英语学习与霍金一起探索(宇宙时间旅行)部分(中英文字幕对照)

英语对话关于太空旅行**Space Travel: The New Chapter of Future Exploration** **英文内容：**In the not-so-distant future, space travel will become a reality for many of us. With the rapid advancements in technology, the final frontier is no longer as inaccessible as it once was. From the International Space Station (ISS) to Mars exploration missions, humans are slowly but surely venturing into the unknown, pushing the boundaries of what is possible.The concept of space travel is both exciting and daunting. It brings to mind images of astronauts floatingin zero gravity, gazing out at the infinite expanse of the universe. But it also raises questions about the safety, feasibility, and cost of such an endeavor. Despite these challenges, the allure of space exploration remains irresistible.One of the most significant benefits of space travel is the scientific discovery it enables. By studying the planets, stars, and galaxies, we can gain a deeperunderstanding of our universe and our own place within it. Space missions have already yielded valuable insights into the origins of life, the structure of the solar system, and the mysteries of black holes.Moreover, space travel has the potential to solve some of the most pressing problems facing our planet. For instance, the resources available in space, such as helium-3 for fusion energy, could provide a sustainable and renewable energy source for Earth. Additionally, space mining could alleviate the pressure on terrestrial resources, reducing the need for mining and reducing environmental degradation.However, the reality of space travel is far from the romanticized vision often portrayed in science fiction. The dangers are real, and the costs are immense. Astronauts face the risks of radiation exposure, microgravity-induced health issues, and the psychological toll of isolation and confinement. Furthermore, the cost of launching and maintaining space missions is staggering, requiring significant investments from governments and private companies.Despite these challenges, the future of space travel looks bright. Private spaceflight companies, such as SpaceX and Blue Origin, are working to make space travel more accessible and affordable. Collaboration between governments and private enterprises is also leading to more innovative and efficient space exploration missions.In conclusion, space travel represents a new chapter in human exploration and discovery. It offers the promise of scientific breakthroughs, solutions to earthly problems, and a new frontier for human adventure. While there arestill many challenges to overcome, the potential benefits of space travel are too great to ignore. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, the future of space travel is sure to be an exciting and transformative journey.**中文内容：**在不远的未来，太空旅行对于我们许多人来说将成为现实。

INTO THE UNIVERSE WITH STEPHEN HAWKING----TIME TRA VELHello! My name is Stephen Hawking 大家好我是史提芬·霍金Physicist, cosmologist, and something of a dreamer. 物理学家宇宙学家有时是个梦想家Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer. 虽然我行动不便说话需要电脑的帮助In my mind, I am free. 但我的思想是自由的Free to explore the universe 自由地探索宇宙And ask the big questions. 探究宇宙问题Such as is time travel possible? 例如：时间旅行是否可行Can we open a portal to the past? 如何开启通往过去之门Or find a shortcut to the future? 或找到前往未来的捷径Can we ultimately use the laws of nature. 最终我们是否可以To become masters of time itself ? 利用大自然的法则操控时间呢Check it out.来解开这个谜与霍金一起了解宇宙Time travel was once considered scientific heresy. 时间旅行曾经被认为是科学的异端邪说I used to avoid talking about it 我一向都回避这个话题For fear of being labeled a crank. 避免被贴上狂想家的标签But these days, I'm not so cautious. 但这段日子我不再犹豫In fact, I'm more like the people who built Stonehenge. 事实上我更中情于建造巨石柱的人（英国Salisbury 平原上）I'm obsessed by time. 我被时间记录了If I had a time machine.. 如果我有台时间机器I'd visit Marilyn Monroe in her prime. 我可以拜访玛莉莲·梦露在她当红的时期Or drop in on Galileo, as he turned his telescope to the heavens. 拜访伽利略当他把望远镜指向宇宙Perhaps I'd even travel to the end of the universe 可能我还会到宇宙的尽头To find out how our whole cosmic story ends. 揭开我们宇宙的全貌To see how this might be possible 要验证我们的想法是否可行We need to look at time as physicists do 我们就要以物理学家的眼光去研究时间As the fourth dimension.也就是四维时空It's not as hard as it sounds.四维时空并不难理解All physical objects, even me and my chair,所有的物体甚至是我和我的椅子Exist in three dimensions.都是三维的Everything has a width and a height and a length.任何物体都有宽·高·长But there is another kind of length 但还存在另一种维度A length in time. 即时间维度While a human may survive for 80 years,一个正常人可以活80岁These stones will last much longer...这堆石头可以存在更长时间For thousands of years. 可能是数千年And the solar system will last for billions of years.而太阳系则是数十亿年Everything has a length in time, as well as space.所有东西都在时间上有长度空间也一样Traveling in time 在时间中旅行Means traveling through this fourth dimension.意味着要穿梭四维的时空To see what that means, let's do a bit of normal every day traveling just to get a feel for it.为更好地理解我们以日常旅行为例来直观体会一下思维空间的含义A fast car makes it a bit more fun.高速的车带来更多的乐趣Drive in a straight line, and you're traveling in one dimension.直走意味着穿过其中一维的空间Turn right or left, and you add the second dimension.左转或右转就增加了第二维空间Drive up or down a twisty mountain road, And that adds height.在弯曲的山路中爬上爬下带来高度的变化So that's traveling in all three dimensions.那样就在三维中穿梭了But how on Earth do we travel in time? 但我们怎样穿梭时间呢How do we find a path through the fourth dimension? 怎样才能找到第四维呢Let's indulge in a little science fiction for a moment.先让我们换一个话题来看一个科幻的假想Time-travel movies often feature a vast energy-hungry machine.关于时间旅行的电影通常有体积巨大超耗能的机器The machine creates a path through the fourth dimension机器创造出一条通往第四维的通道A tunnel through time.一条时间的隧道A time traveler, a brave一个时间的旅行者是勇敢者Perhaps foolhardy individual也许也算是准备踏入Prepared for who knows what, 未知空间的愚勇之士Steps into the time tunnel . 义无反顾迈入时间隧道And emerges who knows when.在未知的时间再现The concept may be far-fetched,构想上可能大不相同And the reality may be very different than this,真实情况可能与此大相径庭But the idea itself is not so crazy.但这种想法本身并不疯狂Physicists have been thinking about tunnels in time, too,物理学家也一直为时间隧道绞尽脑汁But we covered it from a different angle.不过我们要从另一个角度来揭示这个问题We wonder if portals to the past or the future 我们不知道在自然法则允许的范围内Could ever be possible within the laws of nature.是否可能出现通往过去或者未来的大门As it turns out..事实上We think they are. 我们认为有可能What's more we' even given them a name... 甚至给他们命名Wormholes. “虫洞”The truth is the wormholes are all around us...事实上虫洞布满在我们身边Only they're too small to see. 只是它们细小得看不到Wormholes are very tiny. 虫洞非常微型They occur in nooks and crannies in space and time.虫洞存在于时空的每个角落（nooks and crannies）You might find it a tough concept, but stay with me. 你可能难以理解但请继续看下去Nothing is flat or solid.没有东西是平坦的或者实心的If you look closely enough at anything, 如果靠得足够近看任何东西You'll find holes and wrinkles in it. 你会发现小洞和裂痕无处不在It's a basic physical principle, 这是基本的物理法则And it even applies to time. 同样适用于时间Take this pool table. 像这个桌球台The surface looks flat and smooth, but up close, 表面看起来又平坦又光滑但靠近来看it's actually anything but. 事实并非如此It's full of gaps and holes.满是缝和孔Even something as smooth as a pool ball. 就算是光滑得像台球Has tiny crevices, wrinkles, and voids. 也有细小的裂痕皱褶瑕疵Now, it's easy to show that this is true in the first three dimensions,在三维世界就容易说明这一点But, trust me, it's also true of the fourth dimension, as well.相信我在第四维同样是正确的There are tiny crevices, wrinkles, and voids. In time. 时间中存在细小的裂痕皱褶瑕疵Down at the smallest of scale,在非常小的尺度Smaller even than molecules, 甚至比分子原子还微小smaller than atoms, we get to a place 我们所得到的called the quantum foam.我们把那一区域叫做量子泡沫（Quantum Foam）This is where wormholes exist.虫洞就存在于此Tiny tunnels, or shortcuts, through space and time穿越时空的微小隧道和捷径Constantly form, disappear, and reform Within this quantum world.在这个量子的世界里面不断地形成——消失——再形成And they actually link Two separate places and two different times.连接两个独立地点和不同的时间Unfortunately, these real-life time tunnels are just a billion trillion trillionths of a centimeter across...很不幸这种时空的隧道只有10的-33次方厘米的大小（普朗克长度）Way too small for a human to pass through.不足以令人类可以通行But here's where the notion of wormhole time machines . Is leading.不过引出了虫洞型的时间机器的概念Some scientists think it may be possible to capture one and enlarge it many trillions of times有些科学家认为有可能抓住其中一个将之扩大数亿亿亿倍To make it big enough for a human or even a spaceship to enter.使其足以通过一个人甚至一艘太空船Given enough power and advanced technology, 假设有足够的动力和超前的科技Perhaps a giant wormhole could even be constructed in space.或许可以在宇宙中制造出大虫洞I'm not saying it can be done, but if it could be, 我不保证可行但如果真的面世It would be a truly remarkable device. 它将是一个非常卓越的机器One end could be here near the Earth,一端在地球附近And the other far, far away, near some distant planet.另一端则在遥远的宇宙的深处Theoretically, a wormhole could do even more.理论上虫洞可以有更多的用途If both ends were in the same place .And separated by time instead of distance,如果虫洞的两个开口在相同的地点不同的时间A ship could fly in and come out still near the Earth,飞船可以穿越到地球形成之前的世界But in the distant past.一个遥远的过去Maybe dinosaurs would witness The ship coming in for a landing.或许恐龙们可以目睹飞船的降落Now , I realize that thinking in four dimensions is not easy现在我觉得四维时空的概念很难理解And that wormholes are a tricky concept to wrap your head around.虫洞的概念更加令人摸不着头脑But hang in there.不过再坚持一下I've thought up a simple experiment that could reveal if human time travel through a wormhole is possible now...我曾构想出一种简单的实验验证人类是否可以通过虫洞穿越时间Or even in the future.甚至在遥远的未来I like simple experiments and champagne.我喜欢简单的实验和香槟So I've combined two of my favorite things To see if time travel from the future to the past is possible所以我结合两样我喜欢的东西来验证从未来穿越到过去是否可行I'm throwing a party... 我搞了一个派对A welcome reception for future time travelers. 未来的时间旅行者的欢迎酒会But there's a twist. 不过有点小插曲I am not letting anyone know about it until after the party has happened.在派对结束前我不打算让任何人知道这事Here is the invitation, giving the exact coordinates in time and space.这就是那张请柬告知确切的时间和地点I am hoping a piece of it, in one form or another, 我希望其中的一张无论以何种形态will survive for many thousands of years. 能留存至数千年以后Maybe one day someone living in the future will find the information可能在未来的某一天有人可以看到这份请柬And use a wormhole time machine to come back to my party,用虫洞型的时间机器来参加我的派对Proving that time travel will one day be possible.证明时间旅行在未来可以实现My time-traveler guests could be arriving any moment now.我的穿越客人可能随时都会到Five Four Three Two One 5...4...3...2 (1)What a shame很遗憾I was hoping a future miss universe was going to step through the door.我本希望有位未来的“环球小姐”前来光顾So, why didn't the experiment work? 那么为何这个实验不起效呢I think one of the reasons might be because of a well-known problem with time travel to the past...我想其中一个原因是众所周知穿越过去的问题The problem of paradoxes.即谬论的问题Paradoxes are fun to think about.谬论十分有趣祖父谬论：回到过去，在（外）祖父生你父母之前把他杀了\n因此你不能出生，更不能回到过去杀你的祖父。

JOURNEY TO THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSEOur world. warm, comfortable, familiar......But when we look up, we wonder:Do we occupy a special place in the cosmos?Or are we merely a celestial footnote？Is the universe welcoming or hostile?We could stand here forever, wonderingOr we could leave home on the ultimate adventureTo discover wondersConfront horrorsBeautiful new worldsMalevolent dark forcesThe Beginning of time.The moment of creation.Would we have the courage to see it through?Or would we run for home?There's only one way to find outOur journey through time and space begins with a single step.At the edge of space, only 60 miles up......just an hour's drive from homeDown there, life continues.The traffic is awful, stocks go on trading...and Star Trek is still showingWhen we return home, if we return home......will it be the same?Will we be the same?We have to leave all this behindTo dip out toes into the vast dark oceanOn to the Moon.旅行到宇宙边缘我们的世界温暖、舒适熟悉但当我们仰望天空我们想知道我们是居住在宇宙中一个独特的地方或仅仅是太空的小小一隅?宇宙是友善的还是充满敌意？我们是一直站在这里猜想还是离开故园来一次终极探险去发现奇观直面恐怖美丽的新世界邪恶的黑暗势力时间的起点创世的时刻我们是否有坚持到底的勇气或是逃回家？想找到答案只有一个方法我们开始一步步时空之旅离地面60英里（100公里）高度,就是太空边缘...仅仅一个小时车程地面上，生活在继续车水马龙商业繁忙《星际迷航》还在播出当我们回到家如果我们还能回家一切还会如初吗？我们还是原来的我们吗？我们必须抛掉这一切步入前方广阔的黑暗海洋前往月球- . - 总结资料-Dozens of astronauts have come this way before usTwelve walked on the moon itselfJust a quarter of a million miles from home.Three days by spacecraftBarren.Desolate.It's like a deserted battlefieldBut oddly familiar.So close, we've barely left homeNeil Armstrong's first footprints.Looks like they were made yesterdayThere's no air to change them.They could survive for millions of yearsMaybe longer than us.Our time is limitedWe need to take our own giant leapOne million miles, 5 million, 20 million miles.We're far beyond where any human has ever venturedOut of the darkness, a friendly faceT he goddess of love, Venus.The morning star.The evening star.She can welcome the new day in the east......say good night in the westA sister to our planet......she's about the same size and gravity as Earth.We should be safe hereBut the Venus Express space probe is setting off alarmsIt's telling us, these dazzling clouds, they're made of deadly sulfuric acid The atmosphere is choking with carbon dioxide Never expected this Venus is one angry goddess. 在我们之前，已有数十名宇航员前往月球其中12人踏上了月球月球距离地球只有25万英里（40万公里）坐宇宙飞船需要3天贫瘠荒芜月球看起来就像一个遗弃的战场但是惊人的熟悉那么近，就像我们几乎没有离开家尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的第一个脚印看起来就像在昨天留下的那里没有能够改变脚印的空气这些足迹会存在数百万年或许比人类存在的时间都长我们的时间是有限的我们必须自己踏出自己的一大步1百万英里5百万英里2千万英里远征前人未曾到达的地方一个友善的面孔从黑暗中浮现爱之女神金星启明星长庚星它可以在迎接新的一天...还会在西方道晚安金星是地球的姊妹星......大小和引力与地球相仿我们在这里应该是安全的但是金星快车空间探测器却时刻提醒着我们- . - 总结资料-告诉我们那些耀眼的云层是由致命的硫酸构成金星的大气层充斥着二氧化碳没想到金星是一个愤怒的女神The air is noxious, the pressure unbearable.And it's hot, approaching 900 degreesStick around and we'd be corroded suffocated, crushed and baked Nothing can survive here.Not even this Soviet robotic probe.Its heavy armor's been trashed by the extreme atmosphere.So lovely from Earth, up close, this goddess is hideousShe's the sister from hell.Pockmarked by thousands of volcanoesAll that carbon dioxide is trapping the Sun's heat.Venus is burning up.It's global warming gone wildBefore it took hold, maybe Venus was beautiful, calm......more like her sister planet, Earth.So this could be Earth's futureWhere are the twinkling stars?The beautiful spheres gliding through space?Maybe we shouldn't be out here, maybe we should turn backBut there's something about the Sun, something hypnotic, like the Medusa Too terrible to look at, too powerful to resistLuring us onward on, like a moth to a flame.Wait ,there's something else, obscured by the sunIt must be Mercury.Get too close to the sun, this is what happens.Temperatures swing wildly hereAt night, it's minus 275 degreese midday, it's 800 plus. Burnt then frozen.The MESSENGER space probe is telling us something strange.For its size, Mercury has a powerful gravitational pull.It's a huge ball of iron, covered with a thin veneer of rock有毒的空气难以忍受的压力还有炙热温度接近900度（500°C）多呆一会我们会被腐蚀、窒息、压碎和烤焦任何东西都无法在这里生存即使像前联金星号机器人探测器它的厚重装甲已被这极端的大气环境给毁了从地球看她是多么可爱近观这个女神却是可怕的她是来自地狱的姊妹数千座火山犹如长满了痘疮大气层中的二氧化碳留住了太阳热量金星正在燃烧这是无节制的全球气候变暖在它变暖之前或许是美丽而平静的...很像她的姊妹星地球也许就它是我们地球的未来那些闪烁的星星哪里去了？美丽的圆球滑进了太空？或许我们不应该来这里我们应该回去但是太阳有催眠般的魔力象美杜莎（古希腊神话中3位蛇发女怪之一）可怕的让人无视，也无法抗拒她的力量引诱我们继续前进像飞蛾扑火等等，这里还有其他东西被太阳炙烤它一定是水星太靠近太阳，就会这样这里温度剧烈变化晚上会到零下275度（-170°C）- . - 总结资料-...正午则超过800度（400°C）烧焦再被冰冻信使号空间探测器发现了一些奇怪的现象相对体积来说，小小的水星具有强大的引力它就像一个裹着薄薄岩石层的大铁球The core of what was once a much larger planet.So where's the rest of it?Maybe a stray planet slammed into Mercury...blasting away its outer layers in a deadly game of cosmic pinball Whole worlds on the loose careening wildly across the cosmos... ...destroying anything in their pathAnd we're in the middle of itVulnerable, exposed, smallEverything is telling us to turn back.But who could defy this?The Sun in all its mesmerizing splendorOur light, our lives......everything we do is controlled by the SunDepends on itIt's the Greek god Helios driving his chariot across the skyThe Egyptian god Ra reborn every dayThe summer solstice sun rising at Stonehenge.For millions of years......this was as close as it got to staring into the face of GodIt's so far away......it is burned out, we wouldn't know about it for eight minutesIt's so Big, you could fit one million Earths inside itBut who needs number? we've got the real thingWe see it every day, a familiar face in our skyNow, up close, it's unrecognizable. A turbulent sea of incandescent gasThe thermometer pushes 10,000 degreescan't imagine how hot the core is ,could be tens of millions of degreesHot enough to transform millions of tons of matter into energy every second More than all the energy ever made by mankind这是一颗大行星留下的核心其他部分去哪里了呢？或许是一个迷路的行星猛地撞进了水星...在一场致命的宇宙弹球游戏中水星的外层被炸掉了这些游荡的行星在宇宙中疯狂地掠过...毁掉他们道路上的一切我们就在其中脆弱、裸露而且渺小这一且都在告诉我们该回去了但是谁又能抗拒的了散发着迷人光彩的太阳？我们的光线，我们的生命我们的一切都被太阳控制着依赖于它它是驾着战车穿越天际的希腊美男子太阳神是每天重生的埃及神“拉”（埃及神话里的太阳神）以及巨石阵夏至的日出数百万年来我们对太阳神的景仰止于远观由于实在太远如果太阳熄灭了，8分钟后我们才会知道太阳大到可以装下100万颗地球谁需要这些数字呢我们看到了它的真面目我们每天看到太阳挂在天空的熟悉面孔现在近观它，又陌生起来- . - 总结资料-由炙热气体形成的汹涌大海表面温度超过1万度（5000°C）难以置信的是它的核心温度则可以到数千万度这里热到足以能够每秒钟把数百万吨物质转化成能量超过人类有史以来产生的所有能量Dwarfing the power of all the nuclear weapons on Earth.Back home, we use this energy for light and heatBut up close, there's nothing comforting about the Sun.Its electrical and magnetic forces erupt in giant molten gas loops. Some are larger than a dozen EarthsMore powerful than 10 million volcanoes.And when they burst through they expose cooler layers below... ...making sunspots.A fraction cooler than their surrounding, sunspots look black......But they're hotter than anything on Earth.And massive up to 20 times the size of Earth.But one day, all this will stopThe Sun's fuel will be spent.And when it dies, the Earth will followThis god creates life, destroys it......and demands we keep out distanceThis comet strayed too closeThe Sun's heat is boiling it away......creating a tail that stretches for millions of miles.It's freezing in here.There's no doubt where this comet's from, the icy wastes of deep space But all this steam and geysers and dust......it's the Sun again, melting the comet's frozen heart.Strange. A kind of vast, dirty snowball, covered in grimy tarTiny grains of what looks like organic material......preserved on ice, since who knows when......maybe even the beginning of the solar system.Say a comet like this crashed into the young Earth billions of years ago. Maybe it delivered organic material and water...the raw ingredients of life地球上所有的核武器对于它都是小巫见大巫在地球，这些能量是我们利用的光和热近距离观看时，却是令人感到不安太阳的电磁活动迸发出巨大的炙热气体环状物（日珥）有的足有一打地球那么大释放的能量超过一千万个火山当它喷发的时候就会露出下面温度较低的部分形成太阳黑子太阳黑子比周围温度低一些所以看起来是黑的但仍比地球任何东西都热太阳黑子同样巨大，超过地球大小的20倍但是总有一天，这一切都会结束太阳的燃料会耗尽太阳死去，地球也会随之死亡这个神祗创造了生命，也会摧毁生命要求我们保持距离这个彗星太靠近太阳了它被太阳的热量蒸发产生绵延数百万英里的彗尾这里冰冷彻骨我们清楚彗星来自哪里它来自深太空的冰冻垃圾但你看这些蒸汽、间歇泉和尘埃这是太阳正在融化彗星的冰冻核心- . - 总结资料-太奇异了犹如外面包裹着肮脏沥青的巨大脏雪球看起来像是有机物的小颗粒被冷冻保存谁会知道已经保存了多久也许和太阳系同龄如果像这样一颗彗星在数十亿年前撞到年轻的地球也许带来了有机物和水...... 生命的原始物质It may even have sown the seeds of life on Earth......that evolved into you and meBut say it crashed into the Earth nowThink of the dinosaurs, wiped out by a comet or asteroid strikeIt's only a question of time.Eventually, one day, we'll go the way of the dinosaursIf life on Earth was wiped out, we'd be stuck out here......homeless, adrift in a hostile universeWe'd need to find another homeAmong the millions, billions of planets......there must be one that's not too hot, not too cold, with air, sunlight, water... ...where, like Goldilocks, we could comfortably liveThe red planetUnmistakably Mars.For centuries, we've looked to Mars for company......for signs of lifeCould there be extraterrestrial life here?Are we ready to rewrite the history books, to tear up the science books... ...to turn our world upside down?What happens next could change everythingMars is the planet that most captures our imagination.Think of B-movies, sci-fi comics, what follows? Martians?It's all just fiction, right?But what it there really is something here?Hard to imagine, though. Up close, this is a dead planetThe activity that makes the Earth livable shut down millions of years ago here Red and deadMars is a giant fossil.Wait. Something is aliveA dust devil, a big one彗星甚至可能在地球上播下生命之种后来进化成你和我如果彗星现在撞上地球想想恐龙吧被彗星或是小行星的撞击彻底灭绝这只是时间问题毫无疑问，总有一天我们会步恐龙的后尘如果地球上的生命灭绝了我们会被困在这里无家可归，漂泊在危险宇宙中我们需要找一个新家在几百万甚至数十亿的行星中一定会有一个行星不会很热，也不会很冷有空气、和水可以让我们舒适居住,生活红色行星我们都熟知的火星几个世纪以来，我们一直都在寻找火星上的同伴寻找生命迹象那里有外星生物吗？我们准备好改写史书，撕毁科学书籍颠覆我们的世界了吗？接下来发生的可能会改变一切火星比任何其他行星都能激发我们的遐想- . - 总结资料-想到科幻电影、漫画，你会联想到什么-火星人？这都是虚构的，对吗？但如果这里真的有生物呢？无法想象，近观火星是一个死去的行星使得地球适宜居住的演化过程几亿年前在火星上就停止了红色、死寂火星是一块巨大的化石等一下，还有东西在活动一个巨大的尘暴Bigger than the biggest twisters back home.There's wind hereAnd where there's wind, there's airCould that air sustain extraterrestrial life?It's too thin tor us to breathe.And there's no ozone layerNothing to protect us against the Sun's ultraviolet rays.There is water......But frigid temperatures keep it in a constant deep freezeIt's hard to believe anything could live hereBack on Earth, there are creatures that survive in extreme cold, heat... ...even in the deepest ocean trenchesIt's as though life is a virus.It adapts, spreadsMaybe that's what we're doing right now......carrying the virus of life across the universe.Even in the most extreme conditions life usually finds a way.But on a dead planet?With no way to replenish its soil, no heat to melt its frozen water?All this dust, it's hard to see where we're going Olympus Mons, named after the home of the Greek godsA vast ancient volcano.Three times higher than Everest.There's no sign of activity.Since its discovery in the 1970s, it's been declared extinctHang on.These look like lava flows.But any sign of lava should be long gone. obliterated by meteorite craters Unless, this monster isn't dead, just sleepingThere could be magma flowing beneath the crust right now......building up, waiting to be unleashed绝对超过地球上最大的龙卷风这里有风有风说明有空气可以维持外星生物的空气但对我们的呼吸来说，火星的空气太稀薄了而且这里没有臭氧层没有什么能够保护其不受太阳紫外线的伤害这里有水但在彻骨的严寒中只能永远被冰冻很难相信有什么可以在这里生存但是在地球极冷和极热的地方都有生物存在即使在最深的海沟生命好像病毒会适应环境、会散播也许我们现在正在携带着生命的病毒穿越宇宙即使在最极端的环境里，生命都会找到生存的办法但在这个死去的行星上没有活动去补充它土壤中的成分没有热量使其冰冻水融化- . - 总结资料-还有大量尘埃，让我们无法辨别方位奥林匹斯山，以希腊众神的家乡命名一座巨大的古火山超过珠穆朗玛峰的三倍高。

剧本由V信公众号v i c t o r r i i d2018施工整理~排版多样~希望对您有所帮助[美、英剧、电影、纪录片] [中英纯英]台词剧本定制也可以发邮箱*****************(自动回复)———————————该信息下载后删除页眉即可，谢谢理解与支持——————————1.We are a long way from home, and from our time.2.This was our Milky Way when the galaxy was young3.and more fertile than it is today.4.Back then, she birthed 30 times as many stars as she does now...5. a firestorm of star creation.6.It's a summer night, 11 billion years ago.7.We're on the planet of another star,8.one with an ideal view of the Milky Way galaxy's9.chaotic stellar nursery.10.Our own star was a child of the galaxy's later years,11.and that may be one of the reasons we exist.12.After the short-lived, more massive stars died out,13.there was time...14.another five billion years, for those dead stars to bequeath15.their heavier elements to us.16.These elements enriched and nurtured the formation17.of the planets and moons of our solar system.18.And we ourselves are made of that star stuff.19.Those blazing pink clouds of hydrogen gas are the swaddling20.of countless new-born stars.21.See those bright blue splashes?22.They're clusters of slightly older sibling stars.23.Gravity's embrace will transform this amorphous24.collection of gas and dust into the galaxy we call home today.25.Our sun is born.26.The star endows her surrounding worlds27.with precious minerals, diamonds and green olivine...28. a mineral that will play a major role in our story.29.The stars make planets, moons and comets.30.There's Jupiter, the firstborn world of our solar system.31.These future planets and moons are awash with organic molecules...32.the chemical building blocks of life.33.This is their inheritance from the deaths of other stars.34.Does the cosmos give rise to life as naturally35.as it makes stars and worlds?36.This is our voyage to the heart of that mystery.37.Long, long ago, when our world was young,38.there was a city at the bottom of the sea that covered the Earth.39.It took tens of thousands of years to build this city,40.but there was no life on this world back then.41.So who built these submarine skyscrapers?42.Nature did.43.She made them with carbon dioxide and the same minerals44.she uses to make seashells and pearls...45.calcium carbonate.46.But these soaring towers were nothing compared to what47.happened beneath them.48.We'll need to get 1,000 times smaller to see it.49.Doesn't look like much, does it?50.But just wait.51.Our restless Mother Earth cracked open,52.and cold sea water poured down into her hot rocky mantle,53.getting richer in organic molecules and minerals,54.including a green jewel called olivine.55.This mix of water and minerals got so hot that it56.shot out of her with great force.57.The mixture became trapped in the pores of the carbonate58.rocks that would later become her towers.59.These pores were incubators, safe places where the organic60.molecules could become more concentrated.61.This is how we think that the rocks built life's first home.62.It was the beginning, at least in our little part of the cosmos, ofan enduring collaboration63.between the minerals of earth,64.the rocks and life.65.See those snaky cracks?66.That's how this process got its name.67.Serpentinization.68.It's the evidence for the conversion of water and69.carbon dioxide into hydrogen and methane...70.the organic molecules that fueled this earthshaking event.71.Those scientists who search for life on other worlds,72.they used to say, "follow the water,"73.because water is the most basic requirement for life.74.Now, they also say, "follow the rocks,"75.because serpentinization is so closely associated with76.the processes that make life possible.77.To witness the main event, we have to get even smaller.78.At this scale, these caves look vast,79.but they're actually the tiny pores in the mortar of the towers.80.These jewels are the organic molecules which are,81.like everything, including you and me, made of atoms.82.In order to turn these inanimate jewels into jewelry,83.the stuff of life, it takes energy.84.We think it happened in a treasure cave like this one.85.The energy came from the reaction between the alkaline86.water trapped within the towers87.and the acidic water of the ocean.88.That ancient treasure chest filled with rings and89.bracelets and necklaces,90.longer and more complex molecules,91.until the greatest treasure of all...92.Life.93.We think it was that chemical reaction that provided94.the energy that powered the first cell.95.That was the spark that electrified the building blocks of life96.into something alive.97.Over time, the towers decayed,98.making it possible for the fledgling life within them99.to escape and evolve.100.What you've just seen is the most plausible scientific101.creation myth we have today for the origin of life.102.This hypothesis required the reunification103.of four long separated scientific fields:104.biology, chemistry, physics and geology.105.We think life first took hold in the rocks.106.And from day one, life was an escape artist,107.always wanting to break free, to conquer new worlds.108.Even the great big ocean couldn't contain it.109.If that's the true story of how life got started,110.it was long ago, back before the sky was blue,111.before the moon spun away from us to where it is today.112.Back when the planet was an ocean world,113.with waters bloodred with iron.114.Life would remake the world, the sea and the sky.115.But life doesn't always act in its own best interest.116.There came a day of reckoning,117.when life nearly destroyed itself.118.The Cosmic Calendar is a way for us to wrap our heads around the vastness of time.119.To grasp the history of the cosmos,120.from the birth of our universe to this very moment,121.we've compressed all of it into a single calendar year.122.On this scale123.every month represents about a billion years.124.Every day represents nearly 40 million years.125.That first day of the cosmic year126.began with the Big Bang,127.almost 14 billion years ago.128.Nothing really happened in our neck of the universe129.until about three billion years later...130.March 15 of the cosmic year,131.when our Milky Way galaxy began to form.132.Six billion years after that133.our star, the Sun, was born.134.It was August 31st on the Cosmic Calendar.135.Jupiter and the other planets136.including our own137.would soon follow.138.This was our planet nearly four billion years ago...139.September 21st on the Cosmic Calendar,140.when we believe life began.141.The atmosphere was a hydrocarbon smog.142.No oxygen to breathe143.and no one to breathe it.144.We've only recently begun to appreciate145.how powerfully life has shaped the planet.146.When we think about the ways life has changed Earth,147.the first things that come to mind are the green expanses of forests 148.and the sprawling cities.149.But life began transforming the planet150.long before there were any such things.151.A billion years after that tiny glimmer at the bottom of the sea, 152.life had become a global phenomenon153.thanks to a champion that to this day has never been vanquished. 154.I give you the cyanobacteria.155.In business for 2.7 billion years,156.cyanobacteria can make a living anywhere.157.Fresh water, salt water, hot springs, salt mines...158.makes no difference159.it's all home to them.160.Over the next 400 million years161.the cyanobacteria... taking in carbon dioxide162.and giving back oxygen,163.turned the sky blue.164.But the cyanobacteria didn't just change the sky,165.they reached into the very rocks themselves166.and changed them, too.167.Oxygen rusted the iron,168.working its magic on the minerals.169.Of the 5,000 kinds of minerals on Earth,170.3,500 of them171.arose as a result of the oxygen made by life.172.But here comes that day of reckoning.173.Cyanobacteria were the dominant life-form on this planet 174.wreaking havoc wherever they went,175.changing the landscape, the water and the skies.176.This was 2.3 billion years ago,177.or late October on the Cosmic Calendar.178.But the cyanobacteria shared the planet with other beings: 179.The anaerobes, life-forms that had come of age before180.cyanobacteria had begun to pollute the Earth with oxygen. 181.For the anaerobes182.oxygen was poison183.but the cyanobacteria wouldn't stop184.loading up the atmosphere with the stuff.185.For the anaerobes186.and nearly all of the other life on Earth187.it was an oxygen apocalypse.188.The lone survivors among the anaerobes were those189.who sought refuge at the bottom of the sea,190.deep in the sediment where the oxygen could not reach them. 191.The cyanobacteria acted like oxygen-pumping machines.192.They continued in overdrive193.and 400 million years later194.they brought about an even more radical change to the planet. 195.Remember those serpentinized rocks at the bottom of the sea 196.that were cranking out hydrogen and methane?197.Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas,198.and back then it was the main thing keeping the planet warm. 199.But once again, the oxygen produced by life200.shook things up.201.It gobbled up the methane202.producing carbon dioxide,203.a much less potent greenhouse gas...204.meaning it was not as efficient205.at trapping heat in Earth's atmosphere.206.Earth's temperature began to plunge.207.Life, the escape artist208.busted out of the icy death grip that entombed the planet. 209.The corpses of dead bacteria left210.behind a planetwide reservoir of carbon dioxide.211.Volcanoes pumped the carbon dioxide212.in huge quantities into the atmosphere213.warming the planet and melting the ice.214.Over the next billion years,215.life and the rocks continued their elaborate dance,216.taking the planet through freezes and thaws.217.Then, 540 million years ago218.something wondrous happened.219.Life, which had been all about microbes220.and simple multicellular creatures221.suddenly took off in what's222.called the Cambrian Explosion.223.Life grew legs, eyes, gills, teeth,224.and rapidly began to evolve225.the forms of its stunning diversity.226.We don't yet know what227.it was that allowed life to diversify so dramatically228.but we have some plausible theories.229.It could have been all those calcium minerals230.in the seawater that came from the volcanoes.231.Life had grown a backbone232.and put on a shell.233.It had found a way to collaborate with the rocks234.to make its own armor.235.Now life could grow larger236.and venture forth into new territories.237.Or maybe it was the protection afforded by the canopy238.built by the cyanobacteria.239.The oxygenation of the atmosphere created the ozone layer. 240.This made it possible for life to break out of241.the safety of the oceans and inhabit the land242.without being assaulted by the sun's deadly ultraviolet rays. 243.For billions of years244.all life could do was ooze.245.Now246.life began to swim247.run, jump and fly.248.Life, the escape artist249.had gotten so good at wriggling out of every confine250.no prison on Earth could hold it.251.And there will come a day,252.when life would even escape from Earth.253.Life will not be contained.254.Retracing life's odyssey back to the very beginning255.required a new kind of science,256.one that reunited the disciplines.257.The man who founded this new approach also happened258.to be an escape artist himself.259.He fled history's most implacable killers260.right here in this forest261.jesting at his tormentors every step of the way.262.Remember this place?263.It's London's Royal Institution264.where Michael Faraday spent his life.265.Back in his time266.in the first half of the 19th century,267.the intimate relationship between life and the rocks had yet to be discovered.268.Before science could tackle the origin of life,269.it had to change.270.This development was foretold by a scientist271.whose gifts to the world, were decidedly mixed.272.Christian Friedrich Schönbein273.was a German-Swiss chemist who274.was conducting an experiment275.on using electricity to reduce water into its two chemical constituents,276.oxygen and hydrogen.277.Schönbein thought he smelled something familiar278.something like the air after a thunderstorm.279.Schönbein had discovered ozone.280.Remember, that's the layer in the atmosphere that made281.it possible for our distant ancestors to leave the water for the land 282.and it still protects us from ultraviolet rays to this day.283.Schönbein loved to experiment.284.So much so that his wife famously exacted a promise285.from him not to use their kitchen as his laboratory.286.Oh287.Schönbein had just invented a new weapon of mass destruction.288.A chemical explosive more powerful than gunpowder.289.Upon further refinement,290.gun cotton would industrialize warfare on a horrendous scale.291.But it was also Schönbein who had a prophetic vision of292.a new field of science.293.He wrote in 1838294.Before the mystery of the genesis of our planets295.and their inorganic matter can be revealed,296.a comparative science of geochemistry must be launched.297.50 years later298.the man who would realize Schönbein's dream was born.299.He was another German-Swiss.300.Victor Goldschmidt301.was so brilliant,302.he was offered a position here at the University of Oslo303.without ever taking a test or earning a degree.304.That was in 1909305.when he was only 21.306.Three years later307.he was awarded Norway's greatest scientific prize.308.Victor Goldschmidt saw the Earth as a single system.309.He knew that in order to get the whole picture,310.you couldn't just know physics, chemistry, or geology...311.you had to know them all.312.This was in the early days of the study of the basic elements. 313.Goldschmidt applied this new knowledge to create his own314.version of the periodic table,315.one that is still in use today.316.It illuminated how crystals and complex minerals could317.be formed from more basic elements.318.Goldschmidt was discovering how matter evolves319.into mountains, cliffs, canyons.320.In 1928, he made a fateful decision321.to accept an appointment at the University of Göttingen, in Germany 322.where an institute had been built just for him.323.His colleagues thought these were his happiest years, until... 324.1933,325.when Adolf Hitler came to power.326.Goldschmidt was Jewish327.but not observant.328.Hitler changed all that for him.329.He now began to publicly identify himself with the local Jewish community.330.Hitler made it compulsory for everyone to list any331.Jewish forbearers going back several generations.332.There were those who tried to conceal a grandfather who333.might land them in a concentration camp.334.But Goldschmidt proudly declared on his forms that335.all of his ancestors were Jewish.336.Hitler and Hermann Göring, founder of the Gestapo,337.were not amused.338.They personally sent a letter to Goldschmidt339.telling him he was summarily dismissed from his university position. 340.He fled to Norway with only the clothes on his back.341.Goldschmidt concentrated his research on olivine,342.that green jewel of a mineral left over from the formation of the solar system.343.He was fascinated by its power to withstand even the highesttemperatures.344.He was the first345.to speculate that olivine may have played a role in setting the stage for the origin of life.346.At the same time347.he wondered about the presence of olivine throughout the cosmos. 348.This was the beginning of a field called cosmochemistry.349.In 1940, when the Germans invaded Norway,350.Goldschmidt took to carrying a cyanide capsule in his pocket351.so that he could kill himself instantly if the Gestapo came for him. 352.When a fellow scientist asked if he could get one, too,353.Goldschmidt answered:354."This poison is for chemistry professors only.355.You, as a physicist, will have to use a rope."356.But when the Germans arrived,357.Goldschmidt kept the cyanide in his pocket.358.He was sent to the Berg concentration camp359.before they were ready to deport him to Auschwitz,360.a place he told friends that "had not been highly recommended." 361.Goldschmidt was too important a scientist362.for the Nazis to exterminate.363.He was given the chance of survival if he would put364.his science in the service of the Reich.365.But Goldschmidt dared to toy with his captors.366.He would lead the Germans on a scientific wild goose chase.367.He sent them searching for nonexistent minerals368.and deceived them into believing these were resources that would be critical to the war effort.369.His ruse could have been discovered at any moment,370.and that would have meant certain death in the most fiendish way possible.371.By the end of 1942, the Norwegian Resistance knew that Goldschmidt was in the gravest danger.372.They arranged for him to escape across the Swedish frontier.373.Goldschmidt spent the rest of the war in Sweden,374.and then England, contributing his knowledge to the Allies.375.Always in frail health,376.he never recovered from the hardships of the war.377.Victor Goldschmidt died a year and a half after it was over.378.But during that period, he wrote a research paper379.on the complex organic molecules380.that he thought might have led to the origin of life on Earth. 381.And the ideas in that paper382.remain central in our effort to understand how life came to be.383.Goldschmidt never knew that the generations of geochemists who came after him384.would consider him their founder.385.Among his last wishes was a simple request.386.He wanted to be cremated387.and to have his ashes encased in an urn...388.made of the thing he believed to be the stuff of life,389.his beloved olivine.390.The universe makes galaxies.391.Galaxies make stars.392.Stars make worlds.393.Are there other Lost Cities of Life in the cosmos?e with me.395.There are dues to be paid for cosmic citizenship.396.As a spacefaring species, you have to worry about397.contaminating the worlds you visit and about bringing398.back alien stowaways that might pose a danger to your home world. 399.There are protocols for planetary protection.400.NASA designates five categories of worlds in the cosmos.401.Earth's moon, for instance, is a Category-1 world...402.a place so lifeless, we pose no threat to it,403.and it poses no threat to us.404.The riskiest mission of all is to a Restricted Category-5 world, 405.like this one, Mars.406.The conditions for indigenous life...407.in the past, or even now, hidden in some subsurface recess,408.are not beyond possible.409.We have to be very careful,410.for our own sake and for the life that could conceivably be there. 411.The Restricted Cat-5 designation is a recognition412.of life's genius for escape.413.It applies to sample return missions from those worlds414.where life may have gotten started...415.those worlds that may have, or once may have had,416.Lost Cities of Life lying at the bottom of their seas.417.But in a sense, our robot emissaries themselves...418.our landers, rovers and orbiters,419.are a manifestation of life's relentless imperative420.to seek out and take new territory, and this means421.that some of our emissaries have to be destroyed as soon as their missions are over.422.Like, poor Juno.423.After a multiyear reconnaissance of Jupiter,424.NASA is sending her to her death.425.Not because they were worried about Jupiter.426.There's hardly any chance that one of our spacecraft427.could compromise future investigations of the giant gas planet. 428.Any rogue microbe would catch a downdraft and sink429.where it would be broiled by the scathing temperatures.430.That's why Jupiter's only a Category-2 world.431.But one of Jupiter's moons is a Restricted Cat-5,432.and NASA can't take the chance433.that Juno might inadvertently crash into it.434.Europa is another one of only three Restricted Cat-5 worlds in the solar system,435.and one of Jupiter's 80436.and still counting, moons.437.Michael Faraday discovered Earth's magnetic field,438.and there's one around Jupiter, too.439.We can see it if we switch from looking at Jupiter in visible light 440.to looking at it in radio waves.441.Jupiter's magnetic field is much stronger and 18,000 times bigger. 442.It's a gigantic trap for charged particles that are the solar wind. 443.That's one of the things that lights up the aurora, the northern and southern Lights on Jupiter,444.and it does the same thing on Earth.445.Imagine what it's like for little Europa and her sister moons446.to live so close to the king of the Planets.447.Massive Jupiter holds Europa to him in a gravitational embrace so powerful448.that in four billion years,449.she has never been able to turn her face away from his.450.Jupiter's hold on her is so fierce that it tears her skin apart. 451.See those broad scars?452.Watch them closely and listen.453.That's the sound of a world being gravitationally tormented.454.It's called tidal flexing, and it's not just Jupiter,455.her sister moons pull on her, too.456.We are half a billion miles from the sun's warmth,457.five times farther away than Earth is,458.but this tidal flexing keeps Europa toasty inside.459.Beneath her chaotic surface, there's an ocean460.ten times deeper than the deepest seas on Earth.461.We're on our way to another Restricted Cat-5 world.462.No, not Saturn.463.Saturn's another Cat-2.464.Any life passing through those cloud belts wouldn't have a chance. 465.They're made mostly of ammonia.466.Below them are bands of water vapor.467.In one of our future voyages, we'll go there468.at a terrible cost.469.It's not Titan, either.470.Titan's another Category-2 world.471.Just as with Saturn472.the possibility of us interfering, with the life that might be there is too remote.473.Of course, there's always the chance474.that Titan lifeis stranger than our ability to imagine.475.Even if that's the case,476.there is little likelihood that any form of Earth life could harm it. 477.There she is, our Restricted Cat-5 world.478.There's a world in our solar system that may harbor life.479.You're looking at two of the first people ever to see it.480.William Herschel saw farther into the deep waters481.of the cosmic ocean than anyone before him.482.His son, John, would also become a distinguished astronomer.483.But tonight is back when John was a child in the summer of 1802. 484.That's when we first met them on an earlier voyage.485.WILLIAM: John, I want to show you something.e with me.487.This was then the largest telescope on Earth488.and would be for 50 years.489.CAROLINE: Well, what have we here? Hmm?490.Isn't it awfully late for a little boy to be up?491.JOHN: Father has promised to show me something, Aunt Caroline. 492.William's sister, Caroline Herschel,493.was a world-renowned astronomer in her own right.494.She was the first woman anywhere on Earth to be paid for being a scientist.495.She was just four-foot-three.496.When Caroline was ten years old, she was stricken with typhus. 497.She lost part of the vision in her left eye and stopped growing. 498.And yet, she defied the limitations of her time to a point.499.Caroline had just published her work in the "Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars,"500.but it was under her brother William's name.501.It was 1802, after all.502.Her nephew, John, would grow up to build on her503.work and create the "New General Catalogue."504.Many astronomical bodies are still designated by their NGC number today.505.WILLIAM: A few more degrees east and a degree north.506.ASSISTANT: Yes, sir.507.WILLIAM: Stop, stop! There she is.508.JOHN: Father! I've never seen that before.509.Is it a new star?510.WILLIAM: No, son, it's a new moon.511.I call it Saturn Two.512.JOHN: Oh, but Father, we must think of a better name than that. 513.WILLIAM: That's your job, my boy.514.And John would do exactly as his father asked.515.He named the moon Enceladus, after the Giant in Greek516.mythology who was the son of the Earth and the Sky.517.Enceladus fought the goddess Athena in an epic struggle for control of the universe.518.You don't have to be an astrobiologist to know at519.first glance that life is everywhere on Earth.520.It's changed virtually every square inch of the place.521.From an alien point of view, Earth would certainly have a restricted Cat-5 status.522.But Enceladus keeps its secrets hidden deep inside.523.Those geysers of ice and water vapor are shooting out524.of Enceladus at 800 miles per hour.525.They're this moon's contribution to the outermost so-called "E" ring of Saturn.526.But there's a lot more in them...527.nitrogen, ammonia, methane.528.And where there's methane, there may be olivine.529.Enceladus has been at this for at least 100 million years.530.It could keep cranking out water for another nine billion years. 531.Where's all that water coming from?532.The blue snowflakes plummet at more than 1,000 miles per hour. 533.We've come here to the southern hemisphere because534.that's where the ice crust is thinnest.535.It's only a couple of miles thick.536.That's why it's the best possible place to gain access to the underground ocean.537.Okay, now's the time for a warning:538.What you see here is entirely based on evidence.539.That global ocean, the crazy curtain of geysers,540.that weird snow at the surface...541.it's all real.542.We have multiple observations from the Cassini543.mission telling us that this is what awaits us on Enceladus.544.But we're about to enter the realm of informed speculation.545.This is what the leading space scientists think we might find546.when we send a spacecraft to dive straight into the heart of Enceladus. 547.When water up here is exposed to the vacuum of space,548.it turns to snow.549.And that scum is the stuff of life...anic molecules.551.It makes you wonder what could be waiting for us down below.552.And that's a long way from here,553.because we're in an ocean that's about ten times deeper than the oceans of Earth.554.Very promising.555.That's carbon and hydrogen, and the pH of the water is556.just like the early ocean on Earth.557.Why would this City of Life be larger than the one at the558.bottom of the ocean on Earth?559.Maybe it's because the gravity on Enceladus is so560.much weaker than it is on Earth.561.With less gravity, the towers are lighter,562.and they can grow taller.563.The currents are strong,564.and they may have toppled some of the towers.565.Victor Goldschmidt's olivine.566.The rocks have made a place for life.567.But has life had enough time to take hold?568.All I know is, never underestimate the escape artist.569.You know, it's a funny thing about us.570.We think we're the story.571.We're the end all and be all of the cosmos.572.And yet, for all we know, we're just the by-product of573.geochemical forces...574.ones that are unfolding throughout the universe.575.Galaxies make stars, stars make worlds,576.and for all we know, planets and moons make life.577.Does that make life less wondrous?578.Or more?。

剧本由V信公众号v i c t o r r i i d2018施工整理~排版多样~希望对您有所帮助[美、英剧、电影、纪录片] [中英纯英]台词剧本定制也可以发邮箱*****************(自动回复)———————————该信息下载后删除页眉即可，谢谢理解与支持——————————1.Systems this is prop, I reach..2.do you read me?3.These people are watching their life's work come to an end.4.MAN (over radio): The team is on its way to point.5.On another world.6.MAN (over radio): All right. Roger that.7.They were all young when they sent her on her way.8.These men and women have been traveling vicariously with her for morethan two decades.9.And now, her work is done, so she must die.10.But before she takes the fatal plunge,11.they've given her one final, epic challenge.12.Gravity has a big bag of tricks,13.none lovelier than the ring systems of worlds.14.Our own solar system, alone, has four ringed planets.15.This one, with the romantic name J-1407B,16.is the first we've found circling another sun.17.Why haven't we found more ringed planets in our galaxy?18.Is it that the rings are so unusual,19.or are the methods we use to find exoplanets not very20.good at seeing the ring systems that may surround them?21.J-1407B's ring system is so vast,22.that it eclipsed its star for days.23.These rings extend across an astonishing 112 million miles.24.They would more than fill the distance between Earth and the sun.25.But as enormous as they are, they're shockingly thin.26.If the ring system of J-1407B were the size of a dinner plate,27.it would have to be 100 times thinner,28.as thin as a human hair.29.This surprising contrast between the immense territory30.of a ring system, and its thinness,31.is just as striking in our own solar system.32.The outermost ring of Neptune is so dainty,33.that it was first thought to be the fragments of a ring.34.Not a ring, but a collection of arcs.35.That was, until NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft revealed36.that the so-called arcs were clumps,37.the thicker parts of a fainter, complete ring.38.It's funny that the weirdest planet in the solar system has39.attracted the least attention.40.Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has ever been41.sent on a reconnaissance mission to Uranus,42.one of the two ice giant planets that circle the sun.43.During its 20-year-long summers,44.the sun never sets on Uranus.45.The winters are equally as long,46.20 years of unbroken night.47.Unlike its fellow gas planets, Uranus is cold-hearted.48.It doesn't generate any internal heat.49.Uranus is one crazy world.50.The outer edge of Uranus's atmosphere is so hot,51.it's hotter than 500 degrees Fahrenheit.52.But Uranus also has the coldest clouds in the solar system,53.I'm talking nearly 400 degrees below zero.54.What kind of ocean is this?55.Is it made of ammonia?56.Water?57.Some scientists think it may be an ocean of liquid diamonds.58.Note to space agencies, might be worth another visit.59.Then there's that thing about it being sideways.60.Uranus revolves around the sun at a roughly 90 degree angle to its ownorbital plane.61.What could have happened to Uranus that it got knocked on its ass?62.Our best guess is that it went something like this.63.Uranus was in a terrible accident.64.After the second blow, the rotational axis of Uranus tipped 98 degrees.65.There's another world in our solar system that we don't66.think of as having a ring.67.The rings of Jupiter were so dim68.that no ground-based telescope ever saw them.69.They were discovered when Voyager 1 came flying by.70.Our Saturn is graced by the loveliest, largest,71.and brightest ring system of any around our sun.72.It's the most distant planet that can be seen with the naked eye,73.and it made quite an impression on our ancestors.74.When I think of the Babylonians of 3,500 years ago looking up75.at the planets and stars,76.I wonder how unlikely it would have seemed that one of their77.species would actually send an emissary to that78.distant point of light.79.We are in the Deep Space Network room at NASA's Jet PropulsionLaboratory.80.In this place, the most ambitious voyages of discovery are directedand monitored.81.Why are these people so emotional?82.They have committed their professional lives to83. a collaboration with this robot.84.And now that partnership of decades is about to end85.in a most violent way.86.The pathway from our Earthbound helplessness to87.our presence in Saturn's skies is about to unfold.88.What is that shimmering, unsteady thing we're looking at?89.That's what Galileo Galilei asked himself in 1610 when he90.became the first human to see Saturn as more than just a point of light.91.So, this is the telescope that made the modern scientific revolutionpossible.92.You know, you really started something.93.You looked through that thing and found the cosmos.94.That's not to say you didn't make your share of mistakes.95.You guessed wrong at what you thought you saw,96.believing that Saturn sported two symmetrical moons97.on either side of it.98.Two years later, when you took a second look,99.you were shocked to find that your "moons" had vanished.100.This was because both worlds, Earth and Saturn,101.were in motion, and the two worlds had changed in position to each other.102.You were now looking at Saturn's rings, edge-on.103.The Saturn ring system is 175,000 miles across,104.but on average only a few hundred feet thick.105.They were too thin for your fledgling telescope to see.106.But two years after that, you took a third look.107.Now, you thought that the planet had arms.108.40 years passed, until a Dutch astronomer named109.Christiaan Huygens took another look at Saturn with110.his own greatly improved telescope.111.Huygens was the first to know that worlds could112.be circled by rings, and Saturn was one of them.113.He also discovered Saturn's largest moon,114.which would later be known as Titan.115.When it finally came time for us to visit that world,116.our spacecraft bore Huygens's name.117.In science, there are the Galileos, the Newtons,118.the Darwins, the Einsteins.119.And then there's another kind of great scientist.120.Not the kind that paints a whole new picture of nature,121.but, like Christiaan Huygens,122.someone who has much to contribute,123.filling in a blank or two on that vast canvas.124.Such a scientist was Giovanni Domenico Cassini.125.He was born early in the 17th century126.in the town of Perinaldo, in what is now Italy.127.Cassini didn't start out as a scientist.128.He began his career as a pseudo-scientist, an astrologer.129.Astrology is a collection of ideas based on the notion that130.worlds have certain human personality traits,131.and that the influence of these distant worlds,132.depending on which are rising and falling at the time of your birth 133.will determine who you are and what your fate will be.134.It's another form of prejudice,135.making unfounded assumptions about who a person136.is without bothering to get to know them.137.Astronomy and astrology used to be the same thing,138.until there was a great awakening to our139.actual circumstances in the cosmos.140.In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish cleric demonstrated that, 141.contrary to popular belief,142.we were not the center of the universe...143.the Earth and the other planets travelled around the sun.144.Demoting the Earth from the center of the universe145.was a severe blow to human self-esteem.146.More than a century later,147.some people still hadn't gotten over it,148.and Giovanni Cassini was one of them.149.Cassini accepted a terrific job offer,150.an appointment by Louis the XIV,151.the legendary sun King of France,152.Louis believed himself to be an absolute ruler whose dominion was God's will.153.But he was also the first monarch in Europe to recognize154.the great power of science.155.He knew it was vital to national security.156.Louis the XIV was inventing the first modern,ernmental, scientific research institute,158.The Paris Observatory.159.Cassini told the absolute ruler that he would not be160.staying long in Paris, a year or two, at most.161.But when the King placed his new observatory at Cassini's disposal, 162.he lost all interest in returning home to Italy ever again.163.For the next 125 years,164.the Paris Observatory would be led by a Cassini.165.Cassini rewarded his patron with a map of the Moon166.that remained cutting-edge for a century.167.King Louis financed a research expedition to South America168.to obtain more accurate measurements of longitude,169.intel of enormous value to the captains of his far-flung170.fleet and to astronomers.171.Cassini took all these data and became the first person172.to calculate the scale of the Copernican solar system that he had once rejected.173.With his increasingly powerful telescopes,174.he discovered the length of a day on Jupiter175.and the bands and spots on that planet's surface.176.Cassini discovered Jupiter's Great Red Spot independently177.of Robert Hooke in England, and to this day,178.they share the credit.179.Cassini went on to determine the length of the day on Mars.180.He was only off by three minutes.181.When he returned to his observations of Jupiter,182.he was stumped by the contradictions in them.183.The eclipses by Jupiter's moons did not begin when they were supposed to,184.they varied from observation to observation.185.Could it be that it was due to changes in the distance186.of the Earth from Jupiter, as the two worlds moved through the solar system?187.If that were true, then light could not travel at188.an infinite speed because it was taking longer to reach Earth. 189.Was the speed of light finite?190.This idea was just too crazy for Cassini, too revolutionary.191.He rejected it out of hand.192.If he had followed the evidence wherever it led,193.he would have given us the yardstick for the cosmos that194.we still use 350 years later.195.But Cassini, ever the conservative,196.dismissed the idea as being just too wacky.197.Several years later, a Danish astronomer,198.Ole Romer, became Cassini's assistant at the Paris Observatory. 199.Romer made his own observations of the eclipses200.of some of Jupiter's moons and found the same discrepancies in the data that Cassini had dismissed.201.But Romer recognized them for what they were,202.Pieces of evidence for the finite speed of light.203.There was a time, however, when Cassini's faithfulness204.to the data was so extreme, that he was willing to risk the displeasure of King Louis.205.The monarch asked Cassini to calculate the exact area of his realm.206.No one had ever attempted to make an accurate map,207.much less a topographical one that would feature all208.the mountains and rivers and valleys of France,209.or of any other country for that matter.210.Cassini rose to the task, but discovered results that211.could not possibly please the King.212.Cassini told the King,213."I have some rather disappointing news for you, Your Highness. 214.We all thought that France was a whole lot bigger than our studies, revealed.215.I'm afraid, Your Majesty, your kingdom is much smaller than heretofore thought."216.The King surprised everyone with his great good humor,217.saying, "Why, Cassini, you've robbed me of more land218.than all the armies of my enemies combined."219.And then, there is his work on Saturn.220.He was the first person to know what the rings of Saturn really were. 221.He proposed that they were not solid,222.but instead composed of countless satellites orbiting223.the planet, and he observed that there was a division between the rings. 224.Cassini filled in some of the big blanks in our understanding of Saturn, 225.but how could we possibly ever get there?226.Accomplishing that mythic quest was left to one whose227.tragic life would have been completely forgotten,228.if not for what you are about to see.229.Weighing in at more than 12,000 pounds at launch,230.NASA's Cassini spacecraft is the size of a bus.231.That figure included 70 pounds of plutonium 238 fuel,232.enough to last her for more than 20 years.233.But that's not what powered her mythic odyssey.234.She rode gravity's rainbow all the way to the outer-solar system. 235.The lineage of the greatest of human achievements stretches236.further back than we might assume.237.Some of their roots are buried deep inside the tomb of lost hope. 238.But somehow, dreams rise.239.The epic missions of the first golden age of space exploration, 240.and likely the next,241.were made possible by a man whose two names,242.one real, one fake, are equally forgotten.243.Alexander Shargei's early years are not well-documented244.but it is believed that his mother, a political activist245.was taken from him when he was only five years old246.He took refuge in his father's physics and mathematics textbooks. 247.But by the time Alexander was 13248.the boy had lost his father, too.249.He lived with his grandmother250.and despite great hardship251.he managed to be accepted at the most prestigious high school252.and afterwards gained admission to253.the best engineering institute in the Ukraine.254.But only two months after he arrived there255.in 1914256.he was drafted into the Czar's army257.to fight in the First World War.258.In the hell of war at the front259.Alexander Shargei conceived a scientific strategy260.for exploring the Moon261.not intended as fiction, but as blueprint262.But Shargei's hell didn't end with the war263.Now, Shargei was forced to264.navigate the treacherous political mine fields of revolutionary Russia.265.He was much better at figuring out how to get to the Moon.266.Former officers in the Czar's army and those such as Shargei267.who were forced to join the counter-revolutionary White Army268.were assumed to be enemies of the people269.Shargei could find no peace in the Soviet Union270.so in desperation he tried to escape to Poland.271.Shargei, weakened by illness, was stopped by guards272.and turned back from the border273.These were dangerous times274.and there was no telling what would get you into serious trouble 275.No one knows where Shargei spent the next three years.276.He simply vanished277.When at last he emerged278.Alexander Shargei was no more279.In his desperation to be left alone280.he took the name of a dead man.281.He was now Yuri Kondratyuk.282.He finally published the book283.he had been dreaming about since his time in the trenches284.No publisher was interested285.so he printed it at his own expense286.It was Kondratyuk's letter to a future287.no one else could see288.He wrote it289."To Whoever Will Read This Paper"290."in Order to Build an Interplanetary Rocket."291.In the late 1920s292.Kondratyuk was enlisted to design a grain elevator.293.The Soviet Union was going through a metal shortage294.so Kondratyuk's challenge was295.to build the largest grain elevator possible296.without using more than a single nail.297.It ended up being so big298.they named it "the Mastodon"299.Such was the nightmare logic of Stalin's Soviet Union.300.You could do the heroic in service to the state301.successfully execute the seemingly impossible order302.to build a colossus with but a single nail.303.And when it was done304.you could be imprisoned for sabotage305.Who but an enemy of the state would do such a reckless thing306.as building a colossal grain elevator with only a single nail 307.It made no difference to Kondratyuk's fate308.that the grain elevator functioned309.for another 60 years, until it burned down.310.Kondratyuk was sentenced to311.three years in a special prison camp312.something new313.called a sharashka314.where scientists and engineers slaved away315.on the nation's most ambitious projects.316.Kondratyuk threw himself into a wind power project317.but still he dreamed of exploring the solar system318.Soon after that, he met Sergei Korolev319.who also dreamed of leaving Earth to explore the cosmos320.Korolev would later become the father of the Soviet rocket program. 321.Korolev wanted to enlist Kondratyuk322.in his fledgling rocket program323.but Kondratyuk was so terrified324.that any change in his status might325.result in closer scrutiny by the secret police326.he declined327.If the authorities discovered that Kondratyuk328.was really Shargei329.there was no telling what they would do to him.330.When Germany attacked Russia331.Kondratyuk volunteered for armed service at the front332.where he led a communications outfit333.His precise fate is unknown334.but he is believed to have died in battle on a February night in 1942335.Alexander Shargei336.aka Yuri Kondratyuk337.was only 44338.That was the end of his story339.but not his dream340.In the early days of the Apollo program341.the scientists and engineers struggled to figure out342.how a rocket could leave the Earth and land directly on the Moon 343.They were stymied344.They couldn't figure it out345.You need a big powerful rocket to reach the Moon346.How could you land such a thing347.on the surface of another world without crashing it?348.Being able to guarantee that it could take off again and349.bring your crew safely home350.was even more of a longshot.351.This approach, known as "Direct Ascent"352.seemed like a dead-end to a NASA engineerd John Houbolt and his colleagues.354.One version of the story goes355.two space scientists had kept356.the spark of Kondratyuk's dream alive357.They delivered his 40 year-old manuscript to Houbolt358.First of all, to the question of the work359.let it not frighten you...360.Speaking about the possibility of flight implementation361.just only remember that there is nothing improbable on the362.theoretical side of the flight of a rocket into space...363.37 degrees364.It's still looking very good.365.You're go366.We got an alarm367.B1 B1368.Bravo One Bravo One369.Rocket 1201 alarm 1201 alarm370.Standby for go, Flight371.Okay, we're go372.We're go,Sync tight, We're go373.Altitude 1600374.Eagle looking great375.Tranquility base here.376.The eagle has landed377.The surface appears to be very fine grained as you get close to it 378.It's almost like a powder379.NASA picked up Kondratyuk's vision of a380.Lunar Orbiter Rendezvous381.and took it all the way to the Moon382.But Kondratyuk's horizon extended far beyond.383.Kondratyuk envisioned the first reconnaissance of the solar system 384.by swinging round the planets,385.and using the force of their gravity to slingshot386.the craft farther out into space387.He dreamt that we would swing from world to world388.as our ancestors had done from tree to tree389.bending gravity to human390.needs on a slightly grander scale.391.But what gravity giveth392.it can also taketh away393.Why do some worlds have rings394.and others don't395.Why no rings for Earth396.Or Mars397.We wouldn't recognize Saturn without them398.He looks naked without his rings399.but how did he get them in the first place400.This is exactly what the French astronomer Édouard Roche asked 401.himself when he looked at Saturn through402.his telescope in 1848403.Roche speculated that Saturn's rings404.were the debris of a moon, or moons405.that had ventured too close406.and were pulled apart by the massive planet407.Roche was able to devise an equation that applies to all worlds 408.It tells you how closely a body can come to a planet409.before it's pulled apart by the planet's tidal forces of gravity 410.and is turned into a ring411.That's the Roche limit412.But until NASA's Cassini spacecraft413.executed a series of daredevil maneuvers in the Saturn system 414.there was a vigorous scientific debate415.about when his rings formed416.Some astronomers suggested they were nearly417.as old as the planet itself418.More than 4 billion years ago419.when the planet coalesced out of the disc of gas and dust420.that surrounded the newborn sun a moon, or moons421.likely violated Saturn's Roche limit...422.Others thought the rings to be fairly recent423.Perhaps, only 100 million years old or so424.And the Cassini spacecraft proved them right425.What is Earth's own Roche limit?426.If the Moon were ever to come closer than 12,000 miles427.which by the way428.it's absolutely in no danger of doing.429.And it's a good thing, too430.because I like our Moon right where it is431.There's only one other moon in the solar system432.that moves me like ours does.433.Maybe it's because it's the only one434.with a thick atmosphere like Earth's435.and the kind of surface featureskes and mountains437.that remind me of home438.All of this was hidden from view by a dense layer of orange smog 439.until the European Space Agency440.collaborated with NASA441.to send a spacecraft to land on his mysterious surface442.Yes, that would be the one named after you443.Christiaan Huygens444.first to see that world445.through your telescope446.After an interplanetary voyage of seven years447.the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft arrived in the Saturn system 448.the fourth of our ships to venture there.449.But the first to send a probe450.to explore the surface of Saturn's moon, Titan451.and to reveal a moon of far greater complexity and splendor 452.than our own rather dull and lifeless Moon453.As Carl Sagan had predicted more than two decades before454.there were seas of methane, and ethane455.and there was water-ice456.When Cassini first arrived in 2004457.at Saturn's northern hemisphere458.it was in the depths of winter459.And the Sun didn't come out until five years later460.when Saturn's northern spring began.461.Is it just me462.or is this whirling hexagon at Saturn's North Pole463.every bit as exotic as the fantasies464.our ancient ancestors had of these worlds?465.The geometrically regular hexagonal shape of this feature466.brings to mind the handiwork of intelligence467.terraforming re-working the surface468.for some unknown purpose469.But it's actually the result of the sudden change in wind 470.speeds as vast upwellings of ammonia rise near the poles. 471.It's the mother of all hurricanes472.a frenzy of thunder and lightning473.containing countless hurricanes within it474.Spring can be a violent, stormy season, on Earth, too 475.But it was during Saturn's seven year-long summer that 476.Cassini was commanded to take her own life477.There's a human conceit478.that at the moment of death479.we re-live our greatest memories.480.You are riffling through the memory481.bank of a doomed robot482.about to carry out the cruelest command483.The mission planners at NASA's484.Jet Propulsion Laboratory485.call this the "ball of yarn"486.13 years of exploration through the Saturn system487.From the time of her launch in 1997 and488.throughout her epic voyage489.she has used the gravity assist conceived490.100 years before by Yuri Kondratyuk491.But it was her supply of rocket fuel492.that made it possible for her Earthbound controllers493.to steer her into new trajectories of exploration494.In April of 2017495.Cassini was running low on that fuel496.It was time for her most daring maneuvers of all497.before she was to be sent into a final death dive498.These are the mission scientists of Cassini499.some of whom have been working500.on the project since the 1990s501.when it was no more than a dream.502.They know that Cassini must die503.It's too dangerous to let her wander aimlessly.504.She might crash into one of the moons in the Saturn system 505.where life might be hiding506.This would violate NASA's planetary protection507.conventions on quarantine in the book of space laws.508.If left to chance509.Cassini could alter the510.possible biological destiny of Titan or Enceladus511.A terrible command must now be given512.Cassini is so far away513.it will take the message, traveling at the speed of light 514.more than an hour to reach her515.Every microchip in her has been programmed516.to resist the commands she's now receiving.517.The inner-turmoil of the loyal robotmanded to defy her own instincts519.must be fierce520.The same engineers who ordered521.her to protect herself in every situation522.now force her to plunge to her death523.They must be obeyed524.System lead ace525.We have telemetry AOS at Zero one,One niner,One two. 526.She fights off the immense forces by struggling527.to right herself one last time528.She fires her thrusters at 100%529.all the while faithfully sending back more data than 530.her designers ever hoped she would531.Project Manager. Flight Director532.Go ahead533.Okay. We'd call loss of signal at 11:55:46534.She fights the brutal atmospheric resistance535.until her fuel tanks are empty536.and there's no more fight left in her537.Project manager538.on maybe a trickle of telemetry left539.but just heard the signal from the spacecraft is gone 540.and within the next 45 seconds so will be the spacecraft 541.Official time of death542.11:55 universal time543.There are all kinds of stories544.in the struggle to understand the cosmos545.Sometimes your dreams die with you546.but sometimes the scientists of another age pick them up 547.and take them to the Moon548.and far beyond549.The name of Yuri Kondratyuk was forgotten,550.but there was one who remembered.551.When Neil Armstrong returned from his trip to the Moon 552.he made a pilgrimage to the childhood home of the man 553.who made his mythic voyage possible。

我们出生是漫游者，我们一直是漫游者，我们出生是漫游者，我们一直是漫游者，我们在宇宙海洋岸边徜徉许久，我们出生是漫游者，我们一直是漫游者，我们在宇宙海洋岸边徜徉许久，我们已准备好向其他星球起航——卡尔萨根We are the species that explores,我们是喜欢探索的物种that fashions vessels to carry us into the unknown.制♥造♥大船带我们进入未知We sailed the planet of our birth,我们在出生的行星上航行saw its wonders and made it home.看到它的奇迹，把它作为家园And it wasn't enough.这还不够We built flying machines我们建造飞行器to explore higher,faster,farther.探索更高更快更远的地方Heroes flew them beyond what once seemed possible. 英雄把它们飞到几乎不可能的地方And it wasn't enough.这还不够In time,we created special craft现在我们制♥造♥特殊的飞船that would ferry us to the edge of space and back.运送我们到达太空边缘并返回And as always,there were the few--一如既往，有少数--brave and brilliant souls--勇敢而辉煌的灵魂--ready to guide this vessel through dangers驾驶飞船直面危途in the name of discovery.以探索的名义(indistinct radio communication)（无线通信）Using the space shuttle,使用航♥天♥飞机we built an unprecedented outpost in the heavens.我们在太空建起前所未有的前哨We learned in the weightless world在微重力的环境of the International Space Station,国际空间站peered into the dark night of an infinite universe. 凝视无限宇宙的黑夜And it wasn't enough.这还不够Now we are fashioning vessels to set off现在我们制♥造♥飞船出发on our greatest adventure of exploration ever:进行我们最伟大的探索和冒险：to Mars and beyond.火星和更远空间太空之旅翻译：火星学会Who knew that 30 years would go by so quickly? 谁知道30年时间会如此快速地流逝？That these unique spacecraft这些独特的飞船would leave in their wake将留下它们a public captivated公众为之着迷by their achievements...的成就(applause)（掌声）...a planet poised at the brink一个行星，处在边缘of deep-space exploration.开始深空探索(crowd cheering, whistling)（众人欢呼，口哨）CHRIS FERGUSON: As an astronaut,I definitely felt 作为宇航员，我觉得是在I was saying good-bye to a long-time friend和一个老朋友说再见when the last shuttle landed.告别最后的航♥天♥飞机(applause)（掌声）My name is Chris Ferguson.我是克里斯·弗格森I was lucky enough to fly on three shuttle missions,很荣幸执行过三次航♥天♥飞机任务one of them on Endeavor.“奋进”号♥是其中之一So it's no surprise that I wanted to be there所以毫无疑问我要在那里when she was headed for her new home当她要去往新家at the California Science Center in Los Angeles.洛杉矶的加州科学中心From the look of it,you might think it took从表面上看，你可能会认为as much engineering to get Endeavor在洛杉矶的街道上让“奋进”号♥through the streets of L.A. as launching her into orbit.顺畅通行和将她送入轨道一样需要众多工程努力Watching the orbiter squeeze through the city neighborhoods, 看那航♥天♥器挤过狭窄的城市社区you could feel just how much the shuttle had come to stand for, 你能感到航♥天♥飞机代表了多少东西almost as if it had taken all of us into space.仿佛它把我们都带入太空(excited chatter)（激动呼喊）I sure don't want the world to forget我不想让世界遗忘this remarkable spacecraft and those who built it,这非凡的飞船和那些建造它的人and the legacy they left,他们留下的传奇lighting the way toward our next frontier in space.为我们以后的前沿领域照亮了道路They're coming.它们来了The shuttle was the first航♥天♥飞机是第一个reusable piloted spacecraft.可重复使用的驾驶型飞船And its engineering and software was so bulletproof,其工程和软件如此精湛it could be flown by computers它可以由很差的less powerful than today's smart phones.比今天的手♥机♥更逊色的电脑控制飞行Two hundred.One hundred.At 235 miles per hour,时速235英里the shuttle had the fastest touchdown speed航♥天♥飞机有着最快的着陆速度of any flying vehicle ever built.在历史上所有的飞行器当中When you glide 220,000 pounds of spacecraft当你滑翔22万磅重的飞船要to a no-power landing, the gear hits with a major whom. 进行无动力降落，轮胎受到强烈冲击(tires screech)（轮胎声）Touchdown.着陆(indistinct radio communication)（模糊的无线电通信）Conceived in the 1970s概念起始于1970年代as a kind of winged delivery truck作为有翅膀的货运卡车to build a United States low-Earth-orbit space station... 建造美国的地球低轨道空间站Give you a payload l.D. of one.给你载荷l.D.1号♥...the shuttle actually flew航♥天♥飞机实际飞行more than a decade beyond original expectations.超过预期的寿命10年It was the shuttle program that allowed us to do航♥天♥飞机项目让我们在太空中real ongoing work in space,真正做了些工作to put delicate equipment into orbit and to retrieve把精密设备送入轨道，还能and fix that equipment when things went wrong.在有故障时找回并维修设备(engines thundering)（发动机轰鸣）Orbiters deployed,retrieved and repaired这些飞船部署、收取和维护over a hundred scientific and communications satellites.上百个科学和通讯卫星And no missions were more important to our understanding 要说什么任务能让我们更了解of deep space than the five flights, beginning in 1993,外太空，就数1993年开始的5次飞行made to repair and upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope.维修、升级哈勃望远镜的任务Hubble affirmative.哈勃确认You have a go for release.你可以释放(cheering, laughing)（欢呼，笑声）I think history will view the Hubble Space Telescope我认为历史将把哈勃太空望远镜as one of the crowning achievements in astronomy.视为天文学最杰出的成就之一The Hubble gave us an unprecedented view哈勃给我们前所未有的视角of both our closest neighbors既可以看到我们最近的邻居and of galaxies unimaginably far from our own.也可以看到离我们很遥远的星系Further space telescope investigations have revealed进一步的太空望远镜研究显示that the number of Earth-like planets类似地球的行星的数量capable of harboring liquid water可以容纳液态水的存在is vastly greater than scientists once calculated.比科学家曾经推测的要大得多In 1995, the shuttles began1995年，航♥天♥飞机开创了a new era of international space exploration国际太空探索的新时代when Atlantis docked,for the first time,亚特兰蒂斯号♥第一次对接了with the Russian MIR station.俄♥罗♥斯♥和平号♥空间站Eight inches.8英尺One-oh-point-oh-seven.10.07One-oh-six.Four inches.4英尺Now. We have capture.现在，抓到了Altogether,总共，the orbiters made 11 trips to visit Mir.航♥天♥飞机拜访和平号♥11次These missions established a level这些任务建立了of international cooperation and expertise在国际合作和专业知识方面的贡献that continues to this day.一直延续到今天Though MIR no longer orbits Earth,尽管和平号♥已经退役the shuttle proved itself as a brilliant reusable tool航♥天♥飞机证明自己是出色的可重复使用的工具that allowed us to live,build and do science让我们可以生活、建造、科研in the weightless environment of space.在太空的微重力环境But the shuttles' truest legacy但航♥天♥飞机最珍贵的遗产crosses the sky above us every 90 minutes.在我们的头顶90分钟就绕过一圈The International Space Station could never have been built国际空间站根本无法建造成功without the shuttles' payload and space-walk capabilities.如果没有航♥天♥飞机的载荷和太空行走能力Space shuttles and Russian Soyuz and Proton rockets航♥天♥飞机、俄♥罗♥斯♥的联盟号♥、质子号♥火箭made more than 40 flights飞了40多次to construct the International Space Station--去建设国际空间站——a true engineering miracle.真正的工程奇迹All three of my Orbiter missions were to the ISS.我的三次轨道任务都是去空间站Modules built by NASA partners in Asia,美国宇航局和亚洲、欧洲和北美的合作Europe and North America,came together above Earth,建造出模块，在地球上空建成一体over a period of 13 years,跨过13个年头to create a floating world建立一个悬浮的世界longer than a football field比足球场还长and with more living space than a six-bedroom house.空间比六间卧室的房♥子更大A typical ISS mission requires an astronaut一次典型的ISS任务要求宇航员to live six months on board.在空间站待6个月But some crew members will spend a year但少数人待够一年learning even more about the very real physical研究更多实际的身体变化and psychological stresses和心理压力of long-term separation from Earth.在长♥期♥远离地球的时候These missions and the 15 nations这些任务和15个国家that designed,built and crew the ISS,设计、建造，并提供工作乘员forever changed space exploration把太空探索彻底into a cooperative international program变成了国际合作项目and made a true home and science lab like no other. 成为了独特的居所和科学实验室J" Wash away my troubles J"洗去我的烦恼J" Wash away my pain J"洗去我的痛苦♪ With the rain in Shamble... ♪在雨中蹒跚前行...ISS system designs and scientific experimentsISS系统设计与科学实验have spawned a multitude of Earth-useful discoveries, 产生了许多对地球有用的发现，including breakthroughs包括水净化in water purification and robotic microsurgery.和机器人显微外科的突破But most important,但是最重要的是the ISS is our springboard to the future,ISS是我们通往未来的跳板giving us the knowledge and confidence给我们知识和信心to sustain human life as we explore deep space.在我们探索深空时维持人类的生命J" Everyone is helpful J"每个人都有贡献J" Everyone is kind... J"每个人都很友善...Life on ISS is all about getting the job done生活在ISS是为了完成工作and having a little fun.也享受小小乐趣J" Everyone is lucky J"每个人都很幸运J" Everyone is so kind J"每个人都很友善J" On the road to Shamble... J"在路上蹒跚前行...And nationality is mostly国籍差别主要是about tasting each other's food.品尝彼此的食物J" Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah J"耶，耶，耶，耶，耶J" Ah, ooh, ooh, ooh J"啊，哦，哦，哦J" Ooh, ooh, ooh, yeah J"哦，哦，哦，耶J" Yeah, yeah,yeah, yeah, yeah... J"耶，耶，耶，耶，耶Through three decades of camaraderie and dedication, 通过三十年的团结共事和勇于奉献355 people rode the shuttle into history.355人乘坐航♥天♥飞机成为历史They circled the Earth 21,000 times,他们绕地球21000圈and it all came to seem routine...一切好像要持续下去until it wasn't.直到确认不会...one minute, 15 seconds.1分钟15秒Velocity 2,900 feet per second.速度每秒2900英尺Altitude nine nautical miles.高度9海里Downrange distance seven nautical miles.距离发射场的水平距离7海里This shuttle mission will launch...这次航♥天♥飞机任务将发射...My God!天哪！There's been an explosion.那里发生了爆♥炸♥Flight controllers here任务控制人员looking very carefully at the situation.正在认真分♥析♥研判形势Obviously a major malfunction.显然是有重大的故障In two accidents that stunned the world,在两起震惊世界的事故中，we lost 14 astronauts.我们失去了14位宇航员It was a sobering reminder that every space flight它提醒我们，每一次太空飞行is charged with potential danger.都潜藏着风险They had a hunger to explore the universe他们渴望探索宇宙and discover its truths.追求真理They wished to serve,and they did.他们选择奉献，他们做到了They were pioneers.他们是开拓者The future doesn't belong to the fainthearted.未来不属于懦夫It belongs to the brave.未来属于勇敢的人The world mourned,but pushed on,全世界都在哀悼，但继续前行，because the accomplishments of the space shuttle因为航♥天♥飞机的成就and the International Space Station还有国际空间站were full of life-changing promise.充满了改变生活的诺言In memory of our lost heroes,the global space community 为了纪念我们失去的英雄，全球航♥天♥界pulled together to reignite the future of both programs. 齐心协力，重新点燃了这两个项目的未来Who could ask for a better ending to my career谁还能遇到像我这样的压轴任务as an astronaut than getting to fly作为宇航员，驾驶the last shuttle mission on Atlantis,最后一次的亚特兰蒂斯航♥天♥飞机，and a final visit to the ISS.最后一次拜访ISS(crowd cheering, applauding)（欢呼、鼓掌）Atlantis launch director,air to ground one.（亚特兰蒂斯发射主管，向1号♥发射场发令）Atlantis go.亚特兰蒂斯就绪And so, for the final time,Fergie, Doug,最后一次，菲姬，道格，Sandy and Rex,good luck, Godspeed,桑迪和雷克斯，祝你们好运，上帝保佑，and have a little fun up there.在上面玩得开心We're not ending the journey today, Mike,我们今天不会结束旅程，迈克，we're completing a chapter of a journey that will never end. 我们正在完成一段永远不会结束的旅程You and the thousands of men and women你和成千上万的男人和女人who gave their hearts,souls and their lives他们献出了自己的心、灵魂和生命for the cause of exploration,have rewritten history.为了探索事业，改写了历史Let's light this fire one more time, Mike.我们再一次点火，迈克(engines thundering)（发动机轰鸣）Though the shuttles no longer fly,尽管航♥天♥飞机已经不再飞了I never miss a chance to see Atlantis我还是常去看看亚特兰蒂斯号♥at the Kennedy Space Center.在肯尼迪航♥天♥中心But I came to KS to get a look at the next big step但我来肯尼迪是看深空探索in deep-space exploration,and it's called Orion.的下一步，称为“猎户座”Here, in the giant operations and checkout clean room,在这个巨大的净化操作室里，the new Orion mulch-purposed crew vehicle新的猎户座多用途飞船is coming together.正在建造What an impressive vehicle.让人印象深刻的飞船Look at that--it's beautiful.看看那个--真美(technicians conversing indistinctly)（技术人员模糊的交谈）It's gorgeous.I'd love to climb in there.太迷人了。

斯蒂芬·霍金《时间简史》导言(中英文互译)斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金（Stephen William Hawking，1942—2018），英国著名物理学家，剑桥大学数学及理论物理学系教授，主要研究领域是宇宙论和黑洞，证明了广义相对论的奇性定理和黑洞面积定理，提出了黑洞蒸发理论和无边界的霍金宇宙模型。

1963年，霍金就被确诊患上肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症（卢伽雷氏症），全身瘫痪，不能言语，手部只有三根手指可以活动。

代表作包括《时间简史》《果壳中的宇宙》《大设计》等。

Introduction to "A Brief History of Time"《时间简史》导言We go about our daily lives understanding almost nothing of the world. We give little thought to the machinery that generates the sunlight that makes life possible, to the gravity that glues us to an Earth that would otherwise send us spinning off into space, or to the atoms of which we are made and on whose stability we fundamentally depend. Except for children (who don't know enough not to ask the important questions), few of us spend much time wondering why nature is the way it is; where the cosmos came from, or whether it was always here; if time will one day flow backward and effects precede causes; or whether there are ultimate limits to what humans can know. There are even children, and I have met some of them, who want to know what a black hole looks like; what is the smallest piece of matter; why we remember the past and not the future;how it is, if there was chaos early, that there is, apparently, order today; and why there is a universe.我们在几乎对世界毫无了解的情形下进行日常生活。

宇宙时空之旅Cosmos：ASpaceTimeOdysseyl 简介《宇宙时空之旅》是由安·德鲁扬、塞思·麦克法兰联合执导的纪录电视剧，奈尔·德葛拉司·泰森、Bethany Levy、Stoney Emshwiller、Mehdi Merali等主演，于2014年3月在美国上映。

《宇宙时空之旅》讲述了以新发明的科学叙事模式揭露宇宙的壮丽，并重新改造原始系列中备受赞誉的元素，包括宇宙日历和想象力之船，带领观众以最宏观和最微观的角度来审视宇宙。

l 笔记宇宙地址：1) 地球（Earth）2) 太阳系（SolarSystem）3) 银河系（MilkyWayGalaxy）4) 本星系群（LocalGroup）5) 室女超团（Virgosupercluster）：拥有几千星系6) 可观测宇宙（Observableuniverse）：现已探知到最大尺度的宇宙，一个由数千亿星系组成的网络从宇宙起源说到地球的起源，如果把地球的历史在时间轴上浓缩到一年的12个月的话，那么人类的历史就是那最后14秒钟的时间。

在浩瀚的宇宙中，地球就像是大洋中的一滴小水滴。

地球的产生是偶然的，人类的产生也是偶然的。

宇宙138亿年历史压缩到一年（每个月大概10亿年，每天相当于4000万年）：1月1日：宇宙大爆炸。

宇宙由一个比原子还小的奇点演变而来，在一场宇宙大火中，空间出现，宇宙开始膨胀，我们目前所知的一切能量和一切物质都来源于此。

随着不断膨胀，宇宙开始冷却，开始大约两亿年的黑暗期1月10日：气体团在引力作用下聚在一起，温度升高，最古老的一批恒星诞生1月19日：这些恒星聚集，组成了最初的小星系3月15日：小星系继续聚集形成较大星系（其中包括银河系，大约形成于110亿年前）8月31日：太阳诞生（大约45亿年前）9月21日：地球生命诞生。

（35亿年前）11月9日：生命开始呼吸，移动，进食，对环境有所反应12月7日：海洋生命真正开始繁荣，种类众多的大型植物和动物爆发12月最后一周：森林、恐龙、鸟类、昆虫进化12月28日：第一枝花绽放12月30日早上6:24：行星撞地球（大约6500万年前）12月30日最后一小时：人类开始进化12月30日午夜11:59:46秒：人类书写的历史仅占最后14秒（6000年前，发明了文字）01 Standing Up in the Milky Way（宇宙起源）布鲁诺是埃及赫尔墨斯原始宗教的信徒，在他的著作里，太阳也已经不再是宇宙的中心。

探索宇宙英语作文附加中文翻译The universe has always been a source of fascination for humans, sparking curiosity and wonder about the vastness and mysteries beyond our planet. Throughout history, scientists and astronomers have dedicated their lives to exploring the cosmos, seeking to understand the origins of the universe, the formation of galaxies, and the existence of other planets and life forms.One of the most significant ways in which we explore the universe is through space exploration. Space agencies around the world, have launched numerous missions to study planets, moons, asteroids, and other celestial bodies. These missions have provided valuable insights into the composition of our solar system, the possibility of life on Mars or moons of Jupiter, and the potential for human settlements on other planets.In addition to space exploration, astronomers use telescopes and advanced technology to observe distant galaxies, black holes, and other cosmic phenomena. The development of telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope has revolutionized our understanding of the universe,allowing us to see billions of light-years into space and uncovering the beauty and complexity of the cosmos.Exploring the universe not only expands our knowledge of the cosmos but also inspires us to contemplate our place in the universe and the possibility of life beyond Earth. As we continue to push the boundaries of space exploration and scientific discovery, we are on a journey of exploration and discovery that will shape our understanding of the universe for generations to come.中文翻译：宇宙一直是人类的一个引人入胜的源泉，引发了对我们星球之外广袤和神秘之处的好奇和惊叹。