大学英语写作教程下期末复习刚要

实用英语写作期末复习提纲实用写作期末复习提纲CHAPTER ONEWhen applying for a job a cover letter should be sent or posted with your resume.Your cover letter should be specific to the position you are applying for, relating your skills and experience to those noted in the job posting. Your cover letter is your first (and best) chance to make a good impression!●It is very important, but also quite difficult, to get thetone and style right in job application letters.●Application LetterSpecifying the job being applied for, relating studies to job demands, mentioning relevant part-time work, referring reader to the resume, mentioning the qualities developed through project work, stating reasons for applying to this particular company, showing knowledge of company?s plans, linking language skills to company?s plans and giving contact details and stating available for interview1.The conciseness, clarity, correctness and courteousnessare very important.2. A resume always contains particular information insequence and under certain headings: career objective, personal data, education and qualifications, employment record, extracurricular activities and awards, special skills, hobbies and sports and referees.3.The most important language feature of a resume is itssimplicity.4. Format of English Application Letters● block format (板块式/齐头式): In block format, all the things are justified to the left.● semi-block style（半板块式）: These parts ( letterhead, date, complimentary close and signature) are started from the centre to the right. While the rest parts are still justified to the left.● indented format （缩进式）: This format is quite similar to the semi-block style with the exception that the first line of each paragraph in the body part is to be indented about 4 letters.5. Structure of English Application LettersHeading信头Inside Address信内地址Salutation称呼Body正文Complementary Close结束语Signature签名Enclosure附件CHAPTER TWO1. A memo is used only for communication within acompany, i.e. it is an intra-company document and is not used for inter-company communication.2. A memo may be distributed top-down or bottom-up./doc/e24857574.html,ing first person words like …we?, …I? and …our? andsecond person words like …you? and …your? reduces the distance between the sender and receiver. Junior employees writing to senior employees can use these words, but they need to be careful that the right distance, and therefore courtesy, is maintained.●Title(MEMORANDU M), Heading(To, From, Date,Subject), Body(Purpose, Background, Request)●Informative memo; persuasive memoCHAPTER THREE●Minutes of a meeting are written for two main purposes:to create a record of what took place in the meeting and to remind those at the meeting of the actions they need to take after the meeting.●Whatever the length, minutes always include the timeand date of the meeting, the name of all those present and absent, the agenda items discussed and all decisions reached and the time at which the meeting ended.●When writing minutes, we need to use reported speech.CHAPTER FOUR●Instructions are information about what to do andthose step-by-step explanations of how to do or where to go.A complete instruction manual should include these parts:●Title●General Introduction●A General Warning, Caution and Danger Notice●A TechnicalBackground or Theory●Equipment and Supplies●Discussion of the steps●A ConclusionSome tips of writing instructions:●work out the right order for your instruct ions●keep your sentences short and simple●number your instructions if you wish●use command verbs●use the present or sometimes the future tense●present your writing clearlyThe stylistic features of instruction :1.From the lexical level:1) Word choice and professional words2) Omission of articles3) Abbreviations4) Figures and graphs5) Verbs2. From the syntactical level1) Short simple sentences2) Frequent use of imperative sentencesCHAPTER FIVEQuestionnaires are an inexpensive way to gatherdata from a potentially large number of respondents.How to make a questionnaire1. Decide what information you want to gather fromthe survey2. Keep the survey as short as possible, asking only those questions that will provide3. Use a casual, conversational style, making the questions easy for almost anyone to understand.4. Structure the survey so that the questions follow a logical order and evolve from general to specific.5. Use multiple-choice questions whenever possible. ?6. Avoid leading questions that might generate false positive responses.In general, there are two types of questions one will ask, open format and closed format.CHAPTER SIX“advertising” might be defined as any means of bringing information to the public for the purpose of drawing attention to manufactured goods, services, shops, or entertainments.Advertisement is an action or form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them.The Purposes of AdvertisementGiving consumers in the target market a positive image of a particular product or serviceHelping to position the product in the marketInforming and persuadingWe persuade others in three main ways: appeal to reason, appeal to emotions and appeal to trust.CHAPTER SEVEN1.Letters of request are written to seek information andto obtain a response to a specific enquiry.2.Letters responding to requests give information but alsoattempt to build goodwill.3.Letters of complaint normally include the followinginformation: an explanation of the problem, the consequences of the problem for both parties and a request to solve the problem.4. A letter of adjustment will normally include the followinginformation in the given order: an offer of apologies, a summary of action taken to rectify the problems and an assurance of goodwill including the offer of compensation, if appropriate.5.Block formatThe main feature of this format is that everything (with the possible exception of the company?s letterhead and logo) is blocked or justified to the left side of the page.With this style, it is not necessary to use commas or full stops in the date, address, salutation, or close.6.SalutationIf you know the name of your recipient, begin Dear Mr.or Ms. X and close Yours sincerely; if you do not know the recipient or their gender, begin Dear Sir/Madam and close Yours faithfully.CHAPTER EIGHT●Introduction, body and conclusion●Sales(pl.)●Grow, ascend, mount, soar, level up, shoot up, boom●Descend, plunge, plummet, slump, skid, tumble, leveldown, bottom out●Flatten out, reach a plateau, remain, maintain, keep, stay,be the same as, be similar to, level off/outCHAPTER NINE1.Business proposals are written to suggest new ideas fororganizing a company to make it more efficient or for promoting its products and services in a more effective way.2.To be practical, there are five areas in which an ideaneeds to work: the technical, the resource-related, the financial, the social and the environmental.CHAPTER TEN1. A company profile provides prospective clients andcustomers with what the company considers to be keyinformation about the organization. This will normally include: facts and figures about its majorproducts and services, the history and development of the company, its mission and philosophy, a statement of identity and a projection of its preferred image.2. A company profile has both informational andpromotional purposes.。

1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。

《大学英语B》写作复习资料Instructions:要求你在30分钟内, 根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

（里面有部分文章内容重复, 目的是为了告诉你一篇文章可以套用在多种场合。

相同的文章, 记忆时只记忆一篇即可。

）学习类1) Why I study English?（我为什么学习英语?）/ 或者:Why do students like learning English? (为什么学生喜欢学习英语？)Why do I study English? / (Why do students like learning English?) Firstly, English is very useful.English is the most widely used language in the world.If we make a visit to foreign countries or do business with foreigners, we need to communicate with them in English.Secondly, with China becoming stronger and stronger, we have more chances to go abroad.We can know the English-speaking countries much better if we know English.Both China and English-speaking countries have realized the importance of the culture exchange.Above all, English is useful and important, we must master English.2) How to learn English well?（如何学好英语？）English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English.I would like to share four good studying habits with you.First, remember 20 new words a day, and never give up.Second, go over grammar points I have learnt in English class regularly.Third, read an English article in China Daily every day.Fourth, write an English composition every week and ask teacher to revise that for me to improve the writing level.If you do things above, I am sure your English will also be improved.（译文：英语是远程教育中我最喜欢的课, 我英语学的很好。

大学英语复习题纲一、词汇复习1. 重点词汇记忆：掌握本学期所学词汇，包括单词的拼写、词义、用法和例句。

2. 词组搭配：熟悉常用词组及其搭配，能够正确运用在句子中。

3. 同义词辨析：区分近义词的细微差别，提高词汇运用的准确性。

二、语法复习1. 时态：复习各种时态的构成和用法，包括一般现在时、过去时、完成时等。

2. 语态：掌握被动语态的构成和使用场合。

3. 非谓语动词：熟悉动名词、不定式和分词的用法及其在句子中的作用。

4. 从句：复习名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句等的构成和用法。

三、阅读理解1. 快速阅读：练习快速浏览文章，抓住文章主旨大意。

2. 细节理解：通过练习，提高对文章细节信息的捕捉能力。

3. 推理判断：训练根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力。

四、写作技巧1. 写作结构：掌握英语写作的基本结构，如引言、主体和结尾。

2. 写作内容：学习如何组织文章内容，使文章条理清晰、逻辑严密。

3. 写作语言：提高语言表达的准确性和多样性，避免重复和单调。

五、听力理解1. 听力技巧：练习听力时的注意力集中和信息捕捉技巧。

2. 听力内容：熟悉不同场景下的对话和独白，提高听力理解能力。

3. 听力练习：通过听力练习题，加强对听力材料的理解。

六、口语表达1. 发音练习：纠正发音，提高语音的准确性和流畅性。

2. 口语表达：学习如何组织语言，进行流畅的口语表达。

3. 情景对话：通过模拟不同场景下的对话，提高口语交际能力。

七、翻译练习1. 英译汉：练习将英文原文翻译成中文，注意语言的准确性和地道性。

2. 汉译英：练习将中文原文翻译成英文，注意语言的准确性和表达的自然性。

八、综合应用1. 模拟考试：通过模拟考试，检验学习效果，查漏补缺。

2. 错题分析：对模拟考试中的错题进行分析，找出错误原因，避免再犯。

3. 学习策略：总结有效的学习方法和策略，提高学习效率。

九、复习建议1. 制定计划：根据自己的学习情况，制定合理的复习计划。

大学生大一《写作教程》第二学期复习要点一、大作文1.我最_________的一个人2.我生命中最________的一天二、课本要点复习（一）1.人物描写：一个中心、四种手段、一个中心与四种手段的关系四种手段：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写和心理描写2.关于诗歌：意象、意境、意象与意境的关系意象：意象是由“意”和“像”两个因素构成。

意象是主观情感与客观物态相互融合、相互渗透所形成的审美契合的产物，是艺术品物化前的基本形态。

意境：指情景交融、物我浑化、主客体统一的整体意象所显示的艺术境界。

包括有我和无我之境。

意象与意境的关系：既相互联系又不能等同划一。

两者区别首先在于“境”和“象”的概念内涵是不同的。

意境一般比意象的含义容量要广阔的多，且带有整体性，因为它是形象体系所构成的一种艺术境界。

意象虽作为一种表达形式出现，但只具有个别性、局部性。

3.散文与诗歌的区别：诗歌区别于散文的主要特点是在其文体的音韵特点上。

诗歌是用韵律语言表现生活和思想的艺术。

诗歌与散文在内容上可以一样，不同的只有一点，诗讲究韵律，是由其诗歌内部韵节奏与音节奏的矛盾运动而形成的一种讲究语音效果的音乐化的语言艺术。

诗歌与散文是可以相互转化的。

诗歌的文字简练、意境内涵深远；散文的文字优雅舒展，有可以尽情发挥的空间；诗歌偏重直觉和灵感，根据不同内容可分为叙事诗，抒情诗，宗教试等，可含蓄可直接。

散文讲究形式自由，所谓形散而神不散。

4．消息：（1）五种阶段（标题、导语、主体、背景、结语）（2）倒金字塔结构：最重要事实↓重要事实↓次要事实（3）写一则消息或分析一则消息。

（二）学术论文的写作步骤：1.拟定提纲（1）题目，要具体醒目；（2）基本观点，要标明研究所得出的结论；（3）内容提纲，要标明通篇的大体安排。

2.撰写成文引论、本论、结论是学术论文的基本结构方式；学术论文格式构成的五个部分：标题、内容摘要、关键词、正文、附注。

3.写作准备：确立课题；搜集资料；潜心研究，得出结论。

⼤学英语3期末复习提纲知识点复习考点归纳总结说明：本课程期末复习内容包括两部分:教材Unit 6，Unit 12，Unit 18三个复习单1.元；2.⼤学英语(3)期末复习提纲（如下）根据学校要求，本学期⼤学英语（3）的期末考试为机考，各分校按教务和考务要求在规定时间内考试。

考试安排在18周进⾏，考试时长为90分钟。

⼤学英语3期末复习提纲⼀、交际⽤语1. －Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest supermarket?－_______________ D.A. It’s not very far from hereB. The supermarket is very largeC. The goods there are very expensiveD. Sorry, sir. I’m a stranger here myself.2．—I have an appointment with Dr. Johnson. C— ____________________.A. The appointment is put offB. You look sick and weakC. Please wait for minute. He is busy nowD. Tell me your ID number3．— Afternoon, sir. Where to? A— ___________________.A. Please get me to the airportB. please pick me up next timeC. I’ve been to the airportD. The plane will take off in an hour4．— Can I help you to get it down? C — .A. No problemB. Yes. Let’s get itC. Thanks. It’s so nice of youD. It’s no trouble at all5．—I’m trying to call Marie, but there’s no answer. DB. Here is a message for herC. I’m really sorry about itD. Really? Maybe she’s out6．— Are you sure about that? D — .A. You needn’t worry about thatB. I like the idea.C. Oh, no. I’m afraid of thatD. Oh, yes. I’m absolutely positive 7．— Would you like to see the menu?— . A A. No, thanks. I already know what to orderB.Your menu is very clear C. I hear the foodhere is tasty D. The setting is verycomfortable8．—What if my computer doesn’t work?— . BA. I’m not good at computerB. AskAnne for help C. I’ve called the repairshop D.There must be something wrong9．—How’s the movi e? Interesting? C— .A. It was shown late until midnightB. Itwas starred by a few famous people C.Far from. I should have stayed home watchingTV D. I was seated far away in the corner10．— Is this the motel you mentioned?— . BA. It looks comfortableB. Yes, it’s asquiet as we expected C. You’re soconsiderate D. No, the price’s reasonable11. —Hello, Sally. How’s everything?— . DC.That’s right D. Just so-so12. —Excuse me, would you lend me your calculator? A— .A. Certainly. Here you areB. Please don’tmention it C. It’s nothing D. Yes, I have a hand13. —I don’t like the spo rts programs on Sundays.— . BA. So do IB. Neither do IC. So amI D. Neither am I14. —What’s the problem, Harry? D — .A. No problemB. No trouble at allC.Thank you for asking me about it D. I can’t remember where I left my glasses 15. －Will you go on a picnic with us tomorrow?－_______________.A. Yes, but I’ll have English classesB.Sorry, I have an appointment with Dr. BrownC. I’m afraid I have no ideaD. Neither amI16 －Would you like to have dinner with usA. I don’t knowB. Sorry, but this evening Ihave to go to the airport to meet my parentsC. No, I can’t17. — May I help you, madam? D— ______________.A. Sorry, I have no ideaB. Yes, I know whatto buy C. You’d better give me a hand D. Yes, I’d like 2 kilos of oranges18. －May I know your address? A－_______________.A. Sure. Here you areB. I have no ideaC. It’s far from here19．－Can you turn down the radio, please? A－_________________.A. I’m sorry, I didn’t realize it was that loudB. Please forgive meC. I’ll keep it downnext time20. —What about going for a walk? A—_______________.A. Why not? A good ideaB. That’s all rightC. So, do ID. Walking is good to you21. —Nice weather, isn’t it? C— .A. I’m not sureB. You know it wellC.for a better view? D— .A. That’s fine, thank youB. Yes, please.C. Take a seatD. Of course not23.－Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now?C－_________________.A. Sorry, you can’tB. No, you can’tC. sorry, he is busy at the moment24．－Oh, sorry to bother you. C－_________________.A. Oh, I don’t knowB. No, you can’tC. That’s okay⼆、词汇与结构1. --- What’s happened to Tom? D---__________to hospital.A. He’s takenB. He’ll be takenC. He’ll takeD. He’s been taken2. ---Which do you like better, real movies _______ cartoons? D --- I prefer cartoons ______ real movies.A. and, thanB. or, thanC. and, andD. or, to3. What a fool I have been! Why ______I think of that before? BA. don’tB. didn’t4. We must make a difference between ______ language and ______language. AA. spoken, writtenB. speaking, writtenC. speaking, writingD. speak, write5. We _____ A _____ every day when we were children.A. used to swimB. used to swimmingC. use to swimD. use to swimming6. You must explain ______how they succeeded ________ the experiment. CA. of us, forB. at us, atC. to us, inD. for us, to7. You look _______. What ______ you ________? DA. tire, did…doB. tiring, have…doneC. tired, do…doD. tired, have…been doing8. Of all the stories here, I like this one ________.I t’s not interesting at all. DA. mostB. bestC. worstD. least9. Before she left on the trip, she __________ hard. DA. trainedB. has trainedC. would trainedD. had trained10. He keeps _________ at himself in the mirror. BA. to lookD. looked11. The sun heats the earth, _________ is very important to living things. CA. thatB. whatC. whichD. where12. If the man ________ succeed, he must work as hard as he can. BA. willB. is toC. is going toD. should13. Ancient Greece is the _________ of western civilization. AA. originB. sourceC. placeD. sources14. Please stop __________. It cannot help the situation. B A. to shout B. shouting C. to speak D. speaking15. The big man has always been eating onthe go, _______ he has got stomachache.AA. soB. howeverC. asD. because16. Let me ___________ the case carefullybefore I draw a conclusion. BA. look upB. look intoC. lookafter D. look out17. He, as well as I, __________ a student. DA. be18. She _______ her success to hard word and strong will. CA. ownsB. givesC. owesD. regards19. Mr. Smith ________ a most important partin the development of our city. CA. tookB. hadC. playedD. made20. I’d rather stay at home than ________ a walk. CA. takingB. to takeC. takeD. to be taking21. Mother was busy. Although she was not watching the basketball on TV, she ____ A__ it on the radio.A. was listening toB. was hearingC. waslistening D. was seeing22. Hardly ____ A _____ home when it began to rain.A. had I gotB. I had gotC. had Iarrived in D. I had arrived at23. I prefer classic music _____ D _____ popC. withD. to24. All the team members tried their best. We lost the game, _________. AA. howeverB. thereforeC. sinceD. as25. When we were having a meeting, the director _________ the bad news by telephone. BA. was tellingB. was toldC. couldtell D. would tell26. Silk __________ by Chinese for thousands of years now. BA. has usedB. has been usedC. wasused D. is used27. You ___ B ____ to lock the door at night.A. shouldB. oughtC. musD. shall28. Before I got to the cinema, the film _____ A ____.A. had begunB. has begunC. isbegun D. was beginningA. advicesB. adviceC. adviseD. advises30. A lecture hall is _________ where students attend lectures. CA. thereB. whichC. oneD. that31. Don’t worry, your watch _________ and you can have it in no time. DA. is repairedB. has been repairedC.was repaired D. is being repaired32. The definition leaves ______ for disagreement. BA. a small roomB. much roomC. greatdeal room D. not so big a room33. Not always _____ B ____ they want (to).A. people can do whatB. can people dowhat C. people cannot do what D. can’t people do what34. Sadam ________ for 25 years. BA. got marriedB. was marriedC.married D. were married35. I don’t want you to make any trouble,B. consequentlyC. on thecontrary D. just as36. Why ________ the old block of flats_________ demolished next month? BA. are…beingB. is…beingC.has…been D. have…been37. In the fifties last century many new cities________ in the desert. CA. bring upB. make upC. grewup D. build up38. More and more people in China now__________ to work regularly. AA. driveB. drivesC. droveD. have driven39. At present, the most important thing isthat Britain needs _____ more to improvethe relationship with the USA. AA. to doB. doingC. to be doneD. do40. That’s all settled. It __D __ talked about.A. shouldn’tB. mustn’t beC.can’t D. needn’t be41. After ______ the shopping list, I found that I forgot to buy salt. CA. examining42. Ann is studying ______ at university. BA. politicB. politicsC. politicianD. political43. After __________the bid, major construction began in Beijing. CA. winB. winingC. winningD. won44. Be sure to ______ your wife when you come here this evening. AA. bringB. takeC. getD. carry45. ---Can I get you a cup of tea? A---_________________________.A. That’s very nice of youB. With pleasureC. You can, pleaseD. Thank you for the tea46. Don’t worry. There is ______ room for all your books here. CA. moreB. muchC. enoughD. some47. ________fine weather it is! AA. WhatB. What aC. HowD. How a48. __________ for the Olympic Games begin about ten years in advance. CD. To be bidden49. Everything ____________ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade. DA. will be destroyedB. will have been destroyedC. would be destroyedD. would have been destroyed50. Her parents died when she was veryyoung, so she was ______by her aunt. AA. brought upB. brought outC. grown upD. grown51. ________ he said is quite right. BA. ThatB. WhatC. HowD. Why52. He kept the light in his room _______ the whole night. BA. burntB. burningC. burnD. to burn53. He was _________ about his new job. AA. over the moonB. on the moonC. off the moonD. above the moon54. He has been _______ in hospital for a month. B A.danger B.in danger C. dangerous D.a danger55. He spends a quarter of the day___________. BA. to sleepD.to sleeping56. It happened ________ a winter night. DA. atB. inC. byD. on57. If you _____ stop smoking, you can only expect to have a bad cough. CA. won’tB.wouldn’tC. don’tD. can’t58. It’s not safe ______ in the street. CA. to playB. play C playing D. plays59. ______ it with me an d I’ll see what I can do. DA. When leftB. LeavingC. If youleave D. Leave60. I don’t suppose he will attend the meeting, ______? BA. won’t heB. will heC. do ID.don’t I61. I think all these are main points _______ much attention. BA. being worthy ofC. which worthD. which worthy of62. They ______ the train until it disappeared in the distance. BA. sawB. watchedC. noticedD.observed63. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help______ about it. BA. but to thinkB. thinkingC. toD.think64. Linda offered him her congratulations_______ his passing the college entrance exams. DA. atB. forC. ofD. on65. Mr. White has a wife and three children to _________. AA. raiseB. keepC. growD. take66. Mary forgot ______ a letter to her mother, so she wrote to her just now. BA. writingB. to writeC. havingwrote D. to have written67. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _______ tired of having one examination after another. BA. isB. areC. amD. be68. Our plane _____ from London at 7:00 yesterday evening. AA. took offB. put offC. flew offD.left off69. On his first sea _________, he was still quite young but showed great courage to facethe storm. DA. tripB. travelC. tourD. voyage70. She’s unlucky, and she’s always suffering ______ luck one after another.DA. a sickB. an illC. sickD. ill71. Time is money! We should ______ our time. BA. be fit forB. make good use ofC. playa part of D. take the place of三、完型填空(1) （课本Unit5，形考第⼀次作业）Molly Wilson (16) a dancer and amother for many years when she (17) tosail round the world to raise money for charity.As a child she (18) as a ballet dancer,but at 15 she had grown too tall for classical ballet, so she (19) a member of a pop dance team.She (20) , and (21) she hadchildren she retired from show business to bring them (22) . They grew up, and when they were 18 they left home.She says, “When I decided to do theround-the-world race, my husband thought I was bored because the children had left home. He was also worried (23) I had never sailed (24) . I was not bored, but I (25) somepeople who told me about the race.They had taken part in it, but they hadonly done one section, say, from New Zealand to Australia. I wanted to do the wholeten-month journey.”16. A. is B. was C. had been D. hasbeen17. A. decides B. decided C. haddecided D. has decided18. A. had trained B. had been trainedC. was trainedD. trained。

(完整word版)大学英语期末考试写作必背Is It Better to Buy or Rent?The price of housing has kept increasing in recent years, which causes a big headache for people living in cities.A lot of people cannot afford to own a real estate property, so they choose to rent instead of buying an apartment. This group of people does not want to bear burden of mortgage so that they opt for a practical solution. Renting an apartment makes them have a place to stay and thus they can focus on work as well as personal life. Some other people, however, believe that an apartment owned by themselves makes them feel safe and relieved, so they are willing to sacrifice some other aspects of life to borrow money from the bank to buy an apartment. As far as I am concerned, to buy or to rent is all aboutit will be better to rent first and wait for the good timing when the price is going down to buy. Topic 2: On Job HoppingIt seems that nowadays, very few young people are willing to stay in a job position for long, let alone for the whole life. They change jobs constantly. This results from several factors. Firstly, young people like fresh things, and it is easy for them to be fed up with old routine work. So when they stay in a position for a while,the excitement will fade out.They are quite realistic and not willing to waste time in a job they are not interested in. Thirdly, some young people are not satisfied with current salary, believing they deserve better pay. In my opinion, constant job hopping will not benefit young people in their career development. Every job has its own merits and young people can certainly learn something from it as long as they are patient and wise enough. Every job experience is valuable down the career path and young people shall be able to make the most of it.Topic 3: Online Social NetworkModern people will be no stranger to online social network. Facebook, Renren and Kaixin001 are probably the most populous networks among Chinese netizen. In these networks, people interact with each other, be it a stranger or a friend, and have a lot of fun in the virtual world. This phenomenon could be a result of the fast development of the Internet and people's great interest of the virtual world. I think it is a very good new platform for people to keep in touch. But it should not be overused. Firstly, some people are addicted to it, which makes them want to get online 24 hours a day. When people spend too much time on one thing,they will naturally have not enough time for study and for work. Secondly, online social network change people's behavior of interacting with others. In virtual world, you just click the mouse and type in words instead of having a face-to-face talk. This will not benefit people's long term friendship, and even harm their interpersonal relationships in real world.Topic 4: The Most Important Skills for Modern PeopleWith the development of science and technology, the skills that modern people master are also changing with it. Some old skills including cooking, sewing and gardening are no longer be deemed as necessary skills. Then what are the most important skills for modern people? Some hold that foreign language skills and computer skills are on top of the list, whereas some others believe that communication skills are the must.As far as I am concerned, communication skills are of the greatest importance for modern people. Firstly, in a globalized world, everyone is interconnected with each other. Communication is the key in personal interaction, and good communication skills can bring people sound interpersonal relationship. Secondly, most of the work done todayrequires teamwork. One person alone can not finish everything. Cooperation asks for communication, and effective communication will promote cooperation. That's the reason why lots of big companies emphasize communication skills first when they are recruiting new employees.Topic 5: What Is More Important: Character or Academic Achievement?What is the criterion to judge the performance of a student? Some believe that the exam marks should be the first standard concerned. A student's first priority is to study well, and academic achievement can show the result of a student's efforts and capability. But some disagree by holding that good character should be considered first when talking about the performance of a student, as character shows that whether a student has correct basic moral value and proper behavior. As far as I am concerned, sound character is more important in judging a student's performance. Firstly, good exam marks can not be everything as that won't follow a student's whole life. But sound character will be the only thing that lasts for long. Secondly, if a student has very poor character, good marks will be meaningless. When the student has grown up, his academic achievement will probably be used for wrong purpose. I, therefore, believe that we should reform the education system and care more for students' character cultivation.Topic 6: On the Importance of Being Grateful Have you ever said "thank you" when your classmates helped you?Have you ever thought about repaying a business partner who once lent you a hand? If the answer is yes, you must be a person who feels grateful. Your gratefulness makes your family more harmonious and helps you build a reliable cooperative relationship with other people, which can help you a lot in your lifetime.However, there are less and less people who feel grateful in the modern society. For one thing, people focus so much on what they can get that they never think of what to give. That is to say, they are too greedy to feel grateful. For another, some people take others' love and care for granted and know nothing about gratefulness.In my view, gratitude is important to our society and cultivating gratitude should begin from children with something small. We should teach our children how important gratitude is and ask them to do small things for others to show their gratefulness. Our society can become more harmonious and beautiful because of gratitude.Topic 7: Living with Parents after GraduationWhich will you choose to deal with your accommodation problem after graduation, living with parents or renting a room on your own? Quite a number of people prefer to rent a room on their own; however, more and more people choose to live with parents.There are several reasons for that. First, because of high housing prices, most people can't afford to buy a house after graduation. What's more, with their limited incomes, the graduates feel stressed with the high housing rent and living costs. Living with parents can save them lots of money which they may spend on housing and daily expenses. Finally, many people have been accustomed to depending on their parents and they can't take care of themselves. Personally speaking, I'd rather rent a room to live my own life, though living with my parents may help save much money.I also suggest that those who are so dependent on parents should learn to be independent as early as possible.Topic 8: More Disasters than Before?Much attention has been paid to reports about natural disasters recently. Earthquakes, droughts and floods in theWest and Southwest this year resulted in many casualties and great losses, which greatly shocked us and forced us to be on alert. We can't help raising the question: are there more disasters than before?Many people probably will say "yes" to this question. There are more and more reports about disasters on TV and on the front pages of newspapers and websites. Media often cover details of disasters for days, which easily gives viewers a false image that disasters happen every day. As far as I am concerned, the great coverage of natural disasters by the media reflects the environmental awareness of human beings. We are more concerned about environmental protection now, and this is the first step to a better future of our planet.Topic 9: How to Deal with Peer Pressures?People often feel peer pressures. For example, your roommates smoke but you don't. Your classmates wear expensive clothes but you don't. In these cases, you may feel excluded if you don't do the same things as they do. Sometimes peer pressures drivepeople crazy, but you can only rely on yourself to deal with it.There are two ways to deal with peer pressures. First, pay attention to your own feelings and decide what you should do. Try saying "no" to peer pressures. Don't give in to pressures and do things against your will.Second, find friends who stand on your side. It's tough to deal with peer pressures alone,but it's much easier if at least one peer supports you. Make friends with those who have similar opinions or habits to yours, so that you won't feel excluded.To conclude, peer pressures can be eased if you have the courage to say "no" to it, and combat with it together with your true friends. Topic 10: Lectures and DiscussionsLectures and discussions are two main styles of teaching in universities, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some students are in favor of lectures, but others enjoy discussions very much.Lecturing is the most traditional teaching method in China, because it is considered highly efficient. Students can get used to lectures easily, for most of them have been taught in this way since primary school. Teachers play a very important role in lectures, while students seldom have chances to speak. On the contrary, discussions allow students to have chances to interact with each other. What's more, students have more freedom and initiative in class where they can express their ideas freely and ask any questions about the topic. However, the class can easily go out of control if there is no restriction.As for me, I prefer discussions to lectures because of the open atmosphere. However, teachers should take charge of the discussions to help students learn more.Topic 11: On the Importance of Mutual UnderstandingNowadays many people are so focused on their own interests that they barely consider the feelings of others. As a result, misunderstandings, or even conflicts, arise.It is important for people to understand each other during a conversation, or in the interpersonal communication. For one thing, mutual understanding makes it easy for both parties to reach an agreement on the topic they are discussing. This may help solve the most difficult issues among different cultures, countries orcommunities. Furthermore, for people who are friendly to each other, this mutual understanding can definitely strengthen the love and friendship between them.Both the speaker and the listener can do much to help gain mutual understanding. On the one hand, the speaker should try his best to express himself clearly, correctly, vividly and forcefully. On the other hand, the listener should also make every effort to be very attentive. Most importantly, both parties should take a friendly attitude towards the other side.Topic 12: Book Smart or Street Smart?There is a heated debate nowadays about which is better or more useful, to be book smart or street smart. People's opinions differ greatly over this topic. Some people believe to be book smart is way better. Many important fields like science and education need a great number of book-smart people. They can apply what they learn from books to their career. Others argue that true cleverness is not about how much you have learnt, but about how you deal with what you have learnt. Street-smart people can learn much from different experiences and can solve practical problems easily. They are much useful than book-smart people to some extent. As for me, there's no clear victor in the battle between street-smart people and book-smart ones. They both have their advantages, and our society require both. As a result, it's much better if we are both book smart and street smart.Topic 13: Due Attention Should Be Given to Spoken EnglishAs we all know, spoken English plays an important part in learning English. However, more and more students pay less attention to spoken English nowadays. There are two main reasons for this phenomenon. First, students would rather pay more attention to written English than spoken English because of pressure of exams. In order to enter a better school, students take efforts to improve their grades in examinations. As for English, exams mainly focus on the written part. Therefore, written English becomes students' priority. Furthermore, many students lack courage to speak English. Being afraid of making mistakes and thus losing face, many students dare not speakEnglish in public. In order to change this situation, the educational system should be reformed to keep a balance between written English and spoken English, and schools should pay more attention to the latter. And most importantly, students should be encouraged to make mistakes when speaking English. If they are self-confident, their spoken English is sure to improve.Topic 14: Volunteering ActivitiesWith the progress of society, the volunteer spirit has spread all over the country. More and more people are willing to be volunteers and take part in volunteering activities. Getting involved in volunteer work means a lot to our society. Firstly, you show loving care to others when you are doing volunteer work. You pass love and civilization on to others with your volunteer work, and make others feel that there are always people caring about them. This makes our society more harmonious. Secondly, people whom you help may be influenced by your good deed and follow your lead. As a result, all people may help and care about each other, which makes the world a better place to live in.Since volunteer work is so meaningful, we should call on more people to take part in volunteer activities. All young people are supposed to have the volunteer spirit and be active to do volunteer work.Topic 15: Keep Connected with ParentsMany parents feel confused that, once upon a time, their kids shared everything with them, but now they don't even look at them. With the development of modern society, it seems that more and more children aren't willing to communicate with their parents. There are several reasons for this phenomenon. For one thing, many kids think that they have nothing in common with their parents. What parents chatter about is study, which makes them bored. Thus, they prefer to communicate with friends. For another, they feel that their parents don't understand them at all. What they love to do is often against their parents' will and they can't get any support. As a result, the generation gap between parents and children become wider and wider. In order to change thissituation, both parents and children should work together. Parents should learn to be a good listener and respect their children's ideas, whereas children should keep connected with their parents actively.Topic 16: My View on Knowledge EconomyKnowledge economy, which emphasizes knowledge and people of talent, is gradually replacing the industrial economy and becoming the dominant economic form. It is playing a more and more important role in our economic life in recent years. Knowledge economy has fundamentally transformed our ways of work, business and education. To start with, with the development of knowledge economy, more and more people are transformed from traditional manufacturing industries to new fields such as the Internet and the computer science area. Secondly, knowledge economy has given rise to the boom of electronic commerce and online trade, so you can do business anytime and anywhere. Besides, people have to keep learning something new to adapt to this explosive knowledge society. In my opinion, we should insist on developing knowledge economy and make efforts to educate the young generation, to contribute to the progress of knowledge economy.Topic 17: The Impact of the Internet on EducationAs Internet application is becoming wider and wider, the Internet has already permeated traditional education and has tremendous impact on education. As a result, more and more people tend to choose online education. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. First, online learning breaks the limits of time and space traditional education encounters and provides flexible learning opportunities for all people. Second, with the online learning, one can learn lessons from the best teachers of top schools which one can't have access to traditionally. Third, online learning gives freedom to students, so they can schedule their study according to their own pace of learning. Finally online learning enables them to discuss with others and ask questions freely without seeing each other, which is perfect for shy people. In order to develop online learning, there should be more schools providing all kinds of onlinelessons for people who have different needs, and more people should seize these learning opportunities to enrich their knowledge.Topic 18: On DialectsThere is a controversial issue about whether dialects should be prohibited in public. Opinions vary greatly on this issue.Some deem that dialects should be forbidden in public. There are so many people with various dialects in public that if everybody just speaks their own dialects, it can easily lead to chaos. In order to avoid this situation, we have to choose mandarin as the official language, for it can be understood by most Chinese. However, others argue that everybody has the right to speak dialects. Local dialects have been used for thousands of years, and they are valued as part of the traditional culture. Therefore they shouldn't be abandoned randomly. In addition, dialects still enjoy popularity in the daily communication among people from the same place. From my perspective, local dialects should be maintained and they can be used in public as long as they do not cause misunderstanding among the audience. Moreover, we should take responsibility to preserve endangered dialects.Topic 19: The Benefits of Job InterviewsNowadays, if you apply for a job, you usually have togo through the job interview process. A job interview isan undoubtedly vital process in the course of applying for a job. Job interviews benefit both the interviewer and the candidate. On the one hand, the interviewer is able to get more information about the candidate beyond his resume, and to know what qualifications he has by judging from the performance in the interview. After examining the ability and personality, they can decide whether he is the right person for the position. On the other hand, the candidate can decide whether he takes this job after he gets general information about it, such as the income, working conditions, etc. Moreover, he can gain precious experience by taking part in interviews, which is good for the following interviews.Therefore, the interviewer should make effortsto improve the job interview process to select the best candidate, whereas the candidate should also get well prepared for a better job.Topic 20. My View on White LiesThe question about whether we should tell white lies in daily life has aroused an intense debate over these years. Different people have different opinions.Many believe that we need white lies. There are moments in our life when we have to tell lies. In order to avoid hurting others' feelings or to make others feel better, we often tell white lies instead of conveying the truth. White lies have magic power to give people much hope and warmth. For instance, when you tell lies to a patient who gets incurable disease, he can probably enjoy the rest of his days more peacefully. Others argued that no one should tell lies, no matter what kind of lies. A white lie is essentially a lie. Some people feel betrayed and even get more hurt once they find out the truth, which can wreck a relationship easily. As for me, whether we should tell white lies really depends. You'd better take into consideration what the occasion isand what the result may be.Topic 21: Should a Formal Distance Be Kept Between Students and Teachers?A good interpersonal relationship between teachers and students is vital for successful education.And what is a perfect teacher-student relationship like? Should there be a formal distance between them?The question has aroused much interest.For some, teachers and students should be friends, and there should be little distance between them. The teacher enjoys being treated as a friend by the student, and the student likes confiding in the teacher. Such a relationship is treasured especially by teenagers who are eager to grow up.However, others hold that there should always be a formal distance between the teacher and the student. They argue that only when the teacher keeps a distance from the student can he make fair judgments about all the students and avoid prejudice. In my opinion, the distance between the teacher and the student can best be adjusted according to the specific situation.There is no need to regulate a set distance between the two.Topic 22: Need We "Never Give Up"?When Wallace watched the spider fail six times in spinning a web and succeed at the seventh time, he realized that he should lead his Scottish people to fight against the English invaders for another time, and he, too, succeeded. Whenever we face some difficulties or suffer setbacks in our projects, we can always gain strength from the popular saying: "Never give up!"But need we never give up?Apparently there are always goals we cannever achieve. However hard we tried, we could not win the top prize in every contest; whatever treatment used, we may fail to lengthen the life of someone beloved. There are always frustrations, and some are just beyond us. It is thus wise to accept the reality, i.e. to give up sometimes.As college students, we need the saying "Never give up" to keep us going. But we also need to learn to come to terms with reality. When occasionally I heard news about some college students committing suicide, I said to myself, "If only they had learned to give up!" Topic 23: Work in the Countryside Many university graduates now volunteer to work in the countryside. It is reported that once hundreds of university graduates competed with one another to work as a village leader in Beijing. Many factors have contributed to this phenomenon. First, with more and more university students graduating each year, the job market competition becomes increasingly fierce, and many graduates cannot find jobs in the cities. Working in the countryside is better than being jobless. Second, the villages that are trying to employ university graduates are generally in the rich areas of the country, which makes working there an attractive choice. Third, some university graduates, being from the countryside, are eager to go back home to contribute to the construction of their hometown. With their knowledge and enthusiasm, they will play an important role in building the new countryside.Personally, I think university graduates should go to work where they are needed most and where they can make full use of their talents. Working in the countryside can be truly an advisable choice. Topic 24: Should Old People Stay at Home or Be Placed in Nursing Homes?Should old people stay with their children or go to the nursing homes?Some hold that old people should stay at home. For one thing, the young are obliged to repay the care and love they once received from the old. For another, the old may help with some housework and gain a sense of achievement, which is important for their mental and physical health. By contrast, some argue that old people should be placed in nursing homes, where they can not only have opportunities to communicate and have fun with their peers,but also be treated by professional doctors and nurses. Furthermore, with the old staying in nursing homes, the young may have more time and energy to devote to their own careers.In my view,the decision should be made with all factors fully considered. Above all, the opinion of the old should be respected. They themselves should be the ones who make the decision, not the young.。

结尾段落是否清楚地表明了文章试图说明的问题？
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一、教学重点概述
第（3）方面“句子”部分要注意：
每句话是否都与前后句子密切相关？
有无不必要的、可以删ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ的句子？
有无冗长、罗嗦的句子？
句子结构有无错误？
句子类型有无变化？
一、教学重点概述
第（4）方面“用词”上要注意：
有无选用与文章的题目或文章的问题风格不相适应的词？
三、试题例举
Learning new knowledge is most essential to human because it carries society forward. And self-study may enable us to do this. We may well ask: Who taught Edison to make over one thousand inventions in the past? Edison was poor when he was young. He had no money to support his schooling then. He had to go to work to make money for his living. Amazingly, his inventions were made through his whole life. Self-study made Edison success. Moreover, many famous writers in the world wrote masterpieces through their self-study. Like English writer Dickens, American writer Mark Twin and etc.， they make their contribution to the world.

11级普通本科类大学英语期末考试大纲第一篇：11级普通本科类大学英语期末考试大纲2012-2013学年度11级（本科）第二学期大学英语(新视界)考试大纲一．考试目的本学期举行的考试主要考核学生运用语言的能力，同时也考核考生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度。

二．考试范围考试范围主要是教学大纲所规定的本学期讲授的主要内容, 即《新视界大学英语综合教程Ⅳ》的Units 1,3,5,7, 《新视界大学英语视听说教程Ⅳ》的Units 1,3,5,7.三．考试时间考试时间为120分钟。

四．考试题型及分值分布第一部分：听力理解(Listening Comprehension)（分值20％）包括听力短对话（7％），长对话（3％），篇章（5％）及短文填空（5％）。

主要考查《视听说教程》里的练习。

第二部分：词汇与结构(Vocabulary and Structure)（分值20％）选择题（0.5’×10=5’），介副词填空（0.5’×10=5’），选词填空（1’×10=10’）第三部分：完型填空（Cloze）（分值10%0.5’×20=10’）第四部分：阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)（分值20％1’×20=20’）四篇仔细阅读，每篇各五小题。

第五部分：翻译（Translation）（分值15％1.5’×10=’15’）汉译英，英译汉各五句。

主要考察《综合教程》里的翻译练习。

第六部分：写作(Writing)（分值15％）此部分为短文写作，提纲式作文，体裁包括议论文、说明文等，不少于120个单词。

第二篇：2012级普通本科大学英语4期末考试题型2012级普通本科大学英语4期末考试（考试范围：UNIT 1－UNIT5）试题构成与分值：I.Writing(15%).(课外，题型参考CET4写作部分，15分)II.Listening comprehension.(35%)参考书目：听说教程4(35分) Section A: 15 short conversations.(15%)Section B: 2 long conversations.（10％）Section C: 2 passages.（10％）III.Reading comprehension.(40%)Section A: 3 passages.(30%)参考书目：《自主学习英语阅读教程第4册》（Part 2 Reading in Depth-Section BUnit1—5）2篇(20分)课外1篇（10分）Section B:(10%)（题型：选词填空，10个空）参考书目：读写教程4课后练习Ⅴ IV.Translation（汉译英）.(10%)参考书目：课外，题型参考CET4。

2011—2012学年第二学期大学英语2、4期末考试复习大纲通用题型：1、听力20％20道选择题，每题一分2、阅读理解20％4篇文章，20个问题，选择题，每题1分。

3、完型10％1段文字，10个空，选择题，每题1分4、词汇和结构10％10道选择题,每题1分5、翻译24％8句英译汉，4句汉译英，每题2分6、作文16％大学英语2复习大纲听力部分:《听说教程》第二册1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14单元(重点复习1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10单元)听力部分主要以听说教程B部分为主要考察内容综合部分以A课文及课后练习、综合训练教程为主要考察内容A类高班《新视野》第二册读写教程1、3、4、6、7、8、9、10单元（重点复习1、3、4、6、7、8、9单元）A类普班《新视野》第一册读写教程6、8、9、10单元;《新视野》第二册读写教程1、3单元(重点复习第一册读写教程6、8、9、10单元;《新视野》第二册读写教程1单元）B类高班《新视野》第二册读写教程6、7、8、9、10单元;《新视野》第三册读写教程1、2、3（重点复习《新视野》第二册读写教程6、7、8、9、10单元；《新视野》第二册读写教程1、2单元)B类普班《新视野》第二册读写教程1、3、4、6、7、8单元(重点复习《新视野》第二册读写教程1、3、4、6、7单元）C类高班《新视野》第二册读写教程6、7、8、9、10单元；《新视野》第三册读写教程1、2、3、4、5、7、8、9、10(重点复习《新视野》第二册读写教程8、9、10单元;《新视野》第三册读写教程1、2、3、4、5、7、8单元）C类普班《新视野》第二册读写教程1、3、4、6、7、8、9、10单元；《新视野》第三册读写教程1、2、3、4(重点复习第二册读写教程1、3、4、6、7、8、9、10单元)大英4期末考试（结业考试)复习大纲高班考新视野第三册读写教程5、7、8、9单元普班考新视野第三册读写教程1、3、4、5单元综合部分综合部分以A课文及课后练习为主要考察内容听力听说教程第三册8、9、10、11单元听力部分主要以听说教程B部分为主要考察内容艺术类大学英语2(艺术类）复习大纲一、阅读理解20％(四篇文章）二、完型填空20% （两段文字）三、单项选择10％（十个句子)四、翻译50% （十句汉译英，八段英译汉)重点复习综合教程第一册5、6、7、8单元A课文和A课文后的汉译英练习大学英语4（艺术类)复习大纲五、阅读理解20% （四篇文章）六、完型填空10％（一段文字）七、单项选择10% （十个句子）八、翻译60％（十句汉译英,八段英译汉）重点复习综合教程第二册5、6单元A课文和A课文后的汉译英练习。

大学英语期末写作专题复习by郭翊明PART 1一、开头常用语式(主题段的引入)As the proverb says…Many people believe that…It is generally believed that…It is well known that…No one can deny the fact thatThere are many arguments/opinions/views about二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）通常按重要程度排列，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。

1．表示“首先”first, firstly, first of all, to begin with2．表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“况且”second, secondly, and, besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, besides+名词短语，in addition to+名词短语3．表示“最后”finally, last, lastly4．表示“最重要的是” above all, most important of all，在跌降法里用last but not least 最后但并非最不重要的是。

5.表示“更严重的是”、“更糟糕的是” more serious, even worse, to make matter worse6. 表示“最为严重的是”、“最糟糕的是”most serious of all, worst of all⏹例如：⏹1）First of all, 论据1. More importantly,论据2. Most important of all,论据3. In summary,总结观点.⏹2)The advantages can be listed as follows：First,好处1. Besides,好处2.Most important of all, 好处3.⏹But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. Tobegin with,坏处1. To make matter worse,坏处2. Worst of all,坏处3.⏹3）For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least,论据3. To conclude, 总结观点或From above, we can predict that 预测.⏹4）First of all,论据1。

1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。

大学英语基础写作复习资料在大学英语学习的过程中，写作作为英语技能的重要部分，必然需要掌握。

然而，由于学习压力和英语水平的差异，有些同学在写作方面可能存在困难。

因此，本文将介绍一些大学英语基础写作复习资料，帮助同学们提高写作技能。

一、语法知识语法是写作的基础，同学们需要熟悉一些基础的语法知识。

例如，英语的主谓宾结构、时态、比较级和最高级等。

在写作中要注意主语与谓语的一致性、时态的正确使用、形容词和副词比较级最高级的运用等。

了解并遵守这些语法规则可以使句子更加精确和规范。

二、写作技巧写作技巧是指在撰写文章过程中避免一些常见错误和注意事项。

同学们需要了解一些基本的写作技巧，例如如何避免用词重复、避免语言表达的简单和单调、如何使用适当的转折词和连词等。

此外，需要注意文章的整体结构，例如标题、开头、中间和结尾等。

三、常用词汇词汇是写作中不可避免的重要内容。

同学们需要熟悉一些常用的词汇，如写作中常见的动词、形容词和副词等。

这些词汇可以有效地提高写作的表达能力和写作的精度。

四、阅读技能阅读是写作中提高自己语言和思维能力的必要手段。

同学们需要大量阅读英语文章，提高自己对于不同类型文章的理解和表达能力。

同时要注意摘要文章主要思想和对于文章重点的了解，有助于提高自己的阅读能力和写作能力。

五、写作练习除了掌握相关基础知识，实践也是提高写作能力的必要手段。

同学们要通过大量的写作练习，提高自己的表达能力和思维能力。

可以利用大学的写作课程或者英语学习群体进行交流和学习。

另外，自己也可以多写一些日常生活或习惯内容，以巩固其所学习到的知识，提高自己的写作能力。

六、总结大学英语基础写作的复习资料包含语法、写作技巧、常用词汇，或者阅读技能等方面，对同学们提高自己的写作能力可以有非常大的帮助。

然而，更重要的是在学习语言时多加练习，不断提升自己阅读和写作能力，以达到熟练运用英语能力的水平。

《大学写作》复习大纲第一章主题1．掌握“主题”的含义及作用2．熟练掌握主题的要求，并能运用于写作实践之中正确、深刻、集中3．熟悉在写作实践中提炼、限制、深化主题的方法并能应用于写作实践中揭示事物的本质、规律；新颖，见人所不能见，发人所未曾发。

大处着眼，小处着手，以小见大。

挖掘其思想和理论深度，更具思想哲理深度，体现社会意义，更具现实指导作用4．了解“主题先行”与“意在笔先”的区别5．了解应用写作主题生成的两大特点第二章、材料1．了解材料的含义及其构成，并能区分材料与题材、素材等概念的区别2．了解应用写作的材料与文学写作的材料的四个不同特点3．了解搜集材料的方法，逐步积累写作材料4．熟练掌握选择材料的三个基本原则，并运用于写作和阅读实践中真实、典型、新颖5．掌握准确认识材料的性质与价值的方法，正确选择材料6．了解写作中运用材料的技巧，并能运用于写作实践中第三章、结构1．了解结构一词的含义及作用2．了解应用类文章与文学类文章在结构上的不同特点3．熟练掌握写作中锻炼思路的四种方法（包括开拓思路、组织思路的方法）拓展法、挖掘法、控制法、梳理法4．运用锻炼思路的知识有效地拓展、组织写作思路5．了解思路组织的要求，并能将有关知识熟练运用于写作和阅读实践。

6．掌握文章思路组织的几种常见模式，并能运用于写作实践之中。

第四章、语言1．熟悉语言对于写作的重要性，锤炼良好的写作语言2．熟悉汉语写作的语言资源，熟悉文言、现代汉语、方言俗语三种不同语言资源的长处与短处，并能有效地加以整合，根据不同文体的写作要求熟练地使用写作语言3.了解积累写作语言的方法，熟悉“内语言”、外语言“的概念。

内语言：指写作者的内在语言，它存在于写作者的思维、感悟体验之中，表现在文章中，则体现为文章语感、文气、情调（如哀婉、高亢、激昂、幽默、诙谐、达观、悲戚等等）。

外语言：指写作者外在的语言表现，体现为作者对字、词、句、标点符号选择、使用方面。

大学英语III（2）期末复习指导四、备考及考试中应注意的问题大学英语III（2）课程终结考试重在检验考生听、说、读、写、译的综合技能。

命题原则是：根据教材所涵盖的交际功能、语言项目以及与教材难度相当的听力和书面语言材料命题，涉及教材内容不少于50%。

学生在平时的学习中，要扎扎实实地学好教材中的内容，认真完成每个单元的学习目标。

在备考复习时，要注意熟悉考试的各类题型。

第一部分听力理解考题形式与大学英语III（1）相同，有听对话和听短文两部分构成。

对话及问题放两遍。

在考听力时，学生要充分利用录音中所提供的“读题”时间，进行提前预测。

在拿到考题后，应快速浏览题目，并将自己已知的背景知识与将要听到的信息内容联系起来，另外还要特别注意测试题中传递重要信息的关键词，这样就做到了听前心中有数。

这部分要求考生熟悉各个单元中的Listening and Speaking以及Self-Assessment中的所有短文和对话。

第二部分词汇与结构这部分要求考生重点掌握Ａ篇短文中的常用词组，课后练习和各个单元Self-Assessment 中的词汇与结构（Structure and V ocabulary）部分。

复习面要宽，复习知识点包括：１．时态２．语态３．语序４．词汇使用和搭配（习语、动词短语以及动词、名词、形容词与介词、副词的搭配）５．主谓一致６．从句有关连接词的选择７．动词不定式、动名词用法以及意义８．比较结构的使用、复杂句型的理解第三部分阅读理解考题形式为多项选择，阅读总量为1000~1200词之间。

在考试中做阅读理解题时，阅读速度是非常关键的。

而要提高阅读速度，最重要的是在平时就培养好的习惯。

如果在平时的学习中总是采取逐词逐句、甚至句句翻译成汉语的细读形式，在考试的有限时间内，很可能没有够的时间读完试卷上的阅读材料。

正确的方式是先快速浏览文章的内容，了解大意。

在浏览时，注意发现主题句、关键句。

浏览后带着需要回答的问题再到文章中的相应部分查寻所需要的信息、事实、细节。

选题范围及选题要求：
①文学类
文学评论是指运用科学的文艺学理论和方法对作品、作家、文学思潮与流派、文学史、文学批评现状进行分析、评述的文章。文学评论文章应建立在对所分析、评述的对象，特别是文学文本的正确理解、把握、解读的基础上，通过具体、细致、深入的分析与研究提出令人信服的、言之成理的结论。对文学评论类论文要求运用辨证唯物主义与历史唯物主义的学术思想，要求具有中国读者的评论视角与立场。
③语言教学研究类
语言教学类论文重在对语言教学理论和实践的研究，用于对教与学两个重要过程的探讨。这类论文可以研究教师的语言讲授方法，学生的语言学习方法，语言教材从形式到内容的探讨，教学法的研究，学生语言错误的分析研究，教育现代化技术手段的使用和开发，教师、学生在教学过程中的心理研究，母语与外语教学比较研究，第一外语与第二外语学习习得研究，因材施教原则在语言教学中的应用等，应大力提倡学生结合自己的学习实践，认真探讨适合我国国情的外语教学方法的分析研究。
文学评论类论文的形式可以是：作品论，作家论，文学思潮或流派论，断代文学史论，文学批评介绍等。文学评论可采用不同的方法进行：可以是社会历史学的，美学与诗学的，也可以是比较的，文化学的等等。
②语言及语言学研究类
以语言及语言学作为研究对象是外语专业毕业论文的主要内容之一。纯语言研究无论在理论知识的准备上，还是在语料的收集上对本科学生都有很大的难度，不宜提倡。毕业论文可以在语言结构(语音、语法、词汇、语篇等)，语言运用(独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等)，语言文化(文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等)、两种语言对比等领域进行比较实用性的研究，这种研究相对容易，也有利于加深学生对语言的理解mes
New
Roman
16号字，居中）
2.
目录（Table

Sentence fragments：句子碎片：sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。

When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop （period，exclamation point，or question mark）at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿（句号，感叹号，问号），他被称为句子片段A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正a. by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子b. by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写Any verbless or subjectless fragment of a sentence ，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。