动词的分类

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1 动词的分类

动词的分类:动词根据词义和句子中的作用可分为四类:连系动词、实义动词、助动词、情态动词。

一、连系动词

连系动词又叫系动词,不能单独作谓语,必须和表语连用一起构成谓语,表明主语的身份、类别、特征、状态等。常用的系动词有以下几类:

eg. They are kind-hearted. 状态 Your hair smells good. The dish tastes delicious. 感官

It gets colder. 变化 The man seems strange to you. 表象

二、 实义动词

实义动词又叫行为动词,它表示事物动作或状态的动词,在句子中能单独作谓语。实义动词又可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)两种。及物动词后面需跟宾语才能使其意义完整,如like , make , clean ,

love 等。不及物动词本身意义就完整,不能直接跟宾语;如果要跟宾语,则要与介词搭配,如 listen,

laugh , leave , come 等。

1. 及物动词

Let’s have a rest. Toys can’t interest the little girl.

Can you lend me your mobile phone ?(直接宾语your mobile phone ,间接宾语me)

My friends call me“Little tiger” (名词)

2.不及物动词

eg. Everyone should listen to me when I am talking.

3.既可做及物动词又可作不及物动词

I ran as quickly as I could. (vi) I want to run business when I was young. (vt)

三. 助动词

助动词本身没有意义,不能独立作谓语。助动词的作用是表示行为动词的时态、语态、语气、人称和数。它还可以帮助行为动词来构成疑问句、否定句、强调句等。助动词必须和主语保持人称和数的一致,常用的助动词及其用法有:

(1)助动词:be(am/is/are/was/were/been/being)

A. “be +现在分词”构成进行语态 eg. We are having English class.

B. “be +过去分词”构成被动语态 eg. Cell phone is used by everyone.

(2)助动词 “have / has / had +过去分词”构成完成时态. eg. I have eaten.

注意:have 可用作行为动词,意思是“有,吃,喝,进行”等。

eg .We had an interesting English class today.

(3)助动词:do / does / did

A. 用来构成疑问句和否定句

eg. Does anyone ever try to cook? Did you finish your homework?

We didn’t know he was a good teacher until his illness.

B. 用来加强语气,放在动词原形前。

eg. I do like eat sweets.

注意:do可用作行为动词,意思是“做’。I am doing my homework now .

四、情态动词

情态动词本事具有一定的意义,但不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的态度或看法,以及能力、可能、允许、需要等,没有人称和数的变化(have to 除外)。常用的情态动词有:can/could, may/ might, will/ would, shall/should, need,must等。

1、 can, could

1) 表示能力,“能,会”。 Mary can speak three languages. 2 注意:Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。

I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.

当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用Can。如:

He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.

2) 表示请求和允许。-----Can / Could I go now? ----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. ( No, I’m afraid not. )

此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答语中。

3) 表示客观可能性

This hall can hold 500 people at least.

4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。

Can this be true? This can’t be done by him.

2、 may, might

1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t,表示“不可以,禁止”。 ----Might/ May I smoke in this room? ---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )

用May I...?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I...?在口语中更常见。

2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。 May you succeed!

3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。

He may /might be very busy now.

3、 must, have to

1) 表示必须、必要。 You must come in time.

在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,不能用mustn’t(禁止,不准),而用needn’t, don’t have to(不必).

---- Must we hand in our exercise books today? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.

2) must是说话人的主观看法, 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时, have to 有更多的时态形式。 ,I must study hard now. I had to work when I was your age.

3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句) Your mother must be waiting for you now.

4、need

need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, should代替。

You needn’t come so early. ---- Need I finish the work today? ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。 He needs to finish his homework today.

5、 shall, should

1) shall 用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening?

2) shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

You shall fail if you don’t work hard.

6、 will, would

1) 表示请求、建议等,would更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?

2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。 I will never do that again. They asked him if he would go abroad.

3) 表示估计和猜想。It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.

7、 should

1)表示“应该” I should help her because she is in trouble.

2) 表示劝告、建议和命令 You should go to class right away.

3) 表示推测 He should be home by now.(不太肯定)