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地理相关英语词汇（1）一、基础词汇1. 地球（Earth）：我们生活的星球，位于太阳系中的第三颗行星。
2. 大陆（Continent）：地球上面积较大的陆地，如亚洲、非洲、北美洲等。
3. 海洋（Ocean）：地球上广阔的盐水区域，如太平洋、大西洋、印度洋等。
4. 国家（Country）：具有独立政治实体和固定领土的区域。
5. 地图（Map）：展示地球表面或某一区域的图形表示。
6. 河流（River）：地表自然水流，通常由源头流向海洋或湖泊。
7. 山脉（Mountain Range）：一系列相连的山峰，如喜马拉雅山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉等。
8. 气候（Climate）：一个地区长期的天气状况和大气现象。
9. 生态系统（Ecosystem）：生物与非生物环境相互作用的一个自然系统。
10. 自然资源（Natural Resources）：自然界中人类可以利用的物质和能量，如水、土地、矿产等。
二、地形地貌词汇1. 高原（Plateau）：相对平坦且海拔较高的地区，如青藏高原。
2. 平原（Plain）：地势低平，起伏较小的地区，如华北平原。
3. 山峰（Mountain）：地形高耸，尖锐或圆形的陆地部分。
4. 峡谷（Canyon）：河流长期侵蚀形成的深而狭窄的地形。
5. 沙漠（Desert）：降水量极少的地区，地表覆盖沙子或石块。
6. 湖泊（Lake）：位于陆地上的淡水或咸水水域，如青海湖、洞庭湖等。
7. 沼泽（Marsh）：土壤水分饱和，生长有特殊植被的地区。
三、地理现象词汇1. 地震（Earthquake）：地球表层快速释放能量，导致地面震动的一种自然现象。
2. 火山爆发（Volcanic Eruption）：地球内部岩浆喷发到地表的现象。
4. 洪水（Flood）：河流、湖泊水位急剧上涨，淹没周边地区的一种自然现象。
5. 干旱（Drought）：长时间无降水或降水量明显减少，导致土壤水分不足的现象。
四、地理学术词汇1. 地理信息系统（GIS）：一种用于捕捉、存储、分析和管理地理空间数据的系统。
地理学英语词汇大全掌握地理学理论与地理现象的专业术语地理学英语词汇大全——掌握地理学理论与地理现象的专业术语引言：地理学作为一门综合性学科，涉及地球表面的各种现象、过程及其相互关系。
掌握地理学的基本概念和专业术语对于学习和理解地理学理论具有重要意义。
本文将为大家提供一份地理学英语词汇大全，帮助读者更好地理解和运用地理学的英语术语。
一、地球的构成与结构1. Earth's composition and structure- Crust: the outer solid layer of the Earth- Mantle: the layer between the Earth's crust and core- Core: the innermost part of the Earth, consisting of the outer liquid core and the inner solid core- Lithosphere: the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle- Asthenosphere: the semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere- Tectonic plates: large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that fit together and move on the semi-fluid asthenosphere二、地理学分支及其研究2. Branches of geography and their studies- Physical geography: the study of natural features and processes on the Earth's surface, such as landforms, climates, and ecosystems- Biogeography: the study of the distribution of plants and animals on the Earth's surface- Geomorphology: the study of landforms and the processes that shape them- Climatology: the study of climates and climate change- Human geography: the study of human activities, cultures, and societies and their impact on the Earth's surface- Economic geography: the study of the spatial distribution of economic activities and their impact on the development of regions- Urban geography: the study of cities and urban areas, including their growth, organization, and social issues- Political geography: the study of political systems and their spatial distribution三、地球表面的地貌与地质过程3. Landforms and geological processes on Earth's surface- Mountains: natural elevations of the Earth's surface with steep slopes and comparatively high peaks- Plateaus: flat, elevated areas with steep sides- Plains: broad, flat or gently rolling areas with no significant changes in elevation- Valleys: low areas between mountains or hills, often containing rivers- Erosion: the process of wearing away rocks and soils by water, wind, or ice- Weathering: the breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments by physical or chemical means四、气候与气象4. Climate and weather- Climate: the long-term average weather conditions of a region, including temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, etc.- Weather: the short-term atmospheric conditions of a specific place and time- Precipitation: any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail- Temperature: the degree of hotness or coldness of the air or other substances- Humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air- Pressure: the force exerted by the atmosphere on a given area- Wind: the horizontal movement of air caused by differences in air pressure五、人类活动与环境问题5. Human activities and environmental issues- Deforestation: the clearing of forests for agriculture, logging, orurban development- Pollution: the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, such as air pollution, water pollution, or soil pollution- Global warming: the gradual increase in the Earth's temperature dueto human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels- Urbanization: the process of population concentration in urban areas, often accompanied by the expansion of cities and the transformation of rural areas- Sustainable development: the use of resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs结语：通过掌握地理学的专业术语，我们能更好地理解和运用地理学理论，提升我们对地理现象的认识。
地理专业名词中英文对照1、大气ATMOSPHERE大气组成Atmospheric composition空气质量Air quality大气化学Atmospheric chemistry大气成分Atmospheric components大气颗粒物Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气,水相互作用Air-water interaction大气环流Atmospheric circulation大气降水Atmospheric precipitation碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulate matter飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution 烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues农业气象学Agrometeorology气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity微气候影响Microclimate effects海平面上升Sea level rise人工影响天气Weather modification2、岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球Solid Earth洞穴Caves地震活动Seismic activity地震监测Seismic monitoring火山Volcanoes风蚀Wind erosion3、陆地生态系统TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land污染的土壤Contaminated soil沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation土地恢复Land restoration土地使用分类Land use classification边缘土地Marginal lands沙石开采Sand extraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soil capabilities土壤保持Soil conservation土壤污染Soil contamination土壤退化Soil degradation土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤改良Soil improvement土壤盐碱化Soil salination水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid land ecosystems干旱土地Arid lands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Drought control旱作Dry farming沙丘固定Sand dune fixation沙丘Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems 森林生态系统Forest ecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferous forests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forest conservation森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts本地森林Indigenous forests再造林Reforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands树木Trees热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems热带森林Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems 南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems南极地区Antarctic region北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems北极地区Arctic region寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统Polar ecosystems温带生态系统Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统Highland ecosystems登山运动Mountaineering湿地生态系统Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽Mangrove swamps水禽Waterfowl水涝地Waterlogged lands流域管理Watershed management水边开发Waterside development生物多样性和保护区Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种Adaptable species藻类Algae两栖动物Amphibians动物习性Animal behaviour动物资源Animal resources节肢动物Arthropods生物多样性Biological diversity生物资源Biological resources生物圈保护区Biosphere reserves群落生境Biotopes鸟类Birds植物园Botanical gardens基因资源保护Conservation of genetic resources 生态平衡Ecological balance濒危动物物种Endangered animal species濒危植物物种Endangered plant species河口保护区Estuarine conservation areas动物区系Fauna植物区系Flora食物链Food chain捕猎Hunting无脊椎动物Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物Land mammals哺乳动物Mammals海洋保护区Marine conservation areas微生物Microorganisms移栖种Migratory species国家公园National parks国家保护区National reserves寄生生物Parasites偷猎Poaching灵长目Primates保护区Protected areas受保护的物种Protected species爬行动物Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrial biological resources植被Vegetation杂草Weeds野生生物Wildlife野生生物保护Wildlife conservation野生生物生境Wildlife habitats动物园Zoological gardens细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes真菌Fungi基因库Gene banks种质Germ plasm微生物资源Microbial resources原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts生物技术问题Biotechnological issues农业生物技术Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学Bioethics生物安全Biosafety生物技术Biotechnologies无性繁殖Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-related biotechnologies诱变剂Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutated microorganisms release突变体Mutants繁殖控制Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会,经济影响Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies 致畸剂Teratogens4、淡水FRESHWATER淡水资源Freshwater resources淡水保护Conservation of freshwater水坝Dams冰Ice湖泊Lakes自然排水系统Natural drainage systems河流流域开发River basin development河流Rivers雪Snow地下水Subterranean water地表水Surface waters水资源保护Water resources conservation水资源开发Water resources development淡水生态系统Freshwater ecosystems集水区Catchment areas国际河流流域International river basins湖泊流域Lake basins池塘尾渣Ponds tailings河流流域River basins淡水恶化Freshwater degradation河流污染River pollution径流Run-off沉积物移动Sediment mobilization沉积物运移Sediment transport沉积盆地Sedimentary basins渗漏Seepage凤眼蓝Water hyacinth水葫芦;凤眼兰;凤眼莲;凤眼蓝;风信花水污染Water pollution水的盐化Water salination饮用水供应Drinking water supply脱盐Desalination饮用水Drinking water饮用水处理Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal water distribution systems 农村供水Rural water supply污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps水处理Water treatment水井Water wells5、海洋环境MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统Marine ecosystems藻花Algal bloom海底生态系统Benthic ecosystems海洋污染Marine pollution污染沉积物Marine sediments海洋环境Ocean circulation洋流Ocean currents海洋Oceans海洋温度Ocean temperature赤潮Red tide海平面Sea level潮,潮汐Tides沿海生态系统Coastal ecosystems群岛Archipelagoes沿海地区Coastal areas沿海开发Coastal development沿海环境Coastal environments海岸侵蚀Coastal erosion疏浚Dredging河口生态系统Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统Island ecosystems小岛屿Small islands海洋生物资源Living marine resources水生哺乳动物Aquatic mammals水生微生物Aquatic microorganisms水生植物Aquatic plants珊瑚礁Coral reefs甲壳纲动物Crustaceans鱼类Fish海洋资源保护Marine resources conservation软体动物Molluscs水生贝壳类动物Shellfish6、环境管理ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理Resources management深海矿藏Deep sea deposits森林管理Forest management森林政策Forest policy资源的地埋分布Geographic distribution of resources土地价值Land values矿产资源Mineral resources国家保护计划National conservation programs自然资源Natural resources自然保护Nature conservation不可再生资源Non-renewable resources资源净损耗Net resource depletion矿床Ore deposits石油资源保护Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源Renewable resources资源估价Resource appraisal资源保护Resource conservation海底开发Sea bed exploitation海底采矿Sea bed mining本地资源的利用Utilization of local resources环境规划Environmental planning发展合作Development cooperation发展计划Development planning生态发展Ecodevelopment经济发展Economic development经济计划Economic planning环境核算Environmental accounting环境审计Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价Environmental health impact assessment 环境影响Environmental impact环境影响评价Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书Environmental impact statement环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment财政资助Financial assistance土地利用规划Land use planning环境管理指标Environmental management indicators环境质量指标Environmental quality indicators试验项目Pilot projects政策规划Policy planning施压集团Pressure groups区域规划Regional planning自助计划Self-help programmes工农业选址Siting of industry社会调查Social surveys发展状况Status of development可持续发展Sustainable development可持续发展指标Sustainable development indicators技术评价Technology assessment运输计划Transport planning环境经济问题Environmental economic issues环境定价Environmental valuation环境成本Environmental costs外部Externalities重置成本Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分valued ecosystem components 经济管理手段Economic management instruments成本-效益分析Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务Developing countries debt环境股票交易Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支Government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation of environmental costs以绿色标志促销Marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策Pricing policies of resources结构调整计划Structural adjustment programs税收差别Tax differentiation可交易的许可证Tradeable permits7、人类住区HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Human settlements management建成区Built-up areas经济规划Economic zoning用火安全要求Fire safety requirements历史遗址Historical sites住房改善Housing improvements住房需求Housing needs住房规划Housing programmes住房质量标准Housing quality standards工业区Industrial areas非高峰时间工作Off-peak working办公室Offices城区发展模式Patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展Planned urban development 再建房屋Rehousing租赁房屋Rental housing居民区Residential areas建筑安全标准Safety standards for buildings 商店Shops建筑业标准Standards for building industry 城区设计Urban design建成结构Built structures桥梁Bridges建筑材料Building materials建筑物Buildings建筑技术Building technology施工技术Construction technology建筑工程Construction works农业建筑Farm buildings政府建筑Government buildings高层建筑High-rise buildings工业建筑Industrial buildings本地建筑材料Local materials for building拖车住房Mobile homes核研究中心Nuclear research centres装配式房屋Prefabricated buildings结构Structures隔热Thermal insulation基础设施Infrastructure通道Access roads水上娱乐活动Aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放Automobile parking建成的排水系统Built drainage systems电力分配Electric power distribution公共花园Public gardens公路Highways空地Open spaces管道Pipelines运动场Playgrounds公园Public parks公用事业Public utilities道路建设Road construction道路养护Road maintenance体育设施Sports facilities电信Telecommunications运输系统Transport systems隧道Tunnels城市供水Urban water supply公共服务Public services人类住区的社会,经济方面Socio-economic aspects of human settlements 生育控制Birth control社区服务Community services社区参与Community participation通勤Commuting消费方式Consumption patterns文化指标Cultural indicators发展模式Development patterns残疾人Disabled persons毒品滥用Drug abuse生态旅游Ecotourism计划生育Family planning性别问题Gender issues无家可归Homelessness住房集资Housing finance人类迁居Human migration人口Human population人权Human rights土地分配Land allotment生活方式Lifestyles低价住房Low-cost housing流动工人Migrant workers少数民族Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区New communities流浪者Nomads非高峰时间通勤Off-peak commuting公共卫生Public health种族关系Race relations娱乐Recreation农村地区Rural areas环境卫生Sanitation社会指数Social indicators社会-经济因素Socio-economic factors旅游Tourism旅行Travel贫困阶层Under-privileged people 城市地区Urban areas城区改造Urban renewal城区压力Urban stress妇女地位Women status8、人类住区的环境方面Environmental aspects of human settlements空调Air conditioning尸体处置Disposal of the dead区城供热District heating住房密度Housing density过度拥挤Overcrowding难民Refugees旅游设施Tourist facilities城市衰败Urban decay9、农业AGRICULTURE农业方式Agricultural practices农业设备Agricultural equipment农业管理Agricultural management农业方法Agricultural methods农业害虫Agricultural pests农业生产Agricultural production农业储藏Agricultural storage动物疾病Animal diseases动物营养Animal nutrition养蜂业Apiculture水产养殖Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biological control of pests 生物固氮Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥Composts等高耕作Contour farming受控燃烧Controlled burning作物保护Crop protection挽畜Draught animals鱼类养殖Fish culture渔业管理Fisheries management谷物Grains作物虫害传染Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染Infestation of food灌溉Irrigation灌溉渠Irrigation canals灌溉农业Irrigation farming天然肥料Natural fertilizers有机农业Organic farming病虫害控制Pest management杀虫剂标准控制Pesticide control standards 植物病害Plant diseases家禽饲养Poultry farming林农轮作Shifting cultivation树木苗圃Tree nurseries滴灌Trickle irrigation农工业Agro-industry畜产品Animal products饮料工业Beverage industry酿造业Brewing industry蒸馏业Distilling industry食品辐照Food irradiation食品保存Food preservation食品贮藏Food storage食品运输Food transport林产品Forest products烟草Tobacco农用化学品Agrochemicals化学肥料Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂Fungicides除草剂Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢Metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐Nitrates亚硝酸盐Nitrites亚硝胺Nitrosamines营养物Nutrients有机磷化物Organophosphorus compounds 杀虫剂的持久性Persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径Pesticide pathways杀虫剂Pesticides磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性Toxicity of pesticides杀虫剂的使用Utilization of pesticides10、工业INDUSTRY工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry适用技术Appropriate technology高炉Blast furnaces纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry洗烫衣服Laundering皮革工业Leather industry金属加工Metal finishing金属电镀Metal plating金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction原油开采Oil extraction石油提炼Petroleum refining印刷工业Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubber processing炼钢工业Steel industry露天剥采Strip mining焦油生产Tar production焦油使用Tar use木材保存Wood preservation工业产品Industrial products消费品Consumer goods危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials天然纤维Natural fibres包装Packaging涂料Paints产品标签Product labelling可再用容器Reusable containers合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维Synthetic textile fibres漆Varnishes木产品Wood products11、运输TRANSPORTATION空运Air transportation空中交通规则Air traffic regulations飞机Aircraft飞机发动机排放物Aircraft engine emissions飞机噪音Aircraft noise机场Airports航天运输Space transportation陆上运输Land transportation自行车Bicycles内燃机Combustion engines铁路运输Railway transport道路安全Road safety道路交通工程Road traffic engineering 道路运输Road transport道路Roads城市交通Urban traffic车辆检验Vehicle inspection水上运输Water transportation渔轮Fishing vessels内河运输Inland water transport内陆水道Inland waterways国际水道International watercourses 海运Maritime transport航运的危害Navigational hazards油轮Oil tankers港口Ports潜水艇Submarines12、能ENERGY能源Energy sources动物粪便作燃料Animal dung as fuel 沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy木炭Charcoal煤Coal原油Crude oil能源资源Energy resources浓缩铀Enriched uranium矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol薪柴Fuel wood地热能Geothermal energy碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds 烃Hydrocarbons水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源Non-polluting energy sources核能Nuclear energy核燃料Nuclear fuels油类Oils油页岩Oil shales泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refuse derived fuels太阳能Solar energy焦油砂Tar sands海洋热能Thermal sea power潮汐能Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy能源过程Energy processes煤气化Coal gasification煤液化Coal liquefaction电力Electric power发电厂Electric power plants蓄电装置Electrical storage devices能源保护Energy conservation能源转换Energy conversion能源效率Energy efficiency能源政策Energy policy能源生产Energy production能源利用Energy use能源利用方式Energy utilization patterns气体液化Gas liquefaction照明Lighting天然气勘探Natural gas exploration核能利用Nuclear energy uses核电站Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探Offshore oil drilling石油勘探Oil exploration日照加热Solar heating13、环境化学ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 无机物质Inorganic substances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents光化学效应Photochemical effects有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds酚Phenols外激素，信息素Pheromones植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes 酸化Acidification 需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interaction of pesticides电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢(作用)，新陈代谢(作用) Metabolism固氮Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射Non-ionizing radiation光合作用Photosynthesis物理,化学过程Physico-chemical processes放射性Radioactivity毒性Toxicity污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂Aerosols农业废物Agricultural wastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution作物废物Crop waste二恶英Dioxins农家场院废物Farmyard waste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardous substances危险废物Hazardous wastes重金属Heavy metals医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents工业排放物Industrial emissions工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants铅污染Lead contamination液体废物Liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides噪声污染Noise pollution恶臭公害Odour nuisance有机物污染Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂Organic solvents有机卤化物Organohalogen compounds医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactive substances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste锯屑Sawdust污水Sewage屠宰场废物Slaughterhouse waste固体废物Solid wastes热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances有毒废物Toxic waste毒素Toxins痕量元素Trace elements痕量物质Trace materials交通噪音Traffic noise废物，垃圾Trash废热Waste heat木材废料Wood waste对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone污染源Pollution sources生物武器Biological weapons水泥工业Cement industry化学武器Chemical weapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Cooling waters机动车辆Motor vehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒Ocean dumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals挖掘堆积Excavation heaps污染治理Pollution abatement隔音Acoustic insulation化学污染清除Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noise abatement污染治理设备Pollution abatement equipment 污染控制技术Pollution control technology辐射防护Radiation protection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smoke prevention废物最少化Waste minimization废物Wastes电池处理Battery disposal废物的化学处理Chemical treatment of waste处置场所Disposal sites废物焚烧Incineration of waste矿山回填Mine filling残油回收Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理Radioactive waste management 回收的材料Recycled materials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills海洋排泄口Sea outfall化粪池Septic tanks污水处置Sewage disposal污水处理系统Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置Solid waste disposal废物同化处置Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术Waste conversion techniques废物处置Waste disposal废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground废物处置税Waste disposal taxes废物回收Waste recovery废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse14、人体健康HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害Hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累Accumulation in body tissues镉污染Cadmium contamination环境健康危害Environmental health hazards人体接触污染物Human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应Long-term effects of pollutants核安全Nuclear safety污染物的影响Pollutant effects污染风险Pollution risk辐射效应Radiation effects药物的副作用Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs有毒物质的协同效应Synergistic effects of toxic substances 与环境有关的疾病Environmentally related diseases致癌物Carcinogens南美锥虫病Chagas'' disease人类的疾病Human diseases免疫疾病Immunological diseases婴儿死亡率Infant mortality疟疾Malaria盘尾丝虫病Onchocerciasis病原生物体Pathogenic organisms辐射病Radiation sickness血吸虫病Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介Vectors of human diseases工作环境Working environment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupational health职业安全Occupational safety振动Vibration营养与保健Nutrition and health care过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basic food requirements食品Food食品添加剂Food additives食用色素Food colourants食品污染Food contamination保健Health care卫生设施Health facilities高蛋白食品High protein foods医院Hospitals营养不良Malnutrition医疗Medical treatment药用植物Medicinal plants营养Nutrition食品的营养价值Nutritive value of food毒物Poisons吸烟Smoking主食Staple foods传统保健Traditional health care15、灾难DISASTERS灾难现象Catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放Accidental release of organisms 雪崩Avalanches旋风Cyclones沙漠蝗虫Desert locusts地震Earthquakes环境事故Environmental accidents流行病Epidemics洪水Floods飓风Hurricanes山崩Landslides人为灾难Human-made disasters核事故Nuclear accidents放射性污染Radioactive contamination释放Release地震海浪Seismic sea waves泄漏Spillage暴风雨Storms台风Typhoons应急减灾措施Emergency relief measures灾难清理作业Disaster clean-up operations防灾准备Disaster preparedness防灾Disaster prevention灾难救援Disaster relief流离失所人员Displaced persons紧急救援Emergency relief应急避难所Emergency shelter环境应急计划Environmental contingency planning 防洪Flood control放射性污染清除Radioactive decontamination临时住房Temporary housing临时避难所Temporary shelter生境破坏Habitat destruction陆地活动Land-based activities自然改变Physical alterations16、监测MONITORING环境监测Environmental monitoring生物指标Biological indicators生态标志Ecolabelling污染物鉴别Identification of pollutants噪声监制Noise monitoring污染物分析Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度Pollutant levels污染物监测Pollutant monitoring污染物路径Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别Pollutant source identification 污染监测Pollution monitoring辐射监测Radiation monitoring交通监测Traffic monitoring监测数据Monitoring data空气质量管理Air quality management大气监测Atmospheric monitoring本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmental assessment部门评价Sectoral assessment环境统计Environmental statistics森林资源评估Forest resource assessment洪水监测Freshwater monitoring工业生产统计Industrial production statistics长期预报Long-term forecasting长期趋势Long-term trends海洋监测Marine monitoring监测基准Monitoring criteria污染基准Pollution criteria污染标准Pollution norms质量控制Quality control水盾Water quality天气监测Weather monitoring天气预报Weather prediction野生生物种群统计Wildlife population statistics 监测技术Monitoring techniques分析设备Analytical equipment大气模型Atmospheric models自动检测Automatic detection测量仪器的标定Calibration of measuring equipment 色谱分析Chromatographic analysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计Modelling监测仪器Monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术Radioactive tracer techniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation河道观测Stream measurement毒理测定Toxicological testing报警系统Warning systems监测系统Monitoring systems17、环境法ENVIRONMENTAL LAW国内立法National legislation农业立法Agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施Antipollution incentives环境犯罪Environmental crimes环境激励措施Environmental incentives环境责任Environmental liability环境过失Environmental misconduct环境质量标准Environmental quality standards环境补贴Environmental subsidies林业立法Forestry legislation健康立法Health legislation住房立法Housing legislation工业立法Industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚Penalties for environmental damage 污染者付费原则Polluter-pays principle污染控制法规Pollution control regulations污染责任Pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取Public access to land法规控制Regulatory control国际环境关系International environmental relations入海通道Access to the sea双边协定Bilateral conventions环境安全Environmental security环境破坏行为Environmental vandalism环境冲突Environmental warfare危险废物的出口Export of hazardous wastes全球性公约Global conventions国际标准化International standardization国际贸易International trade国际性重要的失态系统Internationally important ecosystems海洋事故的责任Liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任Liability for nuclear damages军事活动Military activity事先知情同意Prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告Prior notification for hazardous waste transport 区域性公约Regional conventions技术转让Technology transfer贸易避垒Trade barriers越境污染Trans-frontier pollution危险物质的运输Transport of hazardous materials18、环境信息ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION信息基础设施Information infrastructure图书馆Library信息中心Information centre数据中心Data centre培训中心Training centre因特网服务提供商Internet service provider信息网络Information networks环境术语Environmental terminology电子信息网络Electronic information network广域网Wide area network因特网Internet万维网World Wide Web主页Homepage超文本Hypertext公告牌系统Bulletin board system新闻组Newsgroup邮寄清单Mailing list电子函件Electronic mail信息技术Information technology多媒体技术Multimedia technology遥感中心Remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室GIS laboratory环境意识Environmental awareness公共信息Public information新闻发布Press release视听演示Audio-visual presentation信息工具包Information kit录象Video展示Exhibit照片Photograph新闻通讯Newsletter广播节目Radio programme电视节目Television programme环境教育Environmental education环境培训Environmental training公共关系Public relations联络渠道Communication channels信息系统Information systems文献目录信息系统Bibliographic information system文献目录信息Bibliographic information技术信息Technical information本地知识Indigenous knowledge信息查询系统Referral information system供查询的信息Referral information统计信息系统Statistical information system统计信息Statistical information术语Terminology同义词Thesaurus分类Classification图书馆服务Library services查阅服务Reference service文件编索引Indexing of document文件出错document lending图书馆之间的借贷Inter-library loan信息的选择性传播Selective dissemination of information 光盘只读存储查询服务CD-ROM search service因特网查询服务Internet search service信息服务Information services在线服务On-line services信息交流中心Information clearing-house数据处理Data processing数据收集Data collection数据记录技术Data recording techniques信息处理Information processing专家系统Expert system决策支持系统Decision-support system软件开发Software development数据库Database相关数据库Relational database信息交换Information exchange与地学有关的信息Geo-referenced information遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner分辨率Resolution像素Pixel谱带Spectral bands红外线Infrared紫外线Ultraviolet雷达Radar轨迹Path景物确认Scene identification图象处理数字系统Image processing digital systems数字图象处理技术Digital image processing techniques 图象识别Pattern recognition镶嵌图案Mosaics图象滤光Image filtering图象增强Image enhancement几何修正Geometric corrections影像配准Image registration图象分类Image classification受监视的图象分类Supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类Unsupervised image classification 彩色组成Colour composition大气修正Atmospheric corrections地理信息系统Geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统GIS digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式GIS digital formats矢量Vector点Point线Lines多边形Polygons光栅Raster属性Attributes地理信息系统的数字技术GIS digital techniques内插Interpolation布网格Gridding光栅到矢量Raster to vector矢量到光栅Vector to raster边界Boundaries国家边界National boundaries次国家边界Sub-national boundaries行政边界Administrative boundaries与地理相关的数据Geo-referenced data地理投影Geographical projections坐标系统Coordinate system纬度Latitude经度Longitude19、联合国United Nations政府间的Intergovernmental政府的Governmental工业的或商业的Industrial or commercial非政府组织Non-governmental organization专业团体Professional society学术的Academic进入术语Terms of access协商费用Charges negotiable按回收成本为基础Cost recovery basis固定的收费时间表Fixed schedule of charges一般情况下免费Normally without charge在交换的基础上On exchange basis20、学科SUBJECT DISCIPLINES科目Subjects 声学Acoustics农业生态学Agricultural ecology 农业经济学Agricultural economics农业工程Agricultural engineering 农业林学Agroforestry分析化学Analytical chemistry 动物生态学Animal ecology动物遗传学Animal genetics 畜牧学Animal husbandry动物生理学Animal physiology 建筑学Architecture大气物理学Atmospheric physics 细菌学Bacteriology生物化学Biochemistry 生物气候学Bioclimatology生物地球化学Biogeochemistry 生物学Biology植物学Botany 心脏病学Cardiology制图学Cartography 化学工程Chemical engineering化学海洋学Chemical oceanography 土木工程Civil engineering气候学Climatology 细胞学Cytology电气工程Electrical engineering 内分泌学Endocrinology流行病学Epidemiology 河口生物学Estuarine biology河口海洋学Estuarine oceanography 食品科学Food science林学Forestry 淡水生物学Freshwater biology遗传工程学Genetic engineering 遗传学Genetics地质学Geology 地貌学Geomorphology地球物理学Geophysics 工艺地质学Geotechnology冰川学Glaciology 血液学Haematology园艺学Horticulture 人体生物学Human biology人体生理学Human physiology 水文地理学Hydrography水文学Hydrology 溶液培养学Hydroponics免疫学Immunology 无机化学Inorganic chemistry湖沼学，淡水生物学Limnology 海洋生物学Marine biology船舶工程Marine engineering 海洋地质学Marine geology材料科学Materials science 机械工程学Mechanical engineering 气象学Meteorology 微生物学Microbiology微气候学Microclimatology 采矿工程Mining engineering。
1地理学总论地理学一致地理学一般地理学系统地理学地区地理学理论地理学应用地理学元地理学地文学地质学古地理学地理学系统地理环境geographyunified geography general geography systematic geography regional geography theoretical geography applied geography metageography physiography chorography paleogeogpraphy geographical system geographical environment地理因子地理过程地理散布地理界限地理综合地理观察综合观察地区剖析地区分异生计空间生计承载能力环境决定论灾变论地球地球表面geographical factors geographical process geographical distribution geographical boundary geographical synthesis geographical survey integrated survey regional analysis regional differentiation living spacelife-carrying capacity environmental determinism catastrophe theoryearthearth surface地球表层地理系统地理圈景观圈岩石圈水圈大气圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技术圈北半球南半球地球体epigeosphere geosystem geographical sphere landscape sphere lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere pedosphere biosphere geosphere noonsphere technosphere northern hemisphere southern hemisphere geoid地理纬度地理经度北极南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界限极昼极夜洲大陆洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn equatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar night continentoceansea内地inland地理单元geographical unit 区划regionalization 带belt地带zone地区region地区area小区district2自然地理学自然地理学综合自然地理学一般自然地理学自然综合体地区自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平川带垂直地带地带性physical geography integrated physical geography general physical geography natural complexterritorial natural complex physical geographic process natural potential productivity progressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonality horizontal zonevertical zonezonality非地带性水平川带性垂直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡azonality horizontal zonality vertical zonality localityexposureadret, sunny slope ubac, shady slope山体效应Massenerhebungseffekt(德）,综合自然区划integrated physicogeographicalregionalization雪带nival belt亚雪带subnival belt高峰alpine亚高峰subalpine山地mountains荒漠荒漠化荒漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠沙漠绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地desert desertification sandy desert rocky desert gravel desert argillaceous desert salt desertgobioasislandscape science landscapefaciesnatural landscape land土地系统land system土地分类land classification土地种类land type土地单元land unit土地因素land element土地刻面land facet刻面结合体facet combination土地属性terrain characteristics 生态地理学ecogeography地生态学geoecology景观生态学landscape ecology 生态系统ecosystem生态均衡ecological balance生态地区ecoregion生态小区ecodistict生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可重生资源非可重生资源灾祸地理学自然灾祸ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resources renewable resources nonrenewable resources hazard geography natural hazard3地貌学地貌学地貌地貌年月学地貌成因地貌形成作用天气地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronology geomorphogenesis, landform genesis landform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphology geomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhillmountainmountain range, mountain chain range, ridgepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude, height above sea level relative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin山间盆地山岳崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地凹地坡地坡度基岩地貌过程侵害 [作用 ]雨滴侵害剥蚀 [作用 ]刻蚀溶蚀冲洗片蚀溯源侵害下切侵害侧[向侵 ]intermountain basinmountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterracetableland, platformdepressionslopeslope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosion lateral erosion掏蚀undercutting侵害基 [准 ] 面base level of erosion总侵害基 [准 ] 面general base level局部侵害基 [准 ] 面local base level裂点knick point堆积作用sedimentation, deposition 聚积作用deposition, accumulation 聚积物deposit加积作用aggradation堆积相sedimentary facies地貌世代generation of landforms 地貌序列landforms series地形基面base level地貌组合landform assemblage正地貌positive landform负地貌negative landform正常地貌normal landform倒置地貌inverted landform地貌倒置inversion of landform刻蚀地貌erosional landform夷平作用planation surface夷平面peneplain准平面denudation suface剥蚀面erosion surface山麓 [侵害 ] 面pediment山麓侵害平面pediplain山顶面summit plane侵害循环erosion cycle回春作用rejuvenation有关堆积地壳均衡新结构运动结构地貌学丹霞地貌结构高原结构阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化 [作用 ]物理风化 [作用 ]化学风化 [作用 ]生物风化 [作用 ]机械风化 [作用 ]差别风化 [作用 ]风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳correlated sedimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology,tectonic geomorphology“ Danxia ” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facettriangular facetfault valleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝黏土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝－氧化物－硫酸盐风化壳硅铝－铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥orthoeluvial weathered crustclastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crust siallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crust exfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone山麓聚积坡积物坡水聚积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphology fluvial landformalluvium ， alluvial deposit alluviumalluvial conealluvial fan洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山proluvium ， proluvial deposit proluviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area， basin waterdivide ， divide ， watershed braided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar， sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core， meander spur河流阶地河流袭夺河流错位河流偏移风口纵谷横谷风蚀吹蚀沙丘新月形沙丘流动沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘纵向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune ， wandering dune fixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune横向沙丘抛物线沙丘蜂窝状沙丘沙垅风棱石风蚀脊沙暴风蚀坑风蚀凹地干盐湖基岩扇岛山漠漆岩漆漠盖层黄土黄土地貌黄土塬黄土梁黄土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯专门貌学咯斯专门貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蚀谷溶蚀盆落水洞溶沟transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones， ventifact yardangsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavementloessloess landform“ yuan，”loess tableland“ liang，”loess ridge“ mao，”loess hillbadlandkarstkarstgeomorphologykarst landformkarstification dolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren干谷竖井潜蚀作用洞窟聚积咯斯特平原峰林石林洞窟学假咯斯特类咯斯特泉华堆积石灰华海岸滨海岸地貌学dry valleyshaftunderground erosion cave depositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinacles speleology pseudokarst parakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology海蚀作用海蚀龛海蚀洞海蚀台海蚀崖海蚀柱岬角岩滩潮滩潮汐通道潮沟舄湖三角洲河口湾海滩marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel ， tidal inlet tidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach滩脊beach ridge滩脊 [型 ]潮滩chenier滩脊 [型 ]潮滩平原chenier plain沙嘴sand spit障壁坝barrier滨外坝off-shore bar尖[ 形] 滩cuspate foreland尖[ 形] 坝tuspate bar连岛坝tombolo陆连岛tombolo island沿滨泥沙流longshore drift海岸阶地coastal terrace， marine terrace 全世界性海面起落eustatic movement珊瑚礁coral reef岸礁fringing reef堡礁环礁大陆架大陆坡洋盆海隆海岭平顶海山海沟海渊barrier reefatoll continental shelf continental slope oceanic basin riseoceanic ridge guyottrenchabyssal deep4气候学天气学天气天气资源太阳辐射反照耀积温无霜期降水蒸发干燥度热水均衡风向风速天气灾祸旱灾水灾风灾雹灾湿害热害冻害冷害天气分类天气区划天气带天气区天气型赤道带热带climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage， climatic hazarddrought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold damageclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone亚热带温带寒带润湿天气干燥天气热带雨林天气萨瓦纳天气丛林天气草原天气荒漠天气苔原天气极地天气高原天气山地天气大陆度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climate savanna climateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climate mountain climate continentality大陆性天气大海性天气地中海天气地形天气学地区天气地方天气小天气天气系统行星风系信风季风continental climate maritime climate Mediterranean climate topoclimatology regional climatelocal climate microclimate climatic system planetary wind system trade wind ，trades monsoon梅雨Meiyu, ， plum rain 台风typhoon寒潮cold wave海陆风sea-land breeze山谷风干热风焚风雨影天气变迁古天气历史天气年轮天气学物候学自然历城市天气城市热岛天气志mountain-valley breeze dry-hot windfoehnrain shadowclimatic change palaeoclimate historical climate dendroclimatology phenologynatural calendar urban climateurban heat island climatography5水文地理学水文地理学水文学水体水团河流学水利学水利经济学水化学丛林水文学都市水文学水文物理学古水文学土壤水文学hydrogeography hydrology water body water mass potamology hydraulics hydroeconomics hydrochemistry forest hydrology urban hydrology hydrophysics palaeohydrology pedohydrology水文形势水文过程水文测试流域形态流域分水线河流坡降河流等级闭合盆地河网密度总蒸发hydrological regime hydrological process hydrometry watershed morphology basin dividechannel gradient channel orderclosed basin drainage density evapotranspiration水均衡water budget，water balance 陆面蒸发land evaporation水面蒸发water surface evaporation分岔系数fork factor河源headwaters水道网支流过程线流量过程线切割瀑布水平降水水循环水量互换径流径流系数年正常径流量基流河床变形河流补给暴发洪水hydrographic net tributaryhydrographseparation of hydrograph waterfallhorizontal precipitation water cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannual normal runoff base flowriver bed deformation river feedingflash flood洪水流水过程层间流壤中流河流数量定律叠加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量产流汇流产沙率退水曲线径流模数产水量floodfluvial processes interaquifer flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superposition dischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerunoff generationflow concentrationrate of sediment production recession curverunoff moduluswater yield悬移质泥沙运动产沙量水位洪水位戒备水位水土流失水土保持涝暴雨径流输沙能力径流变率地下水文学承压地下水水力传导度suspended loadsediment movement sediment yieldwater stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservation waterloggingstorm flowtransportability of sediments variability of runoff groundwater hydrology confined groundwater hydraulic conductivity入渗土壤水含水层自流水盆地深层地下水裂隙水地下水位矿泉地下河饱和带湖沼学湖泊水文学湖流水质湖泊富营养化infiltrationsoil wateraquiferartesian basin deep phreatic water fissured water water table mineral spring underground river saturation zone limnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake eutrophication人工湖盐湖咸水湖淡水湖结构湖层结湖季节性湖泊火山湖高峰湖游移湖热湖微咸湖干枯湖完整混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketectonic lake ， structural lake stratified lakeseasonal lakevolcanic lakealpine lakewandering lakewarm lakebrackish-water lakeextinct lakeholomixed lakelake circulation湖水环流湖泊蓄水量冰川补给积雪水文学融雪水文学融雪径流有潮河口无潮海波涛侵害地下水库水资源供水水能lake circulationlake storage alimentation of glacier alimentation of glacier snow hydrology snow runofftidal estuarytideless seawave erosion groundwater reservoir water resources Water supply hydropower6生物地理学生物地理学生物散布学生物散布散布区散布区中心散布区中断散布区型扩散中心残遗种区种群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeography chorology biochores arealareak center areal disjunction areal type dispersal center refugium population biota biogeocoenosis habitat小生境群落生境植物地理学植物区系生活型生活型谱水生植物湿生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群丛niche， microhabitat biotope phytogeography floralife formlife form spectrum hydrophyte hygrophyte mesophyte xerophyte indicator plant indicator community vegetationplant community association群系formation植被型vegetation type顶级群落climax演替succession针叶林coniferous forest泰加林taiga落叶林deciduous forest常绿阔叶林evergreen broad-leaved forest 硬叶林sclerophyllous forest照叶林laurel forest季[ 风] 雨林monsoon forest雨林rainforest红树林mangrove苔原tundra丛林草原forest steppe草原高草草原萨瓦纳普那高原草甸高峰矮曲林丛林上限树线动物地理学动物区系地理阻障动物传播华莱士线动物群落泛北极steppeprairiesavannapunameadowalpine krummholz upper forest limit timberline zoogeography fauna geographical barriers synzoochory wallace’ s line animal community Holarctic古北界新北界旧热带界新热带界东洋界澳洲界Palaearctic Neoarctic Palaeotropic Neotropic Oriental Australasian7土壤地理学土壤地理学土被土链土壤组合土壤复区土壤天气土壤资源土壤退化土壤侵害古土壤丛林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤pedogeography soil mantlesoil catenasoil association soil complex soil climatesoil resources soil degradation soil erosion paleosoilforest soil desert soil desert soil高峰土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤顶级土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黄壤红壤砖红壤黑钙土栗钙土棕钙土灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soil young soil mature soil climax soil podzolic soil brown earth cinnamon soil yellow earthred earthlaterite chernozem chestnut soil brown soilgray desert soil brown desert soil盐土碱土solonchak solonertz8化学地理学化学地理学景观地球化学地球化学景观自成景观附属景观残积景观水上景观水下景观水成景观单元景观生源景观非生源景观大气迁徙水迁徙生物迁徙机械迁徙化学迁徙标型元素标型化合物标型离子化学剥蚀chemical geographylandscape geochemistrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscapeauxiliary landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscapeaqueous landscape， aqual landscape elementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbiological migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorphic compoundtypomorphic ionchemical denudation10环境地理学环境地理学环境地球化学自然环境社会环境地区环境大海环境环境系统环境结构环境因素环境演化环境背景值环境异样环境自净environmental geography environmental geochemistry natural environmentsocial environmentregional environmentmarine environment environmental system environmental structure environmental element environmental evolution environmental background value environmental abnormality environmental self-purification环境容量景观伤害环境退化环境效应环境污染大气污染水污染土壤污染大海污染环境经济环境管理环境标准environmental capacity landscape damage environmental degradation environmental effect environmental pollution atmospheric pollution water pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollution environmental economy environmental management environmental standard环境质量环境质量参数环境质量指数环境质量评论环境影响评论环境质量综合评论环境保护环境规划环境区划环境设计自然保护自然保护区自然资源保护生物质源保护水资源保护国家公园地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病environmental qualityenvironmental quality parameter environmental quality indexenvironmental quality evaluation environmental impact assessment environmental quality comprehensive evaluation environmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regionalizationenvironmental designconservation of naturenature reserveconservation of natural resourcesliving resources conservationprotection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease11 冰川学冰川学积雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆雪线吹雪雪崩雪蚀陆冰冰山冰川冰盖glaciology snow cover firn firnification firn basin snow line snow drift avalanche nivation land ice iceberg glacierice sheet冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物质均衡融化区累积区冰川隙冰川地质学角峰冰斗U 形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice field glacierization glaciationglacier mass-balance ablation area accumulation area crevasseglacial geologyhorncirqueU-shape valley drumlinroche moutonnee glacial striaglacial stream冰下河流漂砾纹泥大海性冰川大陆性冰川极地冰川山岳冰川冰斗冰川悬冰川冰川变化冰川退却冰期小冰期新冰期冰期后subglacial channel bouldervarvemaritime glacier continental glacier polar glacier mountain glacier cirque glacier hanging glacier glacial fluctuation deglaciationice agelittle ice age neoglaciation post-glacial间冰期冷圈冷圈学interglacial period cryosphere cryology12 冻土学冻土学冻土融土季节冻土多年冻土高峰冻土冻土动力学冻土退化冻土进化geocryology,cryopedology frozen groundmelted soilseasonal frozen ground permafrostalpine permafrost permafrost dynamics permafrost degradation permafrost aggradation富冰冻土冻结层中水冻土相剖析冻融循环冻结指数融化指数零点幕成冰作用冰胶结冰分凝地下水冰透镜体冰含量冻胀冻胀力ice permafrost interpermafrost water permafrost phase-analyses freeze-thaw cycles freezing indexthawing indexzero curtainice formationcement icesegregated iceground iceice lensice contentfrost heavingfrost heaving force冰缘寒冻风化热喀斯特热喀斯特湖冰锲翻浆periglacialcryogenic weathering, frost weathering thermokarstthermokarst lakeice wedgefrost boil13沼泽学沼泽学沼泽盐沼草甸沼泽苔藓沼泽芦苇沼泽mire sciencemire, swampsalt marshmeadow marshsedge marsh,reed marsh, phragmites marsh藓类沼泽颤沼林地沼泽红树林沼泽海滨沼泽滩地沼泽阶地沼泽平原沼泽高峰沼泽山地沼泽沼泽形成过程沼泽水文沼泽植物低位沼泽中位沼泽mass bogquaking mire, floating mireforest marshmangrove swampcoastal marshfluvial marshterrace marshplain marshplateau marshmountain mire, upland miremire formation processmire hydrology, peatland hydrology mire plantfentransitional mire高位沼泽富营养沼泽中营养化沼泽贫营养化沼泽沼泽化沼泽生态系统沼泽率泥炭湿地raised bog eutrophic mire mesotrophic mire oligotrophic bog paludification mire ecosystem mire areapeatwetland。
地理专业英语词汇地理专业英语词汇大全我们学习英语,能学会所有的因素和发音规则,也有可能掌握所有的语法和规则,但要学会所有的单词是无法做到的。
且不说外语学习者。
即便把英语作为母语使用的人也难以达到这一目标。
以下是小编整理的地理专业英语词汇大全，一起来看看吧。
地理专业英语词汇1earthsaxis（地轴）latitude（纬度）longitude（经度）subtropical（亚热带的）subfrigid（亚寒带的）archipelago（群岛）humidity（温度）aircurrent（气流）front（锋面）earthquake（地震）epicenter（震央）erosion（侵蚀）reef（矿脉）glacier（冰河）iceberg（冰山）meander（曲折）tributary（支流）delta（三角洲）heavenlybody（天体）astronomy（天文学）constellation（星座）Galaxy（银河）galacticnebula（银河星云）satellite（卫星）planet（行星）asteroid（小行星）meteor（流星）meteorite（陨石）地理专业英语词汇2anthropologist 人类学家paleoanthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人(科)homogeneous 同一种族(种类)的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物，文物antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age (青)铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的' Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的托福栏目推荐访问：2014年托福考试真题及答案汇总2014托福报名流程原文每日托福词汇：考古+地理GEOGRAPHY 地理geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石地理专业英语词汇31、geography地理2、geographer地理学家3、hemisphere半球4、meridian子午线，经线5、parallel平行圈，纬线6、latitude经度7、longitude精度8、elevation海拔9、altitude高度10、temperate latitudes温带地区11、horizon地平线12、equator赤道13、tropics热带地区14、Arctic北极15、Antarctic(Antarctica)南极16、expedition探险17、time zone时区18、topography地形，地形学19、plain平原20、plateau (highland)高地21、lowland低地22、basin盆地23、cavern (cave)洞穴24、terrain地域25、subterranean ( underground) 地底下26、coastland沿海地区27、island岛屿28、continental island大陆岛29、volcanic island火山岛30、coral island珊瑚岛31、islet小岛32、peninsular半岛33、continent大陆34、continental shelf大陆架35、ranges山脉36、valley峡谷37、canyon峡谷38、channel (strait)海峡39、remote-sensing遥感的40、terrestrial地球的，陆地的41、terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热42、terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁43、continental drift大陆漂移学说44、sea-floor spreading海床扩展45、evaporation蒸发46、salinity含盐度47、ocean bottom海床48、sediment沉淀物，沉积物49、tropical热带的50、temperate温带的51、frigid寒带的52、formation形成53、frost heaving冻胀现象54、fieldstone卵石。
地理学英语词汇大全地理学专业英语词汇Geography is a fascinating field that involves the study of the Earth's physical features, climate patterns, and the interaction between humans and the environment. As with any subject, learning the vocabulary specific to geography is essential for effective communication and understanding. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of English vocabulary words commonly used in geography studies. This compilation aims to assist geography students, researchers, and enthusiasts in expanding their knowledge and fluency in the subject.1. Physical Geography Terms:1.1 Landforms: mountains, plains, plateaus, hills, valleys, canyons, ridges, etc.1.2 Water Bodies: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, waterfalls, etc.1.3 Climate: tropical, arid, temperate, polar, humid, continental, monsoon, etc.1.4 Weather: precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, etc.1.5 Ecosystems: forests, deserts, grasslands, wetlands, tundra, coral reefs, etc.1.6 Natural Disasters: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, etc.2. Human Geography Terms:2.1 Population: demographics, birth rate, death rate, population density, population growth, migration, etc.2.2 Urbanization: cities, urban areas, urban planning, urban expansion, slums, skyscrapers, etc.2.3 Transportation: roads, highways, railways, airports, ports, bridges, tunnels, public transportation, etc.2.4 Agriculture: farming, crop cultivation, livestock rearing, irrigation, agribusiness, sustainable agriculture, etc.2.5 Economic Systems: capitalism, socialism, market economy, planned economy, globalization, trade, etc.2.6 Cultural Geography: language, religion, traditions, customs, folklore, national identity, ethnicity, etc.3. Geographical Tools and Techniques:3.1 Maps: topographic maps, thematic maps, political maps, physical maps, cartography, map scale, symbols, etc.3.2 Remote Sensing: satellite imagery, aerial photography, GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), etc.3.3 Fieldwork: surveys, observations, sampling, data collection, experiments, analysis, etc.3.4 Geographic Information: coordinates, latitude, longitude, elevation, GIS data layers, geospatial analysis, etc.3.5 Land Surveying: land measurement, boundary determination, survey instruments, geodetic surveying, etc.3.6 Computer Applications: geospatial software, data visualization, modeling, remote sensing software, etc.4. Environmental Geography Terms:4.1 Pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution, waste management, recycling, etc.4.2 Climate Change: greenhouse effect, global warming, carbon footprint, renewable energy, climate adaptation, mitigation, etc.4.3 Conservation: biodiversity, endangered species, habitat preservation, national parks, sustainable development, etc.4.4 Natural Resources: minerals, fossil fuels, renewable resources, water resources, forestry, sustainable use, etc.4.5 Environmental Impact: deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, land degradation, pollution control, conservation strategies, etc.4.6 Sustainability: environmental stewardship, eco-friendly practices, sustainable lifestyles, green technologies, circular economy, etc.5. Geopolitical and International Relations Terms:5.1 Borders: international borders, geopolitical boundaries, border disputes, border control, immigration, etc.5.2 Global Organizations: United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), etc.5.3 Geopolitical Concepts: geopolitics, superpowers, regional integration, imperialism, colonialism, nation-state, etc.5.4 Global Issues: globalization, inequality, poverty, human rights, peacekeeping, conflict, diplomacy, international cooperation, etc.5.5 Development: developed countries, developing countries, sustainable development goals (SDGs), economic indicators, etc.5.6 Migration: immigration, emigration, refugees, asylum seekers, push factors, pull factors, brain drain, etc.Please note that this list of geography vocabulary words is not exhaustive but provides a broad overview of the most commonly used terms in the field. Remember to continuously expand your understanding of geographical concepts and their associated vocabulary through readings, research, and practical applications.。
地理英语名词汇总地理是研究地球的各种现象、规律和特征的学科。
在地理学中，有许多重要的英语名词术语。
下面将详细介绍一些常用的地理英语名词，以帮助读者更好地了解地理学术语。
1. Earth（地球）The third planet from the Sun, also known as the Blue Planet.2. Geology（地质学）The study of the solid Earth, including rocks, minerals, and the processesthat shape its surface.3. Geography（地理学）The study of the Earth's physical features, climate, vegetation, and human populations.4. Topography（地形学）The physical features of a region or area, including its elevation, slope, and relief.5. Continent（大陆）One of the seven major land masses on Earth, including Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.6. Ocean（海洋）A large body of saltwater that covers 71% of the Earth's surface, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic oceans.7. Sea（海）A large body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land, smaller than an ocean.8. River（河流）A large natural stream of water that flows into another body of water, such as a lake, sea, or ocean.9. Lake（湖泊）A large body of water that is surrounded by land.10. Mountain（山）A large landform that rises steeply above the surrounding land, typically with a peak or summit.11. Hill（小山）A rounded, elevated landform that is lower than a mountain.12. Valley（山谷）A low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it.13. Plain（平原）A large, flat area of land with few or no trees.14. Plateau（高原）A flat, elevated area of land that is higher than the surrounding land.15. Desert（沙漠）A barren and dry region with little or no vegetation, often characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall.16. Tundra（冻土带）A cold and treeless biome found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, characterized by low temperatures and permanently frozen ground.17. Rainforest（热带雨林）A dense forest with high levels of rainfall, typically found in tropical regions.18. Climate（气候）The long-term average weather conditions of a region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.19. Weather（天气）The current state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind.20. Erosion（侵蚀）The process by which rocks and soil are moved from one place to another by natural forces, such as water, wind, or glaciation.21. Volcano（火山）A mountain or hill with a vent or crater through which lava, rock fragments, hot gases, and ash are expelled during an eruption.22. Earthquake（地震）A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, often caused by the movement of tectonic plates.23. Tsunami（海啸）A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.24. Glacier（冰川）A large mass of ice that moves slowly over land, usually formed in high mountainous regions.25. Wetland（湿地）An area of land that is saturated with water, such as a swamp, marsh, or bog.26. Biodiversity（生物多样性）The variety of plant and animal species within a given ecosystem or region.27. Ecosystem（生态系统）A community of living organisms that interact with each other and their environment.28. Deforestation（森林砍伐）The clearing or removal of trees from a forested area.29. Pollution（污染）The introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment, causing damage to ecosystems and human health.30. Sustainability（可持续性）The ability to maintain or use resources in a way that does not deplete or harm the environment for future generations.以上是一些常用的地理英语名词，涵盖了地球的各个方面，包括地形、气候、动植物等。
地理词汇中英文对照翻译(3)abrasion (corrasion) 磨蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；刻蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///abrasion (wave-cut) platform 海蚀平台absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定〔状态〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///absolute stability 绝对稳定〔状态〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///absolute temperature 绝对温度absorption 吸收〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///abyssal region 深海区acacia 合欢树Acacia confusa 台湾相思accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accessibility 可达度；能达度acclimatization 气候适应accordant drainage 协调水系；调和水系accretion 加积〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///accumulated temperature 积温acid lava 酸性熔岩acid rain 酸雨acid soil 酸性土壤acidic rock 酸性岩acidity (1) 酸度，(2) 酸性activated sludge 活性污泥active layer 活动层；活土层active recreation 主动性康乐active volcano 活火山activity space 活动空间actual evapotranspiration 实际蒸散〔量〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///adiabatic cooling 绝对冷却；绝热降温adiabatic heating 绝对增温adiabatic lapse rate 绝热递减率；绝热直减率adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic temperature change 绝热温度变化adit mining 棋坑开采法advection 平流advection fog 平流雾aeolian deposit (sediment) 风积物aeration (1)通气[性]，(2)曝气aeration tank 曝气池aerial photograph 航空照片；空中照片aerobic 需氧aerobic treatment 需氧处理aerosol 气溶胶；雾体；大气微粒aesthetic pollution 美感污染aesthetic quality 美感质素afforestation 造林；植林aftershock 余震age composition 年龄构成age group 年龄组别age structure 年龄结构aged-dependency ratio 老年人抚养〔比〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///率agents of erosion 侵蚀作用力；侵蚀营力age-sex pyramid 年龄性别金字塔age-specific fertility rate 年龄别生育率age-specific marriage rate 年龄别结婚率age-specific mortality rate 年龄别死亡率agglomerate 集块岩agglomerated settlement 集居聚落agglomeration (1)结集；聚结，(2)聚居点agglomeration economies 集聚经济效益aggradated plain (aggradation plain) 加积平原；填积平原aggradation 右积作用；填积作用aggradation plain (aggradated plain) 加积平原；填积平原aggregate 团聚体；集合体aging of population 人口老化agrarian reform 土地改革agricultural location theory 农业区位理论agricultural waste 农业废料agriculture 农业agro-ecosystem 农业生态系统agrosystem 农业系统A-horizon A层；淋溶层air circulation 空气环流；空气循环air composition 空气成分；空气组成air control zone 空气管制区air mass 气团air mass modification 气团变性air parcel 气块air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染；大气污染air pollution source 空气污染〔来〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///源air pressure 气压air quality monitoring network 空气质素监察网albedo 反射率alfalfa 苜蓿alfisol 淋溶土algae 藻类algal bloom 藻类过量繁殖alkaline soil 碱性土alkalinity (1)碱度，(2)碱性alkalization 碱化〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///allogenic river 外源河alluvial cone 冲积锥alluvial deposit 冲积物alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluviation 冲积作用alluvium 冲积物；冲积层alpine 高山alpine meadow soil 高山草甸土Alpine mountain-building movement 阿尔卑斯造山运动alpine vegetation 高山植物Alpine-Himalayan Belt 阿尔卑斯－－喜马拉雅山带altimeter 高度计altiplano 高原（玻利维亚）altitude 高度altocumulus 高积云altostratus 高层云aluminium sesquioxide 三氧化二铝amenities 市容ammonia 氨ammophilous 喜砂amorphous 无定形amplitude (1)幅度，(2)振幅anabatic wind 上坡风anaerobic 厌氧anaerobic treatment 厌氧处理；缺氧处理ancillary service 辅助性服务〔行业〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer 空盒气压计angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of repose 休止角angular (compass, whole circle) bearing 方位角angulate drainage 角状水系animal husbandry 畜牧〔业〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///anion 阴离子；负离子annotated map 注释图annual flood 年最大流量；年最大洪水annual mean temperature 年平均温annual rainfall 年雨量annual range of temperature 年温差annual runoff 年径流；年径流量annular drainage 环状水系Antarctic Circle 南极圈antecedent drainage 先成水系anthracite 无烟煤anthropogenic factor 人为因素anticline 背斜anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic circulation 反气旋式环流anvil cloud 砧状云apartment building 住宅大厦apex (1)冲积扇顶，(2)顶点aquaculture 水产养殖aquatic plant 水生植物aqueduct 引水槽aquifer 畜水层arable farming 耕作农业arable land 〔可〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///耕地arch (1)背斜，(2)拱顶，(3)穹窿Archimedes' screw 〔阿基米得式〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///螺旋水斗archipelago 群岛Arctic air mass 北极气团Arctic Circle 北极圈Arctic climate 北极气候arctic front 北极锋arcuate delta 弓形三角洲；扇形三角洲area sampling 区域抽样；地区抽样areal association 地区联系；地域联系areal differentiation 地域分异areal distribution 地区分布；地域分布areal specialization 地区专门化；地域专门化areal variation 地区差异；地域差异arete 刃脊；冰脊arid 干旱arid {dry} climate 干旱气候arid land 旱地aridisol 旱成土aridity 干燥〔度〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；干旱〔度〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中项；算术中项arithmetic progression 等差级数；算术级数arterial highway 干线公路artesian basin 自流水盆地artesian water 自流水artesian well 自流井artificial climate 人造气候asbestosis 石棉沉着病ash and cinder cone 凝灰火山渣锥ash cone 凝灰火山锥ash lagoon 煤灰湖asker 蛇〔形〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///丘aspect 坡向assembly industry 装配工业assembly line 装配线assimilation 同化〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///association 联系assumed mean 假定平均数asthenosphere 软流圈；岩流圈asymmetrical fold 不对称折曲atlas 地图集atmosphere 大气；大气圈atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric circulation 大气环流atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动atmospheric heat balance 大气热平衡atmospheric heat source 大气热源atmospheric motion 大气流动atmospheric pollutant 大气污染物atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric pressure 大气压力；气压atmospheric radiation 大气辐射atmospheric refraction 大气折射atoll 环礁attrition 磨耗〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；自磨〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///aureole 〔接触〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///变质带autotroph 自养生物autotrophic nutrition 自养营养autumnal equinox 秋分available relief (relative relief) 有效地势；相对地势avalanche 雪崩；山崩average cost 平均成本axial growth 轴向增长axial plane 轴面axial stream 山谷主要河流azimuth 方位角azonal soil 泛域土baby boom 生育高峰back bearing 倒后方位backshore 后滩；滨后〔滩〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///backwall 后壁；后坡backwash 回流badland 劣地bajada (bahada) 山麓冲积扇带balanced community 均衡社区balanced ecosystem 平衡生态系统Baltic-Danish farming 波罗的－－丹麦农业bank deposit 河岸沉积〔物〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///bank erosion 河岸侵蚀bank failure 塌岸bank full stage 满岸水位bank protection 护岸bankfull discharge 满岸流量bar 沙洲；沙坝bar chart (graph) 条形图；棒形图barbed drainage 倒状水系barchan 新月形沙丘barogram 自记气压曲线图barograph 自记气压计barometer 气压计barometric gradient 气压梯度barren land 荒地；瘠地barrier reef 堡礁；堤礁barrier to migration 迁徙障碍barysphere 重圈basal sapping 基部掏蚀basalt 玄武岩base flow 基本径流；底流base level 基准面base map 底图；基本图basic industry 基础工业basic lava 基性熔岩basic rock 基性岩basic sector 基础部门basin 盆地basin irrigation 淹灌basin perimeter 流域周长；流域周界basin planning 流域规划basin-and-range terrain 盆山相间地形batholith 岩基bauxite 铝土矿bayhead beach 湾头滩bazaar-type economy 摊贩经济beach 海滩beaded stream 串珠〔状〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///河流Beaufort scale 蒲福风级bed load 推移质；底沙bed scour 河床冲刷bedding 层理bedding plane 层面bed-load discharge 推移质输送量；底沙输送量bed-load transport 推移质输送；推移质搬运bedrock 基岩；底岩beef cattle 肉用牛behavioral adjustment 行为适应beheaded river (stream) 断头河bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线belt transect 样带bench 阶地bench mark (BM) 水准点beneficiation 矿物增效处理；富集bergschrund 冰后隙；冰斗隙best fit line 最优拟合线B-horizon B层；淀积层bias 偏误；偏差bidder 投标人；出价人bid-rent 出价地租bid-rent curve 出价地租曲线bifurcation ratio 分叉比；分叉率bimodal 集峰binomial curve 二项曲线biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量biocycle 生物循环biodegradation 生物降解biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环biogeography 生物地理学biological concentration 生物密集biological control 生物防治biological indicator 指示生物biological monitor 生物调节者biological productivity 生物生产力biological purification 生物净化biological weathering 生物风化biomass 生物量biome 生物群落biosphere 生物圈biota (biotic community) 生物群biotic balance (equilibrium) 生物平衡biotic barrier 生物阻限biotic climax 生物顶极〔群落〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///biotic community (biota) 生物群biotic component 生物组元biotic condition 生物条件biotic environment 生物环境；生命环境biotic equilibrium (balance) 生物平衡biotic factor 生物因素；生命因素biotite 黑云母biotype 生物〔类〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///型bird's foot delta 鸟足状三角洲birth control 节育；计划生育birth rate 出生率birth-death ratio 生死比率bituminous coal 烟煤black alkali soil 黑碱土black earth 黑土blast furnace 鼓风炉bleached horizon 漂白层blighted area (1)萎缩地区，(2)枯萎区blizzard 暴风雪；雪暴block diagram 立体图block disintegration 块状崩解；块状分裂block mountain 断块山blood rain 血雨blood worm 红虫；颤虫blow-hole 吹穴blowout (deflation hollow) 吹蚀穴；风蚀洼地bluff 陡坡；陡崖body wave 体波bog 藓沼；沼泽bog peat 沼泽泥炭bora 布拉风（地中海北岸）boreal climate 北部〔森林〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///气候boreal forest 北部针叶林borehole 钻孔；探孔boulder 巨砾；石砾boulder clay 泥砾boulder fan 巨砾扇boulder-controlled slope 砾块控制坡boundary (1)界限，(2)边界boundary layer 边界层brackish water 微咸水brackish water habitat 微咸水生境braided stream 分汊河道branching channel 辫状河breaching of dyke 决堤break8ing point 市场分界点breaker zone 碎波区；破波区break-of-bulk-point 转运点breakwater 防波堤breccia 角砾岩breeder reactor 增殖反应堆breeze 微风bridging point 架桥点broad-leaved forest 阔叶林bromine 溴bronchial ailment 支气管失调brown desert steppe soil 棕色荒漠草原土；棕钙土brown earth 棕壤brown forest soil 棕色森林土brown podzolic soil 灰化棕色土；灰化棕壤browsing stock 放牧牲畜buckling (1)弯曲，(2)地壳弯曲buffer 缓冲built-up area 已建区bulk carrier 散装货轮bund 堤Burgess's Concentric Model 伯吉斯同心区模式burrowing animal 穴居动物；钻洞动bush fallowing 灌丛休耕法bush veld 灌丛草原（南非）bushfire 林火business turnover 营业额butte 小方丘；孤丘buttress root 板根by-census 中期人口普查；中期户口统计cactus 仙人掌cadmium 镉Cainozoic (Cenozoic) era 新生calcareous crust 代钙质地表层；石灰结皮；石灰结壳calcareous rock 钙质岩calcareous soil 钙质土；石灰性土壤calcic horizon 钙质层calcification 钙化作用calcimorphic soil 钙成土calciphilous plant 适钙植物；喜钙植物calcite 方解石calcium carbonate 碳酸钙caldera 破火山口Caledonian mountain-building movement 加里东造山运动caliche 钙质层calm (1)无风，(2)静calorie 卡路里；卡Cambrian period 寒武纪camouflage 保护色作用canopy 冠层canyon 峡谷cape 岬〔角〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///capillary action 毛〔细〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///管作用capital (1)资金；资本，(2)首都capital accumulation 资本累积capital city 首都capital goods 资本货物capital investment 资本投资capital-intensive industry 资本密集工业cap-rock 冠岩；覆盖石caravan 商队(北非)carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbon cycle 碳循环carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbonaceous rock 炭质岩carbonation 碳化作用carbonic acid 碳酸Carboniferous period 石炭纪carcinogen 致癌物cardinal points 方位基点caribou 驯鹿carnivore 食肉动物；食肉生物carrying capacity 负载能力cartographic technique 绘图技巧cartography 绘图学cascade 小瀑布case study 个案研究；学习事例cash crop 经济作物；现金作物cash tenancy 现金租用耕地制cassava 木薯cast iron 铸铁cataract 急流catastrophic effect 灾难性后果catch crop 填闲作物catchment area (1)集水区，(2)从属区catchwater 引水道category 类型；类别catena (soil catena) 土链cation 阳离子；正离子cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换能力；正离子交换能力cattle rearing 牧牛业cavern 岩洞cavitation 空化〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///cellular circulation 环型环流Celsius scale 摄氏温度表cementation 胶结〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///Cenozoic (Cainozoic) era 新生代census 代人口普查；户口统计central business district (CBD) 商业中心区central city 中心城central place 中地；中心地central tendency 集中趋势centrality 中心性centralization 集中centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济centre of gravity 重心centrifugal drainage 离心水系centrifugal force 离心力centripetal drainage 向心水系centripetal force 向心力cereal 谷类cesspool 污水池；粪池chain island 列岛chain shop 连锁店chalk 白垩chance factor 机遇因素channel (1)海峡，(2)水道，(3)河槽；河床channel capacity 河道容量channel cutting 河道割切channel density 河网密度channel equilibrium 河道平衡channel erosion 河道侵蚀channel filling 河道淤塞channel flow 河道径流；河槽径流channel frequency 河道频数channel gradient (slope) 河道坡度；河床坡度channel improvement 河道整治channel length 河道长度channel realignment 河道改道channel roughness 河床糙度channel slope (gradient) 河道坡度；河床坡度channel width 河道宽度channelled runoff 河道径流channelling 开渠；开新槽chaparral 浓密常绿阔叶灌丛(美国加利福尼亚和墨西哥) chart 图；图表chemical industry 化学工业chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量chemical waste 化学废物chemical weathering 化学风化chemically formed sedimentary rock 化学作用形成的沉积岩chemosynthesis 化合作用；化学合成chernozem 黑钙土chestnut brown soil 栗钙褐土chestnut soil 栗钙土child-bearing age group 生育年龄组chili 奇利风（突尼斯的干热风）chinook 钦诺克风（北美）chi-square 卡方chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) 氯氟碳chlorophyll 叶绿素C-horizon C层；母质层choropleth map 等值域图Christaller's Central Place Theory 克里斯泰勒中地学说chute (1)奔流；瀑流，(2)流槽cinder cone 火山渣锥circular causation 循环因果circum-Pacific belt 环太平洋带circumpolar westerlies 环极西风cirque (corrie, cwm) 冰斗cirrocumulus 卷积云cirrostratus 卷层云cirrus 卷云city 城市city (urban) planner 城市规划师city (urban) planning 城市规划city centre 市中心city plan 城市平面图city proper 城市市区部分class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark (class mid-point) 组中点；组中点class mid-point (class mark) 组中点；区中点clastic deposit 碎屑沉积clay 黏土clay loam 黏质壤土clay pan 黏盘clay particle 黏土颗粒clayey 黏质clay-humus complex 黏粒腐殖质复合体cliff 悬崖；峭壁climate 气候climate modification 〔人工〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///改变气候climatic amelioration 气候改良climatic anomaly 气候异常climatic barrier 气候障壁climatic change 气候变化；气候变迁climatic classification 气候分类climatic climax 气候顶极〔群落〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///climatic deterioration 气候恶化climatic element 气候要素climatic factor 气候因子climatic graph 气候图〔表〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///climatic map 气候图climatic oscillation 气候变化；气候变动climatic prediction 气候预报climatic region 气候区climatic regulation 气候调节〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///climatology 气候学climax 顶极〔群落〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///climax community 顶极群落climax vegetation 顶极植物climber 攀绿植物climbing plant 攀绿植物climograph 气候图clinometer 倾角仪；测斜仪clint 石灰岩岩脊；石芽closed system 密闭系统clothing industry 制衣业cloud 云cloud cover (cloudiness) 云量cloud reflection 云盖反射cloud seeding 播云；云的催化cloud type 云型cloudiness (cloud cover) 云量cluster sampling 类集抽样coagulation 混凝coal seam 煤层coalfield 煤田coarse texture soil 粗质地土壤coarse tuff 粗粒凝灰岩coarse-grained rock 粗粒岩石coastal landform 海岸地貌；海岸地形coastal plain 海岸平原coastline 海岸线cobble 中砾coding 编码cohesion 内聚力；凝聚力cohort 同期组群coking coal 〔炼〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///焦煤col 山口；山坳cold current 寒流cold desert 寒〔带荒〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///漠cold front 冷锋cold resistance 耐寒性cold temperate climate 寒温带气候cold wave 寒潮collective farming 集体农业collectivization 集体化colloid 胶体colluvium 崩积物；崩积层；坡积物colonization (1)殖民；拓殖，(2)集群；定殖；占据colony 集群；群体columnar jointing 柱状节理columnar structure 柱状结构combine harvester 联合收割机；多用途收割机commercial centre 商业中心commercial farming 商业性农业commercial zone 商业区commercialization 商业化commune 公社communication (1)交通，(2)通讯community (1)社区，(2)群落community facility 社区设施community organization 社区组织community shopping centre 社区购物中心commuter 通勤者；往返市区工作地点及郊区住所的人commuter zone 通勤带compact texture 致密结构comparative advantage 相对优势comparison goods 需比较商品compass 罗盘；指南针compass (angular, whole circle) bearing 方位角compass points 罗盘指标；罗盘方位competence of stream 河流搬运最大颗粒能力competition for location 区位竞争competition for space 空间竞争component 组元composite cone 复合火山锥composting 堆肥comprehensive redevelopment area 综合性重建区compressional force 挤压力computation 计算concave bank 凹岸concave slope 凹坡concentration 集结concentric zone theory 同心圆地带论concordant (longitudinal) coast 顺向海岸；纵式海岸concretion 结核〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///condensation 凝结condensation level 凝结高度condensation nuclei 凝结核心conduction of heat 热传导conelet 小型火山锥confluence 汇流点congelifraction 融冻〔崩解〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///作用conglomerate 砾岩conical hill 锥形山conifer 针叶树coniferous forest 针叶林connectivity 连接程度consequent drainage 顺向水系conservation 养护；保养；保护；保存；节约conservation of resources 资源保养constant slope 直坡constructive plate boundary 建设性皮块边界constructive wave 建设性波浪；堆积浪consumer 消费者consumer behaviour 消费行为；消费者行为container 集装箱；货柜container terminal 集装箱码头；货柜码头containerization 集装箱化；货柜化continent 洲；大陆continental air mass 大陆气团continental apron (rise) 大陆隆continental climate 大陆〔性〕http;///气候continental collision 大陆碰撞continental crust 大陆地壳；陆壳continental drift 大陆漂移continental edge (fringe, margin) 大陆边缘continental fringe (edge, margin) 大陆边缘continental glacier 大陆冰川continental island 大陆岛continental margin (edge, fringe) 大陆边缘continental nucleus 陆核continental plate 大陆板块continental plate boundary 大陆板块边界continental rise (apron) 大陆隆continental rupture 大陆破裂continental shelf 大陆〔棚〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///架continental shield 地盾continental slope 〔大〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///陆〔斜〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///坡continental suturing 大陆缝合作用continentality 大陆性；大陆度contour farming (ploughing) 等高耕作〔法〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///contour line 等高线contour map 等高线图contour mapping 等高线绘图contour method 等高线法contour ploughing (farming) 等高耕作〔法〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///contraception 避孕contract farming 合约式农业controlled flooding 控制漫灌〔法〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///controlled tip 废物堆填区controlled tipping 废物堆填法conurbation 联都；集合城市〔区〕http;///convection (convectional) rain 对流雨convection (convective) current (1)对流，(2)对流气流convection of heat 热对流convective (convection) current (1)对流，(2)对流气流convenience goods 日用品；常用商品conventional sign 图例；沿用图例；惯用符号convergence (1)辐合，(2)聚合convex bank 凸岸convex slope 凸坡cool temperate climate 凉温带气候co-operative farming 合作社式农业coordinate 坐标coral reef 珊瑚礁cordillera 雁列山(美洲 )core (1) 地核；地心，(2)核心core area 核心区corestone 核心石；岩心Coriolis effect 科里奥效应Coriolis force 科里奥利力；地球自转偏向力Corn Belt 玉米带（美）corrasion (abrasion) 磨蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；刻蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///corrective measure 改善措施correlation 相关corrie (cirque, cwm) 冰斗corrosion 溶蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///cosmic ray 宇宙射线cost minimization 生产成本最低化；成本的极少化cost of living 生活费cost-benefit analysis 损益分析；成本收益分析cottage industry 家庭式工业counter radiation 逆辐射counter-urbanization 逆城市化country park 郊野公园country rock 围岩crag and tail 鼻尾丘crater 火山口crest 山脊Cretaceous period 白垩纪crevasse 冰隙；裂隙critical discharge 临界流量critical isodapane 临界等总运费线crop and livestock farming 耕牧混合农业crop breeding 作物育种crop failure 作物失收；作物减产crop rotation 轮植；轮作；轮耕cropping pattern 作物生产型式cropping region 作物区cropping system 耕作制度；农作制度cross breeding 杂交育种；杂交繁育cross section 横剖面；横切面cross-bedding 交错层crown 树冠crude birth rate 粗出生率；毛出生率crude death rate 粗死亡率；毛死亡率crumb structure 屑粒结构crust (earth's crust) 地壳crystal 晶体crystalline rock 结晶岩crystallization 结晶〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///cuesta 单斜脊；单面山cuesta scarp 单斜脊崖（前坡）；鬣崖cultural landscape 文化景观cumulative causation 累积因果cumulative frequency 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲线；穹形线cumulonimbus 积雨云cumulus 积云cup anemometer 转杯风速计curde oil 原油current meter 流速计current speed 流速cuspate delta 尖头三角洲cut off slope 削蚀坡cut-and-fill (1)边冲边淤(曲流) (2)先冲后淤(河床) cuticle 角质层cut-off (1)截流；断流，(2)裁湾〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///cut-off lake (oxbow lake) 牛轭湖cutting 〔削〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///切面cwm (cirque, corrie) 冰斗cycle of erosion 侵蚀循环cycle of poverty 贫穷循环cyclone 气旋cyclone track 气旋路线cyclonic circulation 气旋环流cyclonic flow 气旋流动cyclonic rain 气旋雨daily (diurnal) range of temperature 日温差dairy cattle 乳牛；乳用牛dairy farming 乳牛畜牧业Dalmatian coast 达尔马提亚型海岸；顺向海岸dam 水坝dam-failure 溃坝；垮坝data analysis 数据分析；资料分析data collection 数据搜集；资料搜集data interpretation 数据阐释；资料阐释data processing 数据处理；数据处理data representation 数据表达；资料表达de facto population 现住人口de jure population 常住人口death rate 死亡率debris avalanche 岩屑崩落debris flow 泥石流debris slope 岩屑坡decalcification 脱钙作用decay 腐烂；分解decentralization 分散；离心decibel (dB) 分贝deciduous forest 落叶林decision maker 决策者declining region 衰落区decomposer 分解者decomposing organism 分解生物decomposition 分解〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///deep-focus earthquake 深源地震deferred junction 延长汇点deferred stream 延长河如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///deflation hollow (blowout) 吹蚀穴；风蚀洼地deflation varnish 吹蚀漆皮deflection 偏向deflection (deflective, deviating) force 偏向力；偏转力deflective (deflecting, deviating) force 偏向力；偏转力defoliation 去叶；落叶；脱叶deforestation 伐林deformation 变形；变态deglomeration 反聚集力degradable plastics 可降解塑料degradation 陵削〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；减坡degrading stream 夷低河；削蚀河；下切河流dehydration 脱水〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///deionized water 去离子水delta 三角洲demand potential 需求潜在力demographic data 人口数据；人口资料demographic structure 人口结构demographic transition 人口过渡；人口转变demographic transition theory 人口过渡论demography 人口统计学；人口学dendritic drainage 〔树〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///枝状水系denitrification 反硝化作用densely populated 人口稠密density 密度density map 密度图denudation 剥蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///denudation chronology 剥蚀年代dependency population 依赖人口；受抚养人口dependency ratio 依赖比率；抚养比率dependent variable 应变量；应变数depopulation 人口减少；人口下降deposit 沉积物如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///depreciation (1)折旧，(2)贬值；货币贬值depressed region 葨落区域depression (1)低气压，(2)洼地deranged drainage 冰碛平原水系；扰乱水系desalinization 脱盐作用descriptive statistics 描述统计学desert 荒漠；沙漠desert climate 荒漠气候；沙漠气候desert encroachment 荒漠扩展；沙漠扩侵desert pavement 荒漠〔卵石〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///覆盖层；沙漠〔卵石〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///覆盖层desert plateau 荒漠高原；沙漠高原desert varnish 荒漠漆皮desertification 荒漠化；沙漠化desiccation 干燥作用；变旱desilication 脱硅作用destructive plate boundary 破坏性板块边界destructive wave 破坏性〔波〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///浪detached building 独立式楼宇detritus (1)碎屑；岩屑，(2)腐屑developed country 已发展国家developing country 发展中国家development level 发展水平deviating (deflecting, deflective) force 偏向力；偏转力deviation 偏差Devonian period 泥盆纪dew 露dew point 露点D-horizon D层；基岩层diagenesis 成岩作用diagonal linkage 对角联系diastrophism 地壳运动differential erosion 差别侵蚀differential weathering 差别风化diffuse radiation 扩散辐射diffusion 漫射；扩散dike (dyke) (1)岩墙；岩脉，(2)堤dilution 稀释diminishing return 收益递减dip 倾斜dip angle 倾角dip direction 倾向dip slope 倾向坡direct proportion 正比例disaster relief 救灾discharge 流量disclimax 亚演替顶极discordant coast 横或海岸discordant drainage 不协调水系discrete data 不连续数据disease control 疾病控制diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disintegration 崩解；分解dismembered drainage 解体水系dispersed settlement 分散聚落dispersion (1)离〔中〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///趋势；离〔中〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///差，(2)离散displacement 位移disposal 处置；处理dissected plateau 切割高原dissection 切割〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；分割〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///dissipation 消散〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///dissolved load 溶解〔搬运〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///质dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧distance decay 随距递减；随距衰减distributary 分流distribution 分布distributional pattern 分布形态diurnal (daily) range of temperature 日温差divergence (1)辐散，(2)分向diversification 多元化divided circle (pie graph) 圆瓣图division of labour 分工doldrums 赤道无风带dolerite 粗玄岩doline 溶斗；〔漏斗形〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///灰岩坑domain 领域dome 穹丘，圆丘domesti refuse 家庭废物domestic sewage 生活污水；家庭污水domesticated animal 驯养家畜domestication 驯化；驯养dominant animal 优势动物dominant plant 优势植物dominant species 优势种dormancy 休眠dormant volcano 睡火山dormitory suburb 郊外居住区；郊外住宅区dormitory town 居住城镇dot map 点示图double cropping 雨造耕作；双作downcutting 下蚀〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；下切侵蚀downdraft (downdraught) 下沉气流downfold 向斜downstream 下游downthrow 下盘downtown 市中心；城市商业区（美）downward filtering process 下滤过程downwelling 沉降流downwind effect 下沉风效应drag velocity 摩阻流速drainage (1)水系，(2)排水drainage area (1)流域，(2)排水区drainage basin 河盆；河域drainage density 河网密度;排水密度drainage network (1)河网，(2)排水网drainage pattern 水系型〔式〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///drainage system 水系draught animal 役畜dredging 清淤；疏浚dreikanter 三棱石；风棱石drift (adlt) mining 横坑开采法drift material 飘流物；漂流物drill rig 钻油台；钻塔drip-tip 滴水叶尖drizzle 微雨；毛毛雨drought 干旱drought-resistant plant 抗旱性植物drowned river valley (rai) 溺谷；溺河drumlin 脊背丘；鼓丘dry (arid) climate 干旱气候dry (wind) gap 旱峡；风口dry adiabatic lapse rate 干绝热〔温度〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///递减率；干绝热〔温度〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///直减率dry crop 旱田作物dry farming 旱耕〔法〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///dry rice 旱稻dry valley 干谷；涸谷dry-bulb thermometer 干球温度计drying agent 干燥剂duckweed 浮萍；青萍dumping area 倾卸区dune 沙丘dune encroachment 沙丘扩侵duplex house 复式房屋durable goods 耐用品duricrust 铝铁硅钙壳duripan 硬盘Dust Bowl 尘暴区（美）dust storm 尘暴dwelling unit 居住单位dyke rock 脉岩dyke(dike) (1)岩墙；岩脉，(2)堤dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡earth movement 地壳运动earth pillar 土柱earth revolution 地球公转earth rotation 地球自转earth-flow 泥流earthquake 地震earthquake focus 震源earthquake intensity 地震强度earthquake origin 震源earthquake period 地震期earthquake prediction 地震预报earthquake scale 地震震级earthquake wave 地震波earthquake zone 地震带earthquake-prooff design 抗震设计earth's axis 地轴earth's crust (crust) 地壳earthy 土状easterlies (1)东风，(2)东风带easting 东行线ecocline 生态变异；生态差型ecological balance 生态平衡ecological community 生态群落ecological crisis 生态危机ecological damage 生态破坏ecological efficiency 生态效率ecological niche 生态位；小生境ecological pyramid 生态塔ecological succession 生态演替ecology 生态学economic base 经济基础economic bloc 经济集团economic depression 经济萧条economic development 经济发展economic growth 经济增长economic man 经济人economic recession 经济衰退economic recovery 经济复苏economic region 经济区economic rent 经济租值economic take-off 经济起飞economic utility 经济效用economically active population 经济活动人口economically inactive population 非经济活动人口economies of scale 规模经济效益ecosphere 生态圈ecosystem 生态系统ecotone 群落过渡带；群落交错区ecotype 生态型edaphic climax 土壤演替顶极〔群落〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///edaphic factor 土壤因素eddy 旋涡effciency of energy transfer 能量变换效率；能量转换效率effective precipitation 有效降水〔量〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///effluent (1)污水；废水，(2)湖源河eight point compass 八方位罗盘elasticity of demand 需求弹性elasticity of supply 供给弹性elbow of capture 袭夺〔河〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///弯electrical conductivity 导电性；导电率electromagnetic wave 电磁波electronics industry 电子业elevated peneplain 上升准平原elevation (1)海拔；高度，(2)仰角eluvial deposit (1)残积物，(2)淋溶沉积物eluvial horizon 淋溶层eluviation 淋溶〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///；淋失〔作用〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///embankment 堤基emergence 上升emergent (1)露生植物，(2)挺水植物emergent coast 上升海岸emigrant 移民emigration 移居国外empirical data 实验数据employment structure 就业结构end (terminal) moraine 终〔冰〕如需要转载，请注明来自 FanE『翻译中国』http;///碛endangered species 濒临灭绝的生物品种；濒危物种endogenic process 内力作用；内成作用。
