1论述expound(explain), state河流river course引入introduce into河床river bed(channel)相应的corresponding冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)观点conception河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)概论overview阶地terrace概率probability冲积平原alluvial plain观点化conceptualize三角洲delta宏观的macroscopic古河流fossil river course, fossil stream channel增补complement冲积扇alluvial fan规划plan洪积扇diluvial fan证明demonstrate, certify, attest坡积裙talus apron证明confirmation分水岭divide赔偿compensate, make up, imburse盆地basin算法algorithm岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform鉴别式discriminant溶洞solution cave, karst cave有限元方法finite element method(FEM)落水洞sinkhole样本单元法sample element method(SEM)土洞Karstic earth cave赤平投影法stereographic projection method(SPM)赤平投影stereographic projection 2 地层岩性扰乱位移法interference displacement method(IDM)地层geostrome (stratum, strata)扰乱能量法interference energy method(IEM)岩性lithologic character, rock property条分法method of slices岩体rock mass极限均衡法limit equilibrium method岩层bed stratum界面元法boundary element method岩层layer, rock stratum模拟simulate母岩matrix, parent rock计算程序computer program相变facies change数值剖析numerical analysis硬质岩strong rock, film计算工作量calculation load软质岩weak rock解的独一性uniqueness of solution硬质的competent多层结构模型laminated model软质的incompetent非线性nonlinear基岩bedrock横观各向同性lateral isotropy岩组petrofabric各向同性isotropy覆盖层overburden各向异性anisotropy交织层理cross bedding非均质性heterogeneity层面bedding plane界限条件boundary condition片理schistosity本构方程constitutive equation层理bedding初始条件initial condition板理（叶理）foliation初始状态rest condition波痕ripple-mark岩土工程geotechnical engineering,泥痕mud crack土木匠程civil engineering雨痕raindrop imprints基础工程foundation engineering造岩矿物rock-forming minerals最不利滑面the most dangerous slip surface黏土矿物clay mineral交替alternate高岭土kaolinite控制论cybernetics蒙脱石montmorillonite大批现场检查mass field surveys伊利石illite组合式combined type云母mica互相作用interaction白云母muscovite稳固性评论stability evaluation黑云母biotite均质性homogeneity石英quartz介质medium长石feldspar层layer, stratum正长石orthoclase组构fabric斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene, picrite1 地形地貌geographic and geomorphic角闪石hornblende工程地质条件engineering geological conditions方解石calcite地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions结构structure地形land form结构texture地貌geomorphology, relief组构fabric(tissue)微地貌microrelief矿物构成mineral composition地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit结晶质crystalline坡度grade非晶质amorphous地形图relief map产状attitude河谷river valley火成岩igneous12岩浆岩magmatic rock粗粒coarse grain火山岩（熔岩） lava中粒medium-grained火山volcano堆积物sediment (deposit)侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock漂石、顽石boulder喷出岩effusive rock卵石cobble深成岩plutonic rock砾石gravel浅成岩pypabysal rock砂sand酸性岩acid rock粉土silt中性岩inter-mediate rock黏土clay基性岩basic rock粘粒clay grain超基性岩ultrabasic rock砂质黏土sandy clay岩基rock base (batholith)粘质砂土clayey sand岩脉（墙）dike壤土、亚黏土loam岩株rock stock砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚黏土sandy loam岩流rock flow浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite)黄土loess岩盆rock lopolith红土laterite岩墙rock dike泥灰peat岩床rock sill软泥ooze岩脉vein dyke淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay花岗岩granite冲积物（层）alluvion斑岩porphyry冲积的alluvial玢岩porphyrite洪积物（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion流纹岩rhyolite洪积的diluvial正长岩syenite坡积物（层）deluvium粗面岩trachyte残积物（层）eluvium闪长岩diorite残积的eluvial安山岩andesite风积物（层）eolian deposits辉长岩gabbro湖积物（层）lake deposits玄武岩basalt海积物（层）marine deposits细晶岩aplite冰川堆积物（层） glacier (drift)deposits伟晶岩pegmatite崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium煌斑岩lamprophyre残积黏土residual clay辉绿岩diabase变质岩metamorphic rock橄榄岩dunite板岩slate黑曜岩obsidian千枚岩phyllite浮岩pumice片岩schist火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia片麻岩gneiss火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate石英岩quartzite凝灰岩tuff大理岩marble堆积岩sedimentary rock糜棱岩mylonite碎屑岩clastic rock混淆岩migmatite黏土岩clay rock碎裂岩cataclasite粉砂质黏土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock 3 地质结构生物岩biolith地质结构geologic structure砾岩conglomerate结构结构structural texture角砾岩breccia大地结构geotectonic砂岩sandstone结构运动tectogenesis石英砂岩quartz sandstone造山运动orogeny粉砂岩siltstone起落运动vertical movement钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone水平运动horizontal movement泥岩mudstone完好性perfection(integrity)页岩shale起伏度waviness盐岩saline尺寸效应size effect石灰岩limestone围压效应confining pressure effect白云岩dolomite产状因素elements of attitude泥灰岩marl产状attitude, orientation泥钙岩argillo-calcareous走向strike泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous偏向dip砂质arenaceous倾角dip angle, angle of dip泥质argillaceous褶皱fold硅质的siliceous褶曲fold有机质organic matter单斜monocline2向斜syncline破裂crumble背斜anticline共轭节理conjugated joint穹隆dome散状loose挤压squeeze透镜状的lens-shaped a.上盘upper section岩石碎片crag下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall岩屑cuttings, debris断距separation薄膜membrane, film订交intersect层理stratification断层fault高角度high dip angle正断层normal fault缓倾角low dip angle逆断层reversed fault反倾anti-dip平移断层parallel fault互层interbed v.层理bedding, stratification Interbedding n.微层理light stratification起伏的unplanar地堑graben波状起伏的undulate, undulating地垒horst, fault ridge粒径particle size断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge结构层tectonosphere擦痕stria, striation挤压compression断裂fracture均一的homogeneous破裂带fracture zone剪切错动面shear faulted, bedding zone节理joint切割dissection节理组joint set切割的dissected裂隙fissure, crack致密close, compact微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure结构岩tectonite劈理cleavage糜棱岩mylonite原生裂隙original joint断层角砾岩fault breccia次生裂隙epigenetic joint方解石脉calcite vein张裂隙tension joint碎块岩clastic rock剪裂隙shear joint角砾breccia卸荷裂隙relief crack岩粉rock powder裂隙率fracture porosity岩屑debris, debry结构种类structural pattern固结consolidation岩体结构rock mass structure定向摆列oriented spread岩块block mass结构应力tectonic stress结构体structural element剩余应力residual stress块度blockness结构面structural plane 4 水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions脆弱结构面weak plane水文循环hydrologic cycle临空面free face大气圈atmosphere碎裂结构cataclastic texture水圈hydrosphere板状结构platy structure岩石圈geosphere薄板状lamellose地表径流surface runoff块状的lumpy, massive地下径流subsurface runoff层状的laminated流域valley, drainage basin巨厚层giant thick-laminated流域面积drainage area, river basin area 薄层状的finely laminated汇水面积catchment area脆弱夹层weak intercalated layer地下水ground water, subsurface water 夹层inter bedding,地表水surface water intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer大气水atmospheric water夹泥层clayey intercalation气态水aqueous (vapour) water夹泥inter-clay液态水liquid water连通性connectivity固态水solid water切层insequent上层滞水perched water影响带affecting zone潜水phreatic water完好性integrity n.承压水confined waterIntegrate v. & a.吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) waterdegree of integrality介质medium破裂crumble缝隙void胶结cement孔隙水压力pore water pressure泥化argillization浸透压力osmotic pressure, seepage force 尖灭taper-out扬压力uplift pressure错动diastrophism静水压力hydrostatic pressure错动层面faulted bedding plane外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure断续的intermittent动水压力hydrodynamic pressure3浸透力seepage pressure安全系数factor of safety外水压力external water pressure埋深embedment depth内水压力internal water pressure试件coupons水力联系hydraulic interrelation挠度deflection水力折减系数hydraulic reduction coefficient里氏震级Richter scale水头损失water head loss设计烈度design intensity浸透门路filtration path, seepage path基本烈度basic intensity浸透系数penetration coefficient场所烈度site intensity潜水位water table level地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale水位water level, stage level优秀周期predominant period水头water head持力层sustained yield含水层aquifer超载surcharge弱含水层（弱透水层）aquitard围岩压力surrounding rock stress滞水层aquiclude附带压力superimposed stress透水层permeable layer, pervious layer应力废弛stress relaxation不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge, impervious layer,应力路迳stress pathimpermeable layer, aquiclude卸荷unload潜水含水层phreatic aquifer浸透率specific permeability承压含水层confined aquifer, artesian aquifer饱和度degree of saturation承压面bearing surface含水量moisture content潜水面phreatic surface, water table均匀粒径mean diameter浸润线phreatic curve颗粒grain, granule, particle不透水界限impervious boundary颗粒级配distribution of grain-size,地下分水岭groundwater ridge grain composition, size distribution粘滞性viscosity级配graduation,富水性abundance grain-size distribution, gradation, grading透水性（浸透性） permeability粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump 淋滤（溶滤作用） lixiviation, leaching不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity,反滤层inverted gravel filter variation coefficient, variation factor水锈incrustation颗粒分级gradation, size grading渗滴seep孔隙水pore water饱和saturation, saturated孔隙比void ratio (ration)潜水位变化带zone of variable phreatic level缝隙率air voids气象因素meteorological factor孔隙率porosity饱水带zone of saturation裂隙率crackity包气带aeration zone, zone of aeration溶隙率karstity包气带水aeration zone water密度density上层滞水perched water重度unit weight, bulk weight孔隙水pore water浮重度buoyant unit weight裂隙水fissure water折减系数reduction factor岩溶水karstic water压力消失dissipation of pressure联合水bound water, combined water抗力系数coefficient of resistance吸着水hydroscopic water融化系数softening coefficient薄膜水pellicular water含水量water content毛细水capillary water稠度consistency重力水gravitational water塑限plastic limit凝固水condensation water液限liquid limit地下水埋藏条件 condition of groundwater occurrence塑性指数plasticity index地下水埋藏深度 depth of groundwater occurrence液性指数liquidity index压水试验packer permeability test流变rheological抽水试验pumping test蠕变creep塑性plastic5 物理力学性质脆性brittleness(fragility)物理力学physical mechanics n.粘性sticknessPhysico-mechanicala.刚性rigidity折服准则yield criteria弹性的elastic米赛斯折服准则 Von Mises yield criteria粘弹性viso-elasticity朗肯土压力理论 Ranking’s earth pressure theory弹塑性elasto-plasticity剑桥模型Cambridge model, Cam-model压缩性compressibility邓肯 -张模型Duncan-chang model均质性homogeneity本构方程constitutive equation非均质性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)局部剪切损坏local shear failure各向同性isotropy整体剪切损坏general shear failure各向异性anisotropy岩体完好性指数 intactness index of rock mass总应力total stress4有效应力effective stress岩石抗力系数coefficient of rock resistance超孔隙水压力excess pore pressure允许承载力allowable bearing capacity孔隙水压力pore water pressure临塑压力critical pressure抗压强度compressive strength接触压力contact pressure抗拉强度tensile strength抗剪强度shear strength 6 工程地责问题不排水抗剪强度 undrained shear strenght工程地责问题engineering geological problem峰值抗剪强度peak share strength定性评论qualitative estimate长久抗剪强度long-term shear strength定量评论quantitative estimate剩余抗剪强度residual shear strength极限均衡法limit equilibrium method负摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown不良地质现象unfavorable geological condition摩擦角angle of friction风化weathering内摩擦角angle of internal friction变形deformation外摩擦角angle of external friction位移displacement内聚力cohesion不均匀位移differential movement粘聚力cohesion相对位移relative displacement假凝集力pseudo-cohesion沉陷settlement粘着力adhesion山崩avalanche, toppling摩尔圆Mohr’s circle倒塌toppling, toppling collapse包络线envelope滑坡、地滑creep, slide休止角angle of repose,切层滑坡insequent landslide angle of friction(repose, rest), repose angle深层滑坡deep slide峰值peak浅层滑坡shallow slide模量modulus顺层滑坡consequent landslide弹性模量modulus of elasticity ，滑动面Young ’ s modulus, elastic modulus sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface压缩模量modulus of compressibility滑动带sliding zone变形模量modulus of deformation滑床slide bed卸荷模量unloading modulus滑坡体slide(sliding) mass切线模量tangent modulus古滑坡fossil landslide剪切模量shear modulus推移式滑坡slumping slide割线模量secant modulus牵引式滑坡retrogressive slide旁压模量pressurmeter modulus管涌piping, internal erosion泊松比poisson ’s ration渗漏leakage固结consolidation流砂quicksand固结系数coefficient of consolidation渗流seepage固结度degree of consolidation液化liquefaction超固结比over consolidation ration应变strain7 工程勘探 engineering investigation压缩比compressibility ratio工程地质勘探engineering geology investigation 压缩系数coefficient of compressibility岩土工程勘探geotechnical investigation压缩指数compression index工程地质条件engineering geological condition 初始曲线virgin curve工程地质评论engineering geological evaluation 正常固结土normally consolidated soil勘察survey欠固结土under-consolidated soil岩芯采纳率 core recovery, core extraction超固结土over-consolidated soil岩芯获取率被动土压力passive earth pressure RQD （岩石质量指标） rock quality designation主动土压力active earth pressure程序（步骤）procedure静止土压力 earth pressure at rest勘探阶段investigational stage覆盖压力overburden pressure选点踏勘reconnaissance初始应力initial stress初步设计primary design地应力场ground(geostatic) stress field初步规划preliminary scheme有效应力effective stress初步勘探preliminary prospecting动应力dynamic stress初步踏勘ground reconnaissance动荷载dynamic load可行性研究阶段feasibility stage偏爱荷载eccentric loads初步设计阶段preliminary stage循环荷载inclined loads施工阶段construction sage地应力ground stress, geostatic stress踏勘reconnaissance, inspection初始应力initial stress地质测绘geological survey应力场stress field工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping 纵波longitudinal wave钻探borehole operation, boring液化势liquefaction potential物探geophysical exploration液化指数liquefaction index洞探exploratory adits交角angular钎探rod sounding5钻杆drill rod 坑探exploring mining槽探trenching天然建材检查natural materials surveying (examination)岩土工程勘探报告geotechnical investigation report判定identification, appraisal判定书expertise report判定人identifier, surveyor校核verification总监chief inspector比率proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map工程地质图 engineering geological map 实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)结构地质图 geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图 geologic columnar section, geologic log 钻孔柱状图 logs of bore hole纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展现图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界限strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole平洞adit竖井riser, shaft, vertical shaft探槽exploratory trench探井exploratory pit钻孔borehole, drill hole机钻孔ordinary drill hole套钻孔sleeve drill hole管钻孔pipe drill hole岩芯core岩芯钻探core drilling展转钻探（进）rotary drilling冲击钻探churn drilling, percussion drilling钢砂钻探shot drilling铁砂钻进iron shot drilling跟管钻进follow-down drilling振动钻进vibro-boring, vibro-drilling泥浆钻探mud flush drilling金刚石钻进diamond drilling单动式single acting双层double layer空气钻探air flush drilling钻机drilling rig钻头drill bit, drilling bit螺旋钻头auger勺钻spoon bit冲击钻头percussion bit, chopping bit桶式钻头bucket auger6套管casing岩芯管core barrel冲刷掖flush fluid正循环冲刷direct circulation反循环冲刷reverse circulation泥浆mud, slurry泥皮mud cake护壁dado止水seal, water seal扫孔cleaning bottom of hole钻进drilling平硐adit竖井shaft钻探drilling boring8工程地质试验击实试验compaction test压缩试验compression test固结试验consolidation test单轴试验uniaxial compression test现场剪切试验in-situ shear test单剪试验simple shear test直剪试验direct shear test慢剪试验slow test单剪试验simple shear test快剪试验quick test三轴剪切试验triaxial shear test三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test动三轴试验dynamic triaxial test不固结不排水剪试验unconsolidated undrained test(quick test)固结不排水剪试验consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)固结排水试验consolidated drained test(slow test)原位测试in-situ test现场监测on-site(in-site) monitoring现场检测on-site (in-site) inspection观察孔observation borehole静力触探试验cone penetration test,static penetration test, static cone test 标贯试验standard penetration test十字板剪切试验vane shear test, vane test检层法up-hole method, borehole method旁压试验pressuremeter test动力触探试验dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding 点荷载试验point load test岩石试验rock test应力排除法stress relief method应力恢复法stress recovery method套孔法over-coring method9 岩土体加固breast, driving face,掌子面heading face, tunnel face顶拱vault底拱invert洞室开挖excavation超挖overbreak风钻pneumatic drill开挖断面excavated section塌落slump细骨料混凝土concrete made with fine aggregate 细骨料fine aggregate, fine adjustment67料场stock ground冻结法freezing method土料earth material超载over break矿渣cinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag衬砌lining性能function, performance, property, nature围堰cofferdam凝固coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation堤dike合格qualified, on test, up to standard近坝岸坡abutments初凝initial set施工（缩短）缝 construction joint初凝时间initial setting time心墙core终凝final set截水墙cutoff wall配合比mix proportion防渗墙diaphragm wall塌落度slump排水井drainage wells水化热heat of hydration,排水幕drainage curtainhydration heat, setting heat减压井relief wells水灰比water-cement ratio反滤层filter zone粉煤灰fly ash灌浆资料grout梅花状quincuncial pattern水力劈裂hydraulic fracturing发射shotcrete帷幔线curtain line浇注pouring上游围堰upstream cofferdam钢筋网coiremesh混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall加固reinforce截流interim completion锚杆anchored bar, rock bolt导水墙channel training wall锚索anchored cable正常溢洪道渠首工程service spillway headwork锚紧端anchor station消力塘lined plunge pool锚桩anchored peg隔墙divider walls采石场rock quarry混凝土护坦concrete apron开挖excavation副厂房auxiliary power house清基cleanup foundation闸门室gate chamber明挖open-cut中闸室mid gate chamber爆破explosion开关站switch yard光面爆破smooth blasting电梯井elevator shaft预裂法presplitting尾沟渠tail race特别溢洪道emergency spillway10水工概论坝址toe of dam11 桥梁及基础工程坝踵heel江阴大桥Jiangyin Bridge坝段monolith悬索桥suspension bridge坝顶crest锚碇anchorage坝肩shoulders重力式嵌岩锚gravity socketed anchorage左坝肩left dam abutment北锚碇前（后）锚面副坝saddle dam front(back) surface of northern anchorage三坝址the third dam site塔墩tower标高height mark墩pier上游水位headwater散索鞍splay saddle正常库水位normal reservoir level猫道footbridge地下洞室underground opening (tunnel)主缆main cable压力隧洞pressure tunnel索股cable strand无压隧洞gravity tunnel主鞍main saddle, tower saddle交通洞access tunnel主跨main span灌浆洞grouting tunnel边跨side span明流洞free-flow tunnel引桥approach孔板洞orifice tunnel钢箱梁steel box main girder排砂洞sediment tunnel埋深embedment depth尾水洞tailrace tunnel北塔墩基础north tower base排水洞drainage tunnel基础foundation, footing导流洞diversion tunnel浅基础shallow foundation地道tunnel深基础deep foundation围岩surrounding rock, ambient rock联合基础combined footing围岩应力secondary stress static筏形基础raft(mat) foundation应力集中stress concentrate钢模steel form覆盖层over burden桩pile冒顶cave in, roof fall基桩foundation pile底鼓bottom heave群桩pile groups回弹rebound桩基础pile foundation岩爆rock burst桩承台pile cap78高桩承台high-rise pile cap12 监测仪器低桩承台buried pile cap观察孔observation bore/hole摩擦桩friction pile仪器观察instrumentation端承桩end bearing pile读数装置readout device嵌岩桩socketed pile传感器transducer板桩sheet pile探头probe旋喷桩jet-grouted pile压力盒pressure cell灌输桩cast-in-place pile振弦式应变计vibrating wire strain gauge沉管灌输桩driven cast-in-place pile伸长计、变位计extension meter支护桩soldier piles, tangent piles板式沉降仪foundation base/pate刚性桩rigid pile测斜仪inclinometer柔性桩flexible pile测压计，渗压计piezometer侧向受荷桩laterally loaded pile垂线plumb轴向受荷桩axially loaded pile垂直度plumbness预制桩precast concrete pile振动打桩vibratory pile driving13 安全监控振动钻进vibratory drilling靠谱性检查reliability checking沉箱caisson监控模型monitoring and prediction model沉井（沉箱）(open) caisson监测monitoring地下连续墙diaphragm wall, slurry wall资料datum, data支撑bracing靠谱性reliability超载surcharge稳固性stability接触应力contact pressure安全safety井点降水well-point dewatering评估evaluation, appraise桩极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity of pile评定assessment, assess, rate承载力bearing capacity评论准则criterion阻力resistance灾祸hazard, calamity桩端阻力end resistance确立性方法论Deterministic methodology表面摩擦力skin friction应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)粘着系数adhesion factor事故accident负摩擦力negative skin friction紧迫状态emergency安全系数factor of safety紧迫检查emergency inspection压缩层compressed layer灾情等级hazard classification附带应力additional stress, superimposed stress灾祸评论hazard evaluation持力层bearing layer, sustaining layer风险评估risk assessment地基土foundation soil, subsoil临塑压力critical pressure静力（ Static Analysis ）剪切损坏shear failure动力（ Dynamic Analysis ）地基无效foundation failure蠕变（ Creep Material Model ）冲剪损坏punching failure渗流（ Fluid-mechanical Interaction）渐进损坏progressive failure热力学（ Thermal Option ）允许荷载allowable load headward erosion 溯源侵害极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity scouring of levee or bank 淘刷沉降settlement strongly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar沉降差differential settlement weakly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar尾部倾斜angular distortion of continually aftershocks of7 or 8-degree intensity 倾斜tilting坑底隆起bottom heave静止土压力earth pressure at rest稳固数stability number Evidently显然的路堤embankment Correspondingly adv. 相应地 ;有关地 ; 同样地地基办理ground treatment soil improvement the hanging wall of triggering seismic fault垫层cushion oblique~bedding bank slope加固stabilization注浆injection灌浆guniting帷幕curtain挡土墙retaining wall锚固anchoring喷浆guniting锚杆earth anchor盲沟French drain专业外语(为方便记忆 ,跟上边稍有重复 )振冲法vibro jet一．综合类81. geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2. foundation engineering 基础工程3. soil, earth 土4.soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载 unloading 卸载 reloading 再加载viscoelastic found 粘弹性 地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼 shear modulus 剪切模量5. soil dynamics 土动力学6.stress path 应力路径二． 土的分类1. residual soil 残积土groundwater level地下水位2. groundwater 地下水groundwatertable 地下水位3. clay minerals 黏土矿物4. secondary minerals 次生矿物5. landslides 滑坡6. bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7. engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘探8. boulder 漂石9. cobble 卵石10. gravel 砂石11. gravelly sand 砾砂12. coarse sand 粗砂13. medium sand 中砂14. fine sand 细砂15. silty sand 粉土16. clayey soil 粘性土17. clay 黏土18. silty clay 粉质黏土19. silt 粉土20. sandy silt 砂质粉土21. clayey silt 粘质粉土22. saturated soil 饱和土23. unsaturated soil 非饱和土24. fill (soil) 填土三． 土的基本物理力学性质1. c c Compression index2. c u undrained shear strength3. c u /p 0 ratio of undrained strength c u to effectiveoverburden stress p 0(c u /p 0)NC ,(c u /p 0)oc subscripts NC and OC designatednormally consolidated and overconsolidated, respectivelycohesive strength from vane test natural void ratio plasticity indexcoefficientof “ at-rest ” pressure ,for total stresses σ1and σ 28. K 0’do main for effective stresses σ 1σ2’‘and 9. K 0nK 0 for normally consolidated state 10. K 0uK 0 coefficient under rapid continuous loading ,simulatinginstantaneous loading or an undrained condition 11.K 0d K 0 coefficient under cyclicloading (frequency less than 1 Hz),as a912. pseudo-dynamic test for K 0 coefficientandk , k vpermeability in horizontalhvertical directions, respectively 13.N blow count ,standard penetrationtest 14. OCR over-consolidation ratio 15. p c preconsolidation pressure ,from 16.oedemeter test effective overburden pressurep17. p s specific cone penetration18. resistance ,from static cone testqunconfined compressive strengthu19. U,U m degree ofconsolidation ,subscript m denotes mean value of a specimen 20. u ,u b ,u m pore pressure, subscripts b and mdenote bottom of specimen and mean value,21. respectively natural water content, liquid andwwL wp22. plastic limits, respectively‘and σ ’σ ,σ 2principal stresses, σ112denote effective principal stresses四．浸透性和渗流1. Darcy ’ s law 达西定律2. piping 管涌3. flowing soil 流土4. sand boiling 砂沸5. flow net 流网6. seepage 浸透（流）7. leakage 渗流8. seepage (force) pressure 浸透压力9. permeability 浸透性10. hydraulic gradient 水力梯度11.coefficient of permeability 浸透系数五 ．地基应力和变形1. soft soil 软土2. (negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩（负）摩阻力 3. effective stress 有效应力 total stress 总应力 4. field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度5. low activity 低活性6. sensitivity 敏捷度7. triaxial test 三轴试验8. foundation design 基础设计9. recompaction 再压缩10. bearing capacity 承载力11. soil mass 土体12. contact pressure 接触应力13. concentrated load 集中荷载14. a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无穷弹性体15. homogeneous 均质16. isotropic 各向同性17. strip footing 条基18. square spread footing 方形独立基础19. underlying soil (stratum ,strata) 下卧层（土）20. dead load =sustained load 恒载 连续荷载21. live load 活载22. short –term transient load 短期刹时荷载23. long-term transient load 长久荷载24. reduced load 折算荷载25. settlement 沉降 deformation 变形26. casing 套管27. dike=dyke 堤（防）28. clay fraction 粘粒粒组94. c vane5. e 06. I p7. K 01029.physical properties 物理性质10.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile 单桩横向30.subgrade路基极限承载力31.well-graded soil 级配优秀土11.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验32.poorly-graded soil 级配不良土12.vertical allowable load capacity 单桩竖向允许承33.sieve 筛子载力34.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition 摩尔 -库仑损坏13.low pile cap 低桩承台条件14.high-rise pile cap 高桩承台35.FEM=finite element method有限元法15.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单36.limit equilibrium method 极限均衡法桩抗拔极限承载力37.pore water pressure 孔隙水压力16.silent piling 静力压桩38.preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力17.uplift pile 抗拔桩39.modulus of compressibility压缩模量18.anti-slide pile 抗滑桩40.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数19.pile groups 群桩pression index 压缩指数20.efficiency factor of pile groups 群桩效率系数42.swelling index 回弹指数（η）43.geostatic stress自重应力21.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应44.additional stress 附带应力22.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术45.total stress 总应力23.final set 最后贯入度46.final settlement 最后沉降24.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验47.slip line 滑动线25.pile integrity test 桩的完好性试验六．基坑开挖与降水26.pile head=butt 桩头1.excavation 开挖（挖方）27.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）2.dewatering （基坑）降水28.pile spacing 桩距3.failure of foundation 基坑失稳29.pile plan 桩位部署图4.bracing of foundation pit 基坑围护30.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的部署5.bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起31.group action 群桩作用6.retaining wall 挡土墙32.end bearing=tip resistance 桩端阻7.pore-pressure distribution 孔压散布33.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻8.dewatering method 降低地下水位法34.pile cushion 桩垫9.well point system 井点系统（轻型）35.pile driving(by vibration)打桩（振动）10.deep well point 深井点36.pile pulling test 拔桩试验11.vacuum well point 真空井点37.pile shoe 桩靴12.braced cuts 支撑围护38.pile noise 打桩噪音braced excavation 支撑开挖39.pile rig 打桩机braced sheeting 支撑挡板八．地基办理（ ground treatment）七．深基础deep foundation 1.technical code for ground treatment of building建1.pile foundation 桩基础筑地基办理技术规范1)cast –in-place 灌输桩 2.cushion 垫层法注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile 沉管灌 3.preloading 预压法4.dynamic compaction 强夯法bored pile 钻孔桩 5.dynamic compaction replacement 强夯置换法异型灌输桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile 机控 6.vibroflotation method振冲法7.sand-gravel pile 砂石桩piles set into rock 嵌岩灌输桩pile-stone column 砂石桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩8.cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG) 水泥粉煤灰碎石2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础桩drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩9.cement mixing method水泥土搅拌桩under-reamed bored pier10.cement column 水泥桩3)precast concrete pile 预制混凝土桩11.lime pile (lime column)石灰桩4)steel pile 钢桩12.jet grouting 高压发射注浆法steel pipe pile 钢管桩13.rammed-cement-soil pile夯实水泥土桩法steel sheet pile 钢板桩14.lime-soil compaction pile灰土挤密桩5)prestressed concrete pile 预应力混凝土桩lime-soil compacted column 灰土挤密桩prestressed concrete pipe pile 预应力混凝土lime soil pile 灰土挤密桩管桩15.chemical stabilization化学加固法2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱）16.surface compaction表层压实法3.diaphragm wall 地下连续墙截水墙17.surcharge preloading 超载预压法4.friction pile 摩擦桩vacuum preloading 真空预压法end-bearing pile 端承桩18.sand wick 袋装砂井5.(pile)shaft 桩身19.geofabric ,geotextile 土工织物6.wave equation analysis 颠簸方程剖析posite foundation复合地基7.pile caps 承台（桩帽）21.reinforcement method 加筋法8.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载力22.dewatering method 降低地下水固结法teral pile load test 单桩横向载荷试验23.freezing and heating 冷热办理法。
