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高中英语语法思维导图：第6章情态动词第六章情态动词一.概念:情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.二.相关知识点精讲:1.can1)表能力can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able toYou will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗?It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.Attending the ball can be very exciting.The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗?Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?2.could的用法1)表过去的可能和许可，(多用于间接引语中)At that time we thought the story could not be true.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
高中英语语法精讲第六章动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”（gerund）和“现在分词”（present participle）两个部分。
动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。
A.动词-ing形式的一般式1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B.动词-ing形式的完成式动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。
CHAPTER VIVERBS (I)6.1 A verb is a word for saying something (usually an action or a state) about some person or thing. The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, voice, mood, etc. (动词是表示人或物的行为或状态的词。
它具有人称，数，时态，语气等语法范畴。
)6.2 Finite and Non-finite Forms of the VerbIn the finite from the verb agrees in person and number with its grammatical subject since it is used, by itself or along with a predicative or a non-finite form, as a predicate in the sentence. The non-finite forms of a verb are three in number : the infinitive, the participle and the gerund. They may fulfil different functions in a sentence, but they do not by themselves serve as a predicate. The term “non-finite” indicates that they are not limited in person and number by the subject. Compare the forms in the following sentences:Sichuan dogs bark at the sun. (finite)Barking dogs seldom bite (participle as attribute).He interfered with the matter by freely exercising his fraternal authority. (finite)We warned him not to interfere with the matter. (infinitive as part of complex object)Men almost invariably learn by experience. (finite)There is no royal road to learning. (gerund as prepositional object)6.3Notional, Auxiliary, Link, Modal and Semi-auxiliary verbsAccording to their meaning and syntactical functions verbs may be divided into five classes: notional, auxiliary, link, modal and semi-auxiliary.1) A notional verb has a meaning of its own and forms a simple predicate, e.g.He persisted in denying his knowledge of it.2)An auxiliary verb helps to form a verb phrase used to express a simple predicate.3) A link verb helps to form a compound [nominal] predicate. The most commonly-used link verbs are “be”, “become”, “remain”, “get”, “turn”, “look”, etc.4) A modal verb helps to form a compound [verbal] predicate5) A semi-auxiliary verb, like a modal verb, also helps to form a compound [verbal] predicate.The following are commonly-used semi-auxiliary verbs:be about to be apt to be bound to be certain tobe going to be liable to be (un) likely to be sure tobe to had better/best have [got] to appear tocome to fail to get to happen toseem to turn out to, etc.all semi-auxiliary verbs, except those with “be” or “have” as a first element, do not take inversion or negation with “not” without an auxiliary or modal verb, e.g.I didn’t get to see her yesterday.I got not to see her yesterday. (wrong)How could you get to see her yesterday?How got you to see her yesterday? (wrong)But : Is the teacher likely to come?You had better not go.Semi-auxiliary verbs, similar to modal verbs, cannot be made passive themselves. Theyallow the passive only in the infinitive after them, e.g.She got to be seen.She was got to be seen. (wrong) [by him]The play happened not to be seen.The play wasn’t happened to be seen(wrong)6.4Transitive and Intransitive VerbsNotional verbs can be further divided into two classes: transitive and intransitive.1)Transitive verbsThere are three types of transitive verbs corresponding closely to the different types of object and complement:(1)Monotransitive (those taking a direct object), e.g.Don’t sidestep the crucial question.I believe that he is correct.(2) Ditransitive (those permitting an indirect object in addition to a direct one), e.g.Can you show me the book you mean?She didn’t tell me what she was looking for.(2)Complex-transitive (those taking a complex object i.e. an object + complement), e.g.He always thinks himself something.Return the magazines where they have been.2)Intransitive verbs (those taking no object), e.g.She dances very well.The birds were still singing when I awoke.3)Some verbs which are essentially transitive may sometimes be used intransitively. This takes place:(1)Owing to the result of the omission of the self-pronoun, e.g.As he rose and dressed [himself], he thought over what had happened the day before.John, behave [yourself]!(2)As the verb is intransitive in form but passive in meaning, e.g.The car can’t drive.The play reads more easily than it acts.(3)When the object is clear from the context, e.g.Hasn’t he received my letter? I wrote [the letter] two weeks ago.They arrived in Changsha last Monday and I left [Changsha] yesterday.(4)When the object is of “general meaning”, e.g.He speaks and writes well.She paints nicely.4)In contrast, there are some other verbs which are essentially intransitive may be used transitively:(1)With a causative meaning, e.g.He walked the horse to and fro. (=He made the horse walk to and fro.)She ran her eyes over the list.They marched the prisoners away.He stood the bottle near the window sill.(2)With the preposition after the verb left out, e.g.The dethroned king has already fled [from] the country.They talked [about] literature all the evening.He knows an intern who is walking [in] the hospitals there.(3)With a cognate object (i.e. an object already implied more or less in the verb itself), e.g.He lived a great life.She died a glorious death.He laughed a hearty laugh.Last night I slept a peaceful sleep and dreamed a happy dream.5)Very often with some verbs which can be used both transitively and intransitively, it isdifficult to know which of the two uses is the original one, e.g.Transitive IntransitiveI didn’t get his idea. I didn’t get at the meaning of what he said.She opened her heart to the Party. The exhibition opened last Friday.He is reading the newspaper. He reads well.He stopped the car and studied the opening The car stopped.with his field glasses. The vacation begins on July 1st.He at once began a third book.6.5Fundamental Forms of VerbsThe four fundamental forms are “the present form”, “the past form”, “the past participle” andof the auxiliary verb “be” to form the passive voice, with the auxiliary verb “have” to form the perfect tenses. The present participle, when preceded by various forms of the auxiliary verb “be”, forms the continuous tenses. Take the verb “speak” as an example, the following are the 16 tense6.6Regular and Irregular Verbs1)Regular verbs form the past form and the past participle by adding “-ed” and the present participle by adding “-ing”, to the present form, e.g.Present Past Past Presentform form participle participlelaugh laughed laughed laughingwant wanted wanted wantingBut some spelling changes should be noted:(1) With verbs ending in “e”, add “d” only for their past and past participle and omit“e” before “-ing” in the present participle, e.g.live lived lived livingarrive arrived arrived arriving(2) With verbs ending in “ie”, change “ie” to “y” before “-ing” in the present participle, e.g.die died died dyinglie (说谎) lied lied lying(3)With verbs that end in “y” preceded by a consonant, change the “y” to “i” before “-ed”,e.g.dry dried dried dryingtry tried tried trying(4)The final consonant letter is doubled before “-ed” and “-ing” if the consonant is single, preceded by a single vowel letter, and if the verb is monosyllabic or stressed on the last syllable, e.g.dip dipped dipped dippinglag lagged lagged laggingcontrol controlled controlled controlling(5)With a few verbs ending in “c”, change “c” to “ck” before “-ed” and “-ing”, e.g.mimic mimicked mimicked mimickingtraffic trafficked trafficked trafficking(6)With verbs that end in “I” and a few other verbs, double the final consonant even when the last syllable is not stressed, e.g.marvel marvelled marvelled marvelingtravel travelled travelled travellingworship worshipped worshipped worshipping2) All verbs that do not form the past form and the past participle by adding the ending “-ed”to the present form are called irregular verbs. Irregular verbs may be divided into four groups:(1)Both the past form and the past participle are identical with the present form, e.g.cut cut cut cuttinglet let let lettingspread spread spread spreading(2)The past form and the past participle are identical but differ from the present form, e.g.sit sat sat sittingtell told told tellingbuild built built buildingteach taught taught teaching(3)Either the past form or the past participle is identical with the present form, e,g.beat beat beaten beatingcome came come comingrun ran run running(4)The past form and the past participle differ from each other as well as from the present form, (过去式和过去分词都与现在式不同，而且两者又互不相同，) e.g.see saw seen seeingbegin began begun beginningfall fell fallen falling6.7Phrasal VerbsUnlike single-word verbs as in (a), phrasal verbs are multi-word verbs, i.e. verb + adverb (or preposition, etc.) forming a semantic and syntactic unit, as in (b) in the following: She brought up (=reared) her children to be considerate of others.Phrasal verbs are made up of :1)vi + adv. (=vi), e.g.I will never give in (=yield).2) vi+ prep. (= vt), e.g.I came upon (=discovered) the book the other day.Newspapers called for (=demanded) the severest punishment of the criminals.3)vt + adv. (= vt), e.g.We can’t take on (=engage) a new clerk.4) vi + adv. (= vt), e.g.I can’t put up with (= tolerate) his insolence any longer.5) vt + n. + prep. (=vt), e.g.The director set store by (= valued) the engineer’s report.Note ) The noun in some of such combinations can be modified by a premodifier, e.g.He laid a greater emphasis on this problem than on others.6)vt + n. (=vi), e.g.If you don’t make haste (=hurry), you will miss the train.7)[link] v. + adj. + prep. (=vt), e.g.She is fond of (= likes) poetry.Cf: There is the larder. Make free with (=use freely) the food.You must fight shy of (= keep away from) bad company.8)v. + adj. (= vt or vi), e.g.The enemy laid waste (=devastated) the whole country by fire.Will you see if you can put (or set) this bicycle right (=se t…in order) for me?9)v. +v. [+ prep.] (=vt or vi), e.g.Don’t let go [of] (=release) the rope until I tell you.We can’t afford a new carpet, so we shall have to make do with (=manage with) the old one for the being.。
新编英语语法教程第06讲练习参考答案Ex. 6A (4A)1. description2. arrangement3. attendance4. peculiarity5. expectation6. argument7. dependence8. originality9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousnessEx. 6B (6E)1. How much work have you done this morning?2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour.3. He’s done the least work.4. There are several methods of approaching this problem.5. I know little French.6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work.7. Were there many people at the reception?8. May I have a few words with you?9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday.10. Harry made the fewest mistakes.11. You’ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have.12. Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes.13. He’s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes.14. A millionaire has lots of money—and lots of worries.15. Anna has enough worries because she hasn’t got enough money.16. The telephone rang every few minutes.17. We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days.18. Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2006.19. Soon we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks.20. My brother spent $ 500 for a second-hand car, but I spent almost twice the amount for the same stuff.新编英语语法教程第07讲练习参考答案Ex. 7A1.experience2.waters3.for advice4.an important piece of information5.for it is fun6. were not numerous7.Poultry8.directors areitia10.geniuses11.merchandise has12.sympathies13.experiences14. were times, rivalry15.clippings,were16.lookers-on17. foliage is18. photos19. 12-page20. Luggage isEx. 7B1. blade2. piece3. choir4. flash5. lump6. gang7. grain8. head9. staff 10. collection 11. fleet 12. cluster 13. bundle 14. bunch 15. team 16. piece 17. ear 18. bar 19. herd 20. pack 21. flock 22. crowd / swarm 23. troupe 24. bench 25. grove 26. collection 27. suite 28. squadron 29. band 30. libraryEx. 7C1. …Dick’s decision to emigrate to Australia.2. the expansion of the Physics Department / The Physics Department’s expansion…3. …a novel of Jane Austen’s.4. That long report of Mr Allen’s…5. Those new shoes of yours…6. …the article of the student…7. …Shakespeare’s tragedies / the tragedies of Shakespeare8. …a ship’s carpenter.9. The punishment of the offenders…10. …the past decade’s events / the events of the past decade11. …the enemy’s unconditional surrender / the unconditional surrender ofthe enemy.12. …other people’s criticism of him.13. …the younger generation’s education / the education of the younger generation.14. …at John Wiley’s, the bookseller’s.15. …an article of T. Johns’…16. …this policy of the government’s…?17. …an idiot’s tale.18. That dog of Frank’s…19. This book of Joe Hill’s…20. Jane’s letter…Ex. 7D1. The leg of the table is broken.2. Mary and John’s house is on the corner.3. …on birs’s nests.4. …the students’ problems.5. …at the Joneses’.6. /7. …Charles’ car but someone else’s.8. …in ten years’ time.9. The products’ effectiveness…10. This week’s news… than the last two weeks’.11. …others’ problems.12. …each other’s worries.13. My brother and sister-in-law’s house…14. A friend of my father’s…15. A wheel of the car…16. /17. The baseball player’ wives…18. …women’s clothing only.19. …Milton’s long poems.20. Those new shoes of yours…新编英语语法教程第08讲练习参考答案Ex. 8A1-5 AABDB 6-10 CCCDB 11-15 ACABC 16-20 DBDCDEx. 8B1. books2. end3. words4. news5. weeks6. sign7. money8. intelligence9. books 10. line 11. sentences 12. strength 13. apple, money, etc 14. case 15. nurses 16. bales 17. novel, ones 18. years, cause 19. rooms 20. casesEx. 8C1-5 BDCAD 6-10 BDBDC 11-15 BBCAB 16-20 CDDCCEx. 8D1. …little opportunity to travel.2. …many such novels.3. … / Neither sentence is correct English.4. He has many more problems…5. …this kind of apple / these kind (s) of apples.6. I enjoy either kind, …7. …every book in the fiction section.8. …than in any other country in the world.9. …a greater amount of rainfall this year than there was last year.10. …all this luggage / all the luggage at the airport.11. …such beautiful poetry / such a beautiful poem that it is hard to believe she has never had a formal education.12. …a great many friends in New York.13. Whatever nonsense…14. That third sister of his…15. I can’t for the life of me remember.16. Presumably there are fewer / less diseases…17. …than all other methods.18. …once every three months.19. …study of language.20. …some more soup?Ex. 8EOf all the things we eat and drink, water is the most important.Not many people understand this, but it is quite true. The human body can go without food for a long time,but two or three days without water will result in death.Many people do not understand how much water the human body needs to work properly, and many people do not drink enough. More people drink when they are thirsty, but often need much more, especially when they have been taking exercises.It is vital that people should drink enough water every day. Water can help people to keep fit. It can also ease pain in case of illness. The habit of drinking water soon after getting up will bring a purging and refreshing effect；likewise, drinking some water before bedtime will also do people, especially old people, a lot of good. When one is fainting, water will bring him back to consciousness; if one is badly wounded, water will help to lend him vigour. In a word, water means life. A lack of water in the body is most harmful to health.新编英语语法教程第09讲练习参考答案Ex. 9A1. 02. 03. the, an4. the5. 06. the, the, the7. 0, a8. 0, the9. a, the 10. the 11. 0, the 12. A 13. The, the 14. the 15. 0, 0 16. 0, the 17. 0, a, an, a, the 18. the, the, a, the 19. the, the, the, the, the, the 20. a, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 / aEx. 9B1. a2. the3. a4. a5. a6. an7. the8. the9. a 10. the 11. 0 12. the13. a 14. the 15. a 16. 0 17. the 18. a 19. a 20. a / the 21. an 22. the 23. a 24. 0 25. an 26. the 27. the 28. the 29. the 30. a 31. the 32. the 33. a 34. a 35. the 36. the 37. the 38. the 39. an 40. 0 41. 0 42. 0 43. a 44. a 45. the 46. 0 47. the 48. a 49. the 50. the 51. theEx. 9C2. Lake Michigan3. The Straits of Gibraltar4. Qomolangma5. The National Gallery6. the World Cup7. Christmas8. The Olympic Games9. NATO 10. the BBC 11. Newsweek 12. The Times 13. Whitehall 14. the Finance Ministry 15. Parliament 16. the Senate 17. a John Spence 18. Jones and Smith 19. The watermans 20. The White House 21. university 22. church 23. table 24. the university 25. the hospital 26. prison 27. The train 28. The hovercraft, the boat 29. hovercraft 30. a taxi 31. school 32.a bus 33. the ferry 34. a cinema 35. The film 36. the Pope 37. a world 38. Language 39. experience 40. lawEx. 9DⅠ.1. the2. a3. the4. a5. his6. the7. my8. a9. the 10. the 11. the 12. 0 13. a 14. a 15. Sam’s 16. the 17. A 18. the 19. The 20. His 21. the 22. her 23. yourⅡ.1. a2. the3. another4. an5. the6. a7. an8. a9. an 10. 0 11. 0 12. a 13. the 14. the 15. Each 16. a 17. the 18. the 19. a 20. other 21. the22. another 23. the 24. a 25. the 26. the。
高中英语语法精讲第六章动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”〔gerund〕和“现在分词”〔present participle〕两个部分。
动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类与动词不定式一样，动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。
1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已很熟悉。
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。
第六章 副词 什么是副词？副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词或全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
1. 时间副词n ow, today, yesterday, tomorrow, before, soon, early等，表示事情发生的时间，其出现往往决定了该语句表达的时态。
Now I’m writing a letter. 现在我正在写信。
I went to the park yesterday. 我昨天去公园了。
I will be back soon. 我很快就回来了。
2. 频率副词部分频率副词频率高低的排序:always (一直)usually (通常)often (经常)sometimes (有时)seldom (很少)hardly (几乎不)never (从不)还有说明次数的副词，once, twice等。
频率副词经常出现在一般现在时态的语句中，表示规律性的动作或习惯。
Ben often goes to the cinema with his friend. 本经常和他的朋友出去看电影。
He never eats hamburgers. 他从不吃汉堡包。
第第第第第第第here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down,back, forward, home, along, round, around, near, off, past, up, away 等地点副词一般表示事情发生的地点。
He played basketball here yesterday. 他昨天在这里打篮球。
It’s raining outside . 外面正在下雨。
The toilet is over there . 厕所在那里。
4. 方式副词carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast,well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 等一般表示事情进行的方式。
形容词比较级与最高级的构成。
1.规则变化：——单音节词+er/est——more/most+多音节词（多个元音）双音节单词：如果是可以改后缀（加后缀、去后缀）的，这个词的比较级通常用more ～；如果词根不能去，一般＋er。
对于happy-happier（英式倾向）/more happy（美式倾向）类双音节词，一般为英式英语。
通常情况下，大部分双音节单词归于第二种类型。
farther/farthest：距离上更远/最远；further/furthest：程度上更深/最深比较级的用法：1.A+V+形容词比较级+than+Bex:对待孩子女人比男人更有耐心。
Women treat children more patiently than men.Women are more patient with children than men.2.A+V+数字+形容词比较级+than+Bex:她比她丈夫小。
She is younger than her husband.She is two years younger than her husband.↓much,far,a lot,a little,etc.The air in Beijing is getting much cleaner now than a few years ago.much,far,a lot,a little+比较级+than 表示…比…（快/慢）得多/一点3.A+V+as+形容词或副词原级+as B她的皮肤像雪一样白。
Her skin is as white as snow.她英语说得跟她老师一样的流利。
She can speak English as fluently as her teacher.A+V+not so+形容词或副词原级+as B 和……不一样我没法说的像你那么快。
I can’t speak so fast as you.4.比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越……”地球正变得越来越暖。
The earth is getting warmer and warmer.他对英语越来越感兴趣了。
He is becoming more and more interested in English.5.the+比较级，the+比较级，表示“越……就越……”我越喜欢英语，我就越喜欢它。
The more I study English,the more I like it.More haste,less speed.欲速则不达。
你吃的越多，就会变得越胖。
The more you eat,the fatter you will become.总结：1.…比…怎样：…more than……比…怎样得多：…much more than…2.和…一样：as+adj./adv.+as…和…不一样：not so+adj./adv.+as…3.越来越…：比较级and比较级more and more…4.越…就越…：The比较级…the比较级The more…the more…三个或三个以上的事物的比较用“the+最高级”结构，表示“最”的意思。
秋天是北京最好的季节。
Autumn is the best season in Beijing.比较级表达最高级的用法：1.直接使用比较级。
我从没看过更有趣的小说了。
I have never read a more interesting novel.It is the most interesting novel I have ever read.2.比较级+than+the other 复数名词比较级+than+any of the other 复数名词比较级+than+any other 单数名词她比其他女生上学早。
She goes to school earlier than the other girls.中国比亚洲其他国家大。
China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.他比其他男生学习更努力。
He works harder than any other boy.考题：Actually the moon is one of the smallest stars in the sky,and it looks bigger just because it is nearer to us than any other star.Remember,boys and girls.The harder you work,the better result you will get.第三节综合训练Today he is a little better than yesterday.The white horse is so strong.Cathy did quite well in the English test,I did even better.Of the two Australian students,Masha is the taller one.I think you can find her easily.Of the two toys,the child chose the more expensive one.He feels more tired today than yesterday.He is cleverer than any other boy in the football team.My brother works much harder than I.Which country has the largest population in the world.形容词的比较级和最高级变化规则1．一般单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级加-er，最高级加-est；（1）单音节词如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest（2）双音节词如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest2．以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st；如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest3．重读闭音节(辅音＋元音＋辅音)，双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est；如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest4．以辅音字母＋y结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est；如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest5．其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most；如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily serious→more serious→most serious注意：（1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。
例句：The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.（2）形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常". It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.6．有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。
如：good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldestmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastfar →further/farther→ furthest/farthest二、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法1．“A + be +形容词比较级+ than + B” 意思为“A比B更……”.如：This tree is taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高.注意：①在含有连词than的比较级中，前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴，即同类事物之间的比较。
②在比较级前面使用much，表示程度程度“强得多”。
如：A watermelon is much bigger than an apple.③ very, quite一般只能修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。
2．“比较级+ and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越……”如：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes. 春天来了，天气变得越来越暖和了。
It is getting cooler and cooler.天气越来越凉爽。
The wind became more and more heavily.风变得越来越大。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的学校变得越来越美丽。
3．在含有or的选择疑问句中，如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词要用比较级形式。
如：Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 谁更高,Tim还是Tom?4. “the +比较级……, the+比较级”,表示“越……越……”.The more money you make, the more you spend.钱你赚得越多，花得越多。
The sooner,the better. 越快越好。
5. 表示倍数的比较级用法：①. A is …times the size /height/length/width of B.The new building is three times the height of the old one.新楼比旧楼高三倍。
(新楼是旧楼的四倍高)②. A is …times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.如：Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
