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Definition of Translation
内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具， 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步，它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
翻译的定义、分类和标准
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
翻译的形式和类型
翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。
翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。
除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。
不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。
口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。
同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。
同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。
同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。
鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。
同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。
在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。
后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。
于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。
中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。
同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。
Translation
词类转换
动词---名词 例1： 原文： 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
译文： His arrival at this conclusion was
the result of much deliberate thought. 动词---介词 例1 ： 原文： 他支持这个建议，但我反对。
译文： He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.
2 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
3 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
确立谓语：
汉语的谓语具有开放性，除了动词之外，名 词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语， 而且可以横排式连用多个动词，而英语的 谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任， 其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形式出现。
例2： 原文：同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下良好的印象。
译文： The school leaders were __favorably impressed_by the excellent performance of the
students.
词的增补：
1 语法需要：由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要 补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语 语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了 语言简洁省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词、代词或名词、 连词和介词等。
译文： A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people _in__ good mood.
translation用法
translation用法
在英语中，“translation”是一个名词，表示“翻译”或“译文”。
它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。
例如：
The translation of the book was very accurate.（这本书的译文非常准确。
）
The original text was translated into several languages.（原文被翻译成了几种语言。
）
I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.（我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。
）
除了作为名词，“translation”也可以用作动词，表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。
例如：
The text was translated into French.（这段文字被翻译成了法语。
）
The scientist translated the formula into English.（科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。
）
The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.（翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。
）。
翻译导论 英文简介
子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来， 不亦乐乎？人不知，而不愠，不亦君子乎？” 孔子说：“学了又时常温习和练习，不是很愉快 吗？有志同道合的人从远方来，不是很令人高兴 的吗？人家不了解我，我也不怨恨、恼怒，不也 是一个有德的君子吗？”
方言→标准语
Between different languages
对翻译操作过程的想象描述
“我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译 的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体 状态时，每个分子都变换了位置，没有一个分子 与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了 在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉 的，新的分子涌了进来填补空缺，但是这种成形 和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立 起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块，它虽与 原来冰块不同，然而外表看上去却是一模一样 的。” （Margaret Sayers Peden）
从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为 本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类， 即译入或译出（translation into or out of one’s mother tongue）
从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和 机器翻译。 从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政 治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
Between different signs
Red traffic light = STOP “=” means “equal” Body Language → verbal language Sign language → verbal language
Within the same language
Introduction: What is Translation?
In their elegant but often overlooked preface to the King James Bible, the translators asserted: “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.”
方言→标准语
Between different languages
对翻译操作过程的想象描述
“我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译 的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体 状态时，每个分子都变换了位置，没有一个分子 与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了 在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉 的，新的分子涌了进来填补空缺，但是这种成形 和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立 起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块，它虽与 原来冰块不同，然而外表看上去却是一模一样 的。” （Margaret Sayers Peden）
从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为 本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类， 即译入或译出（translation into or out of one’s mother tongue）
从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和 机器翻译。 从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政 治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
Between different signs
Red traffic light = STOP “=” means “equal” Body Language → verbal language Sign language → verbal language
Within the same language
Introduction: What is Translation?
In their elegant but often overlooked preface to the King James Bible, the translators asserted: “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.”
translation
• Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.
• Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.
• 志同道合，友谊才会持久。
语句间的逻辑关系
3.However, many women who begin their careers on an equal
直译
• 保持原作的风姿
• 求其易懂
直译=逐字译？
• 无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来
• Without limit falling trees bleakly-bleakly shed,not exhaustible long river rolling-rolling come.
直译=逐字译？
•逻辑方面的增词
• ROWE has resulted in greater reported happiness among employees, less attrition（消耗）and a 35 percent increase in profits. ROWE在员工中取得很好的反响，既减少了消耗同 时又增加了35%的利润。 员工们反映在这种环境下工作更加愉快，同时 ROWE模式也降低了成本消耗，使利润增长了35%。
footing with their male colleagues fail to reach the highest levels of management because of rigid organizational structures that inhibit an achievable work-life balance. • 然而，许多妇女与男同事在平等基础上开始自己的职业生 涯，却不能达到同样高的管理层，因为僵化的组织结构影 响了她们实现工作与生活的平衡。 • 然而，虽说许多女性和他们的男性同事在职业生涯初期都 是平等的，却最终无法触及最高管理层。她们原本可以合 理安排好工作和生活的时间，却因为硬性的机制无法做到 这一点。 • 一成不变的公司制度 → 女性无法进入最高管理层
What is translation
What is translation?1)to turn from one language into another (The Oxford EnglishDictionary): 一种语言到另一种语言的转换2)Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material inone language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).(Catford)原语文本材料到对等语材料（目标文本)的取代3)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language theclosest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
4)To sum up, translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction orrecreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3.3 Criteria of translation3.3.1 Criteria in China•严复：“译事三难：信、达、雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance •刘重德：信达切faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness•鲁迅：宁信而不顺vs 赵景深：宁顺而不信•林语堂：忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness）、美（beautifulness) •傅雷：神似(spiritual resemblance)•钱钟书：化境(reaching the acme of perfection)•许渊冲: “三美” “三似” “三化”; “优势论与竞赛论”3.3.2Criteria in the West•Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of translation•Eugene A. Nida: functional equivalencePeter Newmark: semantic translation & communicative translation（交际翻译与语义翻译)Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of Translation（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.（译作应该完全传达原作的思想）（2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.（译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致）（3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.（译作应当和原作一样流畅）Drills 1.3.1(1) 1.This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty. 这对克服困难很有帮助。
What is translation
What is translation?According to Eugene Nida, “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style” briefly speaking, translation is the communication of meaning from one language to another language, and strives to reserve the similar style of the original text. if we delve into the nature of translation, it can be seen as a science, an art, a craft or skill.据尤金·奈达(Eugene Nida)说，“翻译包括在受体语言中再现最接近于源语言信息的自然对等物，首先是从意义上，其次在风格上”，简单地说，翻译是一种语言到另一种语言的意义交流，并力求保留原文的相似风格。
如果我们深入研究翻译的本质，就可以看出它是。
一门科学，一门艺术，一门工艺或技能。
First, when referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules. It involves thinking and languages, and reflects the relationship between existence and cognition. Such relationship can be described with the rule-governed language, so that the translator can abide by scientific rules in his translation.首先，翻译是一门学科，就像任何学科一样，它涉及思维和语言，反映了存在与认知的关系，这种关系可以用规则支配的语言来描述，这样译者就可以在翻译中遵守科学的规则。
翻译的方法和技巧
❝翻译方法和技巧（一）❝翻译的基础知识❝一、翻译的定义❝“translation” : “The conversion of one language into another, often used specifically with reference to written texts, as opposed to the interpretation of spoken language.”二、翻译的标准❝Alexander F. Tytler 提出了翻译三原则：❝First general rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.❝Second general rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with the original.❝Third general rule: A translation should have all the ease of original composition.❝严复的信达雅翻译标准❝用今天的话说，“信”为忠实准确，“达”为通顺流畅，“雅”为文字优美。
❝“既须求真，又须求俗”❝商务文体的翻译，该种文体的翻译不仅要忠实于原文所要传递的信息，而且译文要规范精确、明白易懂，符合译入语的文化习俗和读者的可接受性。
所以在商务文体翻译中，“信”必不可少，“达”则更显重要。
❝例1：Treasury securities are revalued daily.❝珍宝的安全每天都在重新估算。
（误译）❝这个译文的错误主要在于对securities 一词的理解。
作为普通用词，security 意为“安全”例如The Security Council，但在商务背景中，可以理解为“抵押、担保”或“证券、债券””等。
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TranslationCixi was utterly fearful of foreigners just as she was extremely arrogant toward her own countrymen. She stopped for a long time in Henan and halted in Baoding for quite a few days before finally arriving in Beijing. It was said that an amusing episode took place during this long and drawn-out journey. When a local official offered a monkey to her as a gift, she was so pleased that she ordered a yellow mandarin jacket to the monkey. Later, she was told that some officials were complaining that people were considered less worthy than a monkey, then she realized that her order had been indeed a litter too whimsical. So she gave another order granting each of the escorting officials a yellow mandarin jacket. Upon the receipt of such an unusual favor, the officials did not know whether they should thank Cixi or rather the monkey for it.慈禧对外国人万分惧怕，正像她对国人无比傲慢一样。
她在河南停留了很长一段时间，到了保定又逗留多日，好不容易才回到北京。
据说，在这漫长的旅途中还发生了一件趣事。
一位官员送给慈禧一只猴子，她颇为高兴，竟让人给那只猴子穿黄马褂。
后来得知有的官员发出了“人不如猴”的感慨，慈禧才发现自己的决定有些荒唐，于是又命令给随行官员每人一件黄马褂。
得知如此殊荣之后，大家真不知道该感谢慈禧还是感谢那只猴子。
Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. As China becomes the world’s leading economy in this century, both public and pr ivate schools are scrambling to add Mandarin to their roster of foreign languages or expand Chinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50,000 children nationwide are taking Mandarin in school. The device to develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of trained, credentialed teachers has made it difficult for some schools to join the race. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them from China, which is hidden trouble for a culture clash.中国的官方语言普通话在美国的学校中突然热起来。
由于中国经济在本世纪的领先地位，美国的公立和私立学校纷纷在外语教学中加入汉语这一科，或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。
据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万名孩子在学习汉语。
推动汉语项目的发展不是没有遇到困难。
由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学校很难加入汉语教学的竞争。
当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国将他们招来，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。
The word-famous Silk Road is a series of routes that connect the East and the West. The Silk Road extends more than 6,000 kilometers and gets its name from ancient China’s silk trade. The trade on the Silk Road has played a very important role in the development of civilizations in China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that the four great inventions of ancient China—papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing—had been introduced to other parts of the world. Similarly, China’s silk, tea and porcelain had also been spread all over the world through it. The exchange of material culture is bilateral. Europe, in return, had exported various commodities and plants through the Silk Road, meeting the need of Chinese market.闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。
丝绸之路延伸6000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。
丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。
正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引荐到世界各地。
同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器也传遍全球。
物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。
The Silk Road dates back to the second century B.C. when a Chinese envoy Zhang Qian embarked on his business trip to western countries following this trade access linking Asia and Europe. Originating from the present-day Xi’an, the 7,000-kilometer route traversed the Hexi Corridor, the Tarim Basin, the port countries of West Asia, ending at the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. China brought its silk cloth, gunpowder, and papermaking and printing techniques to the West via this road. It, in return, introduced into China Buddhism and Islam as well as grapes, glass, and perfume from the outside world. Because the famous Chin a’s silk reached the West along this road, European scholars came to call it the “Silk Road”.丝绸之路可以追溯到公元前二世纪，中国使者张骞沿着这条连接亚欧两大洲得到贸易通道出使西域。
这条通道源于今日西安，一路穿越河西走廊、塔里木盆地以及西亚的港口城市，醉后抵达地中海的东岸，全程7千公里。
中国通过这条通道给西域各国带去了丝绸织物、火药、造纸术和印刷术。
同时，也从国外给我们引进了佛教、伊斯兰教，以及葡萄、玻璃、香水等产品。
因为著名的中国丝绸是沿着这条通道进入西方国家的，所以欧洲学者将此通道称作“丝绸之路”。
The Chinese garden has become a landscape of unique style after an evolvement for more than 3,000 years. It includes not only the large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, but also the private gardens built as secluded retreats for schools, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature designed to express the harmonious relationship between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls, and in the garden there are ponds, rockwork, trees, flowers and all kinds of buildings linked by winding trails and corridors. Wandering in the gardens, people may feel that a series of well-designed scenery spreads out before us like a landscape scroll.中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。