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Research article abstract1.Introducing purposeThis move gives a precise indication of the author’s intention, thesis or hypothesis which forms the basis of the research being reported. It may also include the goals or objectives of research or the problem that the author wishes to tackle.2.Describing methodologyIn this move the author gives a good indication of the experimental design, including information on the data, procedures or method(s) used and, if necessary, the scope of the research being reported.3.Summarizing resultsThis is an important aspect of abstracts where the author mentions his observations and findings and also suggests solutions to the problem, if any, posed in the first move.4.Presenting conclusionsThis move is meant to interpret results and draw inferences. It typically includes some indication of the implications and applications of the present findings.AbstractThis article describes a contrastive study on rhetorical differences between Italian and English sales promotion letters. It is assumed that cultural differences affect discourse genres traditionally considered as standardized, ritual or even formulaic, written business communication being a case in point. It was our goal to investigateanswer these questions of an essentially pragmatic and ethnolinguistic nature, researchfocused on analyzing contrastively a corpus of authentic Italian and English business letters. Of course, within the genre ‘business letter’ it is possible to distinguish sub-genres or repertoires (chasing money, requesting, offering, sales promotion, etc.). The letters in the corpus were classified according to these repertoires, defined on the basis of their prototypical discourse features as well as the specific social action within the business organization that they were meant to perform. Once classified, they were analyzed according to two criteria. At the macro-textual level the analysis focused on rhetorical structure, mainly drawing on the notion of move. At the reporting the findings of the research project, will focus on the culturalpreferences that Italian and English writers show—both at the macro-and modality for the expression of politeness.。
文摘要求对于科技期刊的文章，论文的 abstract 主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。
文摘只有写得正确，写的好，才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。
因此必须对文献进行认真的主题分析， 找出文献的主题概念， 正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明准确完整地写出文摘来。
文摘长度一般不超过 150 words 。
少数情况下允许例外，视原始文献而定。
在不遗漏主题概念的前提下，文摘应尽量简洁。
（一）.缩短文摘方法:1.取消不必要的字句：如 ”t is reported here ”、 “new ”、 “ mainly ” 也尽量不要。
2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;3. 取消或减少背景信息（ Background Information ）;4. 不说无用的话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”， “本工作首次实现了 …” “经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入文摘;5. 作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘；6. 文摘第一句应避免与题目（Title ）重复。
7. 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：（二）.文体风格 1. 文摘叙述要完整，清楚，简明；2. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调；3. 用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论；如 “The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy. Thedislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 edge and screw casesrespectively. The results show that... __________________________________ ”可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用 of 句型。
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==英文摘要范例分析篇一：英文摘要范文samples ABSTRACTFebruary, 201X, Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping visited the United States. About forty years ago, U.S. President Nixon visited China, which achieved the normalization of Sino-U.S. diplomatic relations. Under this historical background, Xi’s visit has att racted many attentions all over the world. All the reports about his visit become important materials for future Sino-U.S. research.Critical discourse analysis (CDA) or critical linguistics argues that language cannot be regarded as neural media of communication. On the contrary, critical linguists think that language actually is a product of social practice. From their points of view, language is closely connected with i(来自:WWw. : 英文摘要范例分析 )deology, and should be studied in a social context.Mainstream media can reflect the basic attitude of a society toward a certain news event, as well as the tendency of the development in political, economic and cultural aspects. Because of its strongpublic trust and authority, compared with other media, mainstream media is more suitable for researching how political news discourses influenced by governments and societies.The study undertakes an analysis of coverage, from February 6 to 24, 201X that cover Xi’s visit in People’s Daily, Guangming Daily, The New York Times and The Washington Post, in the framework of critical discourse analysis.AbstractThis thesis makes a comparative study on the issue of English and Chinese ostensible invitations from a pragmatic perspective. In contrast to previous researches, this paper emphasizes the differences of ostensible invitations between English and Chinese speakers. Major contents for this study include phenomena of Englishand Chinese ostensible invitations and comparisons and contrasts between the two.This thesis start s with a brief introduction to Austin and Searle’s Speech Act Theory, Grice’s Cooperative Principle, and some related theories on Context. Then through analyzing the data we collect from the two well-known novels The Forsyte Saga and Four Generations under One Roof, finally we find in our research the differences and similarities of English and Chinese ostensible invitations. We conduct a comparative study on them and discuss the reasons behind those distinctions. This research finds that English and Chinese ostensible invitations have differences in such aspects as frequency, attitude, uncertainty and position, and both have some common features of ostensible invitations, such as flouting the sincerity condition, using formula and etc.After examining to existing literature, our findings indicate that this study is the first attempt to make a comparative study on English and Chinese ostensible invitations. It contributes new data and perspectives to the current studies in this area.Keywords：ostensible invitations speech act theory cooperative principle contextAbstractBased on Bachman’s (1990) Communicative Language Ability model and Hedge’s (201X) operational definition of CLA model, this present study intends to investigate the construct validity of PETS Writing Test from the perspective of task and test taker. To answer the research questions, both quantitative and qualitative approaches will be applied to analyze and discuss the task content and scoringcriteria of PETS Writing Test, the questionnaire feedbacks, with a special focus on the test takers’ examination essays.Content analyses of the PETS writing tasks and scoring criteria show that PEST Writing Test at different levels could assess the writing competence reflected in Hedge’s operational def inition of CLA model to different extents, and there are significant differences among PETS Writing Test at the three levels studied (II, III, IV). Data obtained from the analysis of test takers’ response and performance in light of test score, time spent, and examination essay, further demonstrates the results of content analysis.On the basis of the findings, this paper tentatively concludes PETS Writing Test is able to test communicative competence to a certain degree, and there are significant differences among tasks, scoring criteria, and test takers’ response and performance at different levels. Thus the study is of great importance to test development and improvement and provides empirical evidence for it. As an investigation of the construct validity of an influential test, this study aims to throw some light to both language testing and teaching practice and promote more relevant excellent studies.Keywords：PETS Writing Test Construct Validity Content Analysis Test takers’ PerformanceABSTRACTAt the end of the nineteenth century, women were treated not as a figure subject to men but an individual. Women were portrayed either as a wife or a mother, that is, in relation to men; the autonomous self of a woman could not be found in those works. Women should be pure, innocent and submissive. Therefore, in that period, women always tried to find a way for freedom and equality in male-female relationships. One of the ways to soar women’s statue they chose was literature that could make people have correct understanding and have a great ripple effect. To feminist critics, The Awakening is considered kind of a bible of feminism literature by advocating a basic change in the social role of women and by giving them an equal place in society. The feministic aspects appear clearly in the heroine, Edna Pontellier who notably violates the modes ofnineteenth-century American women’s behavior. Edna is awakened to herself as an individual in the society and resists the given roles and stereotypes of women, which is the role of self-sacrificing mother and wife. Kate Chopin explored the process of Edna’s awakening with the feministic theme of woman’s self-realization and autonomy. This thesis will examine from a feminist approach not only the theme but also the expressions of symbolism in The Awakening.篇二：中英文摘要范例河南机专-华为3Com网络学院网站设计与开发摘要以就业为导向，以能力培养为主线，运用现代网络技术构建新型高级技能型人才培养平台，实现高校人才培养模式与国际著名厂商的职业技能教育及认证接轨，是一种提高高校教学质量和增强学生就业竞争力的有效途径。
深入解读php中关于抽象(abstract)类和抽象方法的问题解析在这篇文章中，清源主要为大家介绍php中关于抽象(abstract)类和抽象方法的问题分析，有需要的朋友可以参考一下。
在面向对象（OOP）语言中，一个类可以有一个或多个子类，而每个类都有至少一个公有方法作为外部代码访问的接口。
而抽象方法就是为了方便继承而引入的，现在来看一下抽象类和抽象方法分别是如何定义以及他们的特点。
什么是抽象方法？我们在类里面定义的只有方法名没有方法体的方法就是抽象方法，所谓没有方法体就是在方法声明的时候没有大括号以及其中的内容，而是直接声明时在方法名后加上分号结束，另外在声明抽象方法时还要加一个关键字"abstract"来修饰。
1、抽象关键字：abstract抽象就是无法确切的说明，但又有一定的概念或者名称，在PHP中声明一个抽象类或者方法我们需要使用adstract关键字。
2、抽象方法和抽象类的定义一个类中至少有一个方法是抽象的，我们称之为抽象类。
所以如果定义抽象类首先定义抽象方法。
代码如下:abstract class class1{abstract function fun1();……}1、类中至少有一个抽象方法2、抽象方法不允许有{ }3、抽象方法前面必须要加abstract3、抽象类和方法使用规则抽象类的几个特点：1、不能被实例化，只能被继承2、继承的派生类当中要把所有抽象方法重载才能实例化关于抽象方法的声明如下：代码如下:<?phpabstract function fun1();?> （PS：PHP Q扣峮：276167802，验证：wk）什么是抽象类呢？只要一个类里面有一个方法是抽象方法，那么这个类就必须定义为抽象类。
抽象类也要使用关键字"abstract"来修饰，抽象类不能实例化对象，所以抽象方法作为子类方法重载的模板使用的，且要把继承的抽象类里的方法都实现。
（1）Abstract：说明这篇论文的主要贡献、方法特色与主要内容。
只看Abstract 和Introduction便可以判断出这篇论文的重点和你的研究有没有直接关连，从而决定要不要把它给读完。
（2）Introduction：Introduction 的功能是介绍问题的背景和起源，交代前人在这个题目上已经有过的主要贡献，说清楚前人留下来的未解问题，以及在这个背景下这篇论文的想解决的问题和它的重要性。
对初学的学生而言，从这里可以了解以前研究的概况。
通常我会建议初学的学生，对你的题目不熟时，先把跟你题目可能相关的论文收集个30～40篇，每篇都只读Abstract 和Introduction，而不要读Main Body（本文），只在必要时稍微参考一下后面的Illustrative examples和Conclusions，直到你能回答下面这三个问题：（2A）在这领域内最常被引述的方法有哪些？（2B）这些方法可以分成哪些主要派别？（2C）每个派别的主要特色（含优点和缺点）是什么？问题是，你怎么去找到这最初的30～40篇论文？有一种期刊论文叫做「review paper」，专门在一个题目下面整理出所有相关的论文，并且做简单的回顾。
你可以在搜寻Compendex 时在keywords 中加一个「review」而筛选出这类论文。
然后从相关的数篇review paper 开始，从中根据title 与Abstract 找出你认为跟你研究题目较相关的30～40篇论文。
通常只要你反复读过该领域内30～40篇论文的Abstract 和Introduction，你就应该可以从Introduction的评论中回答（2A）和（2B）这两个问题。
尤其要记得，当你阅读的目的是要回答（2A）和（2B）这两个问题时，你一定要先挑那些Introduction写得比较有观念的论文念（很多论文的Introduction 写得像流水帐，没有观念，这种论文刚开始时不要去读它）。
考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯!考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析abstract是什么意思及用法adj.1. 抽象的2. 抽象派的n.1. 抽象，抽象概念，抽象性2. 抽象派艺术作品3. 摘要，梗概及物动词：1. 提取，抽取2. 做…的摘要词形变化副词abstractly名称abstractness时态abstracted，abstracting，abstracts英语解释not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of naturemake off with belongings of othersdealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intentionconsider a concept without thinking of a specific example consider abstractly or theoreticallyconsider apart from a particular case or instancegive an abstract (of)a concept or idea not associated with any specific instancea sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theoryexisting only in the mind separated from embodiment 例句She beheaded me, and flung my head into abstract space 她切下了我的头颅，把它扔进抽象的空间。
经典句型：Move1（研究目的、背景）：We conducted large-scale trials in…to investigate effects of… /…study has show that…,but …is unknown./…have shown…,but previous studies were restricted to…/Move 2（研究方法、内容）: We explore the consequences of…/We assessed …by researching(counting)…/We also performed comparative analysis of…/We examined the association of …/We an alyzed the relationship between…and …/This was revealed through analysis of…/We are investigating…Move 3(研究发现): …can vary widely./ There is(are)…/ …can be…/… revealed that…/ ..are associated with increases in…/ ..was reduced to…/… had lower (higher)values when../…has more(less).../Here, we show that… /We found that…/ We demonstrate that…/There was no association between…/Move 4（研究结论、意义）: …results in…/Thus, …can…/…is likely that…/…should be…/…will aid studies of…/ Our findings uncover… and implicates…/Our results illustrate a link between…/Our findings suggest that…核心词汇汇总表：M1 M2 M3 M4引出研究目的的核心名词核心词汇语料库中出现的频次引出研究方法的核心名词核心词汇语料库中出现的频次引出研究结果的核心动词核心词汇语料库中出现的频次核心词汇语料出现次Purpose（s) 6 Method(s) 134 Show(s) 19 Suggest(s)36Aim（s) 21 approach 16 Reveal(s/ed)71 uncover1Objective(s)7 analysis 169 Result(s)278 Implicate(s)1Goal(s) 13 assosiation 7 Fingding(s) 16引出研究背景的核心动词V. 核心词汇语料库中出现的频次引出研究内容核心词汇语料库中出现的频次引出研究发现核心词汇语料库中出现的频次引出研究意义Aid(s) 15Shows(s)/shown19 Present（s)/presented59 Find(s)/found93 Uncover(s)1Is/am/are 705 Describe(s/e24 Suggest69的核心动词V. d) 核心动词(s/ed) /涵义的核心词汇conducted 22 Explain(s)/explained 13 Indicate(s)12 Help(s) 11analyze 18 Illustrate(s/ed)7Abstract1 16NYJJ. ABS（M1：问题陈述）If agriculture were to be included in Australia's carbon price scheme, a key decision for government would be how to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. （M2：研究对象或内容）We explore the consequences of three different methods for measuring on-farm emissions: national accounting methods, an amended version of those methods and use of best-available local data. （M3：研究发现）Estimated emissions under the three methods can vary widely; for example, on a case study farm in Western Australia, local data indicated 44 per cent lower emissions than did the national accounts method. If on-farm emissions are subject to an emissions price, the impact on farm profit is large and varies considerably with different measurement methods. For instance, if a price of $23/t of CO2-e applies then farm profit falls by 14.4¨C30.8 per cent depending on the measurement method. （M4：研究结论）Thus, the choice of measurement method can have large distributional consequences. On the other hand, inaccurate measurement results in relatively minor dead weight losses. On-farm sequestration through reafforestation may lessen the impact of an emissions price on farm businesses, although it will require a high carbon price to be viable, especially if sequestration rates are underestimated or low.Abstract 2 06NYJJ.ABSWaste disposal is one of the most pressing concerns facing modern society. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the majority of organic waste from various residential, agricultural, and industrial sources can be converted by microorganisms into biofuels.（M1:问题陈述）These fuels provide valuable renewable energy sources that could significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions such as the passive release of methane from landfill sites. （M4：研究结论）There are four types of biofuels that are produced by microbial action: (i) algal lipids, (ii) alcohols, (iii) methane, and (iv) hydrogen. In contrast to the others, methane production is the product of relatively robust microbial communities. Furthermore, methane can be produced from the residues of other biofuel production systems. The other biofuels are generally produced in single-organism systems, but there is increasing interest in employing syntrophic interaction between microorganisms for their manufacture. This is particularly true for the cellulosic production of ethanol and hydrogen, where cellulose must first be degraded into glucose. Algal lipids made with waste CO2 from the burning of fuel, and wastewater and wastewater sludge as nutrients, is the only biofuel efficiently produced by algae; however, algae grown on waste material also shows promise as feedstock for the production of other biofuels.（M3：研究发现）The processing of biomass through two or more of these production systems would optimize waste conversion intobiofuels.（M4：研究结论）Abstract 3 10ZYHJ.ABSSphingolipid synthesis is initiated by condensation of Ser with palmitoyl-CoA producing 3-ketodihydrosphinganine (3-KDS), which is reduced by a 3-KDS reductase to dihydrosphinganine. Ser palmitoyltransferase is essential for plant viability. Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes (At3g06060/TSC10A and At5g19200/TSC10B) encoding proteins with significant similarity to the yeast 3-KDS reductase, Tsc10p. Heterologous expression in yeast of either Arabidopsis gene restored 3-KDS reductase activity to the yeast tsc10D mutant, confirming both as bona fide 3-KDS reductase genes. Consistent with sphingolipids having essential functions in plants, double mutant progeny lacking both genes were not recovered from crosses of single tsc10A and tsc10B mutants. Although the 3-KDS reductase genes are functionally redundant and ubiquitously expressed in Arabidopsis, 3-KDS reductase activity was reduced to 10% of wild-type levels in the loss-of-function tsc10a mutant, leading to an altered sphingolipid profile. This perturbation of sphingolipid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis tsc10a mutant leads an altered leaf ionome, including increases in Na, K, and Rb and decreases in Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mo. Reciprocal grafting revealed that these changes in the leaf ionome are driven by the root and are associated with increases in root suberin and alterations in Fe homeostasis.（研究发现）Abstract 4 07 SCKX.ABSWe conducted large-scale production trials in Seward, Alaska, USA to investigate effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on survival, growth and shell colouration of recently settled juvenile (C1¨CC4) red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus).（M2：研究目的）We supplemented a control diet of commercial crustacean feeds with astaxanthin, and fed these diets to juvenile king crabs at densities of 2000 and 4000 crabs m 2 for 56 days. We assessed survival and growth by counting crabs and individually measuring carapace width and weighing crabs at the start and end of the experiment, and quantified crab colour (hue, saturation, brightness) in digital photographs. （M2：研究对象和内容）Diets containing astaxanthin had higher survival, suggesting that astaxanthin may provide nutritional or immune system benefits. Crabs had lower hue, higher saturation and lower brightness values when fed diets containing astaxanthin, suggesting that red king crab colouration is plastic and responds to diet. （M3：研究发现）Astaxanthin is likely an important dietary component for hatchery or laboratory reared red king crab juveniles, and should be considered for aquaculture and other rearing of this and possibly other crustacean species.（M4：研究结论）Abstract 5 16 SCKX.ABSThe whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is the largest extant species of ďŹ sh, belonging to the order Orectolobiformes. It is listed as a "vulnerable" species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Threatened Species, which makes it an important species for conservation efforts.（M1：研究背景）We report here the ďŹ rst complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the whale shark obtained by next-generation sequencing methods.（M2：研究目的）The assembled mitogenome is a 16,875 bp circle, comprising of 13 proteincoding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region.（M3：研究发现）We also performed comparative analysis of the whale shark mitogenome to the available mitogenome sequences of 17 other shark species, four from the order Orectolobiformes, ďŹ ve from Lamniformes and eight from Carcharhiniformes.（M2：研究对象和内容）The nucleotide composition, number and arrangement of the genes in whale shark mitogenome are the same as found in the mitogenomes of the other members of the order Orectolobiformes and its closest orders Lamniformes and Carcharhiniformes, although the whale shark mitogenome had a slightly longer control region.（M3：研究发现）The availability of mitogenome sequence of whale shark will aid studies of molecular systematics, biogeography, genetic differentiation, and conservation genetics in this species.（M4：研究意义）Abstract6 02DWKX.ABSDNA transcription, replication, and repair are regulated by histone acetylation, a process that requires the generation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA). Here, we show that all the subunits of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) are also present and functional in the nucleus of mammalian cells.（M1：研究目的）We found that knockdown of nuclear PDC in isolated functional nuclei decreased the de novo synthesis of acetyl-CoA and acetylation of core histones. Nuclear PDC levels increased in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and in response to serum, epidermal growth factor, or mitochondrial stress; this was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in mitochondrial PDC levels, suggesting a translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Inhibition of nuclear PDC decreased acetylation of specific lysine residues on histones important for G1-S phase progression and expression of S phase markers.（M2：研究内容&M3：研究发现）Dynamic translocation of mitochondrial PDC to the nucleus provides a pathway for nuclear acetyl-CoA synthesis required for histone acetylation and epigenetic regulation.（M4：研究结论）Abstract 7 18ZWKX.ABSThe production of the sperm cells in angiosperms requires coordination of cell division and cell differentiation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the germline-specific MYB protein DUO1 integrates these processes, but the regulatory hierarchy in which DUO1 functions is unknown.（M1：研究背景）Here, we identify an essential role for two germline-specific DUO1 target genes, DAZ1 and DAZ2, which encode EAR motif¨Ccontaining C2H2-type zinc finger proteins. （M1：研究目的）We show that DAZ1/DAZ2 are required for germ cell division and for the proper accumulation of mitotic cyclins. Importantly, DAZ1/DAZ2 are sufficient to promote G2- to M-phase transition and germ cell division in the absence of DUO1. DAZ1/DAZ2 are also required for DUO1-dependent cell differentiation and are essential for gamete fusion at fertilization. We demonstrate that the two EAR motifs in DAZ1/DAZ2 mediate their function in the male germline and are required for transcriptional repression and for physical interaction with the corepressor TOPLESS.（M2：研究内容&M3：研究发现）Our findings uncover an essential module in a regulatory hierarchy that drives mitotic transition in male germ cells and implicates gene repression pathways in sperm cell formation and fertility.（M4：研究结论和意义）Abstract 8 06SMKX.ABSJMJ14 is a histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) trimethyl demethylase that affects mobile RNA silencing in an Arabidopsis transgene system. It also influences CHH DNA methylation, abundance ofendogenous transposon transcripts, and flowering time. JMJ14 acts at a point in RNA silencing pathways that is downstream from RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 (RDR2) and Argonaute 4 (AGO4). （M2：引入研究问题）Our results illustrate a link between RNA silencing and demethylation of histone H3 trimethylysine. We propose that JMJ14 acts downstream from the Argonaute effector complex to demethylate histone H3K4 at the target of RNA silencing. （M4：研究结论）Abstract 9 16YYLX.ABSNatural human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody titers have shown protection against subsequent HPV infection, but previous studies were restricted to few HPV genotypes.（M1：研究背景）We examined the association of naturally occurring antibodies against 8 carcinogenic HPV types with subsequent infections.（M2：研究内容） A total of 2302 women enrolled in the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance/Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study provided blood samples at baseline. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against 8 carcinogenic HPV genotypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, and 58) using a multiplex serology assay. （M3：研究发现）We analyzed the relationship between HPV antibodies and HPV infection during 2 years of follow-up among women negative for the specific HPV type at baseline.Baseline seroprevalence for HPV16 L1 was associated with decreased risk of DNA positivity for HPV16 (odds ratio, 0.39 [95% confidence interval,.18¨C.86]) at ĄÝ2 follow-up visits. We observed similar but nonsignificant decreased risks for HPV18 and 31. These findings were restricted to women reporting a new sex partner during follow-up. There was no association between baseline seroprevalence and detection of precancer during follow-up.（M2：研究内容&M3：研究发现）Seroprevalence conferred protection against subsequent HPV infection for HPV16 and indicated possible protection for 2 other genotypes, suggesting that this effect is common to several HPV genotypes.（M4：研究结论）Abstract10 12SMKX.ABSAntisense transcription is widespread in many genomes; however, how much is functional is hotly debated.（M1:研究背景）We are investigating functionality of a set of long noncoding antisense transcripts, collectively called COOLAIR, produced at Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). （M2：研究对象和内容）COOLAIR initiates just downstream of the major sense transcript poly(A) site and terminates either early or extends into the FLC promoter region. We now show that splicing of COOLAIR is functionally important.（M1：研究目的）This was revealed through analysis of a hypomorphic mutation in the core spliceosome component PRP8.（M2：研究内容）The prp8 mutation perturbs a cotranscriptional feedback mechanism linking COOLAIR processing to FLC gene body histone demethylation and reduced FLC transcription. The importance of COOLAIR splicing in this repression mechanism was confirmed by disrupting COOLAIR production and mutating the COOLAIR proximal splice acceptor site.（M3：研究发现）Our findings suggest that altered splicing of a long noncoding transcript can quantitatively modulate gene expression through cotranscriptional coupling mechanisms.（M4：研究结论和意义）。
C++中abstract修饰类的用法1. 概述在C++中，我们经常会听到关于abstract类的概念。
那么，abstract 类到底是什么？它又有什么作用呢？2. 什么是abstract类在C++中，我们可以使用关键字“abstract”来修饰一个类，使其成为一个“abstract类”。
一个abstract类是一种不能被实例化的类，即不能创建它的对象。
abstract类通常用于定义接口和抽象的行为，它的目的是为了让其他类继承并实现它的纯虚函数。
3. abstract类的定义要定义一个abstract类，我们可以在类中声明纯虚函数。
纯虚函数是指在类中声明但没有实现的虚函数。
通过在函数声明后面加上“= 0”来将一个虚函数声明为纯虚函数。
例如：```C++class AbstractClass {public:virtual void pureVirtualFunction() = 0;};```4. abstract类的作用abstract类的作用主要有以下几点：- 定义接口：abstract类定义了一组接口，表示了一种抽象的行为。
其他类可以继承并实现这些接口。
这样一来，我们就可以通过基类指针来调用派生类的函数。
- 特定行为的约束：abstract类可以约束其派生类必须实现某些特定的行为。
这样一来，我们就可以确保派生类都具有相同的接口，从而提高代码的一致性和可维护性。
- 防止实例化：abstract类的对象不能被创建，这可以防止程序员错误地使用该类，从而避免一些潜在的错误。
5. 如何使用abstract类在C++中，我们可以通过继承abstract类并实现其中定义的纯虚函数来使用abstract类。
例如：```C++class ConcreteClass : public AbstractClass {public:void pureVirtualFunction() override {// 实现纯虚函数的具体逻辑}};```在上面的例子中，ConcreteClass继承了AbstractClass，并实现了其中定义的纯虚函数pureVirtualFunction。
Analysis of abstractAn abstract is a complete but concise statement that describes a larger work. Components of abstract are different from the discipline. The two most important reasons of abstracts are selection and indexing. Selection means that abstracts allow readers who may be interested in the long work to quickly decide whether this paper is worth their time to read it. Also, indexing means that many online databases use abstracts to index larger works. Therefore, the abstract is gaining tractions among us.There are two types of abstracts: Descriptive and Informative. A descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. The majority of abstracts are informative. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author.From what I have mentioned above, the examples I choose (list of examples attached) can be divided into two: example 1 is a descriptive abstract, while the rests are all informative abstracts.The structure of a descriptive abstract may only include two parts like the example1: background and outline of the work. Usually, outline of the work likes a table of contents in paragraph form. Although descriptive abstracts are usually very short –100 words or less, it’s enough to know the structure of the whole work. Just li ke a miniature of the paper, it’s brief and complete.Example2~6 show the phenomenon that most abstracts are informative. An informative abstract often includes four parts: background, research question, method and conclusion. The background of an informative abstract is to answer the question that why do you want to do the research. Like example 2‖ Many practices aimed at cultivating multicultural competence in educational and organizational settings assume that multicultural experience fosters creativity‖, Is the assumption true? Or when and how does multicultural experience enhances creativity? With background of the topic, we will feel more comfortable to accept the conception of the work. The research question is the question the author trying to answer and the topic of the work. What problem you attempt to solve will determine whether this paper is worth the readers’ time.Like example 3‖This article investigates the possessions and activities that consumers love and their role in the construction of a coherent identity narrative‖, the question that example3 want to answer is the roles of loved objects and activities in the construction of a coherent identity narrative. The method of an informativeabstract is to answer the question that how do you get answers to your research question? While look at the list of examples, we’ll find that not all abstract show the approaches used in their work. The conclusion of an abstract is the work’s finding and value. Like example5 ―In an experiment, we show that vis ual personification—pictures in an ad that metaphorically represent a product as engaged in some kind of human behavior—can trigger anthropomorphism. Such personification, when embedded in an ad, appears to lead to more positive emotions, more positive attributions of brand personality, and greater brand liking. Implications for advertisers are discussed‖. From these words, we clearly know the final conclusion that visual personification can trigger anthropomorphism and personification in ads lead to positive effects.From the list of examples, we conclude that the language of abstract is brief and concise. Due to the limit of space, the abstract must be written the essential information in as simple terms as possible. Also, the work should be conveyed in as few words as possible with an assumption that it covers all the main point of the paper, that’s to say, the abstract should be complete. What’s more, the abstract ought to be reader-oriented, that’s means it should be written to serve reader in saving the ir time and energy.Here are some examples from the papers I have read recently:Example 1: Susan Fournier , Claudio Alvarez, Brands as relationship partners: Warmth, competence, and in-between, Journal of Consumer Psychology, October 2011.Background：The dialogue between social perception and consumer–brand relationship theories opens new opportunities for studying brands.Outline of the work:To advance branding research in the spirit of interdisciplinary inquiry, we propose to (1) investigate the process of anthropomorphism through which brands are imbued with intentional agency; (2) integrate the role of consumers not only as perceivers but also as relationship agents;(3) consider important defining dimensions of consumer–brand relationships beyond warmth and competence, including power and excitement; and (4) articulate the dynamics governing warmth (intentions) and competency (ability) judgments to yield prescriptive guidance for developing popular and admired brands.Example 2:Angela Ka-yee Leung, William W. Maddux ,Adam D. Galinsky, Chi-yue Chiu. Multicultural Experience Enhances Creativity:The When and How, American Psychologist, April 2008.Background：Many practices aimed at cultivating multicultural competence in educational and organizational settings (e.g., exchange programs, diversity education in college, diversity management at work) assume that multicultural experience fosters creativity.Research Question：In line with this assumption, the research reported in this article is the first to empirically demonstrate that exposure to multiple cultures in and of itself can enhance creativity.Conclusions:Overall, the authors found that extensiveness of multicultural experiences was positively related to both creative performance (insight learning, remote association, and idea generation) and creativity-supporting cognitive processes(retrieval of unconventional knowledge, recruitment of ideas from unfamiliar cultures for creative idea expansion). Furthermore, their studies showed that the serendipitous creative benefits resulting from multicultural experiences may depend on the extent to which individuals open themselves to foreign cultures, and that creativity is facilitated in contexts that deemphasize the need for firm answers or existential concerns.The authors discuss the implications of their findings for promoting creativity in increasingly global learning and work environments. Example 3: Aaron C. Ahuvia, Beyond the Extended Self: Loved Objects and Consumers’ Identity Narratives, Journal of Consumer Research, June 2005.Research Question：This article investigates the possessions and activities that consumers love and their role in the construction of a coherent identity narrative.Method：interviewConclusions: In the face of social forces pushing toward identity fragmentation, interviews reveal three different strategies, labeled ―demarcating,‖ ―compromising,‖ and ―synthesizing‖ solutions, for creating a coherent self-narrative.Findings are compared to Belk’s ―Possessions and the Extended Self.‖ Most claims from Belk are supported, but the notion of a core versus extended self is critiqued as a potentially confusing metaphor.The roles of loved objects and activities in structuring social relationships and in consumer well-being are also explored.Example 4:Nicolas Kervyn , Susan T. Fiske, Chris Malone, Brands as intentional agents framework: How perceived intentions and ability can map brand perception, Journal of Consumer Psychology, September 2011.Background：Building on the Stereotype Content Model, this paper introduces and tests the Brands as Intentional Agents Framework.A growing body of researchsuggests that consumers have relationships with brands that resemble relations between people.……Brands as Intentional Agents Framework is based on a well-established social perception approach: the Stereotype Content Model.Research Question：We propose that consumers perceive brands in the same way they perceive people. This approach allows us to explore how social perception theories and processes can predict brand purchase interest and loyalty.Conclusions: Two studies support the Brands as Intentional Agents Framework prediction that consumers assess a brand's perceived intentions and ability and that these perceptions elicit distinct emotions and drive differential brand behaviors.The research shows that human social interaction relationships translate to consumer–brand interactions in ways that are useful to inform brand positioning and brand communications.Example 5: Marjorie Delbaere, Edward F. McQuarrie, and Barbara J. Phillips, Personification in Advertising:Using a Visual Metaphor to Trigger Anthropomorphism, Journal of Advertising, Spring 2011.Background：All forms of personification draw on anthropomorphism, the propensity to attribute human characteristics to objects.Method：experiment,Conclusions: In an experiment, we show that visual personification—pictures in an ad that metaphorically represent a product as engaged in some kind of human behavior—can trigger anthropomorphism. Such personification, when embedded in an ad, appears to lead to more positive emotions, more positive attributions of brand personality, and greater brand liking. Implications for advertisers are discussed. Example 6:Marina Puzakova, Hyokjin Kwak,Joseph F. Rocereto, When Humanizing Brands Goes Wrong: The Detrimental Effect of Brand Anthropomorphization Amid Product Wrongdoings, Journal of Marketing, May 2013.Background：The brand relationship literature shows that the humanizing of brands and products generates more favorable consumer attitudes and thus enhances brand performance.Research Question：However, the authors propose negative downstream consequences of brand humanization; that is, the anthropomorphization of a brand can negatively affect consumers' brand evaluations when the brand faces negative publicity caused by product wrongdoings.Conclusions: They find that consumers who believe in personality stability (i.e., entity theorists) view anthropomorphized brands that undergo negative publicity less favorably than nonanthropomorphized brands. In contrast, consumers who advocate personality malleability (i.e.,incremental theorists) are less likely to devalue an anthropomorphized brand from a single instance of negative publicity.Finally, the authors explore three firm response strategies (i.e., denial,apology, and compensation) that can affect the evaluations of anthropomorphized brands for consumers with different implicit theory perspectives. They find that entity theorists have more difficulty in combating the adverse effects of brand anthropomorphization than incremental theorists. Furthermore, they demonstrate that compensation (vs. denial or apology) is the only effective response among entity theorists.。
