Translation

内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译

Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具， 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步，它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。

Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。

Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。

翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。

翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。

除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。

不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。

口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。

同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。

同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。

同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。

鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。

同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。

在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。

后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。

于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。

中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。

同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。

词类转换
动词---名词 例1： 原文： 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
译文： His arrival at this conclusion was
the result of much deliberate thought. 动词---介词 例1 ： 原文： 他支持这个建议，但我反对。
译文： He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.
2 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
3 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
确立谓语：
汉语的谓语具有开放性，除了动词之外，名 词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语， 而且可以横排式连用多个动词，而英语的 谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任， 其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形式出现。
例2： 原文：同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下良好的印象。
译文： The school leaders were __favorably impressed_by the excellent performance of the
students.
词的增补：
1 语法需要：由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要 补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语 语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了 语言简洁省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词、代词或名词、 连词和介词等。
译文： A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people _in__ good mood.

translation用法
在英语中，“translation”是一个名词，表示“翻译”或“译文”。

它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。

例如：
The translation of the book was very accurate.（这本书的译文非常准确。

）
The original text was translated into several languages.（原文被翻译成了几种语言。

）
I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.（我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。

）
除了作为名词，“translation”也可以用作动词，表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。

例如：
The text was translated into French.（这段文字被翻译成了法语。

）
The scientist translated the formula into English.（科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。

）
The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.（翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。

）。

子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来， 不亦乐乎？人不知，而不愠，不亦君子乎？” 孔子说：“学了又时常温习和练习，不是很愉快 吗？有志同道合的人从远方来，不是很令人高兴 的吗？人家不了解我，我也不怨恨、恼怒，不也 是一个有德的君子吗？”
方言→标准语
Between different languages
对翻译操作过程的想象描述
“我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译 的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体 状态时，每个分子都变换了位置，没有一个分子 与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了 在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉 的，新的分子涌了进来填补空缺，但是这种成形 和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立 起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块，它虽与 原来冰块不同，然而外表看上去却是一模一样 的。” （Margaret Sayers Peden）
从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为 本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类， 即译入或译出（translation into or out of one’s mother tongue）
从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和 机器翻译。 从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政 治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
Between different signs
Red traffic light = STOP “=” means “equal” Body Language → verbal language Sign language → verbal language
Within the same language
Introduction: What is Translation?
In their elegant but often overlooked preface to the King James Bible, the translators asserted: “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.”

• Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.
• Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.
• 志同道合，友谊才会持久。
语句间的逻辑关系
3.However, many women who begin their careers on an equal
直译
• 保持原作的风姿
• 求其易懂
直译=逐字译？
• 无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来
• Without limit falling trees bleakly-bleakly shed,not exhaustible long river rolling-rolling come.
直译=逐字译？
•逻辑方面的增词
• ROWE has resulted in greater reported happiness among employees, less attrition（消耗）and a 35 percent increase in profits. ROWE在员工中取得很好的反响，既减少了消耗同 时又增加了35%的利润。 员工们反映在这种环境下工作更加愉快，同时 ROWE模式也降低了成本消耗，使利润增长了35%。
footing with their male colleagues fail to reach the highest levels of management because of rigid organizational structures that inhibit an achievable work-life balance. • 然而，许多妇女与男同事在平等基础上开始自己的职业生 涯，却不能达到同样高的管理层，因为僵化的组织结构影 响了她们实现工作与生活的平衡。 • 然而，虽说许多女性和他们的男性同事在职业生涯初期都 是平等的，却最终无法触及最高管理层。她们原本可以合 理安排好工作和生活的时间，却因为硬性的机制无法做到 这一点。 • 一成不变的公司制度 → 女性无法进入最高管理层

What is translation?1)to turn from one language into another (The Oxford EnglishDictionary): 一种语言到另一种语言的转换2)Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material inone language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).(Catford)原语文本材料到对等语材料（目标文本)的取代3)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language theclosest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。

4)To sum up, translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction orrecreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3.3 Criteria of translation3.3.1 Criteria in China•严复：“译事三难：信、达、雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance •刘重德：信达切faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness•鲁迅：宁信而不顺vs 赵景深：宁顺而不信•林语堂：忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness）、美（beautifulness) •傅雷：神似(spiritual resemblance)•钱钟书：化境(reaching the acme of perfection)•许渊冲: “三美” “三似” “三化”; “优势论与竞赛论”3.3.2Criteria in the West•Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of translation•Eugene A. Nida: functional equivalencePeter Newmark: semantic translation & communicative translation（交际翻译与语义翻译)Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of Translation（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.（译作应该完全传达原作的思想）（2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.（译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致）（3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.（译作应当和原作一样流畅）Drills 1.3.1(1) 1.This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty. 这对克服困难很有帮助。

What is translation?According to Eugene Nida, “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style” briefly speaking, translation is the communication of meaning from one language to another language, and strives to reserve the similar style of the original text. if we delve into the nature of translation, it can be seen as a science, an art, a craft or skill.据尤金·奈达(Eugene Nida)说，“翻译包括在受体语言中再现最接近于源语言信息的自然对等物，首先是从意义上，其次在风格上”，简单地说，翻译是一种语言到另一种语言的意义交流，并力求保留原文的相似风格。

如果我们深入研究翻译的本质，就可以看出它是。

一门科学，一门艺术，一门工艺或技能。

First, when referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules. It involves thinking and languages, and reflects the relationship between existence and cognition. Such relationship can be described with the rule-governed language, so that the translator can abide by scientific rules in his translation.首先，翻译是一门学科，就像任何学科一样，它涉及思维和语言，反映了存在与认知的关系，这种关系可以用规则支配的语言来描述，这样译者就可以在翻译中遵守科学的规则。

❝翻译方法和技巧（一）❝翻译的基础知识❝一、翻译的定义❝“translation” : “The conversion of one language into another, often used specifically with reference to written texts, as opposed to the interpretation of spoken language.”二、翻译的标准❝Alexander F. Tytler 提出了翻译三原则：❝First general rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.❝Second general rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with the original.❝Third general rule: A translation should have all the ease of original composition.❝严复的信达雅翻译标准❝用今天的话说，“信”为忠实准确，“达”为通顺流畅，“雅”为文字优美。

❝“既须求真，又须求俗”❝商务文体的翻译，该种文体的翻译不仅要忠实于原文所要传递的信息，而且译文要规范精确、明白易懂，符合译入语的文化习俗和读者的可接受性。

所以在商务文体翻译中，“信”必不可少，“达”则更显重要。

❝例1：Treasury securities are revalued daily.❝珍宝的安全每天都在重新估算。

（误译）❝这个译文的错误主要在于对securities 一词的理解。

作为普通用词，security 意为“安全”例如The Security Council，但在商务背景中，可以理解为“抵押、担保”或“证券、债券””等。

The general way of transliteration: transliteration
• Chinese phonetic alphabet (1975,1978） • Wade –Giles System
• 汉语拼音中的[ b ] 、[ d ] 、[g ]标成[p ] 、[ t ] 、 [k ] ,
• 师傅，请问邮局怎么走？
• 有位老太太有两个女儿，一个……, 另一 个……，一位老叟对她说：“老太太，您真有 福气啊！”
• An old lady had two daughters. One…, the other….An old man said to her: “ How blessed you are!”
Translation of Addressing Terms
• Pay attention to the cultural differences. • Representing the pragmatic functions.
Naturalization • 张经理，我可以和您谈一下吗？
• 汪老师走进了教室。 • 老黄老了，人称黄老。
Translation of Chinese Names and Addressing Terms
• Transliteration （音译） • Semantic translation （意译） • Transliteration + semantic translation（音
意结合）
• Paraphrase （阐释） • Annotation (加注）
Han Emperor, Highly Brilliance, he bore the dynastic patronym of Liu. His given name was Pei (Prepared), his formal name Hsu-te (Obscured Virtue) (Moss Robert)

• 3. 顺序译法
(重点推荐)
• 所谓顺序译法，就是将定语从句的关系词省略不译，将主 句与从句顺序而下译为一个整句。 1.There are two major factors that affect the pulse pressure. 有两种重要因素影响到了脉压。 2.The heart is muscular organ which is divided into a right and left half by a muscular wall. • 心脏是肌性器官，由肌壁分为左右两半。
Bowel 的基本意思是”肠, 肠道(常用复数)”, 例如: 1. The waste products are removed through the skin, lungs, bowels and kidneys.
但是, 当Bowel 与一定的动词,名词或形容词搭配时, 往往不能够 直译为”肠”. 例如: 1. To have loose bowels 2. To bind the bowels 3. To move the bowels 4. To have bowel movements 5. To keep bowels open *1. 腹泻 2. 便秘 constipation 3. 大便 4. 大便 5. 通便 1. The bowel should be kept open daily.
5. The cough is dry at first and later productive of rusty and bloody sputum. 起初是干咳, 后来咳出带血的锈色痰 6. The lungs should be carefully examined at frequent intervals for signs of pulmonary consolidation. 肺实变 7. As term approaches, there is a good possibility of complications. 应译为: 预产期 8. The victim of shock will die very quickly unless something is done to restore circulation immediately. 休克患者 9. An aggressive dosage of penicillin as high as 40, 000, 000 units per diem is recommended. 建议给以每日高达４０，０００，０００单位青霉素的冲击剂 量．

翻译的定义1词典定义：1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.-------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。

2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another.-------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5)2 国内学者下的定义：老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难……郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。

---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 .茅盾：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。

(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告)------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984.朱维之:翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来.------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984.许渊冲:翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。

1、翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。

Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida Alexander Fraser Tytler2. Scope of Translation按语言分类in terms of languages：语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）按活动形式分类in terms of the mode：笔译（translation）口译（oral interpretation）连续传译（consecutive translation）和同声传译（simultaneous translation）按翻译材料的文体分类in terms of materials to be translated：应用文体翻译科技文体翻译、论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译、艺术文体翻译按处理方式分类in terms of disposal：(全译full-text translation, 节译abridged translation, 摘译adapted translation编译compilation compile译述translate freely )3. Criteria in ChinaB. Yan Fu’s (严复) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898 in the Preface of his translation of the book Natural Selection(《天演论》), is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elega nce” (信、达、雅).Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),D. Fu Lei’s (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似)E. Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书) transmigration (化境)鲁迅：翻译：力求其易解, 保存原作的丰姿。

1. 前苏联语言学派翻译理论家费道罗夫说：“翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来的东西，准确而完全地表达出来。

”2. 前苏联文艺学派翻译理论家索伯列夫说：“翻译的目的就是把一种语言中的内容和形式移植到另一种语言中去。

”3. 前苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫说：“翻译就是把一种语言的言语产物，在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下，改变成另一种语言产物的过程。

”4. 尤金?奈达说：“所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。

”Tran slation consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning , and secondly in style.《中国翻译辞典》（林煌天主编，1997）在引用了数位前苏联学者和尤金?奈达对翻译下的定义后，尝试着给翻译下了一个比较完备的定义：翻译是两个语言社会（language community）之间的交际过程和交际工具。

（这个比较完备的定义甚至不如《现代汉语词典》和《新华辞典》的定义更句概括力。

George Steiner在其《通天塔之后》After Babel——Aspects of Translation说：“按适当的理解，翻译是一个特定语言之内任何一次成功的言语行为所包含的交际过程。

”…translation, properly understood, is a special case of the arc of communication which every successful speech-act closes within a given language.” (After Babel P. 49)尼兰贾娜（Tejaswini Niranjana）：翻译自始至终是个政治行为。

Key to Section A
The buttered tea takes tea as its main material mixed with some other food, so one will find various tastes when drinking it. The tea not only can warm up one’s body, but also can nourish the drinker. There is a set of rules to follow when one visits a Tibetan family and is invited to drink the buttered tea. One cannot drink up the whole bowl of tea in one breath, but lick the mushy tea while drinking it. The hospitable host often keeps the guests’ bowl filled up; so don’t touch the bowl if you don’t want to drink the tea. If you have enough and cannot drink anymore, you may leave the bowl there for the moment and drink up the tea when you’re leaving. Only one follows these rules in line with the customs and manners of the Tibetans can she/he receive a warm welcome from them.

eat one's words 收回前言（不是“食言”） an apple of love 西红柿（不是“爱情之苹 果”） handwriting on the wall 不祥之兆（不是“大字报”） bring down the house博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房 子”） have a fit 勃然大怒（不是“试穿”） make one's hair stand on end
（不是“黄色书籍”）


官僚习气（不是“红色带子”） red tape blue stocking 女学者、女才子（不是“蓝色长统 袜”） personal remark 人身攻击（不是“个人评 多可惜！真遗憾！（不是“多可 What a shame! 论”） 耻”） 是吗！（不是“你别说”） You don't say!


2） Features of Literal translation
A. to be faithful to the original ideological content. A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）. B. be faithful to the form of the original work; It is of less importance for translators to maintain a smooth TL form; 鲁迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language).宁其信而不顺 【赵景琛：rather to be smooth (in language) than faithful (in thought).宁其顺而不信】