湖北工业大学917微生物学A2009年考研真题考研试题

微生物考研试题题库（完整版）及答案微生物学试题库微生物学试题（一）一、写出下列名词解释的中文翻译及作出解释1.Gram positive bacteria2.parasporal crystal3 ,colony4, life cycle5,capsule6,endospore二、简答题1，试述微生物与当代人类实践的重要关系？2，简述革兰氏染色的机制？3.微生物有哪五大共性？其中最基本的是哪一个？为什么？三、填空(每空1分,共15分)1.真核微生物核糖体类型为 _______ 。

2.大肠杆菌长为2.0μm,宽为0.5μm,其大小表示为_____ 。

3.研究细菌遗传、代谢性能常采用_____ 时期的细胞。

4.酵母菌细胞壁的主要成份_____和_______。

5.侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称________ 。

6.微生物细胞的主要组成元素是______，_____，_______和_______。

7.食用菌是由 ______和 ____ 组成。

8.用物理或化学方法杀死物品上大部分微生物的过程称 ______ 。

9.细菌细胞的碳、氮营养比为______。

10.根瘤菌可与_________共生固氮四、学名互译1.A.niger2.B.subtilis3. B.thuringiensis4. A.oryzae微生物学试题（一）答案：一，1，革兰氏阳性菌：细菌经革兰氏染色染色后最终染成紫色的菌2，伴胞晶体：少数芽孢杆菌，在形成芽孢的同时，会在芽孢旁形成一颗菱形，方形，或不规则形的碱溶性蛋白质晶体称为半胞晶体3，菌落：当单个细菌细胞或者一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件下时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。

4，生命周期：指的是上一代生物个体经过一系列的生长，发育阶段而产生下一代个体的全部过程。

5，荚膜：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质6，芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育的后期，在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形，厚壁，含水量低，抗逆性强的休眠构造。

二○○九年招收硕士学位研究生试卷试卷代号 915 试卷名称高分子化学及物理 (B)①试题内容不得超过画线范围，试题必须打印，图表清晰，标注准确。

②考生请注意：答题一律做在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律无效。

一． 填空(每空2分，共30分)1.请对塑料，橡胶，化学纤维，功能高分子分别举一例_____________________、_____________________、_____________________、_____________________。

2.自由基聚合链转移的形式包括向_____________________、_____________________、_____________________、_____________________、_____________________的转移反应。

3.－ABABABAB—，－AABABBBA－，－AAAA－BBBBB－分别为两种单体A、B以等摩尔量共聚，其共聚物分别称为_________，________，________。

4.根据力学性质随温度变化的特征，非结晶性高聚物按温度区域的不同可划分为三个力学状态___________，__________，__________。

二． 基本概念及原理（5×7分）1.逐步聚合：2.光能团和官能度：3.自由基聚合的笼蔽效应：4.时温等效原理：5.非牛顿流体：三． 问答题：（5×8分）1.什么是自动加速现象？产生的原因是什么？对聚合反应及聚合物会产生什么影响？湖北工业大学二○○九年招收硕士学位研究生试卷2.悬浮聚合与乳液聚合的根本差别是什么？悬浮剂与乳化剂有何差别？3.将熔融态的聚乙烯（PE）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和聚苯乙烯（PS）淬冷到室温，PE是半透明的，而PET和PS是透明的。

为什么？4.三类线形脂肪族聚合物（对于给定的n值）的熔点顺序如下所示，解释原因。

聚氨酯聚酰胺聚脲5.用NaOH中和聚丙烯酸水溶液时，黏度发生什么变化？为什么？四． 说明及计算题（3×15分）1. 已知苯乙烯（M1）和1-氯-1，3-丁二烯（M2）的共聚物中碳和氯的重量百分比如下：f10.892 0.649 0.324 0.153 C% 81.80 71.34 64.59 58.69 Cl% 10.88 20.14 27.92 34.79 求共聚物中苯乙烯单元的相应含量F1。

微生物学考研试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 微生物学是研究下列哪一类生物的科学？A. 动物B. 植物C. 微生物D. 人类答案：C2. 细菌的基本结构包括哪些？A. 细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质和核糖体B. 细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质和线粒体C. 细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质和叶绿体D. 细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质和内质网答案：A3. 下列哪种微生物属于真核生物？A. 细菌B. 病毒C. 酵母菌D. 支原体答案：C4. 病毒的复制过程主要发生在宿主细胞的哪个部位？A. 细胞核B. 细胞质C. 线粒体D. 核糖体答案：B5. 微生物的培养基中通常需要添加哪些成分？A. 碳源、氮源、无机盐和维生素B. 碳源、氮源、无机盐和生长因子C. 碳源、氮源、无机盐和氧气D. 碳源、氮源、无机盐和水答案：A6. 微生物的分类依据不包括以下哪一项？A. 形态特征B. 生理生化特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：D7. 哪种微生物是引起人类疾病的病原体？A. 细菌B. 真菌C. 病毒D. 所有以上答案：D8. 微生物的代谢类型包括哪些？A. 异养和自养B. 需氧和厌氧C. 光能和化能D. 所有以上答案：D9. 微生物的遗传变异不包括以下哪一项？A. 基因突变B. 基因重组C. 染色体变异D. 环境适应答案：D10. 微生物的生态功能包括哪些？A. 物质循环B. 能量流动C. 生物多样性维持D. 所有以上答案：D11. 微生物在食品工业中的主要作用是什么？A. 食品的保存B. 食品的腐败C. 食品的发酵D. 食品的污染答案：C12. 微生物在环境保护中的作用不包括以下哪一项？A. 污水处理B. 土壤改良C. 空气净化D. 噪音控制答案：D13. 微生物的致病机制包括哪些？A. 侵入宿主细胞B. 产生毒素C. 引起免疫反应D. 所有以上答案：D14. 微生物的检测方法包括哪些？A. 显微镜观察B. 培养基分离C. 分子生物学方法D. 所有以上答案：D15. 微生物的控制方法不包括以下哪一项？A. 物理方法B. 化学方法C. 生物方法D. 辐射方法答案：D16. 哪种微生物是引起食物中毒的常见病原体？A. 大肠杆菌B. 沙门氏菌C. 金黄色葡萄球菌D. 所有以上答案：D17. 哪种微生物是引起呼吸道感染的常见病原体？A. 流感病毒B. 肺炎链球菌C. 冠状病毒D. 所有以上答案：D18. 哪种微生物是引起皮肤感染的常见病原体？A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 真菌D. 所有以上答案：D19. 哪种微生物是引起性传播疾病的常见病原体？A. 人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）B. 梅毒螺旋体C. 淋病奈瑟菌D. 所有以上答案：D20. 哪种微生物是引起肠道感染的常见病原体？A. 沙门氏菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 志贺氏菌D. 所有以上答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共30分）21. 微生物的分类依据包括哪些？A. 形态特征B. 生理生化特性C. 遗传信息D. 生态环境答案：ABC22. 微生物的代谢类型包括哪些？A. 异养和自养B. 需氧和厌氧C. 光能和化能D. 好氧和厌氧答案：ABC23. 微生物的遗传变异包括哪些？A. 基因突变B. 基因重组C. 染色体变异D. 环境适应答案：ABC24. 微生物的生态功能包括哪些？A. 物质循环B. 能量流动C. 生物多样性维持D. 环境净化答案：ABCD25. 微生物在食品工业中的作用包括哪些？A. 食品的保存B. 食品的发酵C. 食品的污染D. 食品的改良答案：ABD26. 微生物在环境保护中的作用包括哪些？A. 污水处理B. 土壤改良C. 空气净化D. 噪音控制答案：ABC27. 微生物的致病机制包括哪些？A. 侵入宿主细胞B. 产生毒素C. 引起免疫反应D. 环境适应答案：ABC28. 微生物的检测方法包括哪些？A. 显微镜观察B. 培养基分离C. 分子生物学方法D. 免疫学方法答案：ABCD29. 微生物的控制方法包括哪些？A. 物理方法B. 化学方法C. 生物方法D. 辐射方法答案：ABC30. 微生物的常见病原体包括哪些？A. 细菌B. 病毒C. 真菌D. 寄生虫答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）31. 所有微生物都是病原体。

2009年微生物学模拟试卷（A）参考答案）一、填空题（每空0.5分，共18分）1.显微镜测微尺、微米、直径、长度和宽度、相对、真正2.芽殖、裂殖、产生无性孢子3.葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、蛋白质、几丁质4.光能无机自养型、光能有机异养型、化能无机自养型、化能有机异养型5.扩散、促进扩散、主动运输、膜泡运输6.乙醛、丙酮酸7.恒浊法、恒化法8.Griffith的转化实验、 Avery等的转化实验、T2 phage的感染实验9.大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌10.根霉属、酵母菌属11.分辨率、数值孔径值、0.１８微米、1000~1500倍二、判断题（对打“√”，错打“×”，每小题1分，共10分）1.√,2.×,3. √,4. ×,5. √,6. ×,7. √,8. √,9. √, 10. ×三、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1. C ,2.A,3. C,4. B ,5. B ,6. A ,7. D,8. A ,9. A , 10. B四、简答题（每小题5分，共30分）1.（1）个体极小；（2）没有细胞结构，大多数病毒是由蛋白质外壳包围着核酸，而且只含单一DNA或RNA；（3）严格的活细胞寄生；（4）病毒核酸使病毒能利用寄主细胞进行复制；（5）具有侵染力；（6）具抵抗力病毒对抗生素不敏感，而干扰素却能阻止病毒的复制。

2.(1)非对应性；(2)稀有性；(3)规律性；（4）独立性；（5）遗传和回复性；（6）可诱变性。

3.先将待分离的材料用无菌水作一系列的稀释（1：10、1：100、1：1000、1：10000…）（,然后分别取不同的稀释液少许，与已熔化并冷却至50℃左右的琼脂培养基混合,摇匀后,倾入灭过菌的培养皿中，待琼脂凝固后制成可能含菌的琼脂平板,保留培养一定时间即可出现菌落。

如果稀得当，在平板表面或琼脂培养基中就可出现分散的单个菌落,这个菌落可能就是有一个细菌细胞繁殖形成，随后挑起该单个菌落，或重复以上操作数次，便可得到纯培养。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。

二○○九年招收硕士学位研究生试卷试卷代号 918 试卷名称生物化学(A)①试题内容不得超过画线范围，试题必须打印，图表清晰，标注准确②考生请注意：答题一律做在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律无效。

一、名词解释（每小题5分，共40分）1、增色效应2、底物水平磷酸化3、同工酶4、糖酵解5、蛋白质的复性6、半保留复制7、结构域8、磷酸戊糖途径二、填空题 (每空格答对1分，答错不扣分，共30分)1. 合成反应过程中需要引物的代谢有_________和_________合成。

2.脂酰CoA每一次β氧化需经_________、_________再脱氢和_________等过程。

3.稳定蛋白质胶体状态的因素是蛋白质分子上的_________及_________。

4. 因为核酸分子中含有_________和_________，而这两种物质均具有_________，故使核酸对_________的波长有紫外吸收。

5.磺胺类药物能抑制细菌生长，因为它是_________的结构类似物，能_________性地抑制_________酶活性。

6.代谢物在细胞内的生物氧化与在体外燃烧的主要区别是_________、_________和_________。

7.变性蛋白质的主要特征是_________丧失，其次是_________性质的改变和_________降低。

8.血红蛋白与氧的结合呈现_____效应，这是通过血红蛋白的______作用来实现的。

9. 3－磷酸甘油的来源有_________和_________。

10.6－磷酸果糖激酶Ⅰ的抑制剂有_________和_________。

11.具有紫外吸收能力的氨基酸有_________，_________，_________，其中_________的吸收最强。

三、是非题(每小题1分，共10分。

答“是”写“＋”，答“非”写“－”，写在题后的（）中, 错选不倒扣分)1.天然氨基酸都具有一个不对称的α－碳原子。

2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：微生物生化(含工业微生物学、生物化学)适用专业：生物化工，发酵工程，生物制药共 3 页一、填空题(每个空1 分，共35 分)1．侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称为（）。

2. 芽孢是芽孢细菌的（）器官。

3．某些酵母在繁殖过程中,芽体不脱落,并相连接成藕节状,形似菌丝称（）。

4．根瘤菌可与（）植物共生固氮。

5. 荚膜的主要化学成分有（）和（）等，常采用（）方法进行荚膜染色。

6．微生物的培养基按用途通常分为基础培养基、完全培养基、（）、（）、（）五大类。

7．Lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) contain both lipid and carbohydrate, and consist of threeparts: （）, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)8．Genetic recombination occurs in eucaryotes through sexual reproduction. In bacteria, recombination occurs through the processes of （），（）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)9．The multiplication cycle of bacteriophages, like that of all viruses, can be divided intofive distinct stages: （）, （）, biosynthesis of viral components, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)+10．TCA循环中，α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶催化的反应需要的辅因子有：NAD 、TPP 、（）、（）、（）和（）。

11. 腺嘌呤环上的第（）位氮原子与戊糖的第（）位碳原子相连形成（）。

湖北工业大学机械工程学院机械设计2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案理论力学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（B 卷）控制工程2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）控制工程基础2004，2005互换性与技术测量2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）金属学原理2004，2005金属学及热处理2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）金属材料学2006，2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）金属塑成型原理2005质量管理学2005高等数学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案工程图学2004，2005，2006，2007微机原理2004电气与电子工程学院电机学2007，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）电路理论2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）信号与系统2007电力电子技术2007，2009（A卷）电力系统分析2007，2008运筹学2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）模拟电子技术2004，2005，2006，2007数字电子技术2007自动控制技术2004自动控制理论2005，2006，2007，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）控制工程2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）控制工程基础2004，2005人工智能原理2008人工智能2007通信原理2007微机原理2004电磁场与电磁波2008计算机学院高等数学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案数据结构2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2008答案计算机组成原理2004，2005，2006，2007，2008数据库2005，2006，2007，2008管理信息系统2004，2005，2006，2007工程图学2004，2005，2006，2007近世代数2006，2007建筑结构CAD 2006微机原理2004化学与环境工程学院物理化学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷）高分子化学及物理2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案化工原理2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案有机化学2005，2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案无机化学2005材料科学基础2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案生物工程学院微生物学2004，2005，2006，2007，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）食品化学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（B 卷）高等数学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案生物化学2004，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B 卷），2009（B卷）答案数学（农）（农学门类全国统考）2008化学（农）（农学门类全国统考）2008物理化学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷）有机化学2005，2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案土木工程与建筑学院材料力学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）结构力学2004，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）高等数学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案理论力学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（B 卷）土力学2004，2005，2006，2007管理学院管理学原理2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案管理学2004，2005，2006，2007管理学与人力资源管理2004，2005会计学2007西方经济学2004，2006财务管理2005高等数学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案管理信息系统2004，2005，2006，2007艺术设计学院设计理论2009（A卷），2009（B卷）设计理论（动画概论）2008，2008答案设计理论（工业设计史）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008设计理论（视觉传达设计）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008设计理论（中外建筑史）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008设计理论（中国工艺美术史）2008设计理论（工艺美术史）2004，2005，2006，2007设计理论（广告学）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008设计基础2009（A卷），2009（B卷）设计基础（设计表现）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008设计基础（图形设计）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008透视与制图原理2008画法几何与阴影透视2009（A卷）设计基础（透视与制图原理）2004，2005，2006，2007设计基础（装饰色彩与构成）2004，2005，2006，2007，2008设计基础（广告图形设计）2004，2005，2006，2007设计基础（运动规律）2008建筑设计理论2009（A卷）外国语学院二外德语2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案二外法语2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷）二外日语2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案综合英语2007，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）综合考试（外语）2004，2005，2006英汉互译2007，2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）文化基础2007，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）西方语言与文化艺术2004，2005，2006汉语写作2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）经济与政法学院产业经济学2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）西方经济学2004，2006政治学原理2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）行政学原理2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）公共行政学2005马克思主义基本原理2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）思想政治教育学原理2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）管理学原理2008，2008答案，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案管理学2004，2005，2006，2007管理思想史2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案，2009（B卷），2009（B卷）答案中国化马克思主义2008，2009（A卷），2009（B卷）理学院高等数学2004，2005，2006，2007，2008，2009（A卷），2009（A卷）答案近世代数2006，2007信息与编码2007，2008职业与成人教育学院教育学基础综合（全国统考试卷）2007，2008，2009。

二○○九年招收硕士学位研究生试卷试卷代号 913 试卷名称化工原理(A)①试题内容不得超过画线范围，试题必须打印，图表清晰，标注准确。

②考生请注意：答题一律做在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律无效。

一、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1. 降尘室的生产能力只与降尘室的和有关，而与无关。

2. 用饱和水蒸汽加热空气时，换热管的壁温接近的温度，而总传热系数K值接近的对流传热系数，传热过程的热阻主要集中在 侧。

3. 分子扩散可分为和两种方式。

在传质过程中，理想物系的液体精馏过程属于 扩散。

4. 在某精馏塔中，第n-1，n，n+1层理论板上参数大小关系是：y n+1 y n，t n-1t n，y n x n-1 。

（＜、＝、＞）5. 恒定干燥条件下的干燥速率曲线一般包括和阶段，其中两干燥阶段的交点对应的物料含水量称为。

二、单选题（每小题2分，共20分）1. 流体在截面长3m、宽2m的矩形管道内满流流动，则该矩形管道的当量直径为。

A. 1.2mB. 0.6mC. 2.4mD. 4.8m2. 孔板流量计的孔流系数Co，当Re数增大时，其值。

A 总在增大B 先减小，当Re数增大到一定值时，Co保持为某定值C 总是减小D 不定3. 若管路特性曲线为H = A + BQ2，则：。

A. A只包括单位重量流体增加的位能；B. A只包括单位重量流体增加的位能与静压能之和；C. BQ2代表管路系统的阻力损失；D. BQ2代表重量流体增加的动能。

4. 为提高旋风分离器的效率，当气体处理量较大时，应采用 。

A. 几个小直径的分离器并联；B. 大直径的分离；C. 几个小直径的分离器串联；D. 几个大直径的分离器并联。

5. 湍流体与器壁间的对流传热（即给热过程）其热阻主要存在于 。

A. 流体内;B. 湍流体滞流内层中;C. 器壁内;D.流体湍流区域内。

6. 列管式换热器中，壳程加折流挡板的目的是。

A.提高管内α值;B.提高管外α值;C.增加传热面积;D.装饰美观.7.下列说法中错误的是。

2009年中国科学院研究生院微生物学考研真题（回忆版）（不完整）
一、名词解释
1．富集培养基和选择性培养基
2．底物水平磷酸化和光合磷酸化
3．自生固氮和共生固氮
4．普通转导和局部转导
5．基因组和基因组文库
6．接合子和转化子
7．微生物三命名法和双命名法
8．支原体和衣原体
9．MHC-I和MHC-II
10．病毒结构蛋白和非结构蛋白
二、匹配题
1．给出微生物的名称选出它属于哪一类
2．M13载体、粘粒载体、细菌质粒、细菌人工合成核酸，Ti质粒的作用
三、填空题
略
四、简答题
1．关于培养基配置的原则。

2．关于基因突变的特点。

3．关于三域学说的内容和它的不足。

4．酶的变构调节和化学修饰调节区别？各自有什么用？
5．检测蛋白与染色质DNA作用的方法？举出一种说明原理和步骤。