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考博英语词汇最全记忆攻略对于即将参加2021年考博的考生来说，时下正是全面攻克考博英语词汇的关键时期。
词汇是考博英语的最基础知识，其决定了听力、阅读、写作等各个“高分地带”。
但往往很多考生面临数千计的词汇量无从下手，得不到良好的记忆效果，这该怎么办?为大家介绍了如下堪称最全的考博英语词汇记忆方法供大家参考。
1、构词记忆：利用构词法，通过分析词根、前缀、派生和合成等记忆单词;2、阅读记忆：通过阅读英语文章、小说等记忆单词，注意选择难度要适宜;3、逻辑记忆：通过词的本身的内部逻辑关系，词与词之间的外部逻辑关系记忆单词;4、联想记忆：1音与形的联想，即根据读音规则记忆单词。
2形与义的联想。
3象声词，联想实际的声音;5、分类记忆：把单词进行分门类如：动物，植物等，进行分类记忆。
考生可以找一本分类字典作为参考;6、同义反义词记忆：通过同义词一起进行单词记忆，可确切理解词义，这时不必注意意义的区别。
通过反义词一起进行单词记忆，扩大了词义;7、词典记忆：即背字典，这种方法是一种强行记忆的方法。
它的缺点是容易忘记，只是孤立记住单词的意义。
可以作为一种短时间的强化手段;8、复习记忆：单词记住了很快会忘掉，每隔一段时间要进行复习，巩固所学单词;9、理解记忆：通过正确理解单词的本义、引申义和比喻义等如：second是“秒”，它于古代的六分法，分、秒，因此second也是“第二”，进一步引申，还可理解为“辅助”用这种方法特别适合那些一词多义的词;上述内容是关于考博英语词汇记忆的几种方法，希望能够对参加2021年考博英语考试的考生们起到一定的积极帮助。
感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
Whisper 小声细语Proclaim 大声宣告reclaim 纠正，收回acclaim 欢呼，喝彩claim 要求，声称Deteriorate 使土地变坏，恶化Criticize 批评object 反对不及物动词object to/against oppose 反对，及物动词，直接跟宾语反对某种观点或计划frown 皱眉frown on 不同意Renown 声誉名望prominence 卓越，显著的地位authority 权威，专家，当局Intensify 加剧enforce 迫使Feasible 可行的appropriate 合适的apt 有……倾向的，恰当的Countenance 面容，表情Hindrance阻碍Patriotisms 爱国主义Reproach 斥责beyond reproach 无可指责的reprehend 斥责Plague 瘟疫，灾害，折磨Avail 利用，效益，有利于avail oneself of sth 利用Indulge 沉溺于，放纵indulge inLaudatory 赞美的lascivious 好色的，淫荡的languish 憔悴的lethargic 昏睡的，无生气的Fill one’s prescription 给某人开处方To be blame for 主动结构表示被动意义，不能采用blame的被动形式Be charged with被控告denounce 公然抨击Identical 同一的，完全相同的superficial 表面的，肤浅的At best 最多al length 最后，详细的in bulk 大量的，详细的in effect 实际上Get by 过得去，过活get around 出行V oluntarily 自动的，以自由意识的compulsorily 强制的Eliminate 消除，淘汰dispose 处理，处置exclude 排除extinguish 熄灭，扑灭abolish 对法律习俗的废除Accommodate 提供住宿/房间，迎合，迁就furnish 提供生活或某种用途需要的东西Admit 说服，再三追问下承认confess 坦白，招认concede 勉强不得不承认Affiliate 加入，成为……的一部分Stretch 延展，延伸stretch one’s mind绞尽脑汁reinforce 加固，增援Bewilder 使困惑，茫然perplex 使疑虑不安Compel 强迫，迫使，使用权力/力量迫使Constrain 力劝，强迫更强调内心的情感的迫使Force 强迫（暴力威胁）常用被动语态Oblige （法律/习俗）强迫常用被动语态Confinement 限制，囚禁restraint 克制，抑制Credible 可信的，可靠的credulous 轻信的plausible 似乎可信Transcend 超出，超越（一般经验/常识）难以为大众理解Feasible 可行的practicable 可行的practical 实用的pragmatic 实用的，务实的Refrain 抑制，禁止不及物动词正式refrain fromRestrain 限制及物动词restrain sb from doing sthconstrain 限制，力劝及物动词subordinate 次要的，从属的，下级的acquire 经过努力逐渐获得的知识/才能/习惯等attain 经过努力获得不曾预料的结果，达到某一目标obtain 获得，买到，正式语体gain 通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处，或军事武力夺取adjust 微小的改变或技术调整amend 正式修改法律文件等alter 使事物在外观/性质/用途方面稍作改变strive for superiority over their peers 力争优于同龄人plight 困境polarization 极化，对立plague 折磨tentative 实验性的decisive 决定性的soar 飙升mutate 突变plummet 暴跌fluctuate 波动sophisticated 复杂的，世故的shrink 收缩inscribe 雕刻decorate 装饰maintain 保持BIM equals body mass divided by the square of height. 公式BIM=体重/身高的平方In essence 事实上in turn 依次Quality as 被认为Grounded in health concerns 基于对健康的关注Around the corner 在拐角处，迫在眉睫，即将到来Take over 接管Withdraw 有“提款，取款”的含义funds a re withdrawn from the issuer’s accounts. Cope with 处理，解决fight against 对抗，抵制Concern with 关心，挂念concern for 关心，对……的关心Control over 控制，支配Take to 喜欢take after 与……相像take on 承担take with 将……带上Be capable of 能够Down-trodden 被压迫的Explosive population growth 人口爆炸A torrent of migration 移民潮By the turns of the century 在世纪之交Miracle 奇迹miseries 痛苦，灾难Make life less than complete 使人生不完整因果关系thus表示结果for表示原因Utterly 十分，完全的arrogant 傲慢amusing episode 有趣的插曲drawn 疲惫的whimsical 异想天开，古怪edict 法令，告示Pass around by word of mouth 口头相传Improvise out of ……即兴而发Deduce 推断，演绎Time-honored 历史悠久的An inflated ego 膨胀的自我pant 喘气，气喘吁吁的讲pant toBrim 边缘full to the brim 满满当当sort out 整理For all that 尽管granted that 即使despite the fact that 不管（引导让步状语从句）Conform to 遵照，顺从Proponent 支持者，提倡者predecessor 前辈belittle 贬低Improvisation 即兴创作dogged 顽固的prodigious 惊人的jettison 抛弃Elaborate 精心制作的watershed 分水岭，流域astounding 令人震惊的Raucous 喧闹的Dogmatic explanation 教条的解释indignant denial 愤怒的拒绝Enthusiastic praise 热情的赞扬speculative study 思辨的研究Proposition 命题demographic 人口统计学Dropout 退出groundless 毫无根据，莫须有Spectacularly 壮观的Emit 排放green house gases 温室气体Protest 抗议politicking 政治活动Holistic 整体的Be fascinated with sth. 对……很是着迷In bad shape 一团糟pastime 消遣，娱乐Live off 住在……外，靠……生活A earn B’s living A 争钱养活B，B靠A养活Take in 接受，接待；吸收，理解；包括；轻信；注意到；欺骗On the side 兼职，另外Contend 竞争，主张，声明Bring in 引进，带来，生产Multifarious 五花八门Perception 感知，观念perspective 观点Miscellaneous 杂项miscellaneous domains 多项领域For its own sake 为了其自己的利益pursuit 追求knowledge pursuitOrient 东方的，标定方向，使……成为东方oriented 导向的，定向的Career oriented aspectDestination 目标working skill-oriented destinationPrevailing 盛行的，普遍的prevailing senseCradle 摇篮nurture 培育，滋养be taken as the cradle to nurture dreams Chase up 追求survive in the fierce competition 在激烈的竞争中生存下去broaden eyes 拓宽眼界satisfy the natural curiosity 满足好奇心cultivate a creative mindexplore the answers for the meaning of lifegive rise to lead toprevail over 战胜prevailing 流行prevail取胜，占优势，盛行prevail on/upon 劝说，诱使I’m not a believer in the agreement that ……practical need 实际需要offer satisfied answer to the practical need of each studenta case in point 一个例子let alone 更不用说not to mentionfind themselves in an awkward situation whereinvariably 不变的carry a duel role 扮演双层角色aroused by 激起，引起run into difficult 遇到困难tackle 解决to tackle this problemtake priority over 优先take the upper hand 占上风business prosperity 商业繁荣indispensable 不可或缺的mutual 相互的mutual relationship between A and B take severe measures 采取严厉的措施adept 熟练，内行，老手averse 不喜欢的，厌恶的affectation 假装，做作aptitude 才能，天资denounce 告发，斥责renounce 正式放弃pronounce 宣告，断言apprise 通知，告知appraise 评估，鉴定assent 同意dissent 不同意ascent 上升descent 下降retire 退休retreat 后退，撤退retract 收缩，收回retard 延迟，迟缓refrain 抑制，禁止optimal 最优，最佳oppressed 压迫的take priority over 优先于segregation 种族隔离，分离specification 说明书subscription 捐献，订阅dispense 发放dispose 处理disperse 分散，驱散dispatch 调度，派遣contaminate 污染culminate 达到高潮contract 合同incentive 激励fugitive 逃亡equality 平等equation 方程式equivalent 等价物equity 公平concise 简洁的decisive 决定性的，果断的decline 减少incline 俯身recline 躺下，靠reflect 反应inflect 曲折变化deflect 偏离inflexible 灵活的affluent 富足的fluent 流畅的fluctuate 波动，欺负affirm 坚定不移的肯定或声称assert 不管事实如何，主观自信的宣称或清楚有利的支持allege 无凭无据的情况下宣称断定claim 要求声称，断言，多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张aggravate 加重（负担，罪行，病情等）reinforce 增援，一般用于军队或警察活动detach 拆开组合的物体，远离，疏远divide 将整体分为若干部分ambiguous 意义含糊，有歧义的指因字词句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清，难以理解和把握obscure 因光线不足而看不清，引申为语法文字记忆因复杂深奥模棱两可而使人难以理解vague 含混不清楚的，因逻辑不清言辞笼统而导致意义不清楚轮廓形状不清楚unclear 句意字迹不清楚blame 责怪，归咎于blame sb for ding sth condemn 谴责，用于正式严肃的场合reproach （书面语）责备，表不满scold 责骂，训斥brittle 易碎的，易损坏的指坚硬的东西fragile 必须小心使用才不会碎的东西，引申为体弱虚弱frail 体弱的虚弱的或东西易碎的invalid 不正确的，无效的boundary 边界，界线多指作为界线的标志物border 较宽的边缘两国分界附近边缘地带frontier 边界，边疆引申为未开发的领域学术前沿verge 道路花坛边缘，某事即将发生之际on the verge of warbrief 简明扼要简短的时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了虽短却不失体面concise 简要精炼保留主要部分curt 三言两语，简短的，草率的succinct 简明的，简洁的，简练的用词简练component 零部件（某事物）组成部分element 元素，组成部分，方面factor 因素，要素ingredient 原料，成分，要素abide by 遵守，同意adhere to 遵守conform to 遵守，符合comply with 遵守，服从（正式）comprise 包含，包括，组成compose 构成be composed of (被动语态) consist 构成consist of 主动语态constitute 构成conserve 保存保藏保护（节约）reserve 保留，储备订座位preserve 保护维持保养continual 连续不断频繁时有发生continuous 连续不断的中间不停顿constant 不断经常始终如一的经常出现incessant 不停的持续不断的令人厌烦的不断出现中间可能有停顿convert 转换，转变（观点）invert 使颠倒反向（位置方向）revert 归还，回复原状transform 改变转变（外观，性质）reproach 责备reprehend 斥责plague 瘟疫灾害折磨avail 有利于，利益avail sb of sth 利用deprive 剥夺indulge 放任，沉溺于at best 最多at length 最后，详细的in bulk 整批，大批get by 过得去，过活get away 逃脱，离开get around 出行get along 和睦相处get through 被理解向…讲清楚strive for 力争ascertain 查明plight 困境plague 瘟疫tentative 暂时的，实验性的soar 飙升mutate 突变plummet 骤跌fluctuate 波动negligent 懈怠的edible 食用的fabulous 难以置信的，惊人的，极好的disproportionate 不成比例的pass up 错过repeal 废止，撤销resent 怨恨clarity 透明的slack 使缓慢shrill 尖锐torrent 连续不断的tensile 拉长的textured 特征显著的wither 枯萎catastrophic 灾难性的by virtue of 由于，凭借for the sake of 为了……利益advent 到来，出现subsidize 资助cast a shadow over 给……罩上阴影soak to the skin 湿透chat away 闲谈in no mood 没心情in the course of 在……的过程中in line with 与……一致be a match for 配得上，可匹敌的agree by 受到认同resonate with 得到回应none the better for it 不会因为……变得更好，依然如故to the core 彻底的，完全的to the end 到底in custody (法庭审判前)被拘留监禁in jeopardy 处于危险中in suspicion 被怀疑in probation 被缓刑amount to 相当于contribute to 促使……发生dedicate to 将（时间精力）奉献给（工作事业）add to 增添recite prayers 诵经jointly-acquired property 共同获得的财产by account 相反的insidious 潜伏的，阴险的thrive 兴盛，茁壮成长humiliation 羞辱subtle 微妙的dozing off 打瞌睡self-reliant 独立的self-sufficiency 自给自足bleak 昏暗的，凄凉的depict 描绘trail 拖沓而行，跟在……后面flinch back 退缩desolate 荒凉的bustling 繁忙的thriving 兴旺的fraudulent happiness 虚假的幸福fraudulent 欺骗的deluding 欺骗euphoric 欣快的繁荣昌盛prosperity崎岖不平rough惊天动地earth-shaking典雅大方elegant and graceful轻柔松软soft and light立场坚定firm in stand(将四字词组译为介词/副词/不定式短语) 目光远大broad in vision 头脑敏捷swift in wit 业务熟练qualified in profession 才华出众outstanding in talent 风格高尚noble in character思想正确、办事公道correct in their thinking and fair挑拨离间foment dissension foment 煽动dissension纠纷兴风作浪stir up disorder纵目眺望as far as sight could reach农民工migrant workers guest workers奢侈无度extravagant 挥金如土spend money like water老黄牛hard-working men水深火热in deep water风驰电掣as quick as lighting捕风捉影to run after shadows人山人海a sea of people摇唇鼓舌to set tongues wagging敲门砖an open sesameHorizon 视野，眼界Publicize 宣传丰富知识、开阔视野enrich one’s knowledge, broaden one’s horizon留学生overseas students人才流失brain drain汉语热Chinese language craze据统计according to statistics高等学校institution of higher education开设汉语课程offer courses of Chinese language主要目的是for the main purpose of从事贸易活动engage in trade activities传达……信息convey a message that低碳生活low carbon life减少二氧化碳排放reduce the emission of carbon dioxideExpenditure 花费，开销Conduct 行为，举止；实施be conducted in …manner如今，这股风潮逐渐在中国一些大城市兴起，不知不觉中改变了人们的生活方式Nowadays, this fashion prevails in some big cities of China, altering people’s life before they realize it.Practice 实行节约用电save electricity 塑料袋plastic bags 一次性产品disposable products Disposable 一次性的，用后即弃的乘坐公共交通工具take public transport节能环保energy-efficient and environmental-friendly大大有利于contribute tremendously to …全球气候变换及环境恶化global warming and environment deterioration Inevitably 不可避免的Stick to traditional principles and beliefsTurn blind eye to keep pace withBe labeled as 被贴上……的标签mutual communication 互相沟通Narrow the generation gapPessimist 悲观者optimist 乐观者gloomy 阴郁的distressing 惨的，令人痛心的Pessimistic 悲观的optimistic 乐观的Judge the situation from opposite perspective 角度Bring into public view 引入公众视野Engage in employment 从事就业Misconception 误解hold the misconceptionSpoil their childrenEnrollment 注册，报名the expansion of university enrollment 大学扩招Flood into job-hunting marketTake measures to 采取措施Cultivate their children independenceTestify 证明Shoulder their obligation 承担他们的义务Real-estate 房地产Reconciled 调和，妥协consolidate 综合deteriorate 恶化Reconcile to 顺从于be reconciled with sb 于某人和解reconcile sth with sth Interrupt 打断某项正在进行的动作bother 打扰（语气较轻）interfere 未经允许/无权而妨碍，阻挠，干涉他人之事（语气较轻）intervene 介入，调停（语气重）Invocation 祈祷，符咒obsession 痴迷，困扰obsession withVulnerable 易患病的allergic 过敏的Obsolete 过时的obscene 猥亵oblique 斜的Provision 供应provisional 临时的sensational 轰动的sentimental 感情的，多愁善感的Integral 完整的instinctive 直觉的intangible 难以理解的触摸不到的无形的ingenious 巧妙地有独创性的Inside and out 彻底的Practitioner 从业者forerunner 先行者，先驱Come to light 曝光，泄露Turn in 缩小turn over 反过来turn up 找到，出现turn out 结果是Inertness 惰性光盘行动“Clear Your Plate” CampaignPropose 建议diner 用餐者食客leftover 残余的，剩菜take leftover home 将剩菜打包回家全国粮食总产量the national total grain output人为灾害man-made disasterRestraint 限制without restraint 无限制，大肆饥饿至死die of starvation资源短缺shortage of resourcesConfronted with 面对Implement 实施implement politics ofMeans doing sthRequire sb to do sth随着人们的生活水平和消费水平日益提高with the increasing development of people’ living standard and consumption levelTrash cans 垃圾桶处理成本disposing costEntertain 热情招待款待娱乐entertain friends at home去临近的景点游览take a trip to nearby tourist attractions家庭预算紧张tight family budget出游成本不断攀升rising travel cost节假日期间景区人山人海，高速公路（expressway）、城市道路拥堵（congestion），是促使他们家中度假的两大原因overcrowded tourist sites, congestion of expressways and city roads are the two major factors contributing to their staycation. Conspicuous 明显的，突出的Bottom line 底线reduce their bottom lineRob a child of his/her childhood 掠夺From my own perspective for my partCeremoniously 隆重地gather ceremoniously 隆重集会Obligations 义务，债务（可数名词）履行权利与义务perform the responsibilities and obligations建立社会主义制度establish a socialist systemCorruption 腐败，贪污root out a corruption 根除腐败root out 根除，肃清Vigor 生机vitality 活力展现生机与活力display vigor and vitality Comprehensive 综合的，广泛的，有理解力的comprehensive national strength 增强综合国力competitiveness 竞争力增强综合国力和国际竞争力enhance comprehensive national strength and international competitivenessEdge into 慢慢挤进，慢慢取得rank 等级，行列进入国际先进行列edge into advanced ranks in the world解决温饱问题solve the problem of food and clothing与日俱增increase every day实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes fulfill 履行（诺言），达到（目的）Forge 锻造，捏造forge a people’s army 锻造一支人民军队国防national defense build a strong national defense 建立巩固的国防进行和谈hold peace talks修改法律amend the laws遵循规则follow the principles principle 原则，准则把理论与实际结合起来integrate theory with practiceRally 召集，集合增强凝聚力enhance the rally powerResume 继续，重新开始，摘要，概略，建立结束暴力，开始和平谈判end the violence and resume peace talksStrategic 战略性的readjustment 调整进行战略性调整make strategic readjustmentBackwardness 落后摆脱贫穷与落后get rid of poverty and backwardnessBring about 实现实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity Infringement 侵犯，违反，违背保护妇女的权利不受侵犯guarantee women’s right against infringement把……看作社会公敌look upon…as a threat to society恐怖主义terrorismTap 开发，汲取，割，轻声走，阀门，塞子Favor 欢心，支持，照顾，促成开发/青睐中国市场tap/ favor the Chinese market有巨大潜力have huge potential for…阻碍handicap / hamperInvest 投资，调查，授予有望达到be expected to reach造成很大压力pose a big pressure onAccount for 说明原因，导致，引起（在数量/比例上）占，对……负责Occupy 占领，使用，从事占市场的10% occupy /take /account for 10 percent of the market加快经济发展和结构调整speed up economic development and restructuringAnti-monopoly 反垄断采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures to加速努力speed up efforts to建立分公司set up branches inPolicy 政策，策略把……列为基本国策list……as fundamental national policies 发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advanta ges开拓市场exploit market扩大消费市场expand consumption market扩大/缩小贫富差距expand /narrow the gap between the rich and the poor提供巨大商机present huge business opportunities赶超先进surpass the advanced遵循市场经济的规律follow the law of market economyOrientation 方向，定位，方针，任职培训gear 接上，调和，使适应根据市场做出调整gear oneself to the market orientation牟取暴利seek excessive profits excessive 过分的，极度的提高公务员工资raise the salaries of civil servants计算出准确的工资水平figure out an exact salary level从国外引进先进技术和管理经验introduce from abroad the advanced technology and management expertise优胜劣汰select the superior and eliminate the inferior下岗职工laid-off workers通货膨胀inflation损失惨重suffer great losses制造假象create smoke screens to do陷入困境land oneself in deep trouble被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribesDisclose 公开，揭露举报非法行为disclose illegal activities活跃市场enliven the market十分重视attach importance to大力发展strive to developDomestic 国内的刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand打破垄断break the monopoly调整产业结构adjust industrial structure开展对外文化交流conduct culture exchange with other countriesStrong point 长处，特长draw on 利用，借鉴博采各国文化之长draw on strong point of cultures of other countriesMass 大量的，集中的，群众的mass media 大众传媒mass production 大规模生产mass organization 社团开展群众性文化活动carry out mass activities on culture继承carry onCompetent 有能力的，能干的，称职的，胜任的，适合的competent people 人才Achievement of culture advancement 文化建设的成就加强文化基础设施建设build more culture establishment提倡文明的生活方式advocate civilized lifestyle推动人类文明进步push forward human civilization改进教学improve teaching and learning文化遗产culture heritage /relicsBrand-new 全新的，崭新的以全新的面貌进入新世纪enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look通过资格考试pass qualification examinationsCompulsory 义务的，必须做的普及九年义务教育make nine-year compulsory education universalPopularized 普及，使流行make…universalCompile 编制，编辑，收集编写教材compile the textbooks承担应有的义务undertake the due obligations促进相互了解promote mutual understanding相互促进help each other forward互派访问学者exchange visiting scholarsAccommodate 容纳，适应，提供住处，帮忙发挥聪明才智develop one’s o wn talent and wisdomIntellectuals 知识分子initiative 主动性n. 自发的，初步的adj.充分发挥知识分子的积极性与创造性give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals开设课程offer courses重视实用性place stress on practicalityPirate 海盗船，盗版者，强盗n. 抢劫，剽窃，盗用v.pirated software 盗版软件有力地推动教育发展give a big push to the development of education承前启后，继往开来build on the past and prepare for the future / inherit the past and user in the future物质文明，精神文明一起抓pay equal attention on material progress and mental progress形成文明/健康/崇尚科学的社会风尚form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practiceEcological environment 生态环境eco-environmentEco-construction 生态建设防治污染prevent and control pollution加强水土保持reinforce the conservation of water and soil加强城市绿化strengthen the greening of the city保护森林conservation of forest帮助减缓全球变暖的速度help slow down the pace of global warming Infrastructure 基础设施完善城市基础设施建设perfect the construction of urban infrastructure Sustainable 可持续的，可忍受的促进可持续性发展promote sustainable developmentSolar 太阳的，日光的，利用太阳能的solar energy 太阳能清洁能源clean energy resourcesFuel 燃料，食物，加油，激起使用清洁能源burn clean fuelImplement 实施，执行v. 工具器械，手段实行严格的排放标准implement strict vehicle emission standardsTackle 用具，装备，阻挡n. 着手处理，解决，应付v.治理沙地和水土流失问题tackle the problem of sand and soil erosion注重节约资源attach importance of saving resourcesExploitation 开发，剥削，利用，广告推销采用新的开采方法apply new exploitation methods削减污染物排放decrease the disposal of pollutionsCensus 人口普查，统计进行全国人口普查carry out national population census总人口为have a population ofPrivate life 私生活Transition 过渡，转变，变迁Bring about 实现，造成，引起，使船掉头实现向低出生，低死亡，低自然增长的现代人口再生产类型的转变bring about the transition of modern population reproduction pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growing rate过孤独的生活lead an isolated lifeUrban residents 城市居民Ideology 意识形态，思想思想和观念ideology and concepts对子女寄予厚望pin great hopes on their childrenUndermine 逐渐削弱，从根基处破坏，挖墙脚逐渐削减长辈的权威undermine the authority of the older generation倡导人力资源管理advocate the management of human resourcesMorality 道德，道德观，品德高尚的行为损害人类社会的道德观damage the morality of human society提高人口素质improve the population quality优化人口结构optimize the population structure优生优育bear and rear better children rear 养育尊重和保障人权respect and guarantee human rightsSubsistence 存活，生计Safeguard 维护，防护措施维护和促进人民的生存权和发展权safeguard and promote people’s rights to subsistence and development坚持计划生育的基本国策stick to the basic state policy for family planning取得世界杯决赛的资格qualify for the World Cup finals qualify for 有资格，晋级展现技能demonstrate their skillsTeam title 团体冠军win the team title急于获胜gain an eagerness to winRecognition 认可Wretched 恶劣的，不幸的，悲惨的打破恶性循环break the wretched cycleEngender 产生，造成，引起Spur 刺激，加速促使spur us on to doLay a solid foundation on 打下基础Make a first draft of 打草稿Bring our talent into full playGive full play to 充分发挥Conscientious 认真负责的，本着良心的，谨慎的be conscientious for Publicize 宣传Attach great importance to /take the matter seriously 重视Numerous 无数的，数不清的Indispensable 不可或缺的Migrant workers 农民工Urbanization 城市化Irreversible process 不可逆过程Unprecedented 前所未有的，史无前例的Insightful 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的insightful perspective Conspicuously 显著的，明显的Dweller 居民city dwellersIn all walks of life 在各行各业Industriously 努力的，辛勤的labor industriously 辛勤劳动Despise 鄙视，看不起Once in a while 时不时，偶尔Deferring 推迟，拖延Penalty 处罚financial penalty 罚款Moral denouncement 道德谴责Incur 招致，引起be incurred toOffenders 犯罪者，犯规者，妨碍的人Painstaking 不辞辛劳地painstaking effortsRepression 压迫recession 萧条Have access to （抽象的）进入Have enough scope for 有足够的余地/机会Snatch 抽空做，抓紧机会做scratch 擦，刮scrap 扔弃，摔毁seize 抓住Exhaustible 用的尽的exhaustive 无遗漏的Plaudit 拍手喝彩称赞plenary 十足的完全的platitude 陈词滥调平凡Erosion 侵害侵蚀depletion 损耗violation 违背delusion 错觉Eclectic 折中的Sensation 感觉知觉激动轰动exaggeration 夸大Excessive 过多的exclusive 专有的独占的除外的distract from 分散注意力discern 辨别分清dissuade sb. From doing 劝阻facet 方面小平面format 构成设计formula 方案规则prevail 流行盛行获胜preside 主持perish 毁灭使麻木死persecute 迫害counterfeit 伪造假冒discourteous 失礼的无礼貌的prudent 节俭的谨慎的benevolent 善意的慈善的obstinate 倔强的顽固的be reconciled to sth. 甘于consolidate 巩固sanction 同意许可warrant 证明保护malignance 恶意有害shroud 覆盖遮蔽unveil 显露除去面纱decay 腐烂deprive 剥夺notorious 声名狼藉的superfluous 过剩的countenance 面容脸色concession 让步curse 诅咒echo 随声附和hail 欢呼欢迎sophisticated 尖端的复杂的先进的老练的scrupulous 小心谨慎的细心的clamorous 吵闹的大喊大叫的camouflaged 掩饰的伪装的edible 可食用的fabulous 传说的神话的disproportionate 不均衡的不相称的extravagance 奢侈铺张opulence 富裕asceticism 禁欲主义苦行by and large 一般来说大体上call on 看望拜访召唤break out 爆发突然发生break in 插嘴闯入训练break through 突破克服挣脱而出break off 突然停止中断脱落暂停for all 尽管虽然come to 苏醒达到总数为继承停止come around 再现恢复知觉回来改变看法come through 经历获得成功脱险传出捐助come into 进入继承…起来加入come across 来到偶遇come round 来过访绕道而来苏醒转变改主意笼络come by 从旁边过得到取得经过come about 发生产生转变方向come out in 以…方式出来live up to 不辜负make a fuse of 小题大做大惊小怪fall back to 求助于转而依靠at its core 从根本上be entitled to 授权给……权力给……定名be assigned to 指派go back on 违背诺言go in for 从事爱好参加考试go through with 经历仔细检查用完参加履行搜查go along with 支持赞同随行hand in 交上递交hand out 分发散发hand down 传递下去hand over 交出移交in honor of 为纪念……庆祝in accordance with 与…一致按照根据lay out 设计安排展示lay off 解雇休息lay down 放下拟定规定lay aside 放一旁收起积累make for 快速走向向前进促进make out 理解辨认出书写填写说明设法应付make up to 巴结讨好make up for 补偿in the light of 鉴于由于按照根据by virtue of 由于因为run over 匆匆看一眼浏览碾过run into 偶然碰到与相撞run through 浏览匆匆读完run down 耗尽撞到衰退减少说坏话贬低run across 撞见碰见run out 用完耗尽set out 动身出发开始陈述测定宣布移植set about 开始散步攻击着手set forth 阐明宣布提出陈列出发set aside 留出不顾取消驳回put out 熄灭关灯生产出出版precaution 预防警惕concession 让步transaction 办理处理学报交易事务处理事物give away 送掉分发放弃泄露出卖让步pass away 去世while away 消磨fade away 逐渐凋谢慢慢减弱induce 劝诱促使导致deduce 推论演绎出seduce 诱使Heartiness 诚实热心harshness 粗糙的事物严肃刺耳uprightness 正直的Be absorbed in 全神贯注于专心于Detach 分开分离分遣Conform to 符合遵照answer to 适应符合attribute to 归因于Collide with 冲突comply with 照做coincide with 符合cope with 竞争应付Perpetual 永久的pathetic 可怜的悲惨的Resolutely 毅然坚决的indecisively 优柔寡断的prematurely 过早的早熟地Fall out 争吵发生fall behind 落后fall in 排队到期fall through 未能实现Get off 下来出发被容忍逃脱惩罚get in 进入收回get on 骑上进展get on one’s nerves 令人不安get through 完成度过get across 越过通过被理解get over 克服爬过熬过恢复原谅get along 生活相处融洽进展有起色Go for 选择袭击适用于go by 从旁边走过依照顺便走访go up 上升增长go off 离开去世消失睡去爆炸发射进行变质Add up to 合计达stand up to 勇敢地抵抗Conclude 结束终止决定seclude 隔离exclude 排除include 包括Wear off 逐渐减少wear out 穿破磨损疲乏耗尽wipe out 消灭垮台Proficiency 熟练精通Bring out 使显示出版生产bring to 使恢复知觉bring into force 使生效实施bring in 生产挣得介绍引进V oid 空的无人的无效的无用地没有的void of 缺乏void of interestedOn the fly 在飞行中不工作闲混in the issue 结果on the sly 秘密地偷偷地Infect 感染传染inflict 造成afflict 使痛苦折磨Substitution 代替Respecting 关系到说到with respect to 关于至于as regards 关于至于Play around 玩耍come around 恢复知觉回来talk sb. around 说服Precede 领先于在…之前proceed 进行继续下去accede 同意继任recede 后退Aversion 厌恶adherence 忠诚坚持黏着incentive 刺激鼓励动机Fancy 想象设想认为爱好自负At a disadvantage 处于不利地位Leave over 留下leave out 省去遗漏不考虑leave behind 留下遗留超过leave off 停止不再穿Let go 放开释放发射let loose 释放放出放任let off 放出饶恕准许暂停工作let out 放掉泄露放大出租解雇释放let down 失望let alone 不打扰更别提let on 泄露假装See off 送行see to 负责注意Obedient 服从的孝顺的obstinate 顽固的倔强的elaborate 精心制作的详细阐述的精细Outlook 展望outbreak 战争爆发疾病发作outcome 结果output 出产Look up 向上看尊敬仰视查询拜访好转look up to 尊敬仰望look on 观看面向旁观看待look through 看穿审核浏览温习从中显露look into 调查观察Fragrance 芬芳香气flavor 风情风味香料sour 酸的In amount to 总计Aptitude 才能天资恰当智能altitude 高度高等attitude 姿势态度看法Substitute 替代substitute A for B 用A替代BTackle 固定应付处理解决抓住tickle 胳肢逗笑使高兴使发痒Exquisite 精致的extravagant 奢侈的exotic 异国情调的eccentric 古怪的Repel 拒绝抵制排斥逐退Curb 控制约束put /place a curb onParadox 矛盾paradise 天堂Impart 传授告知portray 描写Divert 转移转向Alert sb. to the fact that 提醒某人注意…的事实Manifest 明显的显然的体现显现Articulate 清楚地说（发音清楚的）明确地说anticipate 预期期望Alternate 轮流交换Conceive 设想以为怀有构思conceive ofEndeavour 努力endeavour to doSustainable 可持续的feasible 可行的eligible 合格的Subsidiary 附属的次要的Revenge 报仇revenge oneself on sb. 向某人报仇remedy 药补救治疗beyond remedy 不可救药reproach 责备revive 苏醒复活复兴Explicit 清晰的明确的obscure 模糊的baffle 难住使挫折阻碍mingle 混合mingle with /in provoke 煽动激怒驱使divert 转向改道eject 喷出射出incidence 发病率emergence 紧急情况rupture 破裂绝交impetus 推动力in search of 寻找in pursuit of 追求in view of 鉴于由于in light of 根据credit 信赖assure 确保certify 确认impose 征收强加impose taxes 收税twinkle/ glitter 因高兴而发光sparkle with tears 闪烁着泪光overtake 追上surpass 胜过nourish 滋养。
医学博士英语常考及重难点词汇总结1. exacerbate(使)恶化,(使)加重；exasperate激怒,触怒=infuriate;2.imminent (通常指不愉快的事)即将发生的, 逼近的，临近的；eminent (人)知名的，受人尊崇的，良好品质，非凡的，杰出的3.be prone to/liable to=be susceptible to敏感的,易受影响的, 易感染的; =predispose sb to=be predisposed to; be subjected to 受到，经受，遭受.4.incredible 不可信的; incredulous 不轻信的; be suspected of 被怀疑5.make for：1).走向, 前往2).冲向, 向…猛扑3).有利于, 有助于, 促进6.momentous adj.重大的, 严重的；momentary 刹那间的,顷刻的,短暂的7.sentiment n.柔情,伤感，柔情,哀伤;sentimental adj.伤感的，充满柔情的，情感的（而非理性的）；sensation n.感觉, 感受,直觉, 轰动；哗然；引起轰动的人（或事物)sensational adj. 轰动性的,引起哗然的,哗众取宠的；耸人听闻的8.plunder掠夺9.假的：pseudo,supposititious,dummy,feigned,bogus, false, fake;10.盗版piracy，pirated copy/version (of software, e.g.)反盗版：anti-pirate，fight against piracy;盗版问题Problem of Piracy12.娇惯pamper; coddle; spoil; 娇生惯养be spoiled; be spoiled and pampered13.毫不费力的，容易的effortless;不辞辛劳/不遗余力的painstaking，hardworking，y up(laid up)使卧床歇工；搁置不用：She's laid up with flu/ a broken leg.lay off解雇, 停止, 关闭, 休息;lay out设计,安排,陈列,花费,拟定;lay on猛打,安装,提供(饭食等),涂上(油漆等),征收, 放在…上；强调.15.analgesia痛觉缺失;止痛；16. airborne: 1).Carried by or through the air: airborne pollen.由空气传播的：空气传播的花粉症2).17.ambulant【医】(病人)可走动的,(治疗时)病人不需卧床的;流动的,移动的ambulance n.救护车18.puffiness n.膨胀,肿大;自傲,夸张；puff up使骄傲自大;吹捧,吹嘘; 肿胀19.sanitation：公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备20.syringe注射器, 注射筒,用注射器清洗; gauze薄纱,网纱,(医用)纱布21.交通阻塞traffic jam/congestion; traffic block22.freelance vi/adj/adv. 做自由职业者/工作,从事自由职业,自由职业（者）的; freelancer自由职业者,自由作家,自由记者23.bandage n.绷带vt.用绷带绑扎；24.inspection, palpation，percussion，auscultation视诊、触诊、叩诊、听25. bondage束缚，身体受束缚26.holistic medicine整体医学；wholesome 有益于健康的：wholesome food;27.sedentary adj.久坐的, 固定不动的;28.supine/lying face upward 仰卧的; prone/ prostrate/lying face down俯卧的；29.suntan n. 晒黑(的肤色)；sunburn：晒伤;晒太阳过量而引起皮肤灼痛30.convex lens 凸透镜；concave lens凹透镜；contact lens隐形眼镜31.知识产权intellectual property right(s);32.节约、节俭thrift; economize; economy，thrifty; frugal; economical33.dwell on老是想着,唠叨,细看，凝视;dwell in住在(某地)，保留, 存在34. defer v. 推迟, 延期；35.defer to尊重,顺从，服从；deference尊重,顺从，服从；deferent传送的,输出的36.justify证明…有理，为…辩护，对…作出解释，为…辩解（或辩护）。
英语词汇题型：词汇；阅读理解；翻译；作文。
我将词汇部分整理如下，疏漏之处请批评指正！——Jade 词汇（Unit1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,10）Unit 11.People in business or politics often exploit language to gain power or status.exploit =take advantage of 利用2.In interviews, people usually use mainstream language instead of slang.mainstream=very formal 主流的3.Some English teachers think learning slang is not a priority. They prefer to teach standardEnglish.priority=important thing 优先考虑的事nguage changes from decade to decade. Many expressions that were fashionable in the1950s were out of style in the 1960s.decade=period of 10 years 十年5.The two people were close friends, so they used colloquial languagecolloquial=informal 口语化的6.The teacher could n’t tolerate the student’s bad language, so he ordered her to leave the room.tolerate=accept 忍受7.Slang is not accepted in all situations because it deviates from standard, more formalexpressions.deviates=differs from 偏离8.Even today, very conservative people often persist with the idea that slang is unacceptable inall situations, even informal ones.persist with=continue to feel strongly about 坚持9.We construct our own style of speaking based on what we’ve heard throughout our lives.construct=build 构建10.In some societies, language is associated with social class and education. People judge one’slevel in society by the kind of language used.associated with=connected to 与。
博士英语考试技巧
1. 提前准备：提前了解考试内容和考试形式，制定合理的学习计划，并按照计划进行系统的复习。
2. 提高阅读能力：博士英语考试中阅读理解占据了很大的比重，因此需要考生提高阅读能力。
可以通过多读英文文献、英文报纸杂志等方式来提高阅读能力。
3. 多做模拟题：做模拟题可以帮助考生了解考试形式和题型，提高应试能力和答题速度。
4. 注意听力技巧：博士英语考试中听力部分也很重要，需要考生注意听力技巧。
可以通过多听英语广播、看英语电影等方式来提高听力水平。
5. 注意语法和词汇：博士英语考试中语法和词汇也是考察的重点，需要考生注意语法和词汇的学习和积累。
6. 注意写作技巧：博士英语考试中写作部分也很重要，需要考生注意写作技巧。
可以通过多写英文文章、参加英语写作课程等方式来提高写作水平。
7. 注意时间管理：博士英语考试时间紧张，需要考生注意时间管理。
可以通过做模拟题来提高答题速度和时间管理能力。
1。
考博词汇重点记忆对于许多想要攻读博士学位的人来说，词汇的积累和记忆是一项至关重要的任务。
考博英语词汇不仅数量众多，而且难度较大，涵盖了广泛的学科领域和专业术语。
因此，掌握有效的词汇记忆方法，抓住重点词汇进行有针对性的学习，对于提高考博英语成绩具有重要意义。
首先，我们要明确考博词汇的特点。
考博词汇相较于其他英语考试的词汇，更加注重学术性和专业性。
它常常涉及到高深的理论、前沿的研究成果以及特定学科的专业术语。
这就要求我们在记忆词汇时，不能仅仅满足于知道其常见的词义，还需要深入了解其在学术语境中的特定含义和用法。
那么，哪些词汇可以被视为考博词汇的重点呢？一类重点词汇是高频出现的学术词汇。
这些词汇在各类学术文献、研究报告和学术交流中频繁使用。
比如“hypothesis”（假设）、“phenomenon”（现象）、“analysis”（分析）等等。
通过对历年考博英语真题的分析，我们可以发现这些词汇的出现频率极高。
另一类重点词汇是与所报考专业相关的专业术语。
不同的专业有其独特的词汇体系，如果能够熟练掌握这些专业术语，不仅在考博英语考试中能够应对自如，对于未来的学术研究也将打下坚实的基础。
比如，报考医学专业的考生，需要重点记忆“cardiovascular”（心血管的）、“pathology”（病理学）等词汇；报考经济学专业的考生，则要着重掌握“macroeconomics”（宏观经济学）、“inflation”（通货膨胀）等术语。
在记忆重点词汇时，我们可以采用多种方法。
一种有效的方法是利用词根词缀记忆法。
很多英语单词都是由词根和词缀组成的，通过了解常见的词根和词缀的含义，我们可以推测出许多生词的意思。
比如，“bio”表示“生命”，“logy”表示“学科”，那么“biology”就是“生物学”的意思。
再比如，“un”表示“否定”，“happy”是“快乐的”，那么“unhappy”就是“不快乐的”。
联想记忆法也是一个不错的选择。
考博英语万能套用公式一、开头万能公式：1．开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型：A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…2．开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。
所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the collegestudents wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …结尾万能公式：1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。
博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：分*10=5分三、单复数的变化四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。
详见《博士生医学英语教材》中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一．复数形式（教科书P42~43）Ampulla—Ampullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）Corona—Coronae 冠状Vertebra—Vertebrae 脊椎Bronchus—Bronchi 支气管Capillus—Capili 毛发Fungus—Fungi 真菌Omphalos—Omphali 脐Genus—Genera 属Stercus—Stercora 粪Gonad—Gonades 性腺Testis—Testes 睾丸Diagnosis—Diagnoses 诊断Psychosis—Psychoses 精神病Epididymis—Epididymides 附睾Thorax—Thoraces 胸部Appendix—Appendices 阑尾Pollex—Pollices 拇指Meninx—Meninges 脑脊膜Caries—Caries龋齿Derma—Dermata 真皮，皮肤Sarcoma—Sarcomata 肉瘤Stoma—Stomata 口Flagellum—Flagella 鞭毛Labium—Labia 唇Protozoon—Protozoa 原生动物格（p17~p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。
考博英语语法重点总结（供参考）一、独立主格特征1. 充当句子的状语。
2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词4. With + 名词（代词）+ 分词(形容词）例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).真题剖析(1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.8. A. is B. having C. being D. be二、虚拟语气1. （should）+动词原形It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式would rather +动词过去式真题剖析(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t(1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take(2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should三、非谓语动词动名词、分词、不定式。
武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5 更新 )1．段落分析Developing Paragraph/Body（正文 /主体）1.Unity (一致性 )—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2.Development 发(展性 )—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Developmentexemplification 例证1)facts 事实2)citation 引证3)comparison and contrast比较与对比4)analysis分析5)classification 分类3.Coherence (连贯性 ):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。
General rule by classification 总原则： from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion）1)by transitions/signposts过渡词 /路标词2)by repetition of key words3)by synonyms or variations of key words4)by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones)5)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神6)from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理7)from individual to social aspects从个体到社会8)from oneself to others从自身到他人9)from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接10)from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构Concept-defining1. Content 内容（ from paragraph level 段落）Topic 话题—笼统→ Perspective 角度—抽象→ Aspect方面—具体1） Topic 话题： what to write –general 笼统（ topic sentence）2） Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度 /视点→展开素材3） Aspect (part/side) 方面 /层面→体现素材 (supporting sentences)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理 from general to specific 从笼统到具体from idea/mentality to behavior 从思想到行为from people to organization/governmentfrom technological to social aspects = from technology to society/from science to society from individual to social aspects从个体到社会 from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构2.Form/Function 形式（ from passage level篇章）Structure: the organization of the wholearticle Introduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)3.Paragraph development 段落的展开How to arrange the material to develop/illustrate/elaborate/support the topic sentence1)Skill: knowledge & ability that enables you to so sth wellSkill form:技巧/形式→展开素材：支持句的表现形式，外在的（supporting sentence）Skill > method1)(by) Statistics 统计2)(by) Examples 例证3)(by) Statements阐述4)(by) Quotation 引言2)Method/order: way of arrangementMethod/order/pattern: content方法 /布局→排列组合素材；支持句排列组合方式，内在的1)topic order（subtitle）2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的 (from least to most)10)antithesis对照（ from positive to negative）11)progression递进：a gradual process of change or developing over period of time一段时间内的变化发展过程12)comparison and contrast比较与对比13)by definition 下定义Note：平行结构是指在论证某个观点或论题时，将其分解成具有一定联系的几个方面加以论述，而这几个方面都是从属于中心论题或观点的，他们之间地位平等，呈平行关系。
博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：分*10=5分三、单复数的变化四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。
详见《博士生医学英语教材》中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一．复数形式（教科书P42~43）Ampulla—Ampullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）Corona—Coronae 冠状Vertebra—Vertebrae 脊椎Bronchus—Bronchi 支气管Capillus—Capili 毛发Fungus—Fungi 真菌Omphalos—Omphali 脐Genus—Genera 属Stercus—Stercora 粪Gonad—Gonades 性腺Testis—Testes 睾丸Diagnosis—Diagnoses 诊断Psychosis—Psychoses 精神病Epididymis—Epididymides 附睾Thorax—Thoraces 胸部Appendix—Appendices 阑尾Pollex—Pollices 拇指Meninx—Meninges 脑脊膜Caries—Caries龋齿Derma—Dermata 真皮，皮肤Sarcoma—Sarcomata 肉瘤Stoma—Stomata 口Flagellum—Flagella 鞭毛Labium—Labia 唇Protozoon—Protozoa 原生动物格（p17~p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。
笔者按后缀相关性顺序排列单词，旨在提供一种相对好记的方法，可结合书内表格记忆。
形容词性后缀：心脏的（-ac：pertaining to）支气管的先天的髂的舌下的扁桃体的目的HEPA 肝的传染的食道的喉的睫状的粘液的纤维性的(-ous: containing) 分泌脂质的(-ous: secreting)囊样的（-oid: resembling）腺样的名词性后缀：肉瘤(-oma: tumor)脑瘤HEPA 肝炎(-itis: inflammation) 胃炎心包炎喉炎切牙（-or：refers to a doer, person orthing）ASPIRA 抽吸（-or：that which）心包（-ium：a part related to a whole）上腹部贫血（-ia: condition）恐惧症营养不良脾肿大栓塞（-ism: condition, usually the result of a prior condition）脓毒病(-sis：condition) 硬化(-osis: abnormal condition) 皮肤病动脉硬化（-sclerosis: a hardening）骨软化（-malacia：softening）动脉狭窄（-stenosis: a narrowing）杀菌剂（-e：that which）解毒剂验眼镜(-e: instrument) 验眼镜(-scope: instrument for viewing) 膀胱镜(-scopy: examination)温度计（-meter：instruments for measuring）骨盆测量（-metry：measurement）关节刀(-tome: instrument for cutting) 关节痛（-algia: pain）心痛泄泻（-rrhea：flow，discharge）胃出血（-rrhagia：excessive flow）足医学(-iatry：branch of medicine) 老年学眼病（-pathy: disease）药理学（-logy: process of studying）泌尿科医生（-logist: one who specializes in）牙医（同上）儿科医生肝破裂（-rrhrxis: rupture）疝缝合术(-rrhaphy: suturing) 肝固定术(-pexy: fixing by suturing) 骨成形术（-plasty: surgical repair）颅骨切开术（-tomy：incision）阑尾切除术（-ectomy：cutting off）扁桃体切除术胃造口术（-stomy：making an opening into or a connection between）吻合术(同上) 白细胞（-cyte: cell）细胞缺乏症（-penia：deficiency）原始血细胞（-blast： a cell that is primitive）溶血（-lysis: dissolution）支气管灌洗术（-clysis：washing）制菌(-stasis: halting) 肾下垂（-ptosis: a falling）肾盂扩张（-ectasia: dilatation）-plegia：stroke）心电图描记(-graphy：process of recording) 甲状腺肿(-cele: hernia)羊膜穿刺术(-centesis：surgical puncture to withdraw fluid) 关于各大系统相关单词总结：本部分需结合书中题目记忆，笔者这里只做正确选项的标注翻译The Nervous System （Exercise III、VII）: dendrites树突axon轴突convergence收敛性microglia 小胶质细胞Exercise VII：1. c apraxia 失用2. d apoplexy 中风3. b embolism 栓塞4. a coma 昏迷5. b grand mal 癫痫大发作6. c hydrocephalus脑积水7. d hypertension 高血压8. b myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力9. c multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化10. b shingles 带状疱疹11. a spina bifida 脊柱裂12. b subdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿13. c ischemia 缺血14. a gliomas 神经胶质瘤15. c metastasis 转移CARDIOV ASCULAR SYSTEM(Exercise VI):9、10划掉1. a heart block 心脏传导阻滞2. c pericarditis 心包炎3. d tachycardia 心动过速4. b myocardial infarction 心梗5. d hypertension高血压6. b aneurysm 动脉瘤7. b murmur 杂音8.b atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化9. 10.11. a pernicious anemia 恶性贫血12. a infectious mononucleosis 传单13. c varicose veins 静脉曲张14. b sickle cell anemia 镰状细胞性贫血15. c hemophilia 血友病16. c leukemia 白血病THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exercise V): 1. b dyspnea 呼吸困难2. c Cheyne-Stokes 潮式呼吸3. b pertussis 百日咳4. d hyaline membrane disease 新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症5. a atelectasis 肺不张6. c tuberbulosis 肺结核7. a silicosis 矽肺8. c emphysema 肺气肿9. b pleurisy 胸膜炎10. a aspiration 抽胸水THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Exercise VI) 1. b cold sore 单纯性疱疹 2. d leukoplakia 粘膜白斑 3. c intussusception 肠套叠4. b diverticula 憩室5. a melena 黑便6. b serum hepatitis 乙肝7. a cirrhosis 肝硬化8. c neoplasm 肝囊肿9. b ascites 腹水三．选择（注：此处为避免混淆，只记录正确答案，剩余选项忽略不计）神经系统1. The afferent processes of nerve cells are the: dendrites 树突[?dendrait]2. Those processes that conduct impulses away from neurons are the: axons 轴突[??ks?n]3. The transmission of impulses by many neurons to a single neuron is known as: convergence 会聚4. Which of the following supportive nerve cells act as phagocytes: microglia 小胶质细胞phagocyte [?f?ɡ?usait]吞噬细胞5. Which of the following is not considered part of thecentral nervous system? nerves originating from the brain and the spinal cord 脑和脊髓发出的神经 6. The inability to perform certain body movements is known as: apraxia 失用症Apraxia [??pr?ksi?] 失用; 精神性运动不能7. The medical word for stroke is: apoplexy 脑卒中[??p?pleksi] -plexy 发作,中8. A blood clot that leaves its original site and blocks an artery is called: embolism 栓塞9. An abnormal deep sleep is called: coma 昏迷[?k?um?]10. The more serious form of epileptic seizure is referred to as: grand mal 癫痫大发作epileptic seizure [.epi’leptik] [‘si:??] n.癫痫发作11. The medical word for an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain is: hydrocephalus 脑积水Cerebrospinal [.seribr?u’spain?l] adj 脑脊髓的的12. A sympathectomy is performed to relive: hypertension 高血压sympathectomy [?simp??θekt?mi] 交感神经阻断术13.A general feeling of muscular weakness and fatigue resulting from a lack of acetylcholine:myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力myasthenia[mai?s?θi?ni?]肌无力gravis 重的,剧烈的acetylcholine [??si?t?l?k?ulin] 乙酰胆碱14. A condition in which the myelin coverings of the brain and spinal cord are destroyed and the gray and white matters become hard: multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化spinal cord n.脊髓15. A viral infection characterized by blisterlike sores on the skin: shingles [??i?g?l]带状疱疹Blisterlike像水泡样16. A congenital defect characterized by a protruding sac containing cerebrospinal fluid: spina bifida 脊柱裂congenital defect 先天性缺陷protrude [pr??tru:d] vi.突出sac [s?k] 囊cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液17. A blood clot originating in one of the membranes covering the brain: subdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿subdural n.硬膜下的hematoma [?hi?m??t?um?] 血肿18. The medical word indicating the obstruction of a blood vessel: ischemia 缺血19. Malignant tumors originating from the supportive nerve cells: gliomas 神经胶质瘤[ɡlai??um?] malignant tumors 恶性肿瘤20. The medical word indicating the spread of malignanttumors to other areas of the body: metastasis 转移[m??t?st?sis]心血管系统1. The obstruction of electrical impulses moving from the atria to the ventricles is called: heart block 心传导阻滞atria 房,前房ventricle [?ventrikl] 脑室; 室2. Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart is known as: pericarditis 心包炎[?perikɑ??daitis]3. A type of arrhythmia: A V block, 房室传导阻滞tachycardia 心动过速tachy-速,快速4. Necrosis of an area of heart tissue due to insufficient blood supply: myocardial infraction 心肌梗死necrosis [ne?kr?usis] 坏死myocardial [?mai?u?kɑ?di?l] 心肌的myo-肌5. The medical term for high blood pressure: hypertension 高血压6. The ballooning of a blood vessel: aneurysm 动脉瘤aneurysm [??nj?r?z(?)m] 动脉瘤7. Abnormal heart sound resulting from incompetent heart valves: murmur 心脏杂音heart valve 心脏瓣膜8. Abnormal condition in which fatty plaques adhere to the walls of a blood vessel: atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化fatty plaque 脂肪斑块11. The type of anemia brought on by absence of an intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12: pernicious anemia 恶性贫血pernicious [p???ni??s] 恶性的12. A viral infection characterized by enlarged lymph glands, sore throat, fever, and fatigue: infectious mononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症enlarged lymph gland 淋巴结肿大mononucleosis [?m?n?unju?kli??usis ]单核白细胞增多症13. Abnormal enlarging and twisting of leg veins: varicose veins 静脉曲张varicose [?v?rik?us]曲张的14. A type of anemia in which the erythrocytes change their shape at low oxygen levels: sickle cell anemia 镰形红细胞贫血erythrocyte [i?riθr?usait]红细胞; 红血细胞15. Hereditary bleeding disease affecting only male offspring: hemophilia 血友病hereditary [hi?redit?ri] a.遗传的，遗传性的；offspring [??f?spri?] n.子女，子孙，后代16. A form of cancer in which there is an uncontrolled increase of white blood cells: leukemia 白血病呼吸系统1. Labored breathing: dyspnea 呼吸困难-pnea 呼吸apnea 呼吸暂停2. Hyperpnea followed by apnea: Cheyne-Stokes 陈-施呼吸（潮式呼吸）3. An infectious disease that produces a proximal whooping type of coughs: pertussispertussis [p?’t?sis] 百日咳proximal 接近的,邻近的4. A respiratory disease affecting the newborn in which the alveoli are covered with a thick membrane: hyaline membrane disease 肺透明膜病（新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征）hyaline 透明的,玻璃样的5. Collapse of lungs: atelectasis 肺不张atel- 发育不全-ectasis 扩张,膨胀6. An infectious disease of the lungs in which the bacteria become encapsulated: tuberculosis 结核TB[tju:.b?:kju’l?usis]7. An example of a pneumoconiosis: silicosis 矽肺pneumo- 肺回戏,空气coni (单conus)圆锥,锥体-osis 病8. A condition in which lung tissues swell and lose their elasticity: emphysema [.emfi’si:m?] 肺气肿elasticity 弹性emphy 肺气肿9. Inflammation of the serous membrane covering the lungs and thoracic cavity: pleurisy 胸膜炎serous[?si?r?s]血清的thoracic cavity 胸腔9. Process of removing fluid from pleural cavity: aspiration 抽吸pleural cavity 胸膜腔[‘pl ur?] 消化系统1. A virus, herpes simplex, causes a blister to erupt on the mucous membrane lining of the mouth: cold sore 唇疱疹blister n.水疱, mucous membrane n.粘膜2. Inflamed patches of mucous membrane that can become malignant: leukoplakia [lu:k?’pleiki?]粘膜白斑3. The invagination of one portion of intestine into another: intussusceptions [.int?ss?’sep??n]肠套叠invagination 内陷intestine n.肠intestinal 肠的,在肠内的4. Pouches that form on the intestinal wall: diverticula肠憩室pouch n.小袋5. Bloody stools: melena [m?’li:n?] 黑便6. A form of liver disease caused by a blood transfusion with contaminated blood: serum hepatitis 血清性肝炎serum 血清7. Scarred condition of the liver that results in impeded circulation of blood: cirrhosis [si’r?usis] 肝硬化impede vt.阻碍，妨碍，阻止8. The development of new but abnormal tissue: neoplasm肿瘤[‘ni:?upl?z?m]plasm 浆,原生质,形成物质9. The buildup of excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity: ascites 腹水[?’saitiz]peritoneal [,perit?’ni:?l] n.腹膜的peritoneal cavity 腹膜腔buildup 积累,聚集,增长,增加药理：Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing.[.?nti’t?siv] n. 止咳药, 镇咳药adj. 镇咳的tussive adj. 咳嗽的Antispasmodic drugs are used to relieve bronchial spasms. [?ntisp?z’mɑdik]解痉药spasm n.痉挛；突发一阵spasmodic 痉挛(性)的,间歇的antispasmodic adj. 止痉挛的n. 镇痉药中枢系统药物Stimulants stimulant [?stimjul?nt] increase CNS activity 兴奋药Depressants depressant [di’pr es?nt] decrease CNS activity 抑制药Analgesics analgesic [??n?l?d?i:zik] a substance that reduces pain 止痛药Hypnotics hypnotic [hip’n?tik] drugs that produce sleep hyp-在?下安眠药Sedatives sedative [?sed?tiv] has a calming,tranquilizing effect 镇静药Barbituratesbarbiturates [bɑ:’bitju?rits] 巴比妥类 a powerful drug that makes you feel calm and relaxed or puts you to sleep. Anesthetics ane sthetic [??nis?θetik] causes a loss of awareness and sensation麻醉药?Tranquilizers tranquilizer [‘tr??kwilaiz?] reduce mental tension 安定药关于中医翻译的常用词组: 急性热病acute febrile disease 外感病external disease 温病warm disease 病因cause of disease辨证论治syndrome differentiation and treatment IX先天之精innate essence 后天之精acquired essence 水谷foods and fluids肾气/阴/阳kidney qi/yin/yang 温煦作用warming influence运化transportation and transformation精主生长、生殖jing governing/dominating growth and reproduction助神aiding the mind/shen 安神anchor the shen 气生血qi produce blood 气摄血qi hold the blood气为血之帅，血为气之母qi is the commander of blood, and blood is the mother of qi 血虚deficient blood 血滞stagnant blood 血热heat in the blood行肾气promoting kidney qi 生髓producing marrow 耳聋deafness 头晕dizziness 耳鸣tinnitus 发白graying 衰老senility 阳痿impotence腰痛lower back pain X、XI（具体药不用记）病例case history病机mechanism of disease 累及卫分（气/营/血）wei(qi/ying/xue) system may become involved变化快evolves rapidly证syndrome（书中说的是symptom-complexes）痰热阻肺blockage of the lung by phlegm-heat 风邪袭肺invasion of the lung by pathogenic wind 邪热袭肺invasion of the lung by pathogenic heat 邪热内陷心包penetration of pathogenic heat into the pericardium气虚精亏deficiency of vital energy and vital essence 亡阳depletion of yang痰留热恋remaining phlegm and pathogenic heat 治则principle of treatment祛热毒化痰removing toxic heat from the lung and resolving phlegm祛痰eliminating phlegm 清肺clearing lung 润肺moisten lung清营分邪热dispelling pathogenic heat from the ying system醒神resuscitating the patient回阳救逆restoring vital function from collapse and reinforcing vital energy用辛凉药祛表邪dispelling pathogenic factors from the exterior of the body with herbs pungent in flavor/taste and cool in property/nature 临表manifestations无汗absence of sweating 大汗profuse sweating 少汗scanty sweating动则汗出sweating on exertion 畏寒intolerance of cold 寒战chill 发热fever中等热moderate fever 午后潮热afternoon fever五心烦热feverish sensation in the palms and soles 颧红malar flush 乏力lassitude持续高热夜甚protracted high fever that is worse at night烦热heat and restlessness 大渴extreme thirst 谵语delirium昏迷loss of consciousness 抽搐convulsion 项强stiff neck四肢厥冷cold limbs面色苍白pallid countenance 紫绀cyanosis 哮wheezing气短shortness of breath 咳嗽cough 干咳dry cough咯白粘痰/脓痰/锈色痰/血丝expectoration of white mucoid /purulent/rust-colored/blood-flecked sputum 鼻翼扇动flaring of the nostrils 口唇干燥dry mouth and lips胸痛咳甚chest pain exacerbated by coughing胸闷或痛suffocating or painful sensation in the chest 胸痛厉害sharp chest pain两胁钝痛dull pain in the hypochondrium 食欲不振anorexia腹胀abdominal distention 便秘constipation少尿concentrated urine舌边红reddened tongue border 舌边紫purpura at the tongue border 舌干dry tongue 少苔scanty tongue 苔薄白或略黄thin white or light yellow fur 舌中剥脱苔shedding of some fur in the middle 浮数脉floating and rapid pulse洪脉gigantic pulse 滑脉slippery pulse 细脉thready pulse 沉脉deep pulse 弦脉wiry pulse 方prescription 汤decoction加减modifications 加**药add 减**药omit**汤合**汤in combination with 冲服take with thedecoction 先煎decocted first 验方proven recipes 主穴main points 刺血prick to bloodlet 泻法reducing method 补法reinforcing method 留/埋针retain/embed needle 随症取穴points according to manifestations 草药herbal medicines 中药Chinese pharmacyLiver Blood Deficiency SyndromeIt refers to insufficient liver blood, usually caused by insufficient blood production or massive blood loss, or injury to liver blood in a chronic disease.【Clinical Manifestations】Dizziness, pale complexion, blurred vision ，numbness of limbs, tremor of hands and feet, joint motion problem, scanty volume of menses, or even amenorrhea, pale tongue with white fur and thready pulse Syndrome of Liver Qi StagnationIt refers to emotional problems and rage that impair the liver, or other pathogenic factors, impeding smooth flow of liver qi. 【Clinical Manifestations】Distending pain or scurrying pain in the chest and lower abdomen, depression or bad temper, frequent deep sighing, thin white fur and wiry pulse, or distending pain in women’s breasts, irregular menses, dysmenorrhea , closely related to emotional changesKidney Essence Insufficiency SyndromeIt refers to the syndrome due to the decreased function in growth, development and reproduction because of kidney essence deficiency, usually caused by insufficient innate endowment, congenital defect, or improper postnatal nursing, or excessive sexual activity, or kidney essence injury in a chronic disease.【Clinical Manifestations】Retarded development of children, short figure, feeble bones, sluggish movement, infertility , poorsexual function, presenility of adults, tinnitus or poor hearing, amnesia and weak feetHeart-Kidney Yang Deficiency SyndromeIt is caused by declined yang qi of the heart ,with the kidney involved in a chronic condition, or kidney yang deficiency, dysfunction in qi transformation, upward attack of the heart by retained water.【Clinical Manifestations】Cold body and limbs, palpitation, weakness and cold in the lower back and knees, edema, difficult urination, purple lips and nails, pale purple tongue with white and slippery fur and faint pulseSyndrome of Invasion of the lung by liver fireIt is usually caused by liver injury by rage, accumulated qitransforming into fire, or invasion of the lung by reversed rise of heat, which accumulates in the liver.【Clinical Manifestations】Burning pain in the chest and hypochondrium, dizziness with distending pain in the head, irritability and bad temper, bloodshot eyes, bitter taste in the mouth, coughing, even spitting blood, red tongue with thin white fur, and wiry rapid pulseCold SyndromeIt is caused by exposure to external pathogenic cold, or excessive yin and yang deficiency, resulting in hypofunction of the body, marked by symptoms with cold and chilly characteristics. Since excessive yin and yang deficiency can cause cold syndromes, there are excess cold syndrome and deficiency cold syndrome.【Clinical Manifestations】Aversion to cold, preference for heat, cold limbs, huddling up with cold, cold pain, alleviated by warmth, tastelessness in the mouth, absence of thirst, clear and thin sputum, and nasal discharge, pale complexion, light pale tongue with white and moist fur and tight or slow pulse The Lung-Kidney Qi Deficiency SyndromeIt is caused by chronic coughing, which involves the kidney over time, or over-work, or innate deficiency and poorhealth of the aged.【Clinical Manifestations】Weak coughing and panting, long exhalation than inhalation, worse when active, profuse and thin sputum, weakness in the lower back and knees, or urine out on coughing, lassitude, feeble voice, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating and pale tongue with weak pulse 【Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation】Weak coughing and panting, long exhalation than inhalation, weakness in the lower back and knees and other symptoms of qi deficiency Exercise 1.Using aspirin , an over-the-counter pill on sale in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quakery (江湖医术). But today doctors recognize the drug as a potential compound as important as antibiotics.In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates. In 1829 the chemical in the willow trees that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin (柳素).Since then, aspirin and compounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain killer aspirin is , according to one study, more effective than allother narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on the body’s thermostat（恒温器）, turning down fever.Exercise 4.The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding of the molecular level of all of the chemical processes associated with living cells.To achieve this objective, biochemists have sought to isolate the numerous molecules found in cells., determine their structure, and analyze their function.A further objective of biochemistry is to attempt to understand how life began. Knowledge of this fascinating subject is still embryonic (胚胎的).Exercise 2．According to type, a virus may infect a particular kind of animal, plant, fungus, blue-green alga（藻）, bacterium or protozoan. Some types of virus invariably cause the death and lysis （分解）of the host cell. The infection of animal cells by certain virus may lead to cell fusion （融合)or cell transformation (including tumor formation). This infection of organisms by virus may or may not give rise to symptoms of disease—depending on the type of virus involved. Diseases of viral etiology include: chickenpox, influenza, measles,mumps, poliomyelitis, rabies, rubella, smallpox and hepatitis.Exercise 3.Shock is a common fundamental pathologic process caused by a variety of etiologic factors.The basic feature of shock is the failure of peripheral circulation and the vital function is depressed. In other words, shock is a condition in which the perfusion（灌注）of tissue with blood is inadequate. It consequently leads to cellular membrane dysfunction. Abnormal cellular metabolism and eventually cellular death. The clinical picture is usually described as pale face, hypotension, cold, cyanotic skin, thready rapid pulse, dull sensation, oliguria (尿少), etc. In shock many organs may be profoundly affected, in men, the lung, the kidney, the liver , the heart and the brain appear particularly susceptible to shock.. The failure of a specific organ may account for the eventual refractory (顽固的) nature of shock.Exercise 5.Carcinoma of the colon and rectum is the second most common malignancy occurring in the United States. It is also the second leading cause of cancer death. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum is generally a disease of older individuals with an approximately equal incidence in men and women. Theetiology of the carcinoma of the colon and rectum remains unclear . However, many studies have suggested a correlation between colorectal cancer, economic status, geographic location, and dietary exposure. In industrialized countries , including the United States and those of Western Europe, a great deal of animal fat, protein, and refined carbohydrates are consumed; in these geographical areas the incidence of colorectal cancer is much higher than in the developing countries in Africa, South America, and Japan, where considerably less meat is consumed and the diet is significantly higher in vegetable fiber.Exercise 6.Although the incidence of tuberculosis has declined dramatically in most developed countries over the past century, tuberculosis remains a disease resulting in significant morbidity (发病率) and mortality in children of many developing countries. Children are typically infected by prolonged , close contact wih an adult who has untreated open pulmonary tuberculosis. Although the incidence of tuberculosis is low in developed countries , migrants from developing countries provide a constant source of new cases of tuberculosis. It is important that infected children arediagnosed and treated , as those untreated or inadequately treated primary infection may still become new cases of tuberculosis if their disease reactivates during adult life.Exercise 7.A six-year old boy was admitted to the hospital because of recurrent abdominal pain with vomiting and weight loss.The boy had been well until 3 months earlier, when he began to experience recurrent periumbilical pain once or twice a week, with vomiting two or three times daily for 1 to 3 days accompanied by anorexia, and reduced energy. There was no diarrhea, and the vomitus was free of blood and bile. The pain improved after emesis or a bowel movement and worsened after a meal. Three weeks before admission, abdominal and rectal examinations were normal, so was a test for occult blood in a stool examination. Two weeks before the admission, the patient began to feel feverish during the bouts (发作) of pain. One week before admission , his mother noted increasing pallor, and two days later , the pain began to radiate to the right upper abdomen.肝血虚证肝血虚多因生血不足，或失血过多，或因久病耗伤肝血所致。
