highlight the contrast between the primitive Russian economy and the sophisticated American economy. (Para. 11)the Journal: This refers to the newspaper The Wall Street Journal, mentioned above.to highlight: to make people notice or be aware of somethingsophisticated: (the opposite of primitive) highly developed and complex 高级的，复杂的16．Each of our senses is a remarkably astute censor. We see what we expect to see; often, we focus on what we are paid to see. And those who pay us to see usually expect us to accept their notions not only of what is important but of what are important details. (Para. 11)We have five sense organs, and they are all extremely sharp censors.censor: a person who examines books, movies, newspapers, etc. and removes things considered by the authorities to be offensive, immoral, or harmful to society (Note the personification of the word) .We do not see or hear everything. We only see or hear what we expect to see or hear because we have been trained that way. We have been paid by our bosses to see or hear what they expect us to see or hear. We have been made to accept our bosses’ notion of what is interesting and important.17．“We’d have complete dossiers on the interests, policies, and idiosyncrasies of the owners.Then we’d have a dossier on every journalist in the world. The interests, prejudices, and quirks of the owner would equal Z. The prejudices, quirks, and private interests of the journalist Y. Z times Y would give you X, the probable amount of truth in the story.” (Para.12)Here the French writer Albert Camus, quoted by A. J. Liebling, is using a mathematic formula to express the relationship between the interests, prejudices and quirks of a newspaper owner, and those of the journalists, and the probable amount of truth in a news story.Z x Y = XHere, Z = the interests, prejudices, and quirks of the ownerY = the interests, prejudices, and quirks of the journalistsX = the truth probability of the newsDossiers (on): files (of); records (of)18．The host might say something like this: “To begin with, this station is owned by Gary Farnsworth, who is also the president of Bontel Limited, the principal stockholder of which is the Sultan of Bahrain. Bontel Limited owns three Japanese electronic companies, two oil companies, the entire country of Upper Volta, and the western part of Romania. …” (P ara.13)The implied suggestion is that this television station is quite likely to be biased in its news reporting, reflecting the interests of those who control its finances.19．“The anchorman on the television show earns $800,000 a year; his portfolio i ncludes holdings in a major computer firm. He has a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Arkansas but was a C+ student, has never taken a course in political science, and speaks no language other than English. Last year, he read only two books—a biography of Cary Grant and a book of popular psychology called Why Am I So Wonderful? … (Para.13)The implication here is that the opinions of the anchorman on a television show are strongly influenced by his financial status, his source of income, the education he has received, and the books he has read.anchorman (anchorwoman): (chiefly in the US) a man or woman who presents and coordinates a television news program (电视和广播电台)新闻节目主持人Compare:broadcaster:播音员host：（游戏，访谈节目）主持人portfolio：a range of investments held by a person or organization 全部投资；投资组合holdings：financial assets; land, property, or shares in a company 拥有的财产20. “The reporter who covered the story on Yugoslavia speaks Serbo-Croatian, has a degree in international relations, and h as had a Neiman Fellowship at Harvard University.”(Para.13)A reporter who speaks the language, has a degree in a related field, and has done research on journalism at a distinguished university can naturally be expected to be more competent to cover the story on Yugoslavia than one without these qualifications.21. What we are saying is that to answer the question “What is news?” a viewer must know something about the political beliefs and economic situation of those who provide the news. (Para. 15)The point we are trying to make is that a viewer must know something about the political beliefs and economic situation of those who supply the news if he/she wants to answer the question “What is news?”Note here that the news reporter’s economic situation r efers to his/her financial status as well as the way his/her living is made, because a person’s vested interest (his/her personal stake in an undertaking, especially with an expectation of financial or other gain) often affects his/her point of view.22. There is, in fact, a point of view that argues against journalists imposing their own sense of significance on an audience.…What’s our point? A viewer must not only know what he or she thinks is significant but others believe is significant as well. (Para. 16)to keep their own opinions to themselves: To keep their own opinions secret; not to announce their own opinionsto advise them of what is important: to instruct them in what is important; to teach them what is importantNote that with the verb “advise”, the preposition “of” is used, and “to advise somebody of something” is not to be confused with “to advise somebody to do something”.Liz Taylor’s adventures in marriage: This refers to the actress’s unusually numerous marriages, which were a favorite subject of social gossip at the time.A viewer must not only know what he or she thinks is significant but others believe is significant as well: This may be clearer if we repeat the word “what” after “but”.23. Television is a mass medium, which means that a television news show is not intended for you alone. It is public communication, and the viewer needs to have some knowledge and opinions about “the public.”(Para. 17)In defining news it is important for us to remember that a mass medium is not for any single individual alone. It is for the general public, and in a pluralistic society, people’s interests and needs differ. Therefore, viewers must take this fact into consideration and respect the right of other people to be different.24. And this lea ds to another difficulty in answering the question “What is news?” Some might agree with us that Liz Taylor’s adventures in marriage do not constitute significant events but that they ought to be included in a news show precisely for that reason. Her experiences, they may say, are amusing or diverting, certainly engrossing. In other words, the purpose of news should be to give people pleasure, at least to the extent that it takes their minds off their own troubles.… (Para. 18)This is looking at news from a different perspective. It says that many people read the news not for being educated or enlightened, but simply for entertainment. This may not be the most important purpose of the mass media, but we can’t say it is illegitimate. The question “What is n ews?” is now becoming increasingly complicated.they want relief, not aggravation: People want the news to give them some relief–meaning here the removal of something painful or unpleasant rather than its opposite, aggravation, which makes the painful or unpleasant situation even worse.to take their minds off their own troubles: to make them forget their own troubles25. It is also said that whether entertaining or not, stories about the lives of celebrities should be included because they are instructive; they reveal a great deal about our society—its mores, values, ideals. (Para. 18)Even if stories about the lives of celebrities do not amuse or divert us, we still need to read them because these stories tell us a lot about the society we live in.26. Mark Twain once remarked that news is history in its first and best form. (Para. 18) People now more or less agree that today’s news is tomorrow’s history, and today’s history was yesterday’s news. So news can be defined as history to this extent.27. Th e American poet Ezra Pound… defined literature as news that stays news. Among other things, Pound meant that the stuff of literature originates not in stories about the World Bank or an armistice agreement but in those simple, repeatable tales that reflect the pain, confusion, or exaltations that are constant in human experience, and touch us at the deepest levels. (Para. 18)Ezra Pound relates news to literature. Such things as the World Bank and an armistice agreement, regarded as important today, will sooner or later become history, things of the past. However, we remember and retell stories about people’s pain, confusion, or exaltations because they are part of human experience and touch our emotions. This kind of news is the source of literature.28. What are we to make of it? Why him? It is like some Old Testament parable; these questions were raised five thousand years ago and we still raise them today. It is the kind of story that stays news, and that is why it must be given prominence. (Para. 18)to make of it: to understand itto be given prominence: to be treated as important; to be stressed29. What about… the fires, rapes, and murders that are daily featured on local television news? Who has decided that they are important, and why? One cynical answer is that they are there because viewers take comfort in the realization that they have escaped disaster. At least for that day.(Para. 19)…viewers take comfort in the realization that…: viewers feel relieved or less worried because they know that these terrible things have not happened to them.30. …It is the task of the news story to provide a daily accounting of the progress of society. … These reports, especially those of a concrete nature, are the daily facts from which the audience is expect ed to draw appropriate conclusions about the question “What kind of society am I a member of?”(Para. 19)Another task of the news story is to give a daily accounting of the progress of society so that viewers will understand their society better.31.… heavy television viewers… believe their communities are much more dangerous than do light television viewers. Television news, in other words, tends to frighten people. (Para.19)This paragraph suggests that television news tends to frighten rather than to enlighten people. Heavy television viewers believe their communities are much more dangerous than light viewers do. This leads to the question that whether news stories should concentrate on the brighter side of social reality.heavy (light) television viewers:people who watch many (only a few) hours of television programs in a day.32. The question is, “Ought they to be frightened?” which is to ask, “Is the news an accurate portrayal of where we are as a society?” Which leads to another question, “Is it possible for daily news to give such a picture?” Many journalists believe it is possible. Some are skeptical. The early twentieth-century journalist Lincoln Steffens proved that he could create a “crime wave” any time he wanted by simply writing about all the crimes that normally occur in a large city during the course of a month. He could also end the crime wave by not writing about them. If crime waves can be “manufactured” by journalists, then how accurate are news shows in depicting the condition of a society? (Para. 19)Is it true that journalists can create events and make them disappear? If it were true, wouldn’t that make it very easy to run a country? Moreover, if it were true, how could we ever trust news provided by the mass media? And wouldn’t that also mean that a country could get along just fine without reliable news?portrayal: depiction; description33. Besides, murders, rapes, and fires (even unemployment figures) are not the only way to assess the progress (or regress) of a society. Why are there so few television stories about symphonies that have been composed, novels written, scientific problems solved, and a thousand other creative acts that occur during the course of a month? Were television news to be filled with these events, we would not be frightened. We would, in fact, be inspired, optimistic, cheerful. (Para. 19)This paragraph raises a very interesting question: Why are many events that actually have great impact on human life not given any prominence - new philosophical theories and academic achievements for example? Possible answers are given in the following paragraph.to assess the progress: to measure; to estimate; to evaluate; to appraiseregress: moving back to an earlier, less developed and usually worse state or condition. It is usually used as a verb. The noun form is “regression”.Compare: digress v. digression n.moving away from the main subject under discussion in speaking and writing34. One answer is as follows. These events make poor television news because there is so little to show about them. In the judgment of most editors, people watch television. And what they are interested in watching are exciting, intriguing, even exotic pictures. Suppose a scientist has developed a new theory about how to measure with more exactitude the speedwith which heavenly objects are moving away from the earth. It is difficult to televise a theory, especially if it involved complex mathematics.(Para. 20)This paragraph tries to answer the question raised above. According to the authors, one answer may be that television as a means of communication has its limitations. It is good at showing exciting, intriguing, and exotic pictures and events, but not at dealing with ideas, theories, and other abstract things. In other words, it i s a visual medium; it is less effective at engaging viewers’ minds. The second, implied answer is that people watch television mainly to be entertained. They have no time or patience for profound subjects. Lastly, most editors and news directors are incapable of immediately realizing the significance of scientific and theoretical discoveries. The conclusion seems to be: The news media are extremely important, but they are incapable of answering all our needs where news is concerned.35. Television sells time, and time cannot be expanded. This means that whatever else is neglected, commercials cannot b, which leads to another possible answer to the question “What is news?” News, …in its worst form,… can also be mainly a “filler,” a “come-on” to keep the vie wer’s attention until the commercials come. Certain producers have learned that by pandering to the audience, by eschewing solid news and replacing it with leering sensationalism, they can subvert the news by presenting a “television commercial show” that is interrupted by news. (Para. 20)In the United States, television stations are privately owned. These privately owned stations sell air time to business companies to promote their products. Therefore, presenting the news show is not the television statio n’s main purpose: “news” serves merely as “filler” to keep the viewer’s attention until the commercials appear, not vice versa. And there is nothing more effective for this purpose than leering sensationalism. This may be an extreme case, but there is certainly some truth in it.36. The purpose of this chapter is to arouse your interest in thinking about the question. Your answers are to be found by knowing what you feel is significant and how your sense of the significant conforms with or departs from that of others, including broadcasters, their bosses, and their audiences. Answers are to be found in your ideas about the purpose of public communication, and in your judgment of the kind of society you live in and wish to live in. We cannot provide answers to these questions. But you also need to know something about the problems, limitations, traditions, motivations, and, yes, even the delusions of the television news industry.(Para. 21)This paragraph concludes the purpose of the essay. The authors do not intend to give us the answer to the question: “What is news?”, because they can’t. The problem is complicated, and each of us has to find his/her own answer. The purpose of the essay is to arouse our interest in answering the question by ourselves, and also to inform us of the important factors we must take into consideration to understand the nature of news.Key to ExercisesI1. a set sequence in a theatrical or comic performance 保留节目（喜剧\歌舞等）2.to correct, condense, or modify material when preparing it for publication or presentation3.in Paragraph 8, financial or practical assistance given to those in need 救济(in Paragraph 18,the removal of something painful or unpleasant 减轻痛苦)4. a man or woman who presents and coordinates a television program （电视新闻）男节目主持人5.financial assets; land, property, or shares in a company 拥有的土地或股票6.the extent to which something is probable 几率7.to consider8.to watch a television show or listen to radio broadcast9.time during which a television show or radio broadcast is being transmitted 播放时间10. a news item, public-service announcement, or music, used to fill time on a radio or televisionprogram11.something intended to allure or attract12.to undermine the power and authority of a system or institutionV1 How one defines “the news” depen ds on what he/she considers interesting and important.2 Now it’s true that Saran Wrap is very useful in many ways, and we guess that in the end factswill show that it is more useful for the happiness of most of us… (But…)3 But most news is not an essential part of an event. It becomes news only because, in themidst of the noise and disorder of everything happening around us, a journalist has selected it for our attention.4 … it was the policy of the newspaper to focus on the sharp difference between the backwardRussian economy and the advanced American economy. Each of our five senses acts as a censor, screening information. It makes us see what we want to see, hear what we want to hear, etc.; and we do so because that is what we have been educated or are paid to do.5 According to Camus, we would have complete records or files on the (newspaper) owners'interests, biases, and peculiar traits. Then we would have similarly complete files on every journalist in the world.Camus then proposes: Z×Y= X, where:Z stands for the prejudices, eccentric habits and private interests of the owner.Y stands for the prejudices, eccentric habits and private interests of the journalist.X is the probable amount of truth in the story.6 Certain producers of television programs have discovered that, by catering to the low tastesand desires of their audience, by avoiding real news and deliberately replacing it with sensational stories, they can transform television news from programs interrupted by short commercials into one long commercial interrupted by snippets of news.VIPhrases1.一种过于简单化的定义2.一种公然带有偏见的报道/陈述3.就业数字统计4.喜剧保留剧目。

Unit 10Thoughts on Reclaiming the American DreamBarack ObamaStructure of the TextPart I (Paras. 1-7)It must be remembered that Obama wrote this book shortly before he declared his intention to run for the White House; it was obviously meant to serve as a public statement of his political platform. Obama must have been well aware that there were formidable obstacles on his road to becoming President. Not only was he an African-American—even the fact of his being American-born was challenged by his opponents. In some quarters, there was suspicion that he was actually a black Muslin. Therefore, for people to accept him as their President, it was a matter of vital importance for Obama to prove his deep understanding of and great faith in the American heritage. With this in mind, it is clear that he could not have chosen a better way to start his essay than by quoting the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, generally regarded as the nation’s most important political document.Part II (Paras. 8-12)In this section, Obama points out that Americans are not just individualistic: they also have communal values, which they treasure as well. These two differing sets of values are always in tension, but America has been lucky that the tension has not been as serious as in other countries. When their values collide, Americans have always tried to use these countervailing values to hold excesses in check.Part III (Paras. 13-24)In this section, Obama suggests that sometimes finding the right balance is easy, but sometimes it can be difficult. He explains the reasons and discusses how to solve the problem in the face of competing values.Part IV (Paras. 25-33)In this section, Obama presents his position on the relative importance of cultural factors vs. government policy in determining individual success and social cohesion. He refuses to take an “either-or” attitude, preferring to place himself more or less in the middle. However, he still defines himself as a democrat because, unlike conservatives, he still believes government has a vital role to play—although he admits there is sometimes a danger of government intervention making things worse.Detailed Analysis of the Text1.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they areendowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(Para. 1)These simple words by Thomas Jefferson are familiar to us, but it is not easy to see all their implications. Perhaps the teacher could ask his/her students to explain how they understand this paragraph.2.Those simple words…describe not only the foundation of our government but thesubstance of our common creed.(Para. 2)Question: Why does Obama say that these simple words describe the fundamental principle on which U.S. government is based?Because these words state that the government cannot take away people’s right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness because God has given people these rights, not the government.They also state that, since people are all created equal, their natural rights must be equally protected. Government is an institution formed by people to protect their natural rights.These words further imply that government must not exploit or oppress the people and that if government fails to serve the interests of the people, the people have the right to overthrow it.When political scientists talk about popular sovereignty, rule by popular consent, government as a necessary evil, democracy, equality, freedom, civil rights, etc., these concepts are all related to the simple words in this first paragraph. Therefore, Obama refers to these words as “the substance of our common creed” —the basis of our common belief.3.…few… could tra ce the genesis of the Declaration of Independence to its roots in theeighteenth-century liberal and republican thought. (Para. 2)to trace the genesis to its roots: to follow back the origin/beginning to its roots. See Notes to the Text.4.… through ou r own agency we can, and must, make of our lives what we will…(Para. 2)… by relying on our own efforts we can, and must realize our dreams (for God means us to build a Christian commonwealth on earth and therefore it is our duty to succeed). 是否可删除5.It or ients us, sets our course… (Para. 2)It guides us and shows us the way…6.…the value of individual freedom is so deeply ingrained in us that …it is easy to forgetthat at the time of our nation’s founding this idea was entirely radical in its implications, as radical as Martin Luther’s posting on the church door. (Para. 3)Question: Why does Obama say this?He wants to show how proud he is of the great American tradition and of America’s founding fathers.7.In fact, much of my appreciation of our Bill of Rights comes from having spent part ofmy childhood in Indonesia and from still having family in Kenya…, fishing off the island of Lamu. (Para. 4)Here, Obama cleverly turns his family background into a political asset. He is telling the nation that having spent part of his childhood in Indonesia and still having relatives in Kenya have, if anything, made him more profoundly American, not less.visiting my grandmother up-country: visiting my grandmother who lives inland (rather than in the centre of the country)fishing off the island of Lamu: fishing a little way from the island of Lamu8.… Michelle saw how suffocating the demands of family ties and tribal loyalties could be,with distant cousins constantly asking for favors, uncles and aunts showing up unannounced.(Para. 5)米歇尔发现那些亲戚和族人提出的要求真让人受不了，总有那些八杆子打不着的表兄弟姐妹没完没了地要求得到点好处，还有叔叔阿姨会突然不请自来。

目　录Unit 1一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 2一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 3一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 4一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 5一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 6一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 7一、练习答案Unit 8一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 9一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 10一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 11一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 12一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 13一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 14一、练习答案Unit 15一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 16一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、全文翻译四、练习答案Unit 1一、词汇短语Text Adisaster [di5zB:stE] n.灾难，灾祸；不幸【例句】These difficulties are caused by natural disasters. 这些困难都是由自然灾害造成的。

【助记】dis（不，没有）+aster（星星）→星星消失了，难道预示着灾难的来临？谐音“点扎死他”，灾难。

semester [si5mestE] n.学期；半年【例句】His writing has improved greatly in this semester. 这学期他的写作有了很大进步。

【助记】seme（看作semi半）+s+ ter（看作terra学期）→半学期beanpole [5bi:npEul] n.（插在地上供豆茎攀缘的）支竿，瘦长之人【例句】Li Ling’s elder sister is short and overweight while her younger sister is a beanpole.李玲的姐姐是个矮胖墩儿，可她妹妹却是个细高个儿。

Unit 1一、词汇短语estranged[ɪˈstreɪndʒd] adj. 分居的；疏远的，不和的；（与某事物）脱离的，决裂的v. 使疏远，使离间；使隔离（estrange的过去式和过去分词）【例句】She felt estranged from her former existence. 她感到自己已脱离了过去的生活方式。

inflected [ɪnˈflektɪd]adj. 屈折的；字尾有变化的v.弯曲；曲折（inflect的过去式）【例句】L atin is a more inflected language than English. 拉丁语比英语词尾变化多。

circuitry [ˈsɜːkɪtri] n. 电路；电路系统；电路学；一环路【例句】The computer’s entire circuitry was on a single board. 电脑的全部电路都在一块板上。

neural [ˈnjʊərəl] adj. 神经的，神经系统的【词组】n eural pathways in the brain大脑里的神经通路icon[‘aɪkɑn]n.图标；肖像；偶像；象征；圣像【搭配】cultural, national icon 文化偶像、国家象征patronize [ˈpætrənaɪz]vt.惠顾；赞助【例句】I’ll never patronize that store again.我再也不去光顾那家商店了。

【派生】patronizing adj. 要人领情的；屈尊俯就的exploit [ɪkˈsplɔɪt] vt.剥削；利用；开发；开采n. 业绩；功绩；功勋【例句】Television advertisers can exploit a captive audience. 电视广告商能利用被动观众。

【派生】exploitative adj.剥削的；利用的；开发资源的exploitation n.开发，开采；利用；广告推销filial [ˈfɪliəl] adj. 子女（应做）的，孝顺的【例句】My husband is a filial son.我丈夫是一个孝顺的儿子。

Unit11. V irtue is ... self-centered.By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2.... (Poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity...The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3. ...the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration.The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so they should not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.4. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of the fittest applied to nature of to human society.5. It declined in popularity, and references to its acquired a condemnatory tone.People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love and friendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the target of criticism.6. ...the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it w as only suspended.The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor had not been abandoned; it had only been put off.7. ...only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights, coffee makers, and toilet seats.Government officials, on the whole, are good; it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.8. This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it is not true.9. Belief can be the servant of truth---but even more of convenience.Belief can be useful in the search for truth, but more often than not it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.10. George Gilder... Who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort...George Gilder advances the view that only when the poor suffer from great misery will they be stimulated to make great efforts to change the situation, in other words, suffering is necessary to force the poor to work hard.11. But these marks of wild country called to may father like the legendary siren song.Though the place was not pleasant or disagreeable, my father was deeply attracted to it precisely because of its unexplored, uncultivated natural state, and the challenge.12. "I'm afraid the day's going to catch us," I explained, wondering what great disaster might befall us if it did.As a little girl, I believed my father's words, and was genuinely afraid of the possible disaster--if we didn't hurry up, the day would catch us and terrible things might happen.13. ...from time to time he was halfheartedly sought for trial, though few crimes seemed to lead directly to his door.In this place, though the police wound make some effort without real earnest to investigate Watson and bring him to court, there seemed to be little concrete evidence to prove that he wasresponsible for certain illegal activities.14. The stranglehold Watson had over this section of Florida was not dissimilar to the unscrupulous activities of certain lawmen, other legal crooks, and even governors that our state was to suffer through its history.The control Watson had over this part of Florida was much similar to the dishonest or illegal activities of the law-enforcing officials and governors which Florida witnessed in the 20th century.15. There was the little shack, not the most gracious of living quarters, and there was a murderer for our nearest and only neighbor, about thirty miles away.Before the family built their own house, they lived in a shabby cabin at Gopher Key, close to the merciless Watson.16. King Richard in his gluttony never sat at a table more sumptuous than ours was three times a day...We had abundant food on the island, and even the meals enjoyed by King Richard, who was famous for his love of food, couldn’t possibly compare with ours.17. Despite the unrelenting heat, we were happy to be let off from our hours of school indoors, sessions which our mother kept every day, rain or shine.Although it was very hot outside in the sun, we were happy to be dismissed from my mother's sessions indoors. we would have to read and write with her every day no matter what the weather was like.Unit318. But this image, now repeatedly thrust before us in photographs, posters, and advertisements, is misleading.The Earth we see in photos, posters, and ads, which appears so beautiful, is not the true reflection of the world we live in, such image lulls us into complacency.19. The technosphere has become sufficiently large and intense to alter the natural processes that govern the ecosphere.Human activities have taken place over such large areas and with such intensity that they have already caused disastrous effects on ecology.20. ...which could establish itself only because it fitted properly into the preexisting system.the fish could play its role because it became a necessary link with the processes preceding it and the processes following it in the ecological system.21. Defined so narrowly, it is no surprise that cars have properties that are hostile to their environment.When cars are produced to serve such narrow purposes, it is not surprising that some of their characteristic qualities are harmful to the environment.22. Yields rose, but not in proportion to the rate of fertilizer application...the farmer applied more and more fertilizer, and the production did rise but did not increase at the same rate of the fertilizer.23...their waste is flushed into the sewer system altered in composition but not in amount at treatment plant...People eat plants and animals, and their waste is flushed into the sewer system. After being processed, the waste is still waste. the residue will go into rivers, oceans, and will have harmful effect on the aquatic ecosystem.24. Left to their own devices, ecosystems are conservative...If the ecosystems are not upset by outside intrusion, they will remain the same with very little change25.In contrast to the ecosphere, the technosphere is composed of objects and materials that reflecta rapid and relentless process of change and variation.The characteristics of the objects and materials in the technosphere are rapid change and great variety.26.But this is done only at the cost of understanding.if we take side in the war of the two words, we are doing so at the risk of failing to have a clear understanding of the nature and cause of the war, thus, we lose the chance to really solve the grave environmental crisis.Unit 4 Nettles1. How all my own territory would be altered, ad if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike.The impact of Mike's leaving on my life was beyond my imagination. I didn't expect that Mike's leaving would have such a tremendous power that it would change the meaning of my existence completely. All my thoughts were about loss of Mike.2. During that time of life that is supposed to be a reproductive daze, with the woman's mind all swamped by maternal juices, we were still compelled to discuss Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and "The Cocktail Party".At that time, we were young mothers, and we were supposed to lead a terribly busy life full of confusion and bewilderment caused by giving birth to and raising babies. and our minds were supposed to be fully occupied by how to feed the babies and things like that. However, in the midst of all this we still felt the need to discuss some of the important thinkers of our time like Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and T. S. Eliot's sophisticated work "The Cocktail Party".3. ...I would be frightened, not of any hostility but of a kind of nonexistence.I would be frightened, and my fear was not caused by my neighbor's visibly hostile and violent way of life, but by a kind of formless and hidden emptiness and meaninglessness of human existence. What happened around me was totally irrelevant to me, and I felt very isolated and alienated.4. She did not ask me---was it delicacy or disapproval? ---about my new life.She did not ask me about my new life, either out of subtle consideration for my feeling about this sensitive subject or out of disapproval for my new life style.5. It would be a sleazy thing to do, in the house of his friends.It would be a morally low thing, an indecent thing to commit infidelity in the house of a friend.6. I knew now that he was a person who had hit rock bottom.I knew that he was a person who had experienced the worst in life, the hardest experience a person might have to endure.7. He and wife knew that together and it bound them, as something like that would either break you apart or bind you, for life.They experienced the worst together and they knew what it was like and understood the meaning of that experience. Such an experience posed the gravest test to people. If they stood the test, their friendship or marriage would be strengthened, and a sacred bondage would be formed between them. But if they failed the test, their relationship would be broken and they would be drivenapart.8. Not risking a thing yet staying alive as a sweet trickle, an underground resource. With the weight of this now stillness on it, this seal.If they acted on love, they would take risks. they wouldn't do that or go further in their relationship, but they would rather let their love remain as a sweet trickle, which would flow on gently and permanently, and as an underground resource, which would never be fully tapped but would never go dry.1....the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social and economic order1. There are such prejudices in an arrogant manner about the characteristic of the social order and economic order and they take it for granted. The country just rejected such prejudice.2 Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently vulnerability to secular ideology ever after2. No one can say that Americans have never been tempted by the approach of understanding, preserving or transforming the world according to rigid dogmas.3. .and any intellect so shaped was ...ever afterA mind influenced by Calvinist theology would surely find it somewhat difficult to resist other ideological temptations to ideological thinking.4. Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid...experiencePragmatism is not completely free from abstract ideas just as ideology is not completely free from experience, that is to say, abstract ideas have a place in pragmatism just as experience has a role in ideology.5. As an ideologist, however, Jefferson....historical curiosityAs a man following a fixed set of beliefs, Jefferson is only an interesting historical figure. His beliefs are out of date and are irrelevant to present-day reality.6. ...whose central dogma is confided to the custody of an infallible priesthoodTheir central beliefs are imprisoned by the whole body of priests who are always effective.7. ...where free men may find partial truths, but where ...on Absolute TruthIn this universe a person whose mind is unconstrained may be able to discover relation truths but no man on earth can claim that he has already grasped the one and only truth.8. But ideology is a drug; no matter how ...it still persists.Ideology has the characteristic of a narcotic. In spite of the fact that it has been proved wrong many times by experience, people still long to commit themselves to ideology.9. ...the only certainty in an absolute system is the certainty of absolute abuse.The only thing that is sure of a despotic system is the unrestricted exercise of power.10. The distinctive human triumph...lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of human striving ...nonethelessThe most outstanding achievement of humanity is they know that no matter how hard they try, they cannot achieve Absolute truth, yet they continue to make great efforts and refuse to give up Unit71. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human life.As a result of technological development, human belongs now have the power to put an end to poverty and human, misery, but at the same time they also possess the power to destroy the wholeworld, rendering it uninhabitable and lifeless.2. ...unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights...We do not want to see or to allow the slow destruction of those human rights.3. To those peoples in the huts and villages of half.....of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves...To the people of the underdeveloped countries living in poverty in rural areas, we are committed to helping them to rid themselves of mass poverty by their own efforts.4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.But we should not let any communist power take advantage of this alliance for progress to expand its influence.5. And let every other power know that this....of its own house.We want to make clear to the communist powers that Americas are the Americas of the Americans. Do not attempt to penetrate into this area.6. ...before the dark powers of destruction..... or accidental self-destruction.Before the world is destroyed by a nuclear war launched in a preemptive attack or caused by accident.7. ...yet both racing to alter the uncertain...of mankind's final war.Y et both sides attempt to get an edge in the nuclear arms race so as to break the mutual deterrence which has so far prevented the outbreak of a nuclear war.8. ...civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.To be ready to negotiate and establish friendly relations does not mean that we are weak or afraid. Declarations of sincere intention have to be tested by actions.9. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let the two sides use the fruits of science for the benefit of humanity rather than using high-tech weapons to kill and destroy.10. ...each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. 1. There have been occasions for each generations of Americans to be called upon to fight and die for their country.。