中学英语教学法-重点复习资料LX

Unit 1 Language and Learning1 How do we learn language？We learn language at different agesPeople have different experiencesPeople learn languages for different reasonsPeople learn languages in different waysPeople have different capabilities in language learningLearning can be affected by the way how language is taughtLearning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve.Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.2. What are the major views of language?1) Structural view:Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntacx. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules.2) Functional view:Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.3) Interactional view:Language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where, when and how it is appropriate to use them.3.Views on Language LearningTwo broad learning theories：Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizes new information.A stimulus-response theory of psychologyAudio-lingual methodThe idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.Cognitive theoryInfluenced by Noam Chomsky (revival of structural linguistics)Language as an intricate rule-based systemA learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.One influential idea of cognitive approach to language teaching is that students should be allowed to create their own sentence based on their own understanding of certain rules.Constructivist theoryJean Piaget (1896—1980)The learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what is already known.Socio-constructivist theoryVygotsky“Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD); scaffolding(脚手架)Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.4 What are the qualities of a good language teacher?A good language teacher does not solely depend on his/her command of the language. There are a variety of element that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher. These element can be categorized into three groups:ethic5 How can one become a good language teacher?☐Wallace’s (1991) ‘reflective model’ (Figure 1.1, p.9)Stage 1: language developmentStage 2: learning, practice, reflection❖The learning stage is the purposeful preparation that a language normally receives before the practice,This preparation can include:1. Learning from others’ experience2. Learning the received knowledge3. Learning from one’s own experiences❖The practice stage (2 senses)Pseudo practice: short period of time assigned to do teaching practice aspart of one’s pre-service education, usually under the supervision ofinstructorsThe real classroom teaching:what a teacher undertakes after he/shefinishes formal education❖Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doingGoal: professional competenceUnit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based language teaching1 How is language learned in classrooms different from language used in real life?Language used in real life Language taught in the classroomTo perform certain communtcative functions To focus on forms (structures or patterns)Use all skills, both receptive skills and productive skills To focus on one or two language skills and ignore others.Used in a certain context To isolate language from its context2 What is communicative competence?To bridge the gap between classroom language teaching and real-life language use, one solution is to adopt CLT, the goal of which is to develop students’communicative competence.3. Definition:Communicative competence include both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations4 Five components of communicative competence (Hedge 2000)◆Linguistic competence （语言能力）The knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning.◆Pragmatic competence （语用能力）The appropriate use of language in social context.◆Discourse competence （语篇能力）One’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them◆Strategic competence （策略能力）Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.◆Fluency （流利性）One ‘s ability to ‘link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue（过分的，不适当的）hesitation’6.Implications for teaching and learningTeaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence, but not just the linguistic competence.7. Principles of CLTThree principles suggest by Richard and Rodgers：1 Communication principle：involve real communication2 Task principle：Carry out meaningful tasks3 Meaningfulness principle：Meaningful language to the learnerHowatt proposes a weak and a strong version of CLT:Weak versionLearners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication.Strong version“language is acquired through communication” (Howatt, 1984:279)8. Major Activity Types of CLTA sequence of activities represented in Littlewood (1981: 86)Pre-communicative activities✓Structural activities✓Quasi-communicative activities类似,准,半Communicative activities (PP22-23)▪Functional communication activities▪Social interaction activities9.Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicative activities:1). Functional communicative activities:2). Social interaction activities:(1). Functional communicative activities:1. Identifying pictures2. Discovering identical pairs3. Discovering sequences or locations4. Discovering missing information5. Discovering missing features6. Discovering "secrets"municating patterns and pictures8. Communicative models9. Discovering differences10. Following directions11. Reconstructing story-sequences12. Pooling information to solve a problem(2). Social interaction activities:1. Role-playing through cued dialogues2.Role-playing through cues and information3.Role-playing through situation and goals4.Role-playing through debate or discussionrge-scale simulation activities6. Improvisation10.Six Criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activitiesmunicative purpose2. Communicative desire3. Content, not form4.Variety of language5.No teacher intervention6. No materials control9.What is Task-based Language Teaching?TBLT is a further development of CLT. It shares the same belief in the use of language in real life, but stresses the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.10.Four components of a task1. A purpose2. A context3. A process4. A product11. Exercises, exercise-tasks and tasksExercise-tasks is halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualized practice of language item.12. Differences between PPP and TBLT1The way students use and experience language in TBLT is radically different from PPP. 1.Free of language control2. genuine need to use language to communicate3.A free exchange of ideas4.Appropriateness & accuracy of language form in general, not production of a single form5.A genuine need for accuracy and fluency2.TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP isdifferent in this aspect.A task-established contextEncouraged to think, analyze, not simply to repeat, manipulate and applyA more varied exposure to natural languageLanguage forms not pre-selected for focusLearner-free selection of languageTBL cycle lead from Fluency to accuracy (+fluency)In TBL Integrated skills practiced13. How to design tasks?Step 1 Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesStep 2 Brainstorm possible tasksStep 3 Evaluate the listStep 4 Choose the language itemsStep 5 Preparing materials14. CLT and TBLT in the Chinese contextProblems with CLT1. The very first and forceful argument is whether it is culturally appropriate2. The second problem of CLT relate to the design the syllabus for teaching purpose in the classroom.3. The third problem is that whether such an approach is suitable for all age level of learners or all competence level of learnersConstraints of TBLT1.The first is it may not be effective for presenting new language items2.The second constraint is Time as teachers have to prepare task-based activities very carefully.3.The third is the culture of learning4.The forth is Level of difficultyUnit 31. A brief history of foreign language teaching in China❖ A phase of restoration (1978-1985)❖ A phase of rapid development (1986-1992)❖ A phase of reform (1993-2000)❖ A phase of innovation from 20002. Designing principles for the National English Curriculum1)Aim for educating all students, and emphasize quality-oriented education.2) Promote learner-centeredness, and respect individual differences.3) Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability.4) Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation.5)Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.6) Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.3. Goals and objectives of English language teachingThe new curriculum is designed to promote students’ overall language ability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namely, language skills, language knowledge, affects, learning strategies and cultural understanding. Each component is further divided into a few sub-categories. Language teaching is no longer aimed only for developing language skills and knowledge, but expanded to developing learners’ positive attitude, motivation, confidence as well as strategies for life-longThe standards for different levels of competence5 Challenges facing English language teachers1)English language teachers are expected to change their views about language which is not a system of linguistic knowledge but a means for communication.2)English language teachers are expected to change their traditional role of a knowledge transmitter to a multi-role educator.3)English language teachers are expected to use more task-based activities and put the students at the center of learning.4)English language teachers are expected to use more formative assessment in addition to using tests.5)English language teachers are expected to use modern technology in teaching, creating more effective resources for learning and for using the language.Unit 4 Lesson Planning1.Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about whattechniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.2. Why is lesson planning necessary?Proper lesson planning is essential for both novice/beginner and experienced teachers.3. Benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways1). A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims andlanguage contents of the lesson.2). It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of alesson and to see the relationship between them so that thelesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3). The teacher can also think about how the students can be fullyengaged in the lesson.4). when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware ofthe teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative valueof different activities and how much time should be spent onthem.6). The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7). Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8). After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan,identifying those parts which went well and those which wereless successful.4. There are four major principles behind good lesson planning:1) variety,2) flexibility,,3) learnability,4) linkageDefinitions of variety, flexibility, learnability, and linkage.Variety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient. Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course,things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students' coping ability will diminish their motivation (Schumann, 1999).Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language learning needs recycling and reinforcement. 5.Macro planning involves:1) Knowing about the profession:2) Knowing about the institution:3) Knowing about the learners:4) Knowing about the syllabus/curriculum:5) Knowing about the textbook6) Knowing about the objectivesponents of a lesson plan1.Background information: number of students/ ages/ grade/ genders/ the time and the date of the lesson/ the time duration of the lesson2.Teaching objectives: What do you want students to know and be able to do?nguage contents and skills: structures, vocabulary, functions, topics and so on; listening, speaking, reading and writing.4.Teaching stages and procedure: the major chunks of activities that teachers go through in a lesson. Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.1) Five-step teaching model(1)warm-up/ a tarter/revision;(2)presentation(3)drilling(4)consolidation(5)summary and homework2) The three P’s model: presentation, practice, and production5.Teaching aids: real objects/ flashcards/ wordcards/ worksheets/ wallcharts/ cassette tapes/ magazine pictures/ video, Multi-media, etc.6.End of lesson summary:Purposes of making a summary is to take learning further and deeper by helping the students to refer back to the learning objectives; To create a sense of achievement and completion of tasks for the students. To develop with students a habit of reflection on learning; stimulate interest, curiosity and anticipation about the next phase of learning; help students draw out applications of what has been learned and highlight the important conceptions which have developed.7.Optional activities and assignment8.After class reflection7.The advantage of a concrete teaching plan:Teachers can follow it in the class and check what they have done;The plan will be the basis of a record of what has been covered in class;It will make it easier to make achievement tests later;It will be good records for the entire course.8. The aims of a lesson includelanguage components to present,communicative skills to practice,activitie s to conductmaterials to be usedteaching aids to be used.Unit 5 Classroom Managementorganize what goes on in thethe goal of classroom management is to create an atmosphere conducive to (有助于)interacting in English in meaningful ways (Gebhard, 1996).2.Efficient classroom management can be achieved when the following six conditions are met.1.The teacher plays appropriate roles.2.The teacher provides clearer instructions.3.Students are grouped in a way suitable for the learning activities.4.There is discipline as well as harmony in the class.5.The teacher asks appropriate questions.6.The students’ errors are treated properly3 What roles does the teacher play?1.Controller (what to learn; how to learn)2.Assessor (correcting mistakes; organizing feedback)aniser (students’ activities)4.Prompter (when ss don’t know what to do…)5.Participant (in ss’ activities)learners, guide students in planning and assessing their learning and develop their …’prior knowledge; find individual interests and explorepotential capabilities; acknowledge and respect individual differences; give each equal opportunity in learning; evaluate students’development fairly from anreflect on the reasons, think about possible solutions, implement the solutions and evaluate the results…Controller: The teacher controls:1). the space (activities run smoothly),2) .the time (do lockstep activities)3. the whole class (Ss have equal chance)4. the production ( a degree of accuracy)Assessor: The teacher does two things:1). Correcting mistakes (not making a big fuss大惊小怪butgentle by Harmer)2). Organizing feedback (discouraging for the teacher to becritical不提倡吹毛疵, focusing on Ss’success progress)Organizer: The teacher should be important and difficult as it:1). Using creative/unlimited way2). Envisaging设想activities,3). Anticipating the problems4). Giving clear and concise instructions5). Demonstrating6 .Using native language to clarify if necessary7. Walking around and monitoring8. Rectifying订正9. Taking mental notes轮流惦记Prompter: The teacher should do:1). Giving hints (just like time, place…)2). Eliciting more (by saying” and…?”“Anything else?” Yes, butwhy…?(Ss. read the example)Participant:The teacher shouldn’t dominate or appear to be authoritative.Resource-provider:We have criticized the jug-and-mug method, but the teacher should withhold his/her readiness to provide resourc4 How to give effective classroom instructions?Classroom instructions refer to the type of language teachers use to organize or guide learning.1.To use simple instructions and make them suit the comprehension level of thestudents;2.To use the mother-tongue only when it is necessary;3.Give students time to get used to listening to English instructions;e body language to assist understanding;5.Model the task/activity before letting students into groups or pairs…6.Teachers are not expected to do all the talking in class.Tip: Demonstration is usually more effective than words.5. What are the different ways for student grouping?Whole class work, pair work, group work, individual study1.Whole class workAll the students are under the control of the teacher, doing the same activity at the same rhythm and pace.2.Pair workStudents work in pairs on an exercise or task.3.Group workStudents work in small groups of 3-5 students.4.Individual studyStudents work on their own at their own speed.Types of student grouping and their advantages and disadvantages in P314 (task4)6.Discipline in the language classroomQ: What does discipline mean?Discipline refers to a code of conduct which binds a teacher and a group of students together so that learning can be more effective. (78)7: How to maintain discipline?P.79Although discipline is often discussed together with classroom management, Classroom management skills are not sufficient if discipline is to be achieved，rather，a variety of teacher’s behavior contribute to discipline, such as the teacher’s choice of methodology, their interpersonal relationships with students, their preparation for the lesson. Beside, student’s motivation, which can be enhanced by the teacher action, is extremely important for discipline.When students are engaged in learning, they will be disciplined. (79)1.Ss are clear about learning purpose;2.Ss are able to do the work but find it challenging;3.Ss are emotionally, physically and intellectually involved by the tasks;4.The presentation, variety and structure of the work and activities generatecuriosity and interest;5.Ss have opportunities to ask questions and try out ideas;6.Ss can see what they have achieved and how they had made progress;7.Ss get a feeling of satisfaction and enjoyment from the work.8What causes discipline problems?1.A gap in the lesson (e.g. bad planning, equipment fails to work)2.Unclear instructionsck of teacher attention4.The teacher concentrates on lengthy explanations to one individual so that the others get bored5.Work is too easy or too challenging9. What measures can we take for undisciplined acts and badly behaving students?☐Harmer (1983) p.811.Act immediately.2.Stop the class.3.Rearrange the seats.4.Change the activity.5.Talk to students after class.6.Create a code of behavior.⏹Ur’s (1996) advice1.Deal with it quietly.2.Don’t take things personally.3.Don’t use threats.10 How to make questioning more effective?☐Questions should be closely linked to the learning objectives in the lesson;☐Questions should be staged so that the level of challenge increases as the lesson proceeds;☐There should be a balance between closed and open, lower-order and higher-order questions;☐Wait time is important to allow students to think through their answers;☐Ss should be provided opportunities to ask their own questions and seek their own answers;☐ A secure and relaxed atmosphere of trust is needed and ss’opinions and ideas are valued.11. What types of questions are there?( Classification of questions)1.Closed and open questions;2.Display and genuine questions;3.Lower-order and high-order questions;4.Bloom’s taxonomy分类系统(Nuttall, 1982)①Knowledge②Comprehension③Application④Analysis⑤Synthesis⑥Evaluation12: What are errors? How are they different from mistakes?☐ A mistake refers to “a performance error that is either a random guess or a ‘slip of tongue’, and it is a failure performance to a known system” (Brown, 2000: 218-219)☐An error has direct relation with the learner’s language competence. Errors do not result from carelessness nor hesitation, but lack of knowledge in the target language.☐ A mistake can be self-corrected; an error cannot be.13 When to correct errors?☐Generally, it is best not to interrupt students during fluency work unless communication breaks down.☐Let a trivial mistake pass if most of the language is right.☐For some common mistakes, take a note in mind first and correct after the student’s performance.14 How to correct errors?☐Different ways and techniques:⏹Direct teacher correction⏹Indirect teacher correction⏹Self-correction⏹Peer correction⏹Whole class correctionWhich techniques to use?☐As a general rule, indirect teacher correction is encouraged rather than direct ones to avoid damaging ss’ self-esteem and confidence.☐In practice, self-correction is encouraged before teacher correction or peer correction, esp. for mistakes.☐The whole class correction is used for main error types (e.g.The Big Ten) Unit 6 Teaching Pronunciation1.Critical Period Hypothesis: a biologically determined period of life when language can be acquired more easily and beyond which time language is increasing difficult to acquire.2. The goal of teaching pronunciationThe goal of teaching pronunciation is not to teach learners to achieve a perfect imitation of a native accent, but simply to get the learners to pronounce accurately enough to be easily and comfortably comprehensible to other speakers.3The realistic goals of teaching pronunciation is as following: Consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural;Intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners; Communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.4.Three aspects of pronunciation to teach? Stress, intonation, rhythm5. One common problem in learning English of Ss: (Neglect stress and intonation)6. What aspects of pronunciation do we need to teach? Pronunciation is an umbrella term covering many aspects, beside sound and phone symbols, such as stress, intonation, and rhythm, of course ,these aspects are not isolated from each other, rather, they are interrelated.7. How to achieve good pronunciation?☐Practice makes perfect☐Both mechanical practice and meaningful practice are beneficial.8 Practising sounds(List some methods of practicing sounds. )Mechanical drilling is boring and demotivating; it is important to combine drilling pronunciation exercises with more meaningful exercises that focus on whatever aspect of pronunciation is the focus of the lesson.Focus on a soundFocus on a individual sounds especially those sound that are difficult to learn Perception practice☐What is the goal of perception practice?⏹Developing the students’ability to identify and distinguish betweendifferent sounds.☐Examples of perception practice:⏹Using minimal pairs(with one sound difference): will/well; ship/sheep;light/night⏹Which order: bear, tear, ear⏹Same or different? [met], [mi:t]⏹Odd one out⏹Completion9.The goal of production practice is developing students’ ability to producesounds.1.Listen and repeat ( practice individual sounds, individual words, groupsof words, sentences (mechanical imitation)2.Fill in the blanks (in sentences with words which contain certain sounds).3.Make up sentences (using as many from the given words as possible).e meaningful context (to perform meaningful tasks such as role-play).e pictures (to produce meaningful language).e tongue twisters (to practice pronunciation).10. Practising stress and intonation☐Two types of stress:⏹word-level stress⏹Phrase-level or sentence-level stress11. Teaching methods of stress⏹The most important thing in practising stress is making the studentsaware of where to stress the words or phrases.e gestures (e.g. clapping hands; using arm movements)e the voice (raise the voice to indicate stress)e the blackboard(underline the stress parts or write with coloredchalks12 Practicing intonation (How to practise intonation?)⏹Use hand or arm movement to indicate change of intonation.⏹Use rising or falling arrows to mark intonation.⏹Draw lines to mark change of intonation.13.How can teachers help the students to improve pronunciation?e individual, pair, group and whole class work;e hands and arms to conduct practice.3.Move around the classroom when doing choral practice.4.Vary the criteria of ‘good’ to give students confidence.5.Do articulation practice more than once.6.Bring interests and variety to the practice.7.The main criteria for good pronunciation are consistency, intelligibility andcommunicative efficiency.8.Make full use of demonstrations.9.Try to use visual aids.Unit 7 Teaching Grammar1. The role of grammar in language learningIt is generally believed that•Grammar teaching is less important for children than for adults;•Grammar teaching is less important in listening and reading than in writing. •Grammar teaching can be seen in most formal classroom language teaching. Generally speaking, Chinese EFL learners need a certain degree of mastery of English grammar. However, it should be noted that learning grammar itself is not the ultimate goal of learning English.2 Grammar presentationWhat are the major types of grammar presentation method?☐Three ways of presenting grammar in the classroom:1.The deductive method 演绎法reasoning from general principles to a particularcaseThe deductive method relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing2.The inductive method 归纳法method of logical reasoning which obtains ordiscovers general laws from particular facts or examples3.T he guided discovery method 引导式发现法Similar to the inductive method in that ss are induced to discover rules by themselves;But different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teachers and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Each has merits and drawbacks. The best way is to vary methods in different。

中学英语教学法复习提要一，复习要点第二章国外现代外语教学法的主要流派要求了解语法翻译法，直接法，听说法，视听法，认知法和交际法的主要特点。

第四章中学英语教学原则中学英语教学的基本原则主要有：1，寓思想教育于语言教学之中。

2，教给学生语言基础知识的目的是为了指导他们的语言实践，培养他们实际运用语言的能力。

1）英语要作为交际工具来教、来学、来用。

2）精讲语言知识、加强语言实践3）机械操练、有意义操练和交际性操练相结合3，听说读写综合训练要贯穿英语教学的全过程，但在不同阶段应有所侧重。

4，在英语教学中应尽量使用英语，适当使用母语。

5，发挥教师的主导作用，调动学生的积极性。

第六章中学英语的听说教学1, 常用听力训练方式 1)听与视看结合 2)听与动作结合 3)听与说结合 4)听与写结合2,训练说的常用方式 1）机械练习 2）复用练习 3）活用练习 4）交际性练习第七章英语阅读教学1，朗读训练的方式 1）范读 2）教师领读 3）听录音跟读 4）伴随情景的朗读5）齐声朗读和个别朗读2，提高阅读理解力和速度的方法 1）提高理解词义的能力 2）进行以语义为单位的阅读训练 3）提高阅读整篇文章的能力 4）提高阅读速度第十章英语语音教学1，语音教学的基本原则 1）模仿为主，加强实践 2）适当讲解，掌握发音要领 3）对比分析，突出重点 4）在英语语流中练习语音 5）调查研究，因材施教2，字母、音标、词语读音、语调教学的常用方法第十一章英语词汇教学1，词汇教学的基本原则 1）以句为单位，注意词不离句，句不离文 2）音、形、义结合 3）具体分析，区别对待 4）循序渐进，逐步扩展 5）反复练习，巩固记忆6）培养学生自学词汇的能力2，讲解词语的常用方法 1）运用直观手段 2）分析词的构成 3）利用同义词、反义词 4）利用事物间的种种联系 5）下定义 6）说明背景，创造语境第十二章英语语法教学要求了解语法教学的基本原则，教学方法以及中学生的常见语法错误第十三章英语课堂教学和常规工作1，英语课堂教学的一般过程和环节 1）组织教学 2）复习检查 3）讲练新课 4）巩固 5）布置课外作业2，英语课堂教学的常用模式1）讲练课 2）技能训练课 3）复习课3，备课1）备课的步骤 2）备课的内容 3）写教案第十四章测试要求了解英语测试的类型，方式方法，测试结果的分析与讲评。

英语教学法复习要点Unit 1 Language and Learning1 How do we learn language？We learn language at different agesPeople have different experiencesPeople learn languages for different reasonsPeople learn languages in different waysPeople have different capabilities in language learningLearning can be affected by the way how language is taughtLearning is affected by the degree of success one is expect to achieve. Thus the challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.2. What are the major views of language?1) Structural view:Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntacx. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules.2) Functional view:Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.3) Interactional view:Language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where, when and how it is appropriate to use them.3.Views on Language LearningTwo broad learning theories：Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organizes new information.Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of human and physical context.Behaviorist theoryB. F. SkinnerA stimulus-response theory of psychologyAudio-lingual methodThe idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.Cognitive theoryInfluenced by Noam Chomsky (revival of structural linguistics) Language as an intricate rule-based systemA learner acquires language competence which enables him to producelanguage.One influential idea of cognitive approach to language teaching is that students should be allowed to create their ownsentence based on their own understanding of certain rules.Constructivist theoryJean Piaget (1896—1980)The learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what is already known.Socio-constructivist theoryVygotsky“Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD); scaffolding(脚⼿架)Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.4 What are the qualities of a good language teacher?A good language teacher does not solely depend on his/her command of the language. There are a variety of element that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher. These element can be categorized into three5 How can one become a good language teacher?Wallace’s (1991) ‘reflective model’ (Figure 1.1, p.9)Stage 1: language developmentStage 2: learning, practice, reflectionThe learning stage is the purposeful preparation that a language normally receives before the practice,This preparation can include:1. Learning from others’ experience2. Learning the received knowledge3. Learning from one’s own experiencesThe practice stage (2 senses)Pseudo practice:short period of time assigned to do teachingpractice as part of one’s pre-service education, usually under thesupervision of instructorsThe real classroom teaching:what a teacher undertakes after he/shefinishes formal educationTeachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doingGoal: professional competenceUnit 2 Communicative Principles and Task-based language teaching 1 How is language learned in classrooms different from language used in real life?Language used in real life Language taught in the classroomTo perform certain communtcative functions To focus on forms (structures or patterns)Use all skills, both receptive skills and productive skills To focus on one or two language skills and ignore others.Used in a certain context To isolate language from itscontext2 What is communicative competence?To bridge the gap between classroom language teaching and real-life language use, one solution is to adopt CLT, the goal of which is to develop students’communicative competence.3. Definition:Communicative competence include both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations4 Five components of communicative competence (Hedge 2000)◆Linguistic competence （语⾔能⼒）The knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning.◆ Pragmatic competence （语⽤能⼒）The appropriate use of language in social context.◆ Discourse competence （语篇能⼒）One’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them◆ Strategic competence （策略能⼒）Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.◆ Fluency （流利性）One ‘s ability to ‘link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue（过分的，不适当的）hesitation’6.Implications for teaching and learningTeaching must enable learners to grasp the five components of communicative competence, but not just the linguistic competence.7. Principles of CLTThree principles suggest by Richard and Rodgers：1 Communication principle：involve real communication2 Task principle：Carry out meaningful tasks3 Meaningfulness principle：Meaningful language to the learnerHowatt proposes a weak and a strong version of CLT:Weak versionLearners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication.Strong version“language is acquired through communication” (Howatt, 1984:279)8. Major Activity Types of CLTA sequence of activities represented in Littlewood (1981: 86)Pre-communicative activitiesStructural activitiesQuasi-communicative activities类似,准,半Communicative activities (PP22-23)Functional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities9.Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicativeactivities:1). Functional communicative activities:2). Social interaction activities:(1). Functional communicative activities:1. Identifying pictures2. Discovering identical pairs3. Discovering sequences or locations4. Discovering missing information5. Discovering missing features6. Discovering "secrets"/doc/24e21abdb42acfc789eb172ded630b1c59ee9bb2.html municating patterns and pictures8. Communicative models9. Discovering differences10. Following directions11. Reconstructing story-sequences12. Pooling information to solve a problem(2). Social interaction activities:1. Role-playing through cued dialogues2.Role-playing through cues and information3.Role-playing through situation and goals4.Role-playing through debate or discussion/doc/24e21abdb42acfc789eb172ded630b1c59ee9bb2.html rge-scale simulation activities6. Improvisation10.Six Criteria for evaluating communicative classroomactivities/doc/24e21abdb42acfc789eb172ded630b1c59ee9bb2.html municative purpose2. Communicative desire3. Content, not form4.Variety of language5.No teacher intervention6. No materials control9.What is Task-based Language Teaching?TBLT is a further development of CLT. It shares the same belief in the use of language in real life, but stresses the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching.10.Four components of a task1. A purpose2. A context3. A process4. A product11. Exercises, exercise-tasks and tasksExercise-tasks is halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualized practice of language item.12. Differences between PPP and TBLT1The way students use and experience language in TBLT is radically different from PPP. 1.Free of language control2. genuine need to use language to communicate3.A free exchange of ideas4.Appropriateness & accuracy of language form in general, not production of a single form5.A genuine need for accuracy and fluency2.TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP isdifferent in this aspect.A task-established contextEncouraged to think, analyze, not simply to repeat, manipulate and applyA more varied exposure to natural languageLanguage forms not pre-selected for focusLearner-free selection of languageTBL cycle lead from Fluency to accuracy (+fluency)In TBL Integrated skills practiced13. How to design tasks?Step 1 Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesStep 2 Brainstorm possible tasksStep 3 Evaluate the listStep 4 Choose the language itemsStep 5 Preparing materials14. CLT and TBLT in the Chinese contextProblems with CLT1. The very first and forceful argument is whether it is culturallyappropriate2. The second problem of CLT relate to the design the syllabus for teaching purpose in the classroom.3. The third problem is that whether such an approach is suitable for all age level of learners or all competence level of learnersConstraints of TBLT1.The first is it may not be effective for presenting new language items2.The second constraint is Time as teachers have to prepare task-based activities very carefully.3.The third is the culture of learning4.The forth is Level of difficultyUnit 31. A brief history of foreign language teaching in ChinaA phase of restoration (1978-1985)A phase of rapid development (1986-1992)A phase of reform (1993-2000)A phase of innovation from 20002. Designing principles for the National English Curriculum 1)Aim for educating all students, and emphasize quality-oriented education.2) Promote learner-centeredness, and respect individual differences.3) Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability.4) Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation.5) Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.6) Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.3. Goals and objectives of English language teachingThe new curriculum is designed to promote students’overall language ability, which is composed of five interrelated components, namely, language skills, language knowledge, affects, learning strategies and cultural understanding. Each component is further divided into a few sub-categories. Language teaching is no longer aimed only for developing language skills and knowledge, but expanded to developing learners’positive attitude, motivation, confidence as well as strategies for life-long learning along with。

英语教学法复习提纲
一、背景概述
1.英语教学研究的历史背景
2.英语教学法的定义和意义
二、教学目标和教材分析
1.教学目标的分类和设定
2.教材的选择和分析
3.教学资源的利用与教材的补充
三、教学法的基本原则和分类
1.教学法的基本原则
2.传统教学法与现代教学法的比较
3.教学法的分类及其特点
四、课程设计的原则和步骤
1.课程设计的基本原则
2.课程设计的步骤和要点
3.教学设计的实例分析
五、教学方法与教学技巧
1.教学方法的选择和应用
2.意义互动教学方法的实施
3.教学技巧的训练与应用
六、评估与反馈
1.评估的概念和种类
2.教学评估的重要性和方法
3.反馈的意义和方法
七、多媒体技术在英语教学中的应用
1.多媒体技术的发展与应用
2.多媒体教学的优势和挑战
3.多媒体教学案例分析
八、教学评价和自我提升
1.教学评价的概念和目的
2.教师自我提升的途径和方法
3.教学反思和改进的实践
九、教学实践总结和启示
1.教学实践的经验总结
2.教学实践对教师职业发展的启示
3.未来英语教学的发展趋势
以上是针对英语教学法复习的提纲，可以根据自己的需要进行有针对性的复习和整理。

为了更好地掌握和应用英语教学法，建议在复习时结合实际案例和实践进行深入研究。

1.Views on language: a. Structural view(结构主义) b. Functional view(交际法) c. Interactional view(交往法)1) The structural view结构主义观点:language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences. Each language has a finite number of such structural items.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.2)The functional view交际法的观点language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.3)The interactional view交往法的观点Language is a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.The interactional view says that to know how to do what one wants to do involves also knowing whether it is appropriate to do so, and where, when and how it is appropriate to do it. In order to know this, the learner has to study the patterns and rules of language above the sentence level to learn how language is used in different speech contexts.2.The qualities of teachers教师素质：ethic devotion; professional qualities; personal styles.municative competence(交际能力组成的5部分): a. linguistic competence b. pragmatic competence c. discourse competence d. strategic competence e. fluency4. Principles of communicative language teaching: a. communication principle b. task principle c. meaningfulness principle5.classification of communicative activities(交际活动的分类): a. functional communicative activities b. social interaction activities6．The role of teacher 教师的角色：a. controller b. assessor c. organizer d. prompter e. participant f. resource-provider 7. Classroom instructions: Classroom instructions refer to the type of language teachers use to organize or guide learning. They include giving directions to tasks or activities, providing explanations to a concept or language structure, setting requirements, checking comprehension, drawing attention, motivating learners, giving feedback, and assigning homework, etc.8. students grouping: a. whole class work b. pair work c. group work d. individual study6\7\81.Three ways to show the stress pattern words, phrases and sentences:1)Use gesture;2)Use the voice;3)Use the blackboard.2.Factors contribute to successful practice:1) pre-learning 2) volume and repetition 3) success-orientation 4) heterogeneity 5) teacher assistance 6) interest3.Grammar practice is usually divided into 2 categories: mechanical practice & meaningful/communicative practice.4.Mechanical practice involves activities that aimed at form accuracy.5.What does it mean to know a word? Knowing a word mans 1) knowing its pronunciation and stress; 2) knowing its spelling & grammatical properties; 3) knowing its meaning; 4) knowing how & when to use it to express the intended meaning.9\10\111. Principles for teaching listening 1).focus on process.2).combine listening with other skills.3).focus on the comprehension of meaning.4).grade difficulty level appropriately.2. Factors that affect the difficulty level of listening tasks, but they fall into 3 main categories:1)type of language used.2）task or purpose in listening.3）context in which the listening occurs.3. Models for teaching reading:1)Bottom-up model.(2)Top-down model 3)Interactive model4.The characteristic are common in successful speaking tasks:1) Maximum foreign talk; 2)Even participation;3)High motivation;4)Right language level.5. Littlewood divides communicative speaking activities into 2 types: Communicative activities: functional communication activities and social interaction activities. It also includes Pre-communicative activities: structural activities andQuasi-communicative activities. Pre-communicative activities are intended to prepare learners for Communicative activities. 6. Pre-reading activities: predicting; setting the scene; skimming; scanning. Skimming means reading quickly to get the gist,e.g.the main idea of the text. Scanning which means to read to locate specific information.7.Some speaking activities：1)controlled activities: mainly focus on form and accuracy; 2)semi-controlled activities: focus on meaning and communication; 3)communicative activities.8. Ur points out that factors that affect the success of role-plays are: 1)the teacher’s enthusiasm;2)careful instructions;3)clear situations and roles; 4)and making sure that the students have the language they will need to carry out the role-play.1.The main procedures of process writing(过程写作)include: Creating a motivation to write; brainstorming; mapping; freewriting; outlining; drafting; editing; revising; proofreading and conferencing.2. Principles can help teachers motivate students to write: 1) Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life.2) Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination. 3) Prepare students well before writing. 4) Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing. 5) Provide opportunities for students to share their writings. 6) Provide constructive and positive feedback. 7) Treat students’’ errors strategically. 8) Give students a sense of achievement from time to time.1.我国英语教学的六个基本原则原先所倡导的中学英语教学的基本原则：1、交际性原则2、阶段侧重原则3、语音词汇语法综合教学原则4、使用和控制使用本族语的原则5、以学生为中心的原则。

❤判断主张并简要说明理由：Structural view:The structure language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:phonology,morphology and syntax.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. Functional view: The functional view is not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,such as offering suggesting,etc.Leaners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.International view:The international view considers language to be a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Leaners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary but also need to know the rules for using them in a communicative contexts.❤What makes a good language teacher?These elements can be categorized into three groups:ethic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles.❤教师的专业能力是如何发展起来的(How can be a good teacher/The development of professional competence)答：The development of professional competence including three parts: Stage1,Stage2 and Goal.I. The first stage is language development.All English teacher are supposed to have a sound command of English,and language is always changing,language development can never come to an end.II. The second stage is the most important stage and it is more complicated because it involves three sub-stages:learning,practice,and reflection.(1)The learning stage is the purposeful preparation before a teacher starts the practice of teaching.It includes three parts:learning from other's experience,learning the received knowledge and learning from one's experiences.Both experience knowledge and received knowledge are useful when a teacher goes ton practice.(2)The term 'practice' can be used in two senses. One sense is also called pseudo practice.The other sense is the real classroom teaching.(3)Teacher benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they've done,Not only after they finish their practice,but also while they are doing the practice,III. After some period of practice and reflection,a teacher should be able to reach his or her professional competence.As an final it shouldn't an end,one must be keep learning,practicing and reflecting.❤真实应用语言&课堂语言的不同（The differences between language used in real life and language taught in the classroom.)Language used in real life differs from language learned under the traditional language teaching pedagpgy in the following aspects:(1)In real life,language is used to perform certain communication functions;in a traditional language classroom,the teaching focus is often on forms rather than functions.(2)For various reasons,traditional pedagogy tends to focus on one or two language skills and ignore others.In real language use we use all skills,including receptive skills and productive skills.(3)In reality language is always used in a certain context,but traditional pedagogy tends to isolate language from its context.❤交际教学法的目标The goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence,which includes both the knowledge about the language and the language about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.★★★交际的五个方面（名词解释or简答）There are five main components of communicative ly,linguistic competence,pragmatic competence,discourse competence,strategic competence,and fluency.Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge itself,its form and meaning.(It involves spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammatical structure,sentence structure,and semantics.It is an integral part of communicative competence.)Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.(That is to say,the choice of the vocabulary and structure depends on the setting,the relative status of the speakers,and their relationships.)Discourse competence refers to one's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.(According to Hedge,also includes one's ability to initiate,develop,enter,interrupt,check,or confirm in a conversation.) Strategic competence is similar to communication strategies.It refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.One can compensate for this by searching for other means of expression.Fluency means one's ability to 'link unit of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate or undue hesitation.❤Principles of communicative language teaching.(交际教学语言CLT原则）(1).Communication principle:Activities that involve real communication promote learning.(2)Task principle:Activities in which language is used for carring out meaningful tasks promote learning.(3)Meaningfulness principle:language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.❤交际教学法&语言技能的关系(CLT and the teaching of language skills )(听说读写在交际教学法中怎样。

初中英语教材教法考试复习资料第一讲2011年修改版初中英语课程标准第一部分前言当今世界正处在大发展和大调整的变革时期，呈现出世界多极化和经济全球化的发展态势。

作为一个和平发展的大国，中国承担着重要的历史使命和国际责任。

英语作为全球使用最广泛的语言之一，已经成为国际交往和文化科技交流的重要工具，也是使中国更好地了解世界、使世界更好地了解中国的主要桥梁。

同时，英语对我国的社会发展、经济建设和科技进步也具有很重要作用。

因此，我国在义务教育阶段开设英语课程有利于提高整体国民素养，促进科技创新和跨文化人才的培养，提升我国的国际竞争力和国际交流能力。

在义务教育阶段开设英语课程对青少年未来发展具有重要意义。

学习英语不仅有利于他们更好地了解世界，学习先进的科学文化知识，传播中国文化，增进与各国青少年的相互沟通和理解，还能为青少年提供更多的接受教育的选择和职业发展机会。

学习英语能帮助他们形成开放包容的性格，发展跨文化交流的意识与能力，促进思维发展，形成正确的价值观和良好的人文素养。

学习英语能够为学生未来参与知识创新和科技创新储备能力，也能为他们未来更好地适应世界的多极化、经济的全球化、社会的信息化奠定基础。

一、课程性质义务教育阶段的英语课程具有工具性和人文性双重性质。

就工具性而言，英语课程承担培养学生基本英语素养的任务，即学生通过英语课程掌握基本的英语语言知识，发展基本的英语听说读写技能，形成用英语与他人交流的能力，为今后继续学习英语和用英语学习其他相关科学文化知识奠定基础。

就人文性而言，英语课程承担着提高学生综合人文素养的任务，即学生通过英语课程能够开阔视野，丰富生活经历，发展跨文化意识，促进创新思维，形成良好品格和正确价值观，为终身学习奠定基础。

二、基本理念（一）注重素质教育，充分体现语言学习对学生发展的价值义务教育阶段英语课程的首要目的是为学生发展综合语言运用能力打基础，为他们继续学习英语和未来职业选择创造有利条件。

英语教学法复习资料英语教学法是一门重要的教育学科，不仅对英语教学具有重要指导意义，同时也是所有教学法的基础。

对于众多英语学者而言，英语教学法的学习和掌握是取得英语学习成果的重要途径。

那么，接下来我将为大家分享一些英语教学法复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

一、传统教学法传统教学法主要强调老师的教学，学生被动听课，关注学生知识的数量，忽视学生的能力培养。

该教学法在学生们的语言技能上有限度的帮助，不适应进入市场的英语学者的要求。

二、交际教学法交际教学法是一种以交际为景点的教学法。

学生和教师之间进行交互式的对话，学生受到更多的训练和触发，让他们在实际生活中学会正确运用英语，使学习者的英语掌握的不仅是口语能力，还有听、写、读的能力。

三、任务教学法任务教学法强调学生要作出自己的决策，在老师的指导下进行任务。

这种教学法强调学生的技能和能力的发展，采用任务和生活场景，培养学生的英语运用能力。

四、建构主义教学法建构主义教学法主要强调学生从自己的角度去理解和掌握知识，让学习者主动地采取一定的观点和各种方法去理解和掌握知识。

学生采用的是他们自己的这些经验、观点和知识来处理和整理材料。

以上四点只是英语教学法中的一些例子，教学法的种类是无限的。

教师可以很好的结合各种教学法进行教学，以使学生的英语知识和学习方式更加全面和多样化。

总之，要成为一个出色的英语教师或者学者，我们需要了解和掌握多种教学法，以此融会贯通，结合自己的教学实践，创造出一种深入人心，适合学生需要的英语阅读、写作、听力、口语教学方案。

希望本文所分享的英语教学法复习资料能够帮助大家更好的学习和掌握英语教学法。

Unit 1Knowledge:sth that can be learnedSkills: sth that only can be gained through practice or training,Language skills:listening, speaking, reading and writingLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。

Views on language：1、Structural view （language competence）—The founder：Saussure—The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems：1、the sound system（phonology）2、sound combinations（morphology）3、meaning for communication（syntax）—Learning the language is to learn the structural items，study the inner structure and rule of language，ignore the social functions of the language。

2 、Functional view—Representative：Johnson、marrow、swain canal (the core: grammar)—The function view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things—Learners learn a language in order to be able to doing things with itUse the linguistic structure to express functions3、Interactional view （communicative competence）—Emphasis：appropriateness—Language is a communicative tool，which main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people—Learners need to know the rules for using the language in certain context—The structural view limits knowing a language to knowing its structural rules and vocabularyLanguage teacher qualifications：1、a good command of spoken and written language2、formulate theory presupposition3、language background and experience4、know how languages are learnt5、the ability to use methods in various situations6、deep understanding of cultural background7、understanding the principles of teachingThese elements can be categorized into three groups：ethic devotion，professional qualities and personal stylesView on language learning1. Psycholinguistic: the relationship between language and thinking.1)Thinking in language2)Language is necessary for thought.3)Language acquisition(语言习得)4)Learners in their earlier years acquire control over essential structure of their languagewithout special teaching and learning in a effortless and almost an unconscious way (like the formation of a habit) people prefer first language acquisition to first language learning.2.Cognitive theory: the rule for people to aware to cognize sth.Cognitive processes:Process: input----absorb----outputLanguage learning is not just stimulate-reflection, but the using of our subjective capabilities, the using of our cognitive ability to think the language and studying it actively.3. Constructivist theory: learning is a process of meaning construction based on learner’s own knowledge and experience.S ----------AT------------R(刺激) (反应)Stimulus: assimilatio n ①and accommodatio n②①把外部知识纳入自身②纳入自身后也不相符，就要对原有知识进行改变，也就是一种原有知道和外部知识保持联系的创新的过程。

考编初中英语教材教法复习重点名词解释1 直接教学法的特点: 老师将信息直接传递给学生,并把每节课的时间做适当的安排,以便能以最高的效率达成明确的教学目标. 直接以第二语或目标语(target language)来沟通或教学.优点:有助于培养学生的听说能力,使用外国语的习惯，激发学生的学习兴趣。

重视以句为单位有利于直接运用外语。

缺点：忽视母语的作用，忽视学生和成年人学习外语的特点，忽视语法作用死记硬背，语法基础，只需套用。

（详见教材338页）2 任务型教学：以任务来组织教学，在任务实施过程中以参与体验，互动、交流合作的方式充分发挥学习者的认知能力，调动他们已有的目的语资源，在实践中感知，认识以及应用目的语。

理论基础：语言习得理论，在体验中掌握。

3 教学策略：要达到某个教学预期效果而采取的整套教学行为。

4 教学设计：在进行教学活动之前根据教学目的和要求运用系统方法对参与教学活动的诸要素所进行的分析和策划的过程。

5 阅读：学习者运用自己头脑中所具备的知识背景，概念，对文字材料进行加工从而形成自己的理解的过程。

（详见教材161页）6 交际语言使用教学法：主要通过教师与学生之间的交流与对话来实现教学任务。

特点：a 教学目的是培养学生的交际能力，而不应限于语法或语言知识能力之上。

b 语言教学方法应该是通过语言重实践的功能和意义设计，达成语言功能目标是重点。

c 流畅与准确是基础的交际方法，它们互相补充。

d 在富有交际性的课堂中，学生必须最大限度的富有创造性的使用语言。

7 练习的平衡：及时提高难度、在一定的阶段以一种练习为中心、注意因材施教、实行总体练习统筹、加强练习的整体联系。

（详见教材244页）8 教学的原则：教学原则是有效进行教学必须遵循的基本要求。

教学原则对教学中的各项活动起着指导和制约的作用。

教学原则的概念首先表明了教学原则的合目的性。

教学活动永远是按照一定的教育教学目的进行的，教学原则要能够指导教学工作，必须与国家所规定的教育教学目的一致，必须是有利于这些目的实现的。