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英国文学用英语怎么说英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响。
那么你知道英国文学用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着店铺来学习一下吧。
英国文学的英语说法1：English literature英国文学的英语说法2：British literature英国文学相关英语表达：英国文学作品选读 Selected Readings of British Literature英国文学选读 selected readings in british literature英国文学讲座 Lecture on English Lite英国文学及写作 English Literature and Composition中古时期英国文学 Old and Medieval British Literature英国文学的英语例句：1. He secured the appointment of professor of English literature in the university.他获聘为该大学的英国文学教授.2. The work is one of the great monuments of English literature.此作品是英国文学的不朽名作之一.3. That was the high summer of English literature.那是英国文学的黄金时代.4. Are you majoring in English Literature?你是在专修英国文学吗 ?5. His speciality is English literature.他的专业是英国文学.6. Dickens'novels have enriched English literature.狄更斯的小说丰富了英国文学.7. He has a formidable knowledge of English literature.他有丰富的英国文学知识.8. His specialty is English literature.他的专业是英国文学。
英语文学导论Introduction to English LiteratureEnglish literature is the body of written works produced in the English language, including novels, poetry, plays, and essays. It is a rich and diverse field with a history spanning centuries, encompassing both the classic works of Shakespeare and Dickens, as well as the contemporary voices of Margaret Atwood and Zadie Smith. English literature is a reflection of Britain’s cultural, social, and political history, encapsulating its values and beliefs, and its changing traditions and viewpoints.Early English LiteratureEnglish literature can be traced back to the epic poem Beowulf, written in Old English, the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon literature, also known as Old English literature, comprises works written in England from the 7th to the 11th century, including religious texts, such as The Venerable Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, and epic poems, such as Beowulf. The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought about significant changes in the English language and literature, with the emergence of Middle English and the works of Chaucer, which marked the beginning of the English Renaissance.English RenaissanceThe English Renaissance is a period encompassing the 16th and 17th centuries, which saw a revival of classical learning, the development of humanism, and the emergence of new literarygenres, such as the sonnet and the novel. It was a time of great intellectual and artistic achievements, with the works of Elizabethan playwrights such as Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare transforming the English stage, and the publication of the King James Bible, one of the most influential works of English literature.RomanticismThe Romantic period, which spanned the late 18th to mid-19th century, was a reaction against the Enlightenment and its emphasis on reason and logic. Romantic writers sought to evoke emotions rather than explain them, emphasizing the individual and the imagination, and exploring the spiritual and supernatural. Important romantic poets include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats, while the novels of Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen are considered among the greatest works of the period.Victorian LiteratureThe Victorian era, which lasted from 1837 to 1901, saw significant social and cultural changes and produced some of the most enduring works of English literature. The Victorian novel, such as Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, explored themes of social injustice, morality, and class conflict. The poetry of Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning also flourished during this period, as did the works of non-fiction writers, such as John Ruskin and Charles Darwin.ModernismThe modernist period, which lasted from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, represented a break from traditional literary forms and conventions, marked by experimentation and fragmentation. Modernist writers such as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce explored the themes of memory, identity, and consciousness, while the poetry of T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats experimented with form and language, and challenged traditional literary conventions. The works of modernist writers continue to influence contemporary literature.Contemporary LiteratureContemporary English literature is a diverse and eclectic field, encompassing a range of genres, styles, and themes. The literature of the post-World War II era was shaped by the traumas of the war and the changing social, cultural, and political landscape, with important writers such as Samuel Beckett and Doris Lessing emerging during this time. Contemporary English literature includes the works of Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Zadie Smith, Kazuo Ishiguro, and Margaret Atwood, among others.ConclusionEnglish literature is a rich and varied field that reflects the changing social, cultural, and political landscape of Britain. From the epic poem Beowulf to the contemporary works of writers such as Margaret Atwood, English literature has evolved through different eras, styles, and genres, reflecting the values, beliefs, andconcerns of its time. As a window into British culture and history, English literature is a vital part of the world’s literary heritage.The evolution of English literature can be seen as a reflection of the changing attitudes, beliefs, and concerns of British society. From the early religious texts of the Anglo-Saxon era to the modernist experimentation of the 20th century, English literature has undergone significant transformations and reinventions.The influence of foreign cultures, such as French and Italian literature, can also be seen throughout the development of English literature. The medieval works of Chaucer and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight were heavily influenced by French and Italian literature, while Shakespeare drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman plays.Religion has also played an important role in English literature throughout its history. The Bible, both in its religious and secular forms, has been a source of inspiration for countless writers, influencing the language, themes, and imagery of their works. The intersection of religion and literature can be seen in works such as John Milton’s Paradise Lost and William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience.One of the defining features of English literature is its diversity, with multiple genres and styles that have evolved over time. The novel, for example, was a relatively new form of literature in the 18th and 19th centuries, but has since become one of the most popular and enduring forms of literature. Some of the most iconic English novels, such as Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, continue to be studied andenjoyed by readers around the world.Poetry has also played a significant role in English literature, with numerous notable poets throughout its history. From the Romantic era of Keats and Wordsworth to the modernist experimentation of T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats, poetry continues to be a powerful and expressive form of artistic expression.Perhaps one of the most remarkable features of English literature is its ability to adapt and change with the times. From the religious texts of the Anglo-Saxon era to the post-modern experimentationof the 21st century, English literature has shown an incredible range and flexibility in its ability to reflect the changing attitudes and concerns of its time.One example of this adaptability can be seen in the emergence of post-colonial literature in the 20th century. As Britai n’s political and cultural influence began to wane, writers from former colonies, such as Salman Rushdie and Chinua Achebe, began to explore the experiences of their own cultures and societies, challenging traditional Western perspectives and offering new insights into the complexities of post-colonial identity and history.The impact of English literature can also be seen in its widespread global influence. From the works of Shakespeare to the contemporary authors of today, English literature continues to inspire and influence writers and readers around the world. The language and imagery of English literature have become a part of the collective consciousness of many cultures, shaping the way in which we understand and relate to our world.In conclusion, English literature is a rich and varied field that has reflected the changing values, beliefs, and concerns of British society throughout its history. Its ability to adapt and evolve with the times, as well as its global influence, has made it an important and enduring part of the world’s literary heritage. The continued study and appreciation of English literature is vital in understanding both Britain’s cultural past and its present.。
英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄I.Literature文学i)English Literature英国文学I .Old and Medieval English literature(450-1066)&(1066-15世纪后期）上古及中世纪英国文学Background：英伦三岛自古以来遭遇过3次外族入侵，分别为古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克逊人&诺曼底人。
其中后两次在英国文学史上留下了深远影响。
中世纪时期(约1066-15世纪后期）即从诺曼底征服起到文艺复兴前夕，为英国封建社会时期的文学，盛行文学形式为民间抒情诗(the folk ballad)和骑士抒情诗(the romance)。
I）The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)盎格鲁撒克逊文明兴盛时期（上古时期）文学表现形式主要为诗歌散文。
i代表人物和主要作品：第一部民族史诗(the national epic)《贝奥武甫》Beowulf,体现盎格鲁撒克逊人对英雄君主的拥戴和赞美，歌颂了人类战胜以妖怪为代表的神秘自然力量的伟大功绩。
"Down off the moorlands' misting fells cameGrendel stalking;God's brand was on him.大踏步地走下沼泽地，上帝在每个人身上都打下了烙印。
"II)The Norman Period(1066-1350)诺曼时期In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadship of the Duck of Normandy who claimed the English throne. For the last Saxon king, Harold ,had promised that he would give his kingdom to William, Duck of Normandy, as an expression of his gratitude for protecting his kingdom during the invasion by the Danes. This is known as the Norman Conquest.诺曼征服Middle English中世纪英语III)The Age of chaucer(1350-1400)乔叟时期The Hundred Years' War英法百年战争Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟-中世纪最伟大诗人、英国民族文学奠基者。
English literatureFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaEnglish literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was born in Ukraine, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian, but all are considered important writers in the history of English literature. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world. This article primarily deals with some of the literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section, bottom of the page.Contents1 Old English2 Middle Englishliterature3 RenaissanceliteratureOld EnglishMain article: Old English literatureThe first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages, the oldest surviving text being the Hymn of Cædmon. The oral tradition was very strong in the early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular, and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English. Much Old English verse in the extant manuscripts is probably adapted from the earlier Germanic war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today'snewspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon people to remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit the needs of Christian readers.Middle English literatureMain article: Middle English literatureIn the 12th century, a new form of English now known as Middle English evolved. This is the earliest form of English literature which is comprehensible to modern readers and listeners, albeit not easily. Middle English lasts up until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, became widespread and the printing press regularized the language. Middle English Bible translations, notably Wyclif's Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language.Geoffrey ChaucerThere are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. William Langland's Piers Plowman is considered by many critics to be one of the early great works of Englishliterature along with Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (most likely by the Pearl Poet) during the Middle Ages. It is also the first allusion to a literary tradition of the legendary English archer, swordsman, and outlaw Robin Hood.The most significant Middle English author was Geoffrey Chaucer who was active in the late 14th century. Often regarded as the father of English literature, Chaucer is widely credited as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. The Canterbury T ales was Chaucer's magnum opus, and a towering achievement of Western culture. The first recorded association of V alentine's Day with romantic love is in Chaucer's Parlement of Foules 1382.[1]The multilingual audience for literature in the 14th century can be illustrated by the example of John Gower, who wrote in Latin, Middle English and Anglo-Norman.Among the many religious works are those in the Katherine Group and the writings of Julian of Norwich and Richard Rolle.Since at least the 14th century, poetry in English has been written in Ireland and by Irish writers abroad. The earliest poem in English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470.Renaissance literatureMain article: English RenaissanceFollowing the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance).。
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
English LiteratureI. The Roman Conquest:about 1th c.—5th c.II. Early English literature: about 7th c.—10th c.By the 7th century, the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons settled in England and they used Anglo-Saxon language or Old English. The representative work of the period is Beowulf, the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people.III. Middle English Literature: about 11th c.—15th c.Middle English period began with the Norman Conquest. The French-speaking Normans became the rulers of England. During the period, chiefly there were four literary achievements:1. Romance cycles2. Piers the Plowman3. Chaucer’s works4. the English balladsThe English Renaissance (the 16th c.—early 17th c.)Features:○·There was a great interest in classical Greek and Roman literature;○·People laid emphasis on the activities of human beings.Themes of literature were usually about human beauty, human achievements, human feelings, human interest and human needs.The key-note of the Renaissance is humanism.3. There was much imitation of Italian literature and French literature.Representative Authors: Thomas More, Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Donne, Francis Bacon, John MiltonThemes of Shakespeare’s sonnets:○·His sonnets deal with beauty, love, friendship, dissatisfaction with the society and mutability of nature. ○·The language is metaphorical.○·The speaker’s tone is emotional, sometimes phil osophical.Shakespeare’s plays: ○·Comedies○·History plays○·Tragedies○·Tragi-comediesFeatures of a comedy:○·It deals with ordinary characters in everyday situations. ○·The way the writer treats the subject is light and amusing.○·It begins with misfortune and ends with joy.Features of a tragedy:○·It is a form of drama concerned with misfortune and disasters which befall human beings of power and position○·In a tragedy, there are incidents arousing pity and fear, with which the catharsis of such emotions can be accomplished.○·There is always a tragic hero in a tragedy. His misfortune falls upon him not by vice or depravity, but by some error of judgment, i.e., his tragic flaw, the defect which leads to his downfall.Features of a tragi-comedy: ○·The tone is calm and reconciliatory.○·There is a harmony of earth and heaven. True, there is still treachery, ingratitude, breach of family-relations, misjudgment and vice. But Time, the Great Healer, will intervene. The wronged, patient in adversity, will be restored to their rightful honour and position in the end.The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution1. The English Revolution (1642—1649) The civil war started in 1642. It lasted until 1649, when Charles I was executed.2. The Restoration (1600—1688) After the death of Cromwell, Charles II was recalled to rule England. White terror began.3. The Glorious Revolution (1688) It was called “glorious”, because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands.Features of the Metaphysical poets○·They are distinguished by their use of the so-called “metaphysical conceit”, i.e., an elaborate, fantastic metaphor, which compares two very dissimilar objects to cause a shock to the reader’s mind.○·Their themes, intellectual and original, are full of philosophical insight and paradoxes. ○·Their images are also intellectual, witty, and strange.○·Their rhythms are jerky, uneven, and complex.Features of the Cavalier poets○·They are influenced by Ben Jonson○·Their themes are about love and transience of life.○·Their style is light, witty, elegant and limpid○·They abandon the sonnet form which had been the medium for love poems for a century.○·Their images are usually visual, such as roses, the sun and stars.○·They are inferior to the Metaphysical poets in depth and force.Paradise Lost○·theme: revolt against tyranny○·Miltonic style: grand, lofty, majestic, and inimitable, rolling with the sound of rumbling thunder.○·Milton is the pioneer to introduce blank verse into English poetry.○·The image of Satan :Though defeated, Satan still keeps his revolutionary spirit. Though suffering temporary loss, he is invincible, revengeful and courageous, not yielding to God’s authority.Pilgrim’s Progress○·Life is compared to a journey.○·The English society is compared to V anity Fair, by extension, any society dominated by vanity, falsity, and vice.○·The rulers are compared to demons. ○·An ideal happy society is compared to the Celestial City.Bunyan’s style: modeled on the prose of the English Bible: simple and dignified. It is popular speech ennobled by the language of the English Bible.The 18th Century-----This period was called the Age of Reason or the Age of Enlightenment, reflected in literature, classicism (Neo-classicism) prevailed.The features of classicism○·Classicists modeled themselves after the Greek and Latin authors and tried to guide literary creation by some fixed laws and rules from Greek and Latin works.○·Classicists were realistic writers. They relied on reason, were interested in facts and valued such qualities of writing as harmony, balance, refinement, directness, precision and clarity.Robinson Crusoe○·Significance: one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel Jonathan Swift○·Style: simple, clear and vigorou s. He said, “Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style.”Henry Fielding ○·Significance: the real founder of the realistic novel in EnglandSwift’s Gulliver’s Travels i s a satirical novel. Through Gulliver’s fant astic adventures, the writer wanted to make readers realize the absurdity of human nature and human society. So even though the events are extraordinary, the significance is realistic.The Romantic PeriodThe Romantic period, began with the year 1798, in which Wordsworth and Coleridg e published their Lyrical Ballads,ended in 1832 when Sir Walter Scott died.The Romantic Movement is a literary movement. Culturally it was a revolt against the Age of Reason. Politically it was inspired by the French Revolution. Emotionally it focused on the self and the value of individual experience. Nature became the image and subject of Romantic poems. The keynote of Romanticism is imagination.Features of Romanticism○·It laid emphasis on imaginative freedom.There was a shift from reason to imagination, intuition and feelings. ○·It focused on individuality. There was a shift from the objective reality to the subjective self.○·Romantic writers responded actively to nature, found inspiration from nature, and used symbols from nature. ○·Romantic poets used simple, informal language.○·Romantic poets were all influenced by the French Revolution and were sympathetic with it.Ode to the West WindTheme ○·The poem deals with nature and the four seasons. The cycle of the seasons indicates the rebirth of nature, by extension, the rebirth of the society and the poet himself.○·The west wind functions both as the destroyer and the preserver. The west wind can represent the spirit of the revolution. It destroys the old, the decayed in order to allow the new to develop. The destruction of what is bad in society will bring a springtime of happiness to mankind.Features of Jane Austen’s novels ○·Style: mild satire, subtle irony and humour ○·Theme: love and marriage, the everyday life of rural gentry and clergymen ○·Characterization: realistic, delicate, and vigorous ○·Significance: Ranking among the best of English novelists,she brought the English novel, as an art form, to its maturity.The Victorian Age 1837-1901○·The age is related to the reign of Queen Victoria. Britain was at her height in wealth, power and influence during that period.○·Victorian writers are mainly critical realists. They showed their great sympathy for t he miseries of the poor labouring people and voiced their protest against social injustices.Chief Victorian novelists:Dickens, Thackeray, Bronte sisters, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy.Chief Victorian poets: Tennyson, Robert Browning and Mrs. Browning ○·In contrast with Romanticists who laid emphasis on nature, and believed they could find truth in nature, Victorian writers focused on scientific, technological, social and political movements. They thought through such movements they could find truth.Charles Dickens ○·Theme○·Dickens showed great sympathy for the common people and was against the ruling class’s cruel oppression of the poor people.○·He held the strong belief that love and kindness could make the society run and also the belief that where there is oppression, there is revolution.○·Style: realistic, sentimental, humorous, and satirical ○·Plot:○·one major threadmixed with several minor threads○·suspense○·happy ending in almost every one of his novels.○·Characterization ○·exact actions and exact words which fit characters positions in life.○·Peculiarities in physical appearance to make them vividThackeray: Vanity Fair ○·theme:money-grabbing in an egoistic and hypocritical bourgeois society.○·style: objective, realistic, and satiricalCharlotte Bronte ○·Themes: ○·a humanistic and democratic protest against the inhuman treatment of poor children in the charity schools in the V ictorian society.○·the position of women in society.○·true love versus money-hunt in love and marriage.○·style and tone: intense, emotional, realistic and proudly melancholy.○·language: lucid and flowingT ennyson’s poems○·theme: the struggle between pessimism and optimism, between skepticism and faith. ○·language: simple, lucid, fresh, musical and dignifiedBrowning’s poems○·language:common, lively and colloquial ○·contributions:○·He is especially associated with the dramatic monologue.○·He developed the form so completely that he gave it new life .○·His practice broadens the range of modern poetry.○·He created a gallery of rogues which English literature had not seen before.Thomas Hardy ○·theme: ○·the relationship between the environment and the character: human beings are hereditarily and environmentally determined.○·strong criticism of the social evils under capitalism○·T ess’s character:She is portrayed as being hard-working, pure and innocent, rebellious, yet not free from the influence of social and moral standards of the day.○·the causes of T ess’s tragedy: ○·poor economic conditions of the peasants in the late 19th century England,○·hypocritical moral and religious standards of bourgeois society.○·The capricious, mysterious force of chance and fate○·style and tone: realistic, symbolic and pessimisticD.H. Lawrence ○·theme○·Modern man is perverting his nature by the separation of his consciousness from his spontaneous feelings. His consciousness dominates, while his nature is suppressed.○·His view of love is original: love is a consuming passion that should link up soul with body in a true union if it is to achieve real success. Ideal love means both physical love and spiritual are important.○·style:realistic, descriptive and vivid, with minute psychological analysis/Mrs. Morel finds a rival in Miriam. She fears that Miriam will exclude her in her son’s heart. So she tries to break up their relationship. Paul is affected by his mother’s opposition and at the same time he himself is sickened by Miriam’s spiritual love. He reacts against Miriam by engaging in a sensual love affair with Clara, a married woman. This relationship is not opposed by Mrs. Morel since it is only a physical one and does not compete with her own emotional possessiveness. The complicated relationship is not helpful to Paul’s growing up to the stage of an adult.。
