摘要语用失误是语用学研究的一个重大领域，是影响跨文化交际的重要障碍之一。
本文由导致跨文化交际语用失误所涉及的几大元素入手，如中外文化渊源差异、文化价值认同感差异、理解偏差的中外现状和将来趋势等进行讨论语用失误。
当今中外对语用的研究，重心由对语用的本义转向对引申义的研究，由此引起的中外文化渊源、文化价值认同感等一系列问题的语用研究。
本文从语用学的角度,针对跨文化交际的语用失误,分析语用失误的类型和原因,并进一步提出在跨文化交际中应注重对语用能力的提升。
关键词：交际障碍；语用失误；跨文化交际ABTRACTIn this study,in cross-cultural communication, pragmatic failure is an important area of pragmatics and one of the important barriers. This paper starts with several elements that lead to the pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communication, such as the differences in cultural origins, the differences in cultural value recognition, the current situation and future trend of the understanding deviation. Nowadays, the focusof Chinese and foreign studies on pragmatics has shifted from the original meaning of pragmatics to the extended meaning. From the perspective of pragmatics, analyzes the types and causes of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, and further proposes that emphasis should be placed on the improvement of pragmatic competence in cross-cultural communication.Key words: Communication Disorder; Pragmatic Failure; Intercultural CommunicationContentsAnalysis and Countermeasures of Pragmatic Errors in Cross-cultural Communication (2)Introduction (2)Chapter I (7)Theoretical Basis (7)1.1.Theoretical Basis (7)2.1. Language pragmatic failure (8)2.2Social pragmatic failure (10)2.3. Non-verbal pragmatic failure (13)Chapter III (16)The cause analysis of pragmatic failure and strategies for Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural Communication (16)Conclusion (19)The solution study of Pragmatic Failures in Cross-cultural Communication (19)IntroductionPragmatic errors caused by the differences of various elements in cross-cultural communication have become a serious problem. Due to the fact that each country does not understand the cultural characteristics of native English speakers and non-native speakers, and there are differences in their beliefs, cultural value recognition and understanding, pragmatic errors occur in cross-cultural communication. Therefore, it is increasingly important to study pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication. Expression in communication, use of vocabulary, sentence and culture value identity subtle difference also can cause communication barriers, in cross-cultural communication, we are no longer simply to express literal meaning, must be combined with the other person's social status, cultural background and environment, through a series of accurate analysis, the correct expression and understanding the true meaning of the speaker. Based on this theory, the study of pragmatics focuses on the cultural value recognition and understanding. With the development of linguistics, pragmatic errors have gradually become a hot topic among scholars. Languages have been formed for thousands of years, and their statusis not easily shaken. However, due to various cultural backgrounds, they all have fixed language structure and logical thinking. Pragmatics scholars believe that in communication, even if the speaker USES the correct and standard grammar, the deviation of the way of expression and the neglect of the cultural background and social rules can lead to communication barriers, which leads to pragmatic failure.Nowadays many scholars found the original meaning and metaphorical meaning of the study of foreign language that focus on both sides of the subject and the culture origin of differences, as well as the difference between Chinese and foreign cultural value identity understanding deviation, for us to study of pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication pointed out the direction. However, their research is only limited to the description on the surface of language and does not focus on pragmatic errors. Now, on the basis of Jenny Thomas' classification, scholars classify pragmatic errors into pragmatic language errors and social pragmatic errors. In cross-cultural communication, the verbal expression fails to achieve the desired effect of the target language, or the structure of the mother tongue is created, and inappropriate verbal expression leads to misunderstanding and communication barriers. Social pragmatic error refers to the pragmatic error caused by the misunderstanding of the cultural background of the other party in communication. The pragmatic failures in cross-cultural communication can be analyzed from their respective beliefs, cultural value identity and understanding. Some differences between English-speaking countries and Chinese in these aspects. English-speaking countries pay great attention to the pursuit and sublimation of personal values, especially the protection of personal privacy. Therefore, it can be known that in the communication of English speaking countries, such as marriage status, children, actual age, salary, religion, etc., are private and are forbidden to be asked. However, in China, tolerance is great, and people pay attention to the harmony and friendship between people and all things in the world. So the Chinese are more collectivist. In addition, English-speaking countries also have different time control. English-speaking countries more unknown's vision of the time, but the Chinese culture under the edification of the Chinese pay more attention to the history ofexploration, in the history of Chinese pay more attention to hierarchical, and junior to his birthright, and the English-speaking countries pay attention to equality, it also makes people to say in communication, taboo language and euphemism and politeness language is different. In the long run, the differences in understanding of language habits lead to pragmatic errors and hinder the smooth progress of communication.However, according to the cross-cultural pragmatic failures redefined in this thesis, the cross-cultural pragmatic failures should be divided into three categories: pragmatic, social and nonverbal pragmatic failures. The former two belong to the verbal level and the latter to the non-verbal auxiliary level. It provides a new perspective for further analysis and countermeasures of pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication.People living in a common society are bound to abide by social rules. Social rules are norms that regulate people's behavior in society, including cultural background, cultural value identity, religious belief and other factors. There is an old saying: "no rules, no radius." Social rule is a constraint mechanism to regulate society, and it is a criterion to regulate social behavior that can be recognized by the whole society gradually formed by people in the society in the long-term historical background. In other words, without the existence of social rules, all social activities and social existence are difficult to unify activities. We violate social rules, according to the degree of violation, will be punished by the world, both social criticism, punishment, even legal sanctions. People have to follow certain social rules and follow them naturally.As an important part of society, speech is bound to be subject to certain social rules.Just as people's expression must follow social rules, people's speech expression must follow the rules of usage Shared and created by society, that is, the rules of social language. Social language rules belong to the category of social rules in cross-cultural communication. Just as it is natural for people to follow the social norms, the verbal expression is also the observance of the rules of social language, as well as the recognition of cultural value naturally generated after they understand the cultural background of various countries and communicate with thelanguage rules of various countries. As there are differences in social rules, there must be differences in social language rules, which leads to differences in cross-cultural communication. Due to the influence of many factors, the differences become more and more severe, which will be disastrous if it is ignored in the context of today's globalization. We tend to only pay attention to the learning of grammatical structures and ignore the understanding of logical thinking and cultural background. Between different cultures is not only reflected in the pragmatic language failure refers to the pragmatic meaning in the context of a particular language make communication both sides understand the deviation caused by error, specific as phonetics, vocabulary, grammar mistakes of words, but also in social pragmatic failure and even pragmatic failures in cross-cultural nonverbal communication in auxiliary language, body posture, object object language, etc., including communication, communication, communication error. It is urgent to study pragmatic failure.People of different cultures in communication often understanding deviation or not meet expectations, such as their don't know the culture of native English speakers and between non-native characteristic, follow each other beliefs, cultural values, identity and understand the differences between the differences with the social language rules caused by lacking of awareness of cross-cultural communication breakdown, linguists called pragmatic failures.And with these words with science research community in order to smooth progress of communication all over the world, has started the study of pragmatics, and the term "pragmatic failure" began in the British linguist Jenny Thomas (1983), and the pragmatic failure into linguistic pragmatic failure and social pragmatic failure, points out that "as long as the perception by the speaker's discourse with the speaker intends to express or think should be obedient people perceived meaning is different, then creates a" pragmatic failures. He Ziran(1997) believes that "pragmatic failure is not the linguistic failure in general diction and sentence construction, but the failure in speaking out of turn, or the improper way of speaking or expression out of habit.The existing definition of Thomas and He Ziran only studies the verbal errors and ignores the importance of non-verbal AIDS. Verbal expression accounts for about one-third of verbal communication, and the remaining two-thirds is done with nonverbal assistance. Therefore, the existing pragmatic errors should be redefined as: in cross-cultural communication, one of the communicating parties is called pragmatic errors because of the misunderstanding caused by the verbal and non-verbal AIDS. Pragmatic failures can be divided into pragmatic and social pragmatic failures. Language pragmatic failure lies only in the language itself, the native language speakers live move hard stretched out the form structure, in the desire to express the meaning but not the pragmatic failures caused by clear of her intention, is due to express the original meaning of language and word meaning understanding deviation caused, often characterized by semantics, grammar, structure, expression of pragmatic failure, this also caused the social pragmatic failures. However, according to the cross-cultural pragmatic failures redefined in this paper, the cross-cultural pragmatic failures should be divided into three categories: pragmatic, social and nonverbal pragmatic failures. The former two belong to the verbal level and the latter to the non-verbal auxiliary level. It provides a new perspective for further analysis of Chinese students' misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication ,This thesis mainly adopts the literature research method to study the views of scholars on pragmatic errors.Taking pragmatic failures as the focus of pragmatics research, scholars' research shows that the study of language culture learning and background is no longer just the study of language learning, but the study of the ultimate purpose of pragmatic failures and the development direction of pragmatic failures. By means of discussion and practical verification, linguists have shown how to reasonably express their own words so that both sides can achieve the desired effect. By analyzing the understanding deviation caused by pragmatic failure, linguists have analyzed the relationship between discourse communication and cultural background. Different cultural backgrounds lead to different communication modes. There are also studies on language strategies that affect cross-cultural communication errors, and show howhuman verbal communication develops and what factors restrict human communication, which plays a very important role in our study of pragmatic errors.The first chapter introduces the background and current situation of the research, the purpose and significance of the research, the research methods and the structure of the paper.The second chapter introduces relevant theoretical research and theoretical basis.The third chapter introduces the types of pragmatic failures,The fourth chapter analyzes the causes of pragmatic failures, The fifth chapter summarizes the pragmatic failures.Chapter ITheoretical Basis1.1.Theoretical BasisThomas and definition of pragmatic failure, this article studies verbal pragmatic failures, the British linguist Jenny Thomas (1983) for further study of pragmatic failures, and the pragmatic failures can be divided into linguistic pragmatic failure and social pragmatic failure and points out that the speaker of words do not tally with the anticipated effect to make each other understand deviation cause pragmatic failure. He Ziran (1997) holds that pragmatic errors are not only linguistic errors, but also improper expression errors. However, the importance of non-verbal assistance has been gradually valued by the broad masses, which is defined as: one party of the two sides of communication is called pragmatic failure because of the misunderstanding of the other party caused by verbal expression and non-verbal assistance. Pragmatic failures can be divided into pragmatic and social pragmatic failures. Languagepragmatic failure lies only in the language itself, the native language speakers live move hard stretched out the form structure, in the desire to express the meaning but not the pragmatic failures caused by clear of her intention, is due to express the original meaning of language and word meaning understanding deviation caused, often characterized by semantics, grammar, structure, expression of pragmatic failure, this also caused the social pragmatic failures.Chapter II2.Main Types of Pragmatic Errors in Cross-culturalCommunication2.1. Language pragmatic failurePragmatic language failure refers to the errors caused by the misunderstanding of the pragmatic meaning of language in a specific context, which include errors in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Due to the subtle influence of the native culture and the factors of their own learning ability, when learning English pronunciation, they will have an accent, ignore consonants, wrong pronunciations, wrong vowels, and ambiguous stressed syllables, resulting in phonetic errors. V ocabulary is caused by the influence of Chinese language structure which leads to the deviation of English meaning comprehension and the improper use of similar words. Grammar is caused by the confusion of tense and voice in communication. For example, Chinese students and foreign students live together in the dormitory. In themiddle of the night, Chinese students play music. The Chinese students answered, "It's 1 o 'clock at night." obviously, the Chinese students did not understand that the foreign students' specific question meant that they should have gone to sleep quietly instead of listening to music recklessly. Therefore, we must pay attention to the appropriateness of language in language communication. Pragmatic linguistic errors are mainly considered from the perspective of communicative parties.First of all, it is taken for granted that the other side can fully understand their own words, and the improper way of expression leads to pragmatic failure, such as the conversation between English speakers and Chinese.Chinese: Has Marry been set free?English speaker:What happened to her?Here the problem is a typical Chinese style of question sentence structure, and if the Chinese mean free this is Mary, general meaning come to Mary for me to play, but the English country people will think Mary accident of imprisonment its consequences, so in the appropriate context of discourse to combine their cultural background and sentence comprehensive analysis to ensure the smooth progress of communication.Again, such asEnglish speaker: Thank you.Chinese: It is my duty to do It.This is a conversation in which the Chinese accompany the English speakers to the exhibition, the English speakers express their thanks, and the Chinese reciprocate. Thank you for your company. Although the polite response of Chinese people is quite different from the normal humble response in Chinese culture, due to the cultural background of the two sides, the semantics in the speech are quite different. However, according to the normal understanding of the guests, the correct answer should be "It is my pleasure. Because English-speaking people think of "duty" as a greater responsibility and psychological burden is too heavy, contrary to social norms and other meanings, which will be uncomfortable and cause communication barriers.2.2Social pragmatic failureThe social pragmatic failure is that different cultural backgrounds have different views on the appropriate language behavior in a specific context. As a result, English-speaking countries and Chinese people misunderstand the real meaning of their words in the complex social culture, resulting in communication barriers. For example, according to Chinese traditional virtues, respecting the old and caring for the young is a virtue beyond reproach to Chinese students. Anglophone elders, however, see the attention given to her as a sign of old age and distemper, causing difficulties in communication. Differences in cultural background and cultural values lead to this social pragmatic failure. People from different cultural backgrounds may have a wrong understanding of inappropriate speech patterns. Behaviors that are generally accepted in one culture are not recognized or even discarded in another culture. What is appropriate and appropriate to express in one culture is considered naive and ignorant in another culture. These ubiquitous differences in the sense of value identity lead to communication difficulties and obstacles between English-speaking countries and Chinese people. Learners of English are influenced by the logical thinking of their mother tongue in language expression and use English according to the structure of their mother tongue. This deep-rooted cultural atmosphere interferes with our learning of English, which we call negative cultural transfer. The greater the cultural differences between English-speaking countries and Chinese, the greater the negative cultural transfer gap, and the higher the failure rate of pragmatic mistakes. Some typical examples of negative cultural transfer in the failure of social pragmatics, which is one of the important reasons for the failure of cross-cultural communication.Cultural background differences lead to social pragmatic errors in greeting, personal, euphemism, polite language and taboo words.Social pragmatic failures of greeting and person.For exampleA student greets an English-speaking teacher with "Hello ,the teacher John."This kind of pragmatic mistake is a typical mistake in English and Chinese modes. In English countries, we should use Sir, Madam, Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms and theirsurnames to address each other. We can't use personal occupation as the address. Chinese call teacher Li, doctor Lin, manager Wu and so on. It can be seen that the differences in cultural backgrounds lead to the failure of communication everywhere. There are also privacy issues that English speakers refuse to answer and loathe.And privacy protections for English speakers cannot be ignored."Older?" "From where? "How many people in the family?""what is your occupation?" "how much is your salary?"And so on. Although the Chinese are not willing to answer, but the Chinese will polite polite response, English speakers will directly refuse or even reduce contact. This protection of privacy is also due to cultural differences.The social pragmatic failure of polite language, polite language can make you grasp the right time in communication and praise the other party appropriately to make the communication go smoothly, polite language in the conversation from time to time to use polite words transition dialogue, so that the conversation goes on smoothly. Pragmatic rules are relatively existing and common among countries, but the most important thing is to understand the cultural background of both sides and to restore the appropriateness of language to the greatest extent. Different language structures have similarities and great differences in details, which require the joint efforts of both sides in communication to grasp the similarities of conversation as far as possible to common communication, so that the two sides can communicate smoothly. The two sides of the communication with different cultural backgrounds grasp the use and flexibility of pragmatic rules, and measure the communicative standards and forms of expression.An English-speaking student goes to a Chinese student's home for dinner and says "I can eat all of this food" to show his satisfaction with the food, but the Chinese student thinks there is not enough food for him! If Chinese people invite friends from English-speaking countries to dinner, they always say humbly, "there is no good food to serve, please excuse me until you arrive, please help yourself!" People in English-speaking countries think, "since you invited me to dinner, shouldn't you treat me well? Wouldn't it be better to have a good reception?" It can be seen that theunderstanding of table manners is also very deviated, and the social pragmatics mistakes are not properly grasped, which leads to the departure of the party.Social pragmatic failure of taboo words and euphemism. Taboo words and euphemism are mutually complementary and closely attached to each other. Since there are some taboos, euphemism should be used to avoid them to ensure smooth communication. Taboo words and euphemisms exist in most languages, which are the product of the long-term formation of the society. However, euphemisms are relatively generated from this, enabling people to follow the principle of politeness in their lives, and thus language has broad commonality. In English-speaking countries of "old" euphemism is particularly, mapping in English-speaking countries people taboo "old" social mentality, old man most single life had come to the English countries, sad lonely, so the "old" is a taboo, resulting in English-speaking countries, known as "senior citizens" elderly (an senior citizen), it is stray flower defeated , but euphemistically called hale and hearty. Chinese people more grief, Chinese culture is not to "old" is the taboo, national tradition also has the traditional culture of "respect", the old man most has children to take care of, in the home is "the home has a old if there is a treasure" of say, universal respect and care for, old "in the Chinese culture far from a daunting word, instead it gives a person the sense with a kind of" respected ". People like to use "old" to show respect, love, respect, such as "you old, old gentleman, old cadres, old revolutionary old professor" and so on, these are the title of respect for the elderly, it seems friendly. But this is forbidden in English-speaking cultures. English speakers don't usually call people "old" to their faces, so how old are you? Although it may seem polite, the other person will not like it, because he may think you are laughing at his lack of usefulness. At the same time of language learning, communicative competence is reflected not only in the correctness of the grammatical structure of language, but also in the appropriateness of social pragmatic language.The aim of language learning is to cultivate students with language communication, and the cultivation of communicative ability and cultural background of learning and teaching have a close relationship, when learning a language, if simply learning language syntax and does not include the culture background, not tounderstand the social rules of the language, and cannot accurately, in communication. Let the students enhance their awareness of the culture of English-speaking countries, subtly, improve the understanding of the culture of English-speaking countries, cultivate the sense of cultural value and correct cultural perception.There are a lot of social pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, so it is particularly important to study social pragmatic errors, which not only helps to reduce pragmatic errors in cross-cultural communication, but also promotes the effective conduct of cross-cultural communication. Through a concrete analysis of the various manifestations of the study of social pragmatic errors, we can explore the underlying historical causes such as historical formation, cultural values and sense of identity. To understand and analyze the culture of English-speaking countries and improve the understanding of different cultures is also an effective way to reduce social pragmatic errors in communication.For exampleIn China, people may ask one another, "how old are you?What kind of work do you do ?And how much does it pay? "And so on.In the context of China's extensive and profound culture is an appropriate speech act, popular and cordial. But in foreign countries where English is the native language, they pay special attention to privacy protection and inviolability, which will lead to antipathy, and they will directly refuse to answer, thus causing communication barriers.2.3. Non-verbal pragmatic failurePragmatic failures in cross-cultural non-verbal communication are embodied in auxiliary language, body posture and object language and other aspects, including communicative behavior, communicative mode, communicative situation mistakes. Nonverbal communication is to assist and create the right atmosphere so that the speaker can express the meaning of the conversation more accurately. Facial expression is the main expression of communication, while smile is the leading part ofexpression. In the same social situation, people from different cultures have different understandings of smile. For example, if people in English-speaking countries hear the other side of the joke during the meal habit of whispering, low-key and elegant continue to eat. Chinese people, however, laugh and share jokes with those around them to create a harmonious atmosphere. People in English-speaking countries, however, believe that they interfere with other people's normal eating and cause communication problems. For example, when a person makes a mistake, he/she reflects on himself/herself with an expression of guilt and self-reproach, while making a humble and careful apology in his/her tone. In this way, he/she can express his/her guilt in a coherent auxiliary language and express his/her attitude and body with an expression that makes people feel that they are worthy to be taught.Gestures reinforce confidence and courage in the words they are trying to express.For exampleThe speaker say, "we can only succeed in this way."At the same time, the others with their heads up, their bodies straight, their drummers, and their enthusiasm, express their firm ideals and beliefs.Object including gestures, eye, face, expression, atmosphere, etc., can play in the appropriate atmosphere using the appropriate expression make communication smoothly, for example: conversation, people use gestures, eye, posture, and pause tone hint at his words, transition, emphasizing the importance of making words can make each other understand more. It can be seen from this that if we ignore the assistance of non-verbal communication, it will replace the adjustment, emphasis and cooperation of verbal communication. In verbal communication, you will complete the sentences in accordance with the grammatical structure with fear, but in interpersonal communication, you will violate or be unfamiliar with the cultural background of the other party, and the use of inappropriate auxiliary language in an inappropriate atmosphere will still hinder the smooth communication.There is also a big difference in the expression of eyes between English-speaking countries and Chinese people in communication. Chinese people do。
