Translation techniques(里面包含增译法,减译法,转译法,重复译法)

英汉互译增译法及省译法Translating Techniques增译法&省译法u增词法就是在翻译时根据意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加原⽂中虽⽆其词但有其义的⼀些词。

u增词绝不是⽆中⽣有，不是随意增加原⽂没有的意义。

u Some metals are easy to machine; others are not.⼀些⾦属容易加⼯，⽽另⼀些却。

u增译的原则：不可添意，适可⽽⽌u You may wonder why the magnet's poles point north an south.u你也许感到好奇，为什么磁铁的极指向南北呢？1.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writingan exact man.2.We don’t regret, we never have and never will.3.After the basketball, he still has an important conference.1. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书充实,讨论机智,笔记（写作）使⼈准确。

2. We don’t regret, we never have and never will.我们不会后悔，我们从来没有，我们将来也不会。

3. After the basketball, he still has an important conference.看完篮球⽐赛之后，他还有⼀个重要会议。

1.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!2.The crowds melted away.3.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.4.She lingered long over his letter.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国⼈民正以热情建设社会主义啊！The crowds melted away.⼈群散开了。

专心翻译 做到极致常用翻译技巧之必备增译法省译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"Therebe…"结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。

总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。

(1)What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语)(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)(3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。

简谈翻译技巧之—增译法与减译法On Translation Techniques-----Amplification and OmissionHe YuLin何玉林Under the Supervision ofLiao HongSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2006Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Introduction (III)Chapter 1Brief Introduction (1)1.1The Definition of Translation. (1)1.2The Definition and Importance of the Two Techniques (1)Chapter 2Amplification and Omission. (3)2.1 Amplification (3)2.1.1 Structural Amplification (4)2.1.2 Semantic Amplification. (6)2.1.3 Rhetorical Amplification. (7)2.1.4 Exteriorized Amplification (7)2.1.5 Words Supplied for Syntactic Construction and Semantic Completion (8)2.1.6 Supplying the Omitted words in the Original Text in Translation (10)2.1.7 Supplying Category Words (10)2.1.8 Supplying Overlapping Words or Numerals to Express the Plural Form of Nouns (11)2.2Omission (12)2.2.1 English---Chinese Translation (13)2.2.2 Chinese---English Translation (16)Chapter3S imilarities between the Two Translation Techniques (19)Conclusion (21)Notes (22)Bibliography (23)Acknowledgement (24)摘要本文以翻译技巧------增译法和减译法为核心，详细论述了两种翻译技巧在翻译中的具体运用和作用。

常用翻译技巧英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：（1）What about calling him right away？马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）（3）Indeed，the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。

翻译笔记之八大技巧Eight translation techniques1．增译法(amplification)；2．重译法(repetition)；3．减译法(omission)；4．词类转移法(conversion)；5．词序调整法(inversion)：6．分译法(division)；7．正说反译，反说正译(negation)；8．语态变换法(the change of the voices)Group competition1．I am looking forward to the holidays．我在等待假日的到来.2．Much of our morality is customary．我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。

3．Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness，affection weakness，thrift avarice．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。

4. Histories make men wise；poets witty；the mathematics subtle；natural philosophy deep；moral grave；logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。

5. As an Oriental，I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement．作为一个东方人，我不得不为贵国所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。

Amplification 增译法Three types: Semantic amplification,Grammatical amplification,Rhetoric amplificationSemantic amplification1. The crowds melted away人群渐渐散开了.2. We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深感染.3. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡.loftiness patriot: 英语习惯运用抽象词汇，而汉语习惯运用具体词汇将“抽象概念变为具体概念”，类似词汇如：arrogance, indifference, tension，confusion, solution, remedies, jealousy, fault-finding增补概括性的词1. The advantages of the meeting room are bright, spacious, fashionable, and without echoes.这个会议室有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时髦、无回声。

英语翻译的十大技巧英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

那么接下来给大家分享一些关于英语翻译的十大技巧，希望对大家有所帮助。

英语翻译的十大技巧一、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

二、省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。

增译法的例句反之即可。

三、转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。

具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。

在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。

在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。

在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。

四、拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。

拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。

汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多;英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。

所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。

作用与意义1. 重译法：为了明确、为了强调、为了生动2. 增译法：为了更忠实于原文的意思，而又更合乎译文的表达习惯3. 减译法：源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法4. 词类转移法：语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变，词序有时也随之变化5. 词序调整法：语言之间构成形式并非完全相同，做必不可少的词序改变6. 分译法：主要用于长句的翻译，有时存在于词语语义的分译7. 正反翻译法：由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说，反话正说8. 语态变换法：主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭，因而处于战争状态时，缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。

We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。

A large family has its difficulties.大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。

Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。

Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown.舟遥遥以轻扬，风飘飘而吹衣。

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：（1）What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）(3) Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。

汉译英的几种常用技巧常用的翻译技巧 1. 增译 2. 减译（省译） 3. 重复4. 转译5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置）6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换1. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“ There be⋯”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到2. Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。

3. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。

4. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。

Get ready for the final exams of English/ChineseTranslation (1&2)Part I E－C Translation Test1. Composition of the Test Papers & useful skills in coping with the tests“高级英汉翻译”课程●评价目标：重点测试学生英汉笔译的技巧，包括增译法、减译法、词类转移法、词序调整法、分译法、重译法、正说反译，反说正译法和习语翻译等。

同时也考查相关的翻译理论知识、英语理解和汉语表达能力。

●命题原则：根据教材所涵盖的文章主题、体裁、翻译技巧以及与教材难度相当的书面语言材料命题。

英译汉的课外材料必须是从英语原著上选来的未经简化的文字。

涉及教材内容不少于50%。

●试题结构：“高级英汉翻译”课程终结考试试卷（样题）课程编号：ENBAE3 1001______ 学籍号：________________ 学习中心：________________ 姓名：________________Information for the Examinees:This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:Section I: Understanding of Theories (10 points, 15 minutes)Section II: Phrase Translation (25 points, 20 minutes)Section III: Sentence Translation (30 points, 25 minutes)Section IV: Passage Translation (35 points, 60 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed forcompleting this examination is 2 hours (120 minutes)YOU MUST WRITE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. Section I Understanding of Theories[10 points]Questions 1-10. (10 points)The following statements are about some translation theories you are familiar with. Decide whether these statements are true or false by writing T for "true" and F for "false" on your Answer Sheet.______1. Since Chinese and English belong to two different language families, one has to make some adjustments in lexicon and sentence structure to make the translated version smooth and natural.______2. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.______3. Every language adopts the same system of classifying its experience.______4. It widely agreed that there are three stages in the procedure of translation: analysis, transfer, and restructuring.______5. A word may have several meanings, but its linguistic context will help to point out the exact meaning of that word.______6. Semotactic marking, one aspect of linguistic context, refers to the situation when the meaning of a word in a sentence is specified by the grammatical construction of that sentence.______7. In translating from English to Chinese, one must repeat key words including nouns, verbs, and pronouns.______8. In the process of transfer, the conceptual content of the message has the highest priority. Therefore, there is no need to keep the original form of the source-language text.______9. The situational factors relate to the occasion and circumstances of the speech event and to the relationships between speakers.______10. Nida believes that in testing the translation, one must focus attention not upon the extent of verbal correspondence but upon the amount of dynamic equivalence.Section II Phrase Translation[25 points]Part 1. Questions 11-20. (10 points)Choose a better version of Chinese translation for each of the following phrases. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.11. the journey across AfricaA. 遍及非洲的旅行B. 穿越非洲的旅行12. be behind scheduleA. 落后于计划B. 在计划后面13. play the fluteA. 玩笛子B. 吹笛子14. black teaA. 红茶B. 黑茶15. like a cat on hot bricksA. 烫砖上的猫B. 热锅上的蚂蚁16. a concept inconceivable beforeA. 一个以前无法想象的概念B. 一个概念，在以前无法想象17. Dutch treatA. 打平伙B. 荷兰式的招待18. political campaignA. 政治运动B. 竞选活动19. mountain lionA. 山狮B. 美洲豹20. an instrument designed to extend the range of people's sensesA. 一个用来拓展人们感觉范围的工具B. 一个工具，用来拓展人们的感觉范围Part 2. Questions 21-30. (15 points)Translate the following phrases and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. a hard question ____________________22. hard water ____________________23. the last ten-day period of a month ____________________24. a good Christian ____________________25. a well-managed company ____________________26. particles moving around their atomic nucleus ____________________27. generations of painstaking observation ____________________28. an unlikely coalition of university professors ____________________29. a computer genius ____________________30. as much with courtesy as with force ____________________Section III Sentence Translation [30 points]Questions 31-40: Translate the following sentences using the translation skills and techniques you have learned from this course. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.31. Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.____________________________________________________________32. Modern skyscrapers began to appear in the city, taking away much of its ancient charm and mystery, which was considered as a great pity by many people.____________________________________________________________33. The news had already spread along the streets and lanes.____________________________________________________________34. The examination left no doubt that the victim had not died of a heart attack but had been killed.____________________________________________________________35. There was no use arguing. The die was cast.____________________________________________________________36. Twentieth century history shows the impressive adaptive capacity of international relations based on multinational principles and norms.____________________________________________________________37. We are very grateful to you for your effort to come all the way from China to present his document to us.____________________________________________________________38. The problem of refugees should be dealt with in an integrated manner.____________________________________________________________39. It is exciting to visit your great country.____________________________________________________________40. No one was more willing to do a favor for friend or neighbour than he.____________________________________________________________Section IV Passage Translation[35 points]Part 1. Question 41. (15 points)The following passage is about problems with Darwinian Theory. Please translate it into Chinese on your Answer Sheet. You may refer to the new words and expressions provided in the box below.If Darwinian Theory works so well, why challenge it? There are several reasons to do so. Although Darwinian Theory explains many of the facts of evolution better than any other theory, it does not necessarily explain the whole process. Also, some of the results of evolution do not match what Darwinian Theory would predict.For example, if evolution leads to a perfect adaptation through natural selection acting on random hereditary changes, the process ought to slow down as it gets closer to the optimum for each species because fewer favorable changes can be made. Indeed, someorganisms-cockroaches and sponges, for example, are so well adapted that they have changed very little in many millions of years.Their evolutionary rate does seem to have slowed down. We should also see decrease in the number of species as they compete with one another and unsuccessful species are eliminated. But we see no such slowing down, and the number of species appears to be at least as great now as in the geologic past and perhaps even greater.Part 2. Question 42. (20 points)The following passage is an excerpt from a book talking about the special joys of slow reading. Please translate it into Chinese on your Answer Sheet.I discovered the worth of super-slow reading years ago. Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar. I had started with the practical object of making my book last. But by the end of the second week I began to realize how much I was getting fromsuper-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just a particular phrase caught my attention, sometimes a sentence. I would read it slowly, analyze it, read it again-perhaps changing down into an even lower gear-and then sit for 20 minutes thinking about it before moving on. I was like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and recreate exactly what the composer was trying to convey.参考答案与评分标准（样题）Section I Understanding of Theories[10 points] Questions 1-10. (10 points, 1 point each)1.T2.T3. F4.T5.T6. F7. F8. F9.T 10.T Section II Phrase Translation[25 points] Part 1. Questions 11-20. (10 points, 1 point each)11. B 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. B16. A 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. APart 2. Questions 21-30. (15 points, 1.5 points each.)Marking guide:评分标准（共15分，每个1.5分）：1．译文应准确、完整。

Translation TechniquesI．英汉语言的八大差异1. 英语的词汇有形态变化，如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态的变化，名词有格和数的变化等。

英语通过词汇的形态变化表示句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。

汉语基本没有形态变化，它主要靠词语、词序等来表达句子的语言意义。

Oxford has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than University of Toronto.牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。

2. 英语的名词、介词、形容词、副词表达能力强；而汉语的动词、词组和短句构成了汉语的优势。

What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range.他的诗形象生动，独具一格，而且气势磅礴，这是显而易见的。

Jordan can not politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference.约旦若拒绝接受阿拉伯外交会议的邀请，在礼貌上说不过去。

The raising of 25,000 pounds was a task altogether beyond her powers.要筹集两万五千镑她完全无能为力。

3. 英语用词力戒重复，常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方式避免重复；汉语用词不怕重复，常用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。

英语不重视用词的均衡和对偶，汉语十分讲究词语的偶式对应，喜欢用四字词组和排比式词汇。

During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times.在中国访问期间，韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了数次会商。

Translation Techniques and Methods8 methodsomission（省译法）, amplification（增译法）, repetition（重译法）, conversion（词类转换法）, inversion（词序调整法）, division（分译法）, negation（正说反译，反说正译法）, the change of voices（语态变换法）1 RepetitionTo be faithful to the original, some terms must be repeated. Otherwise, the original meaning will be distorted. Usually we repeat for clarity, for emphasis or vividness.In such formal text as contract, it is essential to avoid any possibility of misunderstanding. Therefore, repetition of the nouns previously used would be better than pronouns, esp. in the translation of English into Chinese.eg. 1) Both contracting parties undertake jointly to adopt all necessary measures at their disposal for the purpose of preventing the resumption of aggression and violation of peace on the part of Japan or any other state which would collaborate with Japan directly or indirectly in act of aggression. In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediately render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.缔约国双方保证共同尽力采取一切必要的措施，以期制止日本或其他直接间接在侵略行为上与日本相勾结的任何国家之重新侵略与破坏和平。

最常用的十大翻译技巧1常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。

这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。

1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。

这种方式多半用在汉译英里。

汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。

英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。

因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。

英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。

因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。

英语句子离不开介词和冠词。

另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。

总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：（1）What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）（3）Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。

英译汉常用技巧删减法增译法重译法转换法引申法换序法（后两种比较难课上讲）第一节删减法一般来说，汉语比英语简练。

由于英汉两种语言在句法结构和遣词造句等方面的各种差异，在英汉翻译中本着减词不减意的原则，可以把那些多余累赘、不言而喻或与汉语表达习惯相违背的词语删减掉，故称删减法。

但值得注意的是这种删减是在确保译文不改变原意，自然通顺的基础上使其简洁明了的翻译技巧，不是随心所欲地任意删减。

总体来说，一是删去那些表达句法关系、语法功能而与意义表达关系不大的词语。

如∶冠词、代词、连词、介词等。

二是从修辞角度考虑删去意义重复、可有可无的词或短语。

１．冠词的删减英语的定冠词the多用于表示世界上独一无二的事物、泛指类别、常用在特定的名词、形容词最高级及序数词之前。

译成汉语时常省略。

( 如果定冠词具有词汇意义,起着指示代词this, that, these等作用时,就不能删除。

)1)The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。

2)The pen is mightier than the sword.笔杆子比刀剑更有力。

3)As we know, the sun is one of the greatest sources of electromagnetic waves.正如我们所知，太阳是最大的电磁波源之一。

4)The first day of September is my birthday.九月一号是我的生日。

不定冠词a 或an在泛指一类事物中的任何一个,及在某些固定词组中没有明确意义时,一般可以省略不译。

(但在明显表示数量时,不宜删减。

)5) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.任何物质，无论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。

6) An arrow can represent the direction of a force.箭头可以表示力的方向。