英语动词的分类及基本形式
- 格式:doc
- 大小:75.50 KB
- 文档页数:11
英语动词的分类及基本形式英语动词的分类及基本形式:表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(即Action verbs实义动词,分为及物动词和不及物动词)、系动词(The Linking Verb)、助动词(The Auxiliary Verb)和情态动词(Modal verb)四类,有些动词是兼类词。
如:We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。
(have是行为动词)We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约(have是助动词)I am hungry. 我饿了。
(am是连系动词)She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。
(was是助动词)You needn’t have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。
(need是情态动词)The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。
(needs及物动词)■动词的基本形式绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形、一般现在时(第三人称单数)、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。
A.行为动词即实意动词,表示动作的动词。
它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。
如:I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
2)不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
如:Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。
这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。
试比较:Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。
(began作及物动词) When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。
(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。
如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?4) 与汉语的比较有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。
英语里这些动词后面常接介词。
如:We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。
(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。
(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务B.系动词亦称联系动词(LinkVerb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
系动词-分类有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。
(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。
)He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。
fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher.他是一名教师。
(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。
)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。
He seems (tobe) very sad.他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:He be came mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,trunout,表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。
(turn out表终止性结果)系动词-注意事项系动词本身有一定的词义,不能单独作谓语,后面必须与表语连用。
复习系动词时,必须注意以下几个问题:1. be是最重要的系动词,主语不同,be的形式也不同,且有时态的变化。
通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等,后面接形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing、过去分词及表语从句作表语。
特别要注意“由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词”所构成的被动语态的区别。
前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态,通常没有由by引导的介词短语。
如:The door was closed.后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者,表示动作;句中可以用由by引导的介词短语。
如:The door was closed by me.还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的系表结构与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。
前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态,也可说明主语是什么。
如:My job is teaching English.后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。
如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.2. 要注意由行为动词转化成的系动词。
表示人体感官的系动词有sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,后面接形容词;表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become,get,go,turn,run,grow,come,fall,prove等,后面接形容词、名词或to be+形容词,become后面接单数名词时,名词前要用不定冠词,turn后面接单数名词时,名词前不用不定冠词;表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词有continue,keep,remain,stay,stand,lie,rest,stay等,后面接表示状态的形容词;表示判断的系动词有seem和appear,后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。
常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty(a.令人讨厌的;困难的;恶劣的;下流的等。
)。
4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,又可以做实意动词的用法。
系动词部分主要注意:其后要求接形容词,而不是副词做表语。
遇到这种情况,只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者,然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。
以taste一词为例:The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。
注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。
)The chef is tasting the fish carefully.(厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。
注意:在这句话中,taste做实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语。
)系动词-专项训练1. —What is Mr Wang like?—____.A. He is a teacherB. He is old and kindC. He looks like a balloonD. He likes English2. What Mr White said sounds____.A. friendlyB. wonderfullyC. pleasantlyD. nicely3. The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three.A. turnedB. goesC. becameD. went4. When he was a child he____ .A. grew patienceB. was aliveC. ran wildD. came true5. His voice____ as if he has a cold.A. soundsB. listensC. hearsD. seems6. This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton.A. isB. looksC. feelsD. seems7. He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a monthA. thatB. as ifC. whenD. so far8. It ____that he was late for the train.A. looksB. turnsC. getsD. seems9. These apples taste_____.A. to he goodB. to be wellC. wellD. good10. —Do you like the shirt?—Yes, it ____ very soft.A. feelsB. feltC. is feelingD. is felt11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleepA. keptB. gotC. fellD. fall12. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark.A. goingB. gettingC. runningD. coming13. Their plan ____ to be a perfect one.A. provedB. was provedC. is provingD. proving14. The flowers in the garden ____ sweet.A. soundB. tasteC. becomeD. smell15. She____ like her mother in character.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. feels16. It____ another fine day tomorrow.A. seemsB. promisesC. appearsD. looks17. He ____ much younger than he really is.A. appearsB. growsC. becomesD. turns18. You____ very pale. Do you feel sick?A. lookedB. are lookingC. lookingD. are looked19. His wish to become a driver has ____true.A. turnedB. realizedC. comeD. grown20. Her father ____a writer.A. turnedB. grewC. has turnedD. has become答案与分析1. B What’s...like?是询问人或事物的性质特征情况的交际用语,答语中常含有说明性质特征情况的形容词。