There is a strong historical religious connection

介绍中国名胜古迹明信片英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introduction to Famous Historical Sites in China PostcardsChina is a country with a rich history and a diverse culture, which is reflected in its numerous famous historical sites. From majestic palaces to ancient temples, from stunning natural landscapes to impressive monuments, China's historical sites attract millions of visitors from around the world every year. One popular way to share the beauty of these sites with others is through postcards. In this article, we will introduce some of China's most famous historical sites and the postcards that capture their essence.The Great WallOne of the most iconic symbols of China, the Great Wall is a must-see attraction for visitors to the country. Stretching over 13,000 miles, the Great Wall was built over centuries to protect China from invasions by its enemies. Postcards of the Great Wall often feature its winding path along mountain ridges, with the vast expanse of the Chinese landscape in the background. TheGreat Wall postcards are popular souvenirs for tourists to bring home and share with friends and family.The Terracotta ArmyLocated in the city of Xi'an, the Terracotta Army is another famous historical site in China. Discovered in 1974, the Terracotta Army consists of thousands of life-sized statues of soldiers and horses buried with the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Postcards of the Terracotta Army often showcase the impressive scale of the statues, with their intricate details and facial expressions. These postcards are popular with history buffs and art enthusiasts alike.The Forbidden CitySituated in the heart of Beijing, the Forbidden City is a sprawling complex of palaces and courtyards that served as the imperial palace for Chinese emperors for over 500 years. Postcards of the Forbidden City typically feature the intricate architecture, colorful decorations, and majestic gates of this opulent complex. These postcards are popular gifts for those interested in Chinese history and culture.The Li RiverFor those who prefer natural landscapes, the Li River in Guilin is a stunning destination in China. Surrounded by towering limestone cliffs, lush bamboo forests, and picturesque villages, the Li River is a favorite among photographers and nature enthusiasts. Postcards of the Li River often showcase the serene beauty of the landscape, with its mist-covered mountains and crystal-clear waters. These postcards are perfect for those looking to capture the tranquility of the Chinese countryside.The Potala PalaceLocated in Lhasa, Tibet, the Potala Palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the former residence of the Dalai Lama. Perched on a hill overlooking the city, the Potala Palace is a masterpiece of Tibetan architecture, with its white walls, golden roofs, and intricate frescoes. Postcards of the Potala Palace often highlight its grandeur and spiritual significance, making them popular among travelers seeking a glimpse into Tibet's rich culture and history.In conclusion, China's famous historical sites are a testament to the country's rich heritage and enduring legacy. Postcards offer a convenient and beautiful way to share the beauty and history of these sites with others. Whether you are a history buff, an art enthusiast, or a nature lover, there is a postcard of afamous Chinese historical site that will capture your imagination and inspire your wanderlust. So why not pick up a few postcards on your next trip to China and share the wonders of this ancient land with your friends and family?篇2Introduction to Chinese Famous Scenic Spots PostcardsChina, as one of the oldest civilizations in the world, boasts a rich history and cultural heritage. Its numerous famous scenic spots and historic sites attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year. To commemorate these iconic places, many postcard manufacturers create stunning postcards featuring these famous scenic spots and ancient relics. In this article, we will introduce some of China's most popular scenic spots on postcards.1. The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. Stretching over 13,000 miles, it is the longest wall ever built in human history. The Great Wall was originally built to protect China from invading nomadic tribes and has since become a symbol of China's enduring strength and resilience. Postcards featuring the Great Wall often showcase itsmajestic beauty and grandeur, with stunning views of the wall stretching across rugged mountain terrain.2. The Forbidden CityLocated in the heart of Beijing, the Forbidden City was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties for over 500 years. With its intricate architecture, elegant courtyards, and magnificent halls, the Forbidden City is a true masterpiece of Chinese architecture. Postcards featuring the Forbidden City often capture its intricate details, vibrant colors, and rich cultural significance.3. The Terracotta ArmyDiscovered in 1974 in Xi'an, the Terracotta Army is a collection of over 8,000 life-sized terracotta warriors, horses, and chariots buried with the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Each warrior is unique, with different facial expressions, hairstyles, and weapons, reflecting the skill and craftsmanship of ancient Chinese artisans. Postcards featuring the Terracotta Army often highlight the intricate details of the warriors and theawe-inspiring scale of the underground army.4. The Li RiverThe Li River, located in Guilin, is famous for its stunning karst landscape, with limestone peaks rising dramatically from the water's edge. Cruising down the Li River is a popular tourist activity, allowing visitors to admire the picturesque scenery of rice paddies, bamboo groves, and traditional villages along the way. Postcards featuring the Li River capture its tranquil beauty, with images of misty mountains reflected in the crystal-clear waters.5. The Potala PalaceLocated in Lhasa, Tibet, the Potala Palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the former winter residence of the Dalai Lama. With its towering walls, golden roofs, and intricate murals, the Potala Palace is a masterpiece of Tibetan architecture and religious art. Postcards featuring the Potala Palace often showcase its stunning beauty and spiritual significance, with images of monks praying, colorful prayer flags fluttering in the wind, and the vast Himalayan landscape in the background.In conclusion, Chinese famous scenic spots postcards are not only beautiful souvenirs but also windows to China's rich history, culture, and natural beauty. Whether you are a seasoned traveler or an armchair explorer, these postcards offer a glimpse into the diverse and enchanting world of China's iconic landmarks.篇3China is a country with a rich history and culture, filled with numerous famous landmarks and scenic spots. One popular way for tourists to remember their visit to these famous sites is by collecting postcards. These postcards not only serve as a memento of their trip, but also provide a glimpse into the beauty and history of China's famous landmarks.One of the most iconic landmarks in China is the Great Wall. Stretching over 13,000 miles, the Great Wall is a symbol of China's ancient civilization and ingenuity. The wall was built over several centuries to protect China from invaders and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Postcards of the Great Wall often feature its majestic towers and winding paths, capturing the awe-inspiring beauty of this historic site.Another must-see destination in China is the Forbidden City in Beijing. Once the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Forbidden City is now a museum that showcases China's imperial history. Postcards of the Forbidden City often depict its grand architecture, intricate artwork, and expansive courtyards, giving viewers a glimpse into the opulence of China's past rulers.The Terracotta Army in Xi'an is another famous site in China that attracts visitors from around the world. Discovered in 1974, the Terracotta Army consists of thousands of life-sized clay soldiers and horses that were buried with China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang. Postcards of the Terracotta Army showcase the intricate details of each soldier, capturing the artistry and craftsmanship of ancient China.One of China's natural wonders is the Li River in Guilin. Known for its stunning karst mountains and crystal-clear waters, the Li River is a popular destination for tourists seeking a serene escape from city life. Postcards of the Li River often feature the picturesque landscape of karst peaks reflected in the tranquil waters, creating a sense of peace and tranquility.China is also home to the iconic Yellow Mountains, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its unique granite peaks, pine forests, and hot springs. Postcards of the Yellow Mountains often showcase the mist-shrouded peaks, winding paths, and ancient stone steps, capturing the mystical beauty of this natural wonder.In conclusion, China's famous landmarks and scenic spots are not only a testament to its rich history and culture, but also a source of inspiration for travelers around the world. Collectingpostcards of these iconic sites is a wonderful way to commemorate a trip to China and to share the beauty and history of these places with others. Whether it's the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Terracotta Army, the Li River, or the Yellow Mountains, each postcard tells a unique story of China's timeless beauty and heritage.。

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）Unit 21Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance(异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of year.Most important, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates(灵长目动物)some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign(宜人的)global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern or climate change in the pastreveals that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.21. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement22. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate .A) is going through a fundamental changeB)has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical change23. Scientists believe that human evolution .A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes24. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that .A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth’s environmentB) Earth’s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth’s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth’s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future25. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that .A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess（公爵夫人）Of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue.The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it.I myself haveFantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for thebetter—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldn’t be bad either, but that won’t happen unlessan unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result isthat being fat－or even only somewhat overweight－is bad because it implies a lackof moralstrength.Our obsession(迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber —than a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get(or already are)thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory(虚荣)。

Book1 Unit 1时间：2021.03.04 创作：欧阳地1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with aclass-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people. 3.A history of invasions: (1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8thcentury, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween asan indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england. (4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history asa unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged.(2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politicallyinto the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. 6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens.(2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of thekey markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority(about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were neverlost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces. 3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demandfor political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutionalprinciples.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort toreassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeoisrepublican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, whenmedieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutionaldocuments.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive,an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship withgovernment, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds. Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: Voters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. Voting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government. 2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats. Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus thedifference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protecting individual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth.(2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longerstories, covering national and international events.(3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.(5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII.(2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its nationalwealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones. (5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979: A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme ofprivatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. (3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing. How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf"Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando";wrence "Sons and Lovers" andE.M.Forster "aPassage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system?Please comment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect socialclass?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class, 3.What are the major changes that have taken place sinceWorld War II? Is British education moving towardsmore progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war.So with the help of the church and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 educationact made entry to secondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by thegovernment.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britainhave rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well intheir A-levels and receive a fully-funded place ina university. And when they graduate, they can becomevery influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do youthink of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications.They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanksto the system, tens of thousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year.And this has improve the equality in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did theBritain react to this reality? How did the end ofBritish imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longerafford to maintain its empire; while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs.People and territory should not just be treated asa source of economic resources for the ruling centersof commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember whenBritain was one of the most powerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, britishpolicy makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and pointto many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreignpolicy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history m ade the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does thegovernment’s foreign policy represent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the generaldirection of Britain’s foreign policy. Th e main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions.。

中国和西方国家的节日差异英语作文In China, traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival, Tomb Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival are commonly celebrated. The Spring Festival, also known as Chinese New Year, is the most important and widely celebrated festival in China. Families come together for reunion dinners, exchange red envelopes, and set off fireworks to welcome the new year. During the Tomb Sweeping Day, people pay respects to their ancestors by cleaning their tombs and offering food and paper money. The Dragon Boat Festival is marked by dragon boat races and the eating of sticky rice dumplings. The Mid-Autumn Festival is a time for family gatherings and eating mooncakes while admiring thefull moon.In contrast, Western countries have their own set of traditional festivals, such as Christmas, Easter,Thanksgiving, and Halloween. Christmas is a major holiday in Western countries, characterized by the exchange of gifts, festive decorations, and family gatherings. Easter is a religious holiday that celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ, often marked by church services and Easter egg hunts. Thanksgiving is a time for families to come together and give thanks for the blessings of the past year, often accompanied by a large feast. Halloween is a time for dressing up in costumes, trick-or-treating, and decorating homes with spooky themes.One key difference between Chinese and Western festivals is the emphasis on family and tradition. In China, festivals are often a time for families to come together and observe age-old customs and rituals. There is a strong sense of reverence for ancestors and the passing down of cultural heritage. In Western countries, festivals also involve family gatherings, but they are often less focused on traditional customs and more on socializing and entertainment.Another difference is the religious significance of certain festivals. Many Western festivals have religious origins and are still observed with a degree of religious reverence. In contrast, Chinese festivals are often rooted in traditional culture and mythology, with less emphasis on religious practices.Additionally, the way festivals are celebrated also differs between China and Western countries. Chinesefestivals often involve specific activities and customs, such as eating certain foods, performing traditional dances, or participating in ceremonial rituals. Western festivals, on the other hand, often involve more varied forms of celebration, such as gift-giving, feasting, and public events like parades and fireworks.Overall, while there are some similarities in the way festivals are celebrated in both China and Western countries, there are also notable differences in terms of culturalsignificance, religious influence, and the specific customs and traditions associated with each festival. These differences reflect the unique cultural and historical backgrounds of each region, and contribute to the richness and diversity of global festival traditions.。

反政教分离主义英语“反政教分离主义”：Anti - separation of church and state - ism （此处“ - ism”表示“主义”，是一种构词方式）。

一、单词1. separation- 英语释义：the act or state of dividing or keeping things apart.- 用法：常与介词“of”搭配，如“separation of powers”（权力分立）。

- 双语例句：The separation of the two substances is very difficult.（这两种物质的分离非常困难。

）2. church- 英语释义：a building used for public Christian worship; the body of all Christians.- 用法：可作名词，如“go to church”（去教堂做礼拜，这里church表示教堂这个场所，不加定冠词；表示教会组织时，前面可加定冠词the）。

- 双语例句：There is a beautiful church in the town center.（镇中心有一座美丽的教堂。

）3. state- 英语释义：a nation or territory considered as an organized politicalmunity under one government; a condition or way of being that exists at a particular time.- 用法：作名词时，如“a democratic state”（一个民主国家）；作动词时，有“陈述，说明”的意思，如“state one's opinion”（陈述某人的意见）。

- 双语例句：The state has made great efforts in environmental protection.（这个国家在环境保护方面做出了很大努力。

Unit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and CulturalContextChina, with its rich and diverse history, has been home to a variety of religious and philosophical beliefs that have shaped the nation's culture and values. In this unit, we will explore the major religions and philosophies that have influenced Chinese society throughout the ages.1. ConfucianismConfucianism, founded the great philosopher Confucius in the 6th century BCE, is not a religion in the traditional sense, but rather a moral and ethical philosophy that has profoundly impacted Chinese culture. At its core, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of relationships, respect for authority, and the pursuit of virtues such as benevolence, integrity, and propriety.The Five Relationships, as outlined Confucius, govern the interactions between individuals in society: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. These relationships are based on mutual respect and the fulfillment of one's role in society.2. TaoismTaoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious and philosophical tradition that originated in China around the same time as Confucianism. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, is credited with writing the "Dao De Jing," which outlines the principles of the Tao (the Way). Taoism emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with the natural world and espouses the concept of wu wei (nonaction).Taoism teaches that the Tao is the source of allexistence and that understanding and following itsprinciples, individuals can achieve balance, tranquility, and spiritual enlightenment. Taoist practices, such as meditation, breathing exercises, and the pursuit of immortality, haveleft a lasting impact on Chinese culture.3. BuddhismBuddhism was introduced to China from India during theHan Dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE) and quickly became one of the major religions in the country. Buddhism offers a path to enlightenment through the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama,the Buddha. Central to Buddhist philosophy is the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which guide followers towardthe alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana.4. Chinese Folk ReligionsChinese folk religions, also known as Shenism or traditional Chinese religion, are a collection of local beliefs, practices, and rituals that have been passed down through generations. These religions often revolve around the worship of ancestors, local deities, and natural phenomena. Chinese folk religions coexist with the major religions, and many Chinese people practice a blend of these beliefs.5. NeoConfucianismUnit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and Cultural Context (Continued)6. The Intersection of Philosophy and Daily LifeThe philosophical underpinnings of Chinese culture are not confined to the intellectual sphere; they are deeply integrated into the daily lives of the people. For instance, the concept of Yin and Yang, which originates from Taoist philosophy, is often applied to explain the balance and harmony in various aspects of life, from health and wellness to architecture and design. The principle of the Golden Mean, a Confucian ideal, guides individuals to seek moderation and avoid extremes in their actions and thoughts.7. The Role of Philosophy in Art and LiteratureChinese literature and art are imbued with philosophical ideas that reflect the values and aesthetics of the society. Poems, novels, and paintings often explore themes of nature,the transience of life, and the pursuit of the Tao. The works of famous poets like Li Bai and Du Fu are replete with references to Taoist and Confucian ideals. Similarly, traditional Chinese landscape paintings often seek to capture the essence of the Tao through the depiction of natural landscapes.8. The Impact of Philosophy on Government and SocietyThe philosophical systems of Confucianism and Legalism have had a profound impact on the governance of China throughout its history. Confucianism's emphasis on moral leadership and the cultivation of virtue influenced the development of the imperial examination system, which selecting government officials based on their knowledge of Confucian classics. Legalism, on the other hand, with its focus on strict laws and centralized control, has been a recurring theme in Chinese political thought, particularly during times of instability or when strong central authority was needed.9. The Evolution of Religious PracticesChinese religious practices have evolved over time, often blending elements from different traditions. For example, many Chinese people practice a syncretic form of religionthat includes elements of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, along with local deities and ancestors. Temples and shrinesdedicated to various deities can be found across the country, where people go to pay respects, seek blessings, and engagein rituals that are a mix of religious and cultural traditions.10. The Modern ContextIn the modern era, religious and philosophical beliefs in China have been influenced the rapid social and economic changes the country has undergone. The Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s saw a significant suppression ofreligious practices, but in the aftermath, there has been a revival of traditional beliefs and a growing interest in spirituality among the Chinese people. This resurgence is not without its challenges, as the government continues to maintain strict control over religious institutions.Unit 12: Religion and Philosophy in Chinese Historical and Cultural Context (Continued)11. The哲Role of Philosophy in EducationPhilosophical teachings have long been a cornerstone of Chinese education. From the earliest times, children were taught the values and principles of Confucianism, which emphasized respect for elders, loyalty, and the importance of learning. The classical texts, such as the "Analects" and the "Great Learning," were central to the curriculum in ancient China. This educational philosophy fostered a society whereknowledge and the pursuit of wisdom were highly valued, and scholars were revered.12. The Spiritual Dimension of Chinese Religions13. The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on East Asian CulturesThe philosophical and religious ideas that originated in China have spread throughout East Asia, influencing the cultures of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The Confucian values of filial piety and social harmony are evident in the family structures and social norms of these countries. Similarly, Buddhist teachings have taken root in various forms across the region, shaping the artistic, literary, and moral landscapes of these societies.14. The Philosophical Response to Modern Challenges15. The Future of Religion and Philosophy in China。

对中西方婚礼文化差异的看法英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Weddings - A Clash of CulturesMarriage is a universal concept that exists across cultures and societies around the world. However, the way weddings are celebrated can vary greatly depending on traditions, religions, and cultural norms. As an international student, I have had the opportunity to witness and learn about the distinct differences between Western and Chinese wedding customs. This exposure has given me a unique perspective on the contrasting values and symbolism surrounding this significant life event.Growing up in China, I was immersed in the rich tapestry of traditional Chinese wedding rituals and ceremonies. From an early age, I understood the profound importance placed on honoring one's ancestors, respecting hierarchies, and adhering to longstanding customs. The Chinese wedding process is a complex affair, often spanning multiple days and involving numerous symbolic acts.One of the most striking differences between Chinese and Western weddings lies in the concept of individual choice versus familial obligation. In Chinese culture, marriages were historically arranged by parents or elders, with the primary goal being to unite two families and ensure the continuation of the family lineage. While modern times have brought more freedom in partner selection, the involvement and approval of families remain crucial. Extensive negotiations between the two families, discussions of dowries, and the exchange of betrothal gifts are still common practices.In contrast, Western weddings tend to place a greater emphasis on the individual choices and romantic love between the two partners. The decision to marry is primarily a personal one, with families playing a supportive rather than a deciding role. The couple's autonomy in selecting their partner and planning their wedding ceremony is highly valued.Another significant contrast lies in the symbolism and rituals surrounding the wedding day itself. In Chinese weddings, the bride's attire holds deep symbolic meaning. The traditional red qipao (or cheongsam) dress, adorned with intricate embroidery and phoenix motifs, represents luck, prosperity, and fertility. The bride's face is typically painted with distinctive white makeup,symbolizing purity and innocence. These traditions stem from ancient beliefs and superstitions that are still upheld today.Western wedding attire, on the other hand, tends to be more simplistic and focused on personal style and preference. The white wedding dress, while carrying its own symbolic meaning of purity and new beginnings, is a relatively modern tradition dating back to the Victorian era. The emphasis is often on the bride's individual beauty and the expression of her unique personality through her dress and accessory choices.The ceremonies themselves also exhibit stark contrasts. Chinese weddings are steeped in rituals and customs that have been passed down for generations. From the traditional tea ceremony, where the newlyweds serve tea to their elders as a sign of respect and gratitude, to the intricate hairstyling and makeup rituals for the bride, each aspect holds profound cultural significance.Western weddings, while often incorporating religious or cultural elements, tend to be more flexible and adaptable to the couple's personal preferences. The ceremony itself may be religious or secular, and the couple has more freedom to incorporate personal touches, such as personalized vows, uniquereadings, or non-traditional elements that reflect their individual styles and values.Beyond the wedding day itself, the concept of post-marital living arrangements also differs between the two cultures. In traditional Chinese society, it was common for newlyweds to reside with the groom's family, adhering to the patriarchal structure. This living arrangement aimed to strengthen family bonds and ensure the continuation of the family line. While this practice has become less prevalent in modern times, the value placed on filial piety and maintaining close family ties remains strong.In contrast, Western couples often prioritize establishing their own independent households after marriage. This reflects the emphasis on individual autonomy and the formation of a new nuclear family unit separate from their respective families of origin. While family support and connections are still valued, there is a greater focus on developing a distinct identity as a couple.Despite these contrasts, both Chinese and Western wedding traditions share a common thread: the celebration of love, commitment, and the union of two individuals. However, thecultural lens through which this momentous occasion is viewed and commemorated varies significantly.As an international student exposed to these diverse cultural perspectives, I have developed a deep appreciation for the richness and complexity of wedding traditions around the world. Each custom, ritual, and symbolism reflects the unique values, beliefs, and histories of the cultures from which they originate.While the contrasts between Chinese and Western wedding practices may seem stark, they also present an opportunity for cultural exchange and understanding. By acknowledging and respecting these differences, we can gain insights into the diverse ways in which love and commitment are celebrated across societies. Ultimately, weddings serve as a powerful reminder of the universal human experience of forming lasting unions, while also honoring the distinct cultural tapestries that make these celebrations unique and meaningful.As I navigate my own path towards marriage, I find myself reflecting on the ways in which I can incorporate elements from both my Chinese heritage and my Western experiences. Perhaps a fusion of traditions, a harmonious blend of old and new, can create a ceremony that truly reflects the multifaceted nature of my identity and values.In a globalized world, where cultures intersect and intertwine, weddings serve as a vibrant canvas for cross-cultural exchange and understanding. By embracing the diversity of these traditions, we can celebrate not only the union of two individuals but also the coming together of rich cultural heritages, paving the way for a more connected and inclusive society.篇2The Contrasting Worlds of Eastern and Western Wedding TraditionsWeddings are a pivotal celebration in cultures across the globe, marking the union of two souls and the beginning of a new chapter in life. However, the way these joyous occasions are commemorated can vary vastly between Eastern and Western societies, each steeped in its unique traditions and customs. As a student fascinated by cross-cultural studies, I've had the privilege of witnessing and learning about these contrasting wedding practices, and I can't help but marvel at the richness and diversity they represent.One of the most striking differences lies in the significance placed on the wedding ceremony itself. In many Western cultures, the wedding ceremony is the centerpiece of thecelebration, often held in grand venues like churches or banquet halls. Couples exchange vows before family and friends, symbolizing their commitment to one another in a formal and public manner. The emphasis is on the romantic love between the two individuals and the legal and religious sanctity of their union.In contrast, Eastern wedding ceremonies, while still significant, are often more subdued affairs, with greater focus placed on the rituals and traditions surrounding the event. For instance, in Chinese weddings, the tea ceremony holds deep cultural significance, where the newlyweds serve tea to their elders as a sign of respect and gratitude. This act symbolizes the couple's entry into the family and their commitment to upholding familial values.Another notable difference lies in the role of family and community in the wedding festivities. In many Eastern societies, weddings are not just a union of two individuals but a joining of two families. The involvement of extended family members, from planning to execution, is paramount. Elders often play a significant role in guiding the couple through the various rituals and offering blessings. In contrast, Western weddings tend to bemore couple-centric, with the couple taking the lead in planning and decision-making, although family involvement is still valued.The attire worn by the bride and groom is another area where cultural differences are prominently displayed. In Western weddings, the traditional white gown and tuxedo are ubiquitous, symbolizing purity and elegance. However, in many Eastern cultures, the bride's attire is a vibrant tapestry of colors, intricate embroidery, and ornate designs, each carrying deep cultural significance. For instance, in Indian weddings, the bride's brightly colored sari or lehenga is not just a fashion statement but a reflection of the region's rich textile heritage and symbolism.The culinary experience at weddings is another aspect that showcases the diversity of cultural traditions. Western weddings often feature a formal sit-down dinner or a buffet spread, with dishes reflecting篇3The Stark Contrasts Between Eastern and Western Wedding TraditionsAs a young student fascinated by the richness of diverse cultures around the world, I have always been intrigued by the stark contrasts between Eastern and Western wedding traditions.These disparities, deeply rooted in the distinct historical, religious, and societal contexts of each region, unveil a captivating tapestry of beliefs, customs, and values that shape one of the most sacred rituals of human existence – the union of two souls.In the East, particularly in countries like China, India, and Japan, weddings are often grand, multi-day affairs steeped in ancient traditions and symbolism. The ceremonies are imbued with a profound sense of spirituality, where every aspect holds deep significance and meaning. For instance, in traditional Chinese weddings, the bride adorns a vibrant red dress, symbolizing luck, fertility, and prosperity. The intricate tea ceremony, where the newlyweds serve tea to their elders, is a gesture of respect and an acknowledgment of the couple's newfound responsibilities within the family.Eastern weddings are not merely a union of two individuals but a celebration of the merging of two families. The involvement of extended relatives and the emphasis on filial piety are deeply ingrained in these cultures. Elaborate rituals, such as the Indian "Sangeet" (a night of music and dance) and the Chinese "Door Games" (playful tests for the groom to provehis worthiness), serve to strengthen the bond between the two families and ensure a harmonious transition into married life.In contrast, Western weddings, while still cherished and celebrated, tend to be more intimate affairs focused on the couple's personal preferences and individual expression. The religious or secular ceremony is often the centerpiece, with traditions varying based on cultural or religious backgrounds. For instance, Christian weddings may feature the exchange of rings, symbolizing eternal love and commitment, while Jewish ceremonies involve the symbolic breaking of a glass to commemorate the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.One of the most striking differences lies in the concept of individualism, which is more prevalent in Western cultures. Couples have greater flexibility in crafting their wedding day according to their unique tastes and styles. From the choice of venue and attire to the selection of music and decorations, the emphasis is on creating an event that reflects the couple's personalities and shared vision.Moreover, Western weddings tend to place a stronger emphasis on the romantic love between the couple, rather than the joining of families. The vows exchanged during the ceremony often highlight the couple's deep affection, commitment, andshared dreams for the future. The reception that follows is typically a lively celebration, with dancing, toasts, and heartfelt speeches from close friends and family members.Despite these contrasts, both Eastern and Western weddings share a universal thread – the profound symbolism of two individuals embarking on a lifelong journey together. The rituals, customs, and traditions, however diverse, serve as a tapestry woven with love, respect, and the hope for a prosperous future.As I continue to explore the rich tapestry of cultural diversity, I am constantly reminded of the beauty that lies in embracing and understanding the differences that make our world so vibrant and fascinating. Whether it's the color。

初二英语历史名胜古迹单选题50题1. The Great Wall, which is one of the most famous historical sites in China, ______ thousands of years ago.A. was builtB. builtC. has been builtD. is built答案：A。

解析：本题考查被动语态的用法。

长城是被建造的，所以要用被动语态，排除B选项，B选项是主动形式。

句中有明确的时间状语thousands of years ago，表示过去的时间，要用一般过去时的被动语态，结构是was/were+过去分词，主语The Great Wall是单数，所以用was built。

C选项has been built是现在完成时的被动语态，不符合句子的时间要求。

D选项is built是一般现在时的被动语态，也不符合时间要求。

2. The Forbidden City, located in Beijing, ______ a large number of ancient buildings.A. containsB. includesC. consistsD. composes答案：A。

解析：本题考查表示包含的几个动词的辨析。

contain 强调包含的内容或成分，这里指故宫包含大量古建筑，符合语境。

include表示包括作为整体的一部分，更多侧重于范围。

consist常和of 搭配，表示由组成。

compose表示组成，常用be composed of结构，这里用法都不符合。

3. The Terracotta Army in Xi'an was discovered ______ accident.A. byB. inC. atD. with答案：A。

解析：本题考查固定短语by accident，意思是偶然地，其他介词in、at、with都不能和accident构成这个短语。

根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料Chapter 11.What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2.What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1.Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.Translation;coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2.Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages oflanguage change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3.Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of Englandwas re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite anumber of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter31.What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme;free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such asderivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth, sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words;derivation派生法; is the process by which new words areformed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).Such as; self+less→selfless, self+less+ly→selflessly, un+self+ish→unselfish.compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation.A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destructionconversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as”zero derivation,”which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.Such as; water n, v. bottle→t o bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. n→vblending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog, spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder, blog→web+log, brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+ estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care, newscast→news+ broadcast, nightscape→night + landscape, paratroops→ parachute+ troops伞兵,back formation逆构法；is a process of creating a new word out of an existing word which is mistakenly assumed to be in derivative; a supposed suffix of a longer word is removed. Such as; babysit from babysitting, nominate推荐from nomination提名.clipping 截短法；is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllable word and the remaining will mean essentially the same thing as the original word.. Such as; fax from facsimile, and phone from telephone, ad→advertisement, cable→cablegram, dorm→dormitory, gas→gasoline, gym→gymnastics, kilo→kilogram, memo→ memorandum, ?acronyms缩略法；Acronymy and Initialism首字母缩略法；are word formation practices in which the first letters of the individual words of a phrase are put together to form a new word. Such as; DOB for date of birth.from proper noun to common noun从专有名词到普通名词Chapter71.How do your understand sense relations? What are the majorsense relations discussed in this chapter?2.What is polysemy? What is homonymy? How are they related? How are they different?The meaning of a word in usually related in important ways to the meanings of other words. The relations in meaning are known collectively as sense relations. The major kinds of sense relations include; synonymy同义关系antonymy反义关系hyponymy上下义关系（such as flower and rose）polysemy一词多义homonymy同形或同音异义关系（bank bear）Polysemy; refers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.A polyseme is a word or a phrase with different but related meanings. There are two kinds of polysemy; regular/systematicpolysemy and irregular/nonsystematic polysemy. Regular polysemy refers to the situation where different interpretations of one word have parallel sets of meanings among one another. For example, bottle can refer both to a container( of liquids)-as in this bottle is full of water-and to a quantity( of liquids)-as in i would like to buy a bottle of wine. Irregular polysemy is different. For example, glass can refer to a certain material, or to a certain kind of container, or to a certain optical aid which is often made of this material. Although these three meanings of the word are, to some extent, related to each other, the relations among them are not systematic, since we cannot give rulesthat would account for these three meanings of glass.Homonymy is , in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings. One example of homonym is left( opposite of right) and left( past tense of leave). This is an example of perfect homonyms-they are the same in spelling as well as pronunciation, but different n meaning. Besides true homonyms, there are two other types; words that are same in spelling, but not in pronunciation, are called homographs; words that are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling, are called homophones. Bear;忍受；生育(一词多义)，bear 忍受；熊（同形异义）Chapter8Metaphor隐喻；a metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identified one thing with another.Eg; the city is a jungle, where the strong survive and the weak perish. The jail is a zoo, where many” animals” are caged.Life is the morning dew, which vapors away in a mere glimpse.The world is a stage.Personification拟人化; is a figurative technique by whichnon-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,And seeing that it was a soft October night,Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.Hyperbole夸张; or exaggeration, is a figurative technique used to emphasize a point. Writers or speakers use this technique to be impressive or to emphasize a point.The fish is as small as a shrimp.To heaven or to hell, I will to with you.He feels as if he could crumb the earth into pieces.Allusion暗指;allusion is another kind of metaphor. It is used to refer to something that is well-known in literature or history to express your point.This story is actually a new version of King Lear’s tragedy.Many Americans were worried that the war in Iraq would become a second Vietnam War.After getting tired of the Tom-and-Jerry games in a high school, he quit his teaching job.Want to make a million dollars overnight? Have you got the Aladdin’s lamp yet?Paradox悖论refers to seemingly self-contradictory statement that actually is true.it may appear totally senseless on the surface but is really valid.Rewards are not always proportionate to efforts.You achieve your goal only to find out that it’s not what you want. Ignorance is joy.Onomatopoeia 拟声; means to take advantage of the words whose sounds are associated with the objects or actions they represent. Onomatopoeia generates sounds.“We won!” my boss chortled in joy.The ghost chortled as it was getting closer to him in the nightmare howl.One of the war phots recorded a mother howling over the dead body of her child.Better wind howled through the naked trees.The horses snorted when pulling the wagon up the mountain road. That old steam-engine train snorted as it left the train station. “That is my father.” she whispered to him.Leaves were whispering in the autumn wind.A little boy was wailing for a toy train.An ambulance wailed down the street.A dog barked at the stranger.“Hold it! Or I’ll shoot,” the farmer barked at the intruder.The roar of a lion echoed in the valley.“Get out!” he roared, “I don’t want to see your face again!”Several young sparrows were twittering in their nest.He could not sleep because several little girls were twittering outside the window.。