Self-organised criticality and 1f noise in single-channel current of voltage-dependent anio

2005年考研英语阅读文章2005年考研英语阅读文章是众多考研学子复习备考的重点内容。

这些文章涵盖了不同题材和领域，旨在检验考生的阅读理解能力、词汇量及逻辑思维。

下面，我将根据这个任务标题，为您详细解析一篇2005年考研英语阅读文章。

文章标题：The Importance of Critical Thinking Skills文章In the rapidly changing world of the 21st century, the ability to think critically is becoming increasingly important.Employers are looking for graduates who can analyze complex problems, evaluate different perspectives, and propose innovative solutions.Moreover, critical thinking skills contribute to personal growth and success in various aspects of life.This article will discuss the significance of critical thinking skills and how to develop them.The first reason why critical thinking skills are crucial is that they enable individuals to solve problems more effectively.In the workplace, employees often encounter complex and ambiguous situations that require careful analysis and judgment.By applying critical thinking, one can break down complex problems into manageable parts, identify the root causes, and generate potential solutions.This process helps to avoid superficial understanding and allows for a deeper exploration ofthe issues at hand.Secondly, critical thinking skills promote communication and collaboration.In a diverse society, people hold different opinions and values.Critical thinking enables individuals to listen to others" viewpoints, understand their reasoning, and engage in constructive dialogue.This skill is particularly important in team settings, where effective communication and the ability to consider multiple perspectives lead to better decision-making and innovation.Furthermore, critical thinking skills contribute to personal development and self-awareness.By examining one"s own thoughts and beliefs, individuals can identify biases, stereotypes, and logical fallacies.This self-reflection allows for growth and the ability to adapt to new situations.Additionally, critical thinking encourages lifelong learning, as individuals become more curious and open-minded about the world around them.To develop critical thinking skills, one must practice and cultivate certain habits.Firstly, it is essential to question assumptions and examine evidence.This involves being skeptical and not taking things at face value.Secondly, one should seek out diverse perspectives and be open to changing one"s mind in light of new evidence or arguments.Critical thinkers also need to be patient and persistent, as solving complex problems requires time and effort.In conclusion, the importance of critical thinking skills cannot be overstated.They are essential for success in the workplace, effective communication, personal growth, and adaptation to a changing world.By recognizing the value of these skills and actively working to develop them, individuals can enhance their cognitive abilities and overall quality of life.（注：本文为示例文章，并非2005年考研英语阅读真题。

Critical thinking is an essential skill that allows individuals to analyze, evaluate, and interpret information and ideas in order to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively. It involves the ability to think logically, rationally, and objectively, while considering multiple perspectives and being open to new ideas.The significance of critical thinking cannot be overstated, as it plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, including education, work, and everyday decision-making. In the context of education, critical thinking is vital for students to develop a deep understanding of the subjects they are studying. It enables them to question, challenge, and evaluate the information they are being presented with, rather than simply accepting it at face value. This not only leads to a more meaningful and comprehensive learning experience but also equips students with the skills they need to become independent and lifelong learners.In the workplace, critical thinking is highly valued by employers as it allows individuals to make well-reasoned decisions, solve complex problems, and innovate. Employees who possess strong critical thinking skills are able to gather and analyze relevant information, identify patterns and trends, and make sound judgments based on evidence and logic. This is particularly important in today's fast-paced and competitive business environment, where the ability to adapt to change and think creatively is essential for success.Furthermore, critical thinking is essential for individuals to become responsible and informed citizens. In a world where information is readilyavailable and often conflicting, the ability to critically evaluate and discern the credibility of sources is crucial. It allows people to make informed decisions about political, social, and ethical issues, and to engage in constructive and well-informed discussions and debates.Moreover, critical thinking is closely related to problem-solving skills. By approaching problems and challenges with a critical mindset, individuals are able to break down complex issues into manageable parts, identify the root causes, and develop effective solutions. This not only leads to more efficient problem-solving but also encourages innovation and creativity.In addition, critical thinking fosters intellectual humility and open-mindedness, as individuals learn to consider and appreciate different perspectives and ideas. It also encourages intellectual independence and self-reflection, as people are encouraged to question their own assumptions and beliefs, and to consider alternative viewpoints.Finally, critical thinking is essential for personal growth and development. By honing this skill, individuals are better equipped to make informed decisions about their lives, relationships, and personal goals. They are able to weigh the pros and cons of different options, anticipate the potential consequences of their actions, and make choices that align with their values and aspirations.In conclusion, critical thinking is of paramount significance in various aspects of life. It empowers individuals to become active and responsible learners, effective problem-solvers, informed citizens, and thoughtful decision-makers. By fostering this skill, we can cultivate a society of independent and analytical thinkers who are able to navigate the complexities of the modern world with confidence and competence.。

Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers’ life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor.Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers’contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.To what extent more money led to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.1. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true? A) To make jobs more varied.B) To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way.C) Degree of work contribution.D) Demands for longer working hours.2. Why workers want more money?A) Because their jobs are too boring.B) In order to enjoy more spare time.C) To make their jobs more interesting.D) To demand shorter working hours.3. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’jobs more interesting __.A) they will want more moneyB) they will demand shorter working hoursC) more money and shorter working hours are important factorsD) more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them4 . In this passage, the author tells us __.A) how to make the workers more productiveB) possible factors leading to greater efficiencyC) to a certain extent more money lead to greater productivityD) how to make workers’jobs more interesting5. The author of this passage is probably a __.A) teacher B) worker C) manager D) physicistQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Over the past decade, the environmental movement has exploded onto the mind of mainstream consumers, a fact not lost on marketers and advertisers. Green advertising; started in the mid-1980s when issues of the environment muscled their way to the forefront of marketing. Advertisers saw the consumer desire for environmentally safe products and tried to meet the demand as quickly as possible. Not surprisingly, this first wave suffered from rough and poorly conceived marketing efforts. Many advertisers embraced a genuine concern for the environment. But consumers realized that some companies made false claims and exploited the movement, using such nebulous (模糊的)terms as “environmentally friendly”and “green.”Consumers grew wary of environmental appeals, and advertisers reacted by reducing its emphasis. To avoid future trouble, many companies waited for state and federal governments to define terms and provide legal guidelines, which paved the road to a second wave. In 1992 the Federal Trade Commission established guidelines for green marketing, followed shortly by state governments. California passed particularly strict laws, setting definitions for terms like “ozone friendly,”“biodegradable,”and “recycled.”According to the state’s court, “California seeks to guard against potentially specious; claims or ecological puffery (吹捧) about products with minimal environmental attributes.”Texas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Tennessee, Connecticut, and Washington soon followed the Golden State’s lead. T he rigid regulations have left a number of advertisers confused and frustrated, although some feel that environmental claims have already peaked and are on their way out. Some believe that we’ve now entered green advertisin g’s third wave, where environmental concern is now part of the mainstream.6. What were some early problems with Green advertisements?A) They were expensive. B) No one believed them.C) They were unsuccessful. D) They were often deceptive.7. What was the response by consumers?A) Consumers were responsible.B) Consumers were hostile.C) Consumers didn’t care all the time.D) Consumers got tired of it.8. How did Green advertisements change after the first wave?A) They became more popular.B) They were more regulated.C) They became better produced. D) They became less honest.9. When did the green third wave come?A) When environmental concern rise.B) When advertisers are self-regulating themselves.C) When advertisements become very regulated.D) When the mainstream also becomes concerned about it.10. Which of the following state takes the lead in guarding against ecological puffery of products with minimal environmental attributes?A) Massachusetts. B) Texas. C) California.D) Connecticut.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The plumes of ash came billowing from Mount Etna on July 17 at precisely 1:33 p.m., followed by 300-foot blasts of lava. Below, in the resort town of Nicolosi, Italy, anxious residents prayed for protection. But scientists were jubilant.“Three minutes,”gushes Gene Ulmer, a Temple University geologist. “That’s all they missed by.”Not only did Ulmer witness the eruption (which killed no one), he was in Nicolosi the previous night when European volcanologists (火山学家）predicted that Mount Etna would erupt at 1:30 p.m.—one of the most accurate predictions in history.Scientists have historically had little success in predicting eruptions. There are instruments to monitor the geophysical changes that may suggest a volcano is ready to blow—increase in tremors, alterations in the mountain’s tilt, or changes in the resistance of the earth surrounding it. Other instruments track volcanoes’ chemical compositions, because rising levels of ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, water and other substances can also herald eruptions. But none of these instruments has done particularly well.So scientists have taken to monitoring as many different aspects of volcanic activity as possible. This broader approach appears to have yielded the stunningly accurate results at Etna. “We may have finally found the right combination of instrument to monitor volcanoes—and save lives,” says Ulmer.It is, of course, possible that the Etna team just got lucky. Nonetheless, Ulmer says, “all of us in volcanology are very excited.”11. Volcanologists were surprised by __.A) the accuracy of their own predictions of eruption of Mount EtnaB) the eruption of Mount EtnaC) the instruments they had usedD) the ash and smoke of Mount Etna12. Which instruments are the most effective ones to predict the eruption of volcanoes?A) Instruments to monitor the geophysical changes.B) Instruments to track volcanoes’ chemical compositions.C) The combinations of instruments.D) None of them.13. What does the word “jubilant”mean according to the context?A) Upset. B) Filled with great joy.C) Disappointed. D) Accurate.14. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Though Mount Etna erupted as European volcanologists predicted, it was just a coincidence.B) Scientists succeeded in finding the instruments to predict eruption.C) Lots of scientists witnessed the Eruption of Mount Etna.D) Scientists predicted accurately the eruption of Mount Etna.15. What’s the possible title for this passage?A) The V olcanologists Succeeded.B) Mount Etna’s Eruption.C) Right on Schedule—Mount Etna Makes Scientists Look Smart.D) Prediction of Eruption in History.Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be “all things to all people”. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students.The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields,the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends.Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nation’s colleges and universit ies are more successful in providing credentials(文凭)than in providing a quality education for their students.”The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an “integrated core”of common learning. Such a core would introduce students “to essential knowledge, to connections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.”Although the key to a good college is a high quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed:“Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most.”Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicate themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure(终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications.”16.When a college tries to be “all things to all people”(lines 2, Para. Ⅰ), it aims to ____.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage all sorts of people to attend collegeD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends17.The word “core”(lines 15, 1st paragraph) might mean____.A) aimB) unitC) centerD) course18.One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that ____.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are not interested in learning19.American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four year degree candidates because ____.A) most of them lack high quality faculitesB) students are becoming more and more lazyC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching20.It can be inferred from the passage that high quality college education calls for ____.A) high quality facultiesB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the cultivation of students’ interest in learningD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledgeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The U.S. birthrate began to decline in the middle 1950’s, resulting in a smaller college age population starting in the middle 1970’s.S4 Something else happened in the 1970’s: the price of oil increased tremendously, driving up the price of almost everything and making Americans aware that their large automobiles used a lot of gasoline. At the same time, foreign car manufacturers had begun to produce small fuel efficient cars in large quantities for the export market. Suddenly, the large, gas guzzling American cars were no longer attractive to American buyers, who began buying foreign cars by the thousands. The American automobile industry went into a recession. Thousands of automotive workers were laid off, as were thousands of people in industries indirectly connected with the auto industry. People who are laid off tend to keep what money they have for necessities, like food and housing. They do not have the extra money needed to send their children to college. Their children cannot pay their own college costs, because during a recession they cannot find jobs. High unemployment means that more state funds must be used for social service—unemployment benefits and to aid dependent children, for example—than during more prosperous times. It also means, that the states have fewer funds than usual, because people are paying fewer taxes. Institutions of higher education depend on two major sources of income to keep them functioning: tuition from students and funds from the states. At the present time, there are fewer students than in the past and fewer state funds available for higher education. The colleges and universities are in trouble.21.What is the main idea of this passage?A) The rising of oil price drove up the price of everything.B) There were many reasons why higher education was in trouble in the 1970’s.C) Birthrate began to decline in the USA in 1950’s.D) High unemployment caused a lot of social problems.22.The phrase “laid off” can best be replaced by which of the following?A) Poor .B) Got rid of.C) Removed.D) Unemployed.23.American cars were not popular in their domestic markets because they were____.A) smallB) gas consumingC) fuel efficientD) not attractive24.The colleges and universities were in trouble because of the following reasons except that ____.A) they couldn’t get enough income to keep them runningB) young people couldn’t afford the tuition feesC) keeping them running at the same level would cost much moreD) social services need more state funds because of the recession25.All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ____.A) young people couldn’t afford their own tuition in the 1970’sB) it’s difficult for graduates from colleges to find a job in the 1970’sC) fewer parents could afford to send their children to college because ofthe recession in 1970’sD) Birthrate dropped in the 1970’s because of the recessionQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Within fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes for the recycling of waste. The word rubbish could lose its meaning because everything that goes into the dumps would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.The latest project is to take a city of around half a million inhabitants and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go out. The aim is to find out how much of these raw materials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and rubber as well. Another new project is being set up to discover the best ways of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: first, it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that grounders and rollers break up everything that can be broken. Finally the rubbish will pass under magnets, which will remove the bits of iron and steel; the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.The first full scale giant recycling plants are, perhaps, fifteen years away. Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.26.The main purpose of the passage is ____.A) to show us a future way of recycling wastesB) to tell the importance of recycling wastesC) to warn people the danger of some wastesD) to introduce a new recycling plant27.How many stages are there in the recycling process?A) 3.B) 4.C) 5.D) 6.28.What is the main reason for big cities to build their own recycling plants?A) To deal with wastes in a better way.B) It’s a good way to gain profits.C) It’s more economical than to dump wastes in some distant places.D) Energy can be got at a lower price.29.The first full—scale huge recycling plants ____.A) have been in existence for 15 yearsB) takes 15 years to buildC) can’t be built until 15 years laterD) will remain functioning for 15 years30.Which of the following statements is true?A) The word “rubbish”will soon disappear from dictionaries.B) Dangerous wastes can be recycled into nothing but energy.C) To recycle paper and rubber will still be impossible even with the new recycling methods.D) Big cities will soon have their own recycling plants.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Psychologists now believe that noise has a considerable effect on people’s attitudes and behaviors. Experiments have proved that in noisy situations (even temporary ones), people behave more irritably and less cooperatively; in more permanent noisy situations, many people can not work hard, and they suffer from severe anxiety as well as other psychological problems. However, psychologists distinguish between “sound” and “noise”. “Sound” is measured physically in decibels. “Noise” cannot be measured in the same way because it refers to the psychological effect of sound and its level of “intensity” depends on the situation. Thus, for passengers at an airport who expect to hear airplanes taking off and landing, there may be a lot of sound, but not much noise (that is, they are not bothered by the noise). By contrast, if you are at a concert and two people behind you are whispering, you feel they are talking noisily even if there is not much sound. You notice the noise because it affects you psychologically. Both sound and noise can have negative effects, but what is most important is if the person has control over the sound. People walking down the street with earphones, listening to music that they enjoy, are receiving a lot of decibels of sound, but they are probably happy hearing sounds which they control. On the other hand, people in the street without earphones must tolerate a lot of noise which they have no control over. It is noise pollution that we need to control in order to help people live more happily.31. According to the passage, people ____A) can not work in a noisy situationB) will suffer from complete deafness because of noise pollutionC) can be psychologically affected by working in very noisy factoriesD) may cooperate well in a noisy surrounding32.“Sound”, as defined by the psychologists, ____.A) can be measured in the same way that “noise”is measuredB) may be extremely harmful to healthC) is not at all different from “noise”D) can be measured by machines33.The intensity of noise can be measured by ____.A) its effect on people’s hearingB) its decibelC) how much it affects people psychologicallyD) how long it lasts34. According to the passage, which of the following is sound rather than noise?A) A couple’s whisper behind you in the cinema.B) The snore of your roommate.C) The loud motor-horn in the street.D) The sound of airplanes taking off and landing when you are waiting to board plane.35. We can conclude from the passage that we need to control noise pollution if ____.A) we want to stay both psychologically and physically healthyB) we want to have better control over ourselvesC) we want to cooperate wellD) we don’t want to be anxiousQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.“If they know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor pe rformance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.36. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ____.A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB) the appropriate amount of external rewardsC) the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD) the effects of external rewards on students’ performance37. What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students?A) They approve of external rewards.B) They don’t think external rewards make any difference.C) They have doubts about external rewards.D) They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not college students.38. According to the result of the study mentioned in the passage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity?A) Give rewards for performances that deserve them.B) Always promise rewards.C) Assign tasks that are not very challenging.D) Be more lenient to students when mistakes are made.39. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ____.A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students.B) punishment is more effective than rewarding.C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards.D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency.40. Which of the following facts about “token economics”is not correct?A) Students are assigned challenging tasks.B) Rewards are given for good performances.C) Students are evaluated according to the effort they put into the task.D) With token economics, students’ creativity can be enhanced.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer’s claims, the first step is to present the warranty, or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” t he consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear”is better than “This stereo does not work”. The store manager may advice the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and firmly as possible. If a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go to a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumer’s rights.41. When a consumer finds that his or her purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he or she should do is to ____.A) complain personally to the managerB) threaten to take the matter to courtC) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchaseD) show some written proof of the purchase to the store42. How can a consumer make his or her complaint more effective, according to the passage?A) Explain exactly what is wrong with the item.B) Threaten to take the seller to court.C) Make polite and general statements about the problem.D) Avoid having direct contact with the store manager.43. According to the passage, which of the following is suggested as the last alternative that consumers may turn to?A) Complain to the store manager in person.B) Complain to the manufacturer.C) Write a complaint letter to the manager.D) Turn to the Consumers’ Rights Protection Organization for help.44. The phrase “live up to”in this context means ____.A) meet the standard ofB) realize the purpose ofC) fulfill the demands ofD) keep the promise of45. The passage tells us ____.A) how to settle a consumer’s complaint about a faulty itemB) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty itemC) how to avoid buying a faulty itemD) how to deal with complaints from customersKey:1. 答案D。

考研英语二作文18分要求Possible essay:The Importance of Critical Thinking。

The ability to think critically is essential for success in many areas of life, including academic study, professional work, and personal relationships. Critical thinking involves analyzing and evaluating information, arguments, and ideas in order to form reasoned judgments and make informed decisions. It requires a combination of skills, such as observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, and explanation, as well as attitudes, such as open-mindedness, skepticism,intellectual curiosity, and intellectual humility. In this essay, I will discuss why critical thinking is important, how it can be developed, and how it can be applied in various contexts.Firstly, critical thinking is important because ithelps us to avoid errors and biases in our thinking, and to recognize and correct them when they occur. Many of the problems we face in life are due to faulty reasoning, misconceptions, prejudices, or assumptions that we have not examined critically. For example, we may believe in a conspiracy theory, a superstition, or a stereotype without questioning its validity or evidence. We may also fall prey to fallacies, such as ad hominem, straw man, false dichotomy, or appeal to authority, which can distort our understanding of an issue or a person. By applying critical thinking, we can detect and challenge these errors and biases, and arrive at more accurate and defensible conclusions.Secondly, critical thinking is important because it enables us to learn and grow intellectually, and to appreciate the complexity and diversity of the world. When we engage in critical thinking, we are not satisfied with superficial or simplistic answers, but seek to explore the underlying assumptions, evidence, and implications of a claim or an argument. We also consider alternative perspectives, counterarguments, and evidence, and evaluatethem in a fair and objective manner. This process ofinquiry and reflection can broaden our knowledge, sharpen our skills, and deepen our understanding of ourselves and others.Thirdly, critical thinking is important because it empowers us to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively. In many situations, we face multiple options or conflicting interests, and we need to weigh the pros and cons, the risks and benefits, and the values and priorities involved. By using critical thinking, we can identify the relevant factors, assess their significance, and generate creative and realistic solutions. We can also anticipate and evaluate the consequences of our decisions, and adjust them accordingly if necessary. Moreover, we can communicate our reasoning and decisions clearly and persuasively to others, and engage in constructive dialogue and collaboration.Now, let me turn to the question of how critical thinking can be developed. Although some people may have a natural inclination or talent for critical thinking, it isnot an innate ability that cannot be improved. On the contrary, critical thinking can be cultivated and enhanced through various methods and practices. Here are some suggestions:Read widely and critically, and expose yourself to different genres, styles, and perspectives. This will help you to develop your analytical and interpretive skills, and to appreciate the diversity and complexity of human thought and expression.Practice questioning and challenging assumptions, biases, and fallacies, and seeking evidence and reasons to support or refute them. This will help you to develop your evaluative and inferential skills, and to avoid errors and biases in your own thinking.Engage in discussions and debates with others who have different views and backgrounds, and listen attentively and respectfully to their arguments and feedback. This will help you to develop your communicative and collaborative skills, and to learn from others' perspectives andexperiences.Reflect on your own thinking and decision-making processes, and identify your strengths and weaknesses, as well as areas for improvement. This will help you to develop your metacognitive and self-regulatory skills, and to monitor and adjust your thinking and behavior accordingly.Finally, let me illustrate how critical thinking can be applied in various contexts. Here are some examples:In academic study, critical thinking is essential for reading, writing, research, and learning. It helps you to analyze and evaluate sources, arguments, and theories, and to synthesize and apply them to your own work.In professional work, critical thinking is essentialfor problem-solving, decision-making, and innovation. It helps you to identify and analyze problems, generate and evaluate solutions, and communicate and collaborate with others.In personal relationships, critical thinking is essential for empathy, understanding, and respect. It helps you to listen and respond to others' perspectives, and to evaluate and adjust your own attitudes and behaviors.In conclusion, critical thinking is a vital skill and attitude that we should cultivate and apply in our lives.It helps us to avoid errors and biases, to learn and grow intellectually, and to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively. By developing our critical thinking skills, we can become more independent, creative, and responsible individuals, and contribute to a more rational, just, and humane society.。

Critical ReflectionCritical reflection is a process of thinking which promotes analytical thinking. It helps in questioning, identifying, and assessing the assumptions that are held deep within us. It helps to question our knowledge of things.Critical reflection helps to change the thinking process of a person regarding a certain subject. Rather than being a reading assessment, it triggers a change of behavior within a person.Long and Short Essays on Critical Reflection for Students and Kids in EnglishAccording to Tripp (2011), the critical reflection lies in the process of how we reflect upon a certain condition that comes in our way. How a person interprets an event significant for his life is visible through his critical reflectivity capacity. The importance of critical reflection in personal and professional growth is huge. By developing critical thinking, one can create a competitive edge in their professional field. This competitive edge helps in boosting the professional lives of the people.Numerous critical thinkers in our society have contributed to the development of this thinking.Guralnik (2009) explained that there are individual patterns that can be identified from our previous actions. This affects our growth as an individual and helps us in going forward in our life.The purpose of critical thinking in our daily lives is also to boost self-understanding and enhance all-round growth. Welich (2007) explained that an individual aim to improve their thoughts and actions by critical reflection. This can be easily visible in their behavior. There are two specific steps in critical reflection; analyzing and articulating. Our mind works to analyze the givencritical question first and then communicates it to work out a clear argument. This articulation step will provide you with a clear idea of the level of your knowledge.In the professional field, there is a process of CPD or Continuing Professional Development. As soon as an individual begins to practice critical thinking and reflects them on their goals and activities, they start the process of Continuing Professional Development, which has four distinct stages. The first stage is practice reflection, then comes planning, then action, and then comes evaluation. All thesestages come one after the other, in a cyclic manner. This practice helps an individual identify what is specific to him and what he especially can do to boost his professional growth. This incorporates an individual’s judgment on what is right and what is wrong.This judgment of what is right and wrong provides scope for improvement for an individual. Based on the profession an individual is engaged in, he or she is free to develop specific skills, techniques, and procedures that can benefit his area of expertise. This process, however, requires extensive planning supportedby strong actions. This helps the individual acquire new knowledge, as well.In the Continuing Professional Development, after planning and action, there comes evaluation. The level of critical reflection of an individual is shown in this stage. The benefits of what he has learned, the fruitfulness of the effort he has put in, lies in this stage of reflection.Concerning professional critical reflectivity, there comes responsibility from the sides of both the individuals and employers. The reflectivity will only develop if the professional environment is suitable for it. Some things need to be taught,but critical reflection has to be learned through experience. The ground experiences and the things that are introduced to a person need to be well connected to connect the dots.Short Essay on Critical Reflection 150 Words in EnglishCritical reflection is a unique thinking process that looks forward to boosting the behavior of an individual. This process of thinking is not a reader’s summary that can be successfully taught to a person. Only a small proportion of this knowledge can be conducted, but the maximum comes from ground experience.Developing a critical reflection can come from the home or even from the organization a person is employed in. The environment is a huge factor that incorporates the critical reflection ability of a person. Once a person develops the critical reflective ability, that knowledge is constant and remains with the person over time. The level of thinking changes and can modify over time. The present achievements of a person can help acquire the knowledge of critical thinking. A person can also develop critical thinking abilities with the goals that he seeks to achieve in his life. For all-roundgrowth, the development of critical reflection is crucial.10 Lines on Critical Reflection in EnglishThe privileges of society can be understood well through critical reflection.Critical reflection helps in understanding the oppressions existing in society.Without critical reflection, people can unintentionally harm others, while learning it will help improve personality.Numerous well-known scholars have contributed to the field of critical reflection.There are different learning theories for critical reflection.Continuing Professional Development is an important term associated with critical reflection.Analysis and articulation are crucial for proper critical reflectivity.One important paradox for critical reflection is compulsion vs. voluntarism.An individual rarely learns critical reflection if he is forced for it.This ability comes from learned experience.FAQ’s on Critical Reflection EssayQuestion 1.What are some good critical reflection questions?Answer:Some good questions will be how to judge the concavity or convexity of a mirror or societal privileges.Question 2.Who contributed to critical reflection?Answer:Ancient Greeks were known to be good critical thinkers. The earliest forms of critical thinking capacity can be traced to Socrates.Question 3.Who coined the term critical reflection?Answer:The term critical thinking was coined by renowned sociologist John Dewey. The term critical reflection has been derived from it. The two terms are somewhat interchangeable and can be used as substitutes.。

2024年教师资格（初级中学）-英语知识与教学能力（高中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分) —Do you mind if I______the TV a bit?—Yes, I do, because Fm busy with my homework now.A. turn onB. turn upC. turndownD. turnoff2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) A Chinese student makes a sentence as follows： He is a rich man who like traveling. The error in that sentence is the result of______.A. negative transferB. positive transferC. overgeneralizationD. pragmatic failure3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The party’s reduced vote was______of lack of support for its policies.A. indicativeB. positiveC. revealingD. evident4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following assumptions about vocabulary learning contradicts the modem language teaching theories?A. The best way to learn words is to use them.B. The best way to learn vocabulary is via rote learning.C. An English dictionary is an important aid to students.D. Learning a word involves learning more than just the word itself.5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I will always remember my mother^ last few days in this worlD.On February 14th,2000, my class went on a field trip to the beach. I had so much fun. When we returned to school, my teacher told me to go t o the headmaster’s office. When I got into the office，I saw a police officer. Suddenly I realized something was wrong. The police officer told me what had happened and we went to pick my sister up. After that, we went to the hospital and waiteD. Time went slowly.Finally, we got to see our mother, it was terrible.On the next day, the headmaster came and told my two teachers what had happeneD. I was taking a rest that day. I knew it had something to do with my mother. I kept thinking that she either died or had got better. How I wished that she had got better. When my teacher took me outside, my sister ran up to me. She started crying, “She’s gone. Teresa mommy’s gone. She’s deaD. ”1 couldn’t believe it. We jumped into the car and drove straight to the hospi tal. Most of my family were there. The silence was terrible. I knew I had to say goodbye.Today when I look back, I still miss my mother very much, but I know that I will live. My mother was a strong mother，who had the biggest heart. My mother was an angel walking on the earth. I will always remember her as she is living. When someone is asked who their heroes are ,they usually say someone famous, like Michael Jordan or Britney Spears. When someone asks me who my hero is, I tell them, my mother. My mother lives every day. That is what makes her a true hero.What did the headmaster tell the two teachers on the next day?______.A. Her mother had been very ill.B. Her mother had been deaD.C. Her mother had gotten better.D. Her sister came to see her.6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.Fear is the driver’s constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behinD. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of accident crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver^ scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track-and died there.All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant-scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand’s Bruce McLaren, who had an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics， with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsement, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis (底盘).Dan GumeyJs California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four cars in the 1968 Indy 500, including his own second place car. Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn’t even the major reason. Three times Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967).A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limiteD. and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, “It’s in my blooD. ’’Other times he says, “It is good practice.” Now and then he replies, “Don’t ask dumb questions. ’’A. J. Foyt often takes part in minor-league races fo r______ .A. prize moneyB. blood testC. cheers from the crowdD. enjoyment7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)A teacher may encourage students to__________ when they come acrossnew words infast reading.A. take notesB. ask for helpC. guess meaning from contextD. look up the words in a dictionary8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) You II find this Travel Guide to be of great ( ) in helping you and your children to get around Malaysia.A. costB. priceC. valueD. expenditure9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) If a teacher attempts to implement the top-down model to teachA. new word sifter playing the tapeB. new words before playing the tapeC. background information after playing the tapeD. background information before playing the tape10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means______with my progress.A. the teacher is not satisfiedB. is the teacher not satisfiedC. the teacher is satisfiedD. is the teacher satisfied11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) What stage can the following grammar activity be usedat?______.The teacher asks the students to arrange the words of the sentences into different columns marked subject, predicate, object, object complement, adverbial and so on.A. PresentationB. PracticeC. ProductionD. Preparation12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Operations which left patients______and in need of long periods of discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A. unhealthyB. exhaustedC. fearfulD. upset13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Mr. King works in a shop and drives a car for the manager. He drives carefully and can keep calm in time of danger, and he has escaped from several accidents. The manager pays him more and the traffic policemen often speak highly of him.Mr. Baker, one of his friends, works in a factory outside the city. Ifs far from his house and he has to go to work by bus. As the traffic is crowded in the morning, sometimes he’s late for the work. His manager warns the young man that he will be sent away unless he gets to his office on time. He hopes to buy a car，but he hasn’t enough money. He decides to buy an old one. He went to the flea market and at last he chose a beautiful but cheap car. He said he wan— ted to have a trial drive, and the seller agreeD. He called Mr. King and asked him to give a hanD.Mr. King examined the car at first and then drove it away. It was five in the morning and there were few cars in the street. At first he drove slowly and it worked well. Then he drovefailed and nearly hit an old woman who was crossing the street. A policeman told him to stop, but the car went on until it hit a big tree by the roaD.“Didn’t you hear me?” the policeman asked angrily.“Yes，I did，sir，” said Mr. King，“ Since it doesn’t listen to me，can it obey you?”Mr. Baker went to the flea market to______.A. buy a second-hand carB. have a trial driveC. choose a new carD. sell his old car14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What is the author′ s attitude towards America′ s policies on global warming?A. Critical.B. Indifferent.C. Supportive.D. Compromising.15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities helps to train the skill of listening for gist?A. After listening, the students are required to figure out the relationship between the characters.B. After listening, the students are required to sequence the sentences according to the story.C. After listening, the students are required to identify the characters appearing in the story.D. After listening, the students are required to decide upon the title for the text.16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Did you return Tom?s call?—I didn’t need to______, Fll see him tomorrow.A. thoughtB. unlessC. whenD. because17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) This skirt was made______your mother______her own measure.A. for; toC. to; toD. for; by18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)She is __________ , from her recording, the diaries of Simon Forman.A. transcribingB. keepingC. paraphrasingD. recollecting19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There is no doubt______you will pass the exam this time. You have worked so hard in the past months.A. whetherB. thatC. ifD. what20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项（请选择唯一正确的答案）Passage OneThere are many wetlands in China and some of them have become the world’s important wetlands. The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are among them. They are in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. They are home for many different kinds of birds and animals. The worlds largest Milu Deer Nature Reserve is in them. More than 700 milu deer live freely there. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world, but every winter you can see some in the Red-crowned Cranes Nature Reserve in the Yellow Sea Wetlands.The temperature in the wetlands is usually neither too high nor too low. There is a lot of rain and sunshine, too. They are really good places for wildlife. Offering food and home for some special kinds of animals and birds is not the only reason why we need to protect wet-lands. Wetlands are important because they can also prevent floods. But some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means there will be less and less space for wildlife.Luckily, more and more people are beginning to realize the importance Of wetlands and wildlife. Every year, on February 2, many activities are held to tell people more about wet-lands.The World Wetlands Day is on. ______ .B. June 25C. February 2D. March 2221.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The committee __________ a conclusion only after days of discussion.A. releasedB. achievedC. reachedD. accomplished22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage OneMove over Methuselah. Future generations could be living well into their second century and still doing Sudoku, if life expectancy predictions are true. Increasing by two years every decade, they show no signs of flattening out. Average lifespan worldwide is already double what it was 200 years ago. Since the 1980s, experts thought the increase in life expectancy would slow down and then stop, but forecasters have repeatedly been proved wrong.The reason behind the steady rise in life expectancy is “the decline in the death rate of the elderly”, says Professor Tom Kirkwood from Newcas tle University. He maintains that our bodies are evolving to maintain and repair themselves better and our genes are investing in →this process ←to put off the damage which will eventually lead to death. As a result, there is no ceiling imposed by the real ities of the ageing process. “There is no use-by-date when we age. Ageing is not a fixed biological process," Tom says.A large study of people aged 85 and over carried out by Professor Kirkwood discovered that there were a remarkable number of people enjoying good health and independence in their late 80s and beyonD. With people reaching old age in better shape, it is safe to assume that this is all due to better eating habits, living conditions, education and medicine.There are still many people who suffer from major health problems, but modem medicine means doctors are better at managing long-term health conditions like diabetes, high blood pres- sure and heart disease. “We are reaching old age with less accumulative damage than previous generations, we are less damaged," says Professor KirkwooD. Our softer lives and the improvements in nutrition and healthcare have had a direct impact on longevity.Nearly one-in-five people currency in the UK will live to see their 100th birthday, the Office for National Statistics predicted last year. Life expectancy at birth has continued to increase in the UK——from 73.4 years for the period 1991 to 1993 to 77.85 years for 2007 to 2009. A report in Science from 2002 which looked at life expectancy patterns in different countries since 1840 concluded that there was no sign of a natural limit to life.Researchers Jim Oeppen and Dr. James Vaupel found that people in the country with the highest life expectancy would live to an average age of 100 in about six decades. But they stopped short of predicting anything more."This is far from eternity: modest annual increments in life expectancy will never lead to immortality,” the researchers saiD.We do not seem to be approaching anything like the limits of life expectancy, says Professor David Leon from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “There has been no flattening out of the best the groups which everyone knows have good life expectancy and→ low mortality←. ”he says.These groups, which tend to be in the higher social and economic groups in society, can live for several years longer than people in lower social groups, prompting calls for an end to inequalities within societies.Within populations, genes also have an important role to play in determining how long we could survive for, but environment is still the most important factor.It is no surprise that healthy-living societies like Japan have the highest life expectancies in the worlD. But it would still be incredible to think that life expectancy could go on rising forever. “I would bet there will be further increases in life expectancy and then it will probably begin to slow,” says Tom, “but we just don’t know.”The underlined phrase “low mortality” in Paragraph 8 could best be replaced by “→←".A. short life spanB. low death rateC. low illness rateD. good health condition23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) For grammar teaching, if the rule is given first and explained and the student then has to apply the rule to given situation, the method is definedas______methoD.A. deductiveB. inductiveC. Grammar-translationD. audio-translation24.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The most suitable question type to check students′ comprehension and developtheir critical thinking is __________.A. rhetorical questionsB. referential questionsC. close questionsD. display questions25.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following is NOT the advantage of group work?A. creating some peaceful and quiet time in classB. encouraging cooperation and negotiation skills among studentsC. encouraging different opinions and contributions to the workD. promoting students5 autonomy rather than follow the teachers26.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)--Would you like some noodles, Celia?--Yes, just___________, please.A. a fewB. fewC. a littleD. little27.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Modem scientists divide the process of dying into two stages-clinical or temporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have ceased to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be reviveD. Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the disintegration of vital cells and tissues. Death is then irreversible and final.Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that the organism can be revived before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism, combined with narcotic sleep. By slowing down the body^ metabolism, cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.To illustrate how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called KetA. The scientists put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from its body. The monkey’s blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped; clinical death set in.this point the scientists pumped blood into its body in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes the monkey’s heart became active once more. Aft er fifteen minutes, spontaneous breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her heaD. After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection. Keta seized the syringe and ran with it around the room. Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal.One characteristic of clinical death is______.A. lasting damage to the lungsB. destruction of the tissuesC. temporary non-functioning of the heartD. that the organism cannot be revived28.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities actually does not involve writing?→ ←.A. Completion according to outlines.B. Completion with multiple choices.C. Completion according to topic sentences.D. Completion with detailed examples related to the topiC.29.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) English teachers often ask students to ______ a passage to get the gist of it.A. skimB. scanC. predictD. describe30.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Must I finish the work today, Mom?__No, you_____. You can finish it tomorrow.A. mustn’tB. can’tC. shouldn’tD. needn’t31.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) ______ she heard her grandfather was bom in Germany.A. That was from her mumB. It was her mum thatC. It was from her mum thatD. It was her mum whom32.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When we analyze the salt salinity (盐浓度)of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In thisextreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtaineD.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreaseD. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behinD. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeareD. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the worlD.It can be known from the passage that increase in the salinity of ocean water is caused by______.A. melting of sea iceB. precipitationC. evaporationD. supplement of salt33.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Mr. King works in a shop and drives a car for the manager. He drives carefully and can keep calm in time of danger, and he has escaped from several accidents. The manager pays him more and the traffic policemen often speak highly of him.Mr. Baker, one of his friends, works in a factory outside the city. Ifs far from his house and he has to go to work by bus. As the traffic is crowded in the morning, sometimes he’s late for the work. His manager warns the young man that he will be sent away unless he gets to his office on time. He hopes to buy a car，but he hasn’t enough money. He decides to buy an old one. He went to the flea market and at last he chose a beautiful but cheap car. He said he wan— ted to have a trial drive, and the seller agreeD. He called Mr. King and asked him to give a hanD.Mr. King examined the car at first and then drove it away. It was five in the morning and there were few cars in the street. At first he drove slowly and it worked well. Then he drovefailed and nearly hit an old woman who was crossing the street. A policeman told him to stop, but the car went on until it hit a big tree by the roaD.“Didn’t you hear me?” the policeman asked angrily.“Yes，I did，sir，” said Mr. King，“ Since it doesn’t listen to me，can it obey you?”What is a flea market?______.A. A market where fleas are solD.B. A market where cars are solD.C. A market where used and cheap goods are soldD. A supermarket.34.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) To their credit the Department of Energy______these ideas and funded a detailed study.A. took toB. took onC. took overD. took up35.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The phoneme/n/in the first word of all the following phrases changes to/m/except______.A. moon shineB. moon beamC. common propertyD. common wealth36.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows__________.A. generally distorted valuesB. unfair wealth distributionC. a marginalized lifestyleD. a rigid moral code37.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following can be regarded as a communicative language task? ______ .A. Information-gap activityC. Sentence transformationD. Blank-filling38.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage OneMove over Methuselah. Future generations could be living well into their second century and still doing Sudoku, if life expectancy predictions are true. Increasing by two years every decade, they show no signs of flattening out. Average lifespan worldwide is already double what it was 200 years ago. Since the 1980s, experts thought the increase in life expectancy would slow down and then stop, but forecasters have repeatedly been proved wrong.The reason behind the stead y rise in life expectancy is “the decline in the death rate of the elderly”, says Professor Tom Kirkwood from Newcastle University. He maintains that our bodies are evolving to maintain and repair themselves better and our genes are investing in →this process ←to put off the damage which will eventually lead to death. As a result, there is no ceiling imposed by the realities of the ageing process. “There is no use-by-date when we age. Ageing is not a fixed biological process," Tom says.A large study of people aged 85 and over carried out by Professor Kirkwood discovered that there were a remarkable number of people enjoying good health and independence in their late 80s and beyonD. With people reaching old age in better shape, it is safe to assume that this is all due to better eating habits, living conditions, education and medicine.There are still many people who suffer from major health problems, but modem medicine means doctors are better at managing long-term health conditions like diabetes, high blood pres- sure and heart disease. “We are reaching old age with less accumulative damage than previous generations, we are less damaged," says Professor KirkwooD. Our softer lives and the improvements in nutrition and healthcare have had a direct impact on longevity.Nearly one-in-five people currency in the UK will live to see their 100th birthday, the Office for National Statistics predicted last year. Life expectancy at birth has continued to increase in the UK——from 73.4 years for the period 1991 to 1993 to 77.85 years for 2007 to 2009. A report in Science from 2002 which looked at life expectancy patterns in different countries since 1840 concluded that there was no sign of a natural limit to life.Researchers Jim Oeppen and Dr. James Vaupel found that people in the country with the highest life expectancy would live to an average age of 100 in about six decades. But they stopped short of predicting anything more."This is far from eternity: modest annual increments in life expectancy will never lead to immortality,” the researchers saiD.We do not seem to be approaching anything like the limits of life expectancy, says Professor David Leon from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “There has been no flattening out of the best the group s which everyone knows have good life expectancy and→ low mortality←. ”he says.for several years longer than people in lower social groups, prompting calls for an end to inequalities within societies.Within populations, genes also have an important role to play in determining how long we could survive for, but environment is still the most important factor.It is no surprise that healthy-living societies like Japan have the highest life expectancies in the worlD. But it would still be incredible to think that life expectancy could go on rising forever. “I would bet there will be further increases in life expectancy and then it will probably begin to slow,” says Tom, “but we just don’t know.”Which statement below is TRUE concerning life expectancy according to thepassage?→←.A. Life expectancy goes on rising forever.B. There could be further increases in life expectancy.C. Life expectancy has slowed down since 1980s and it will stop.D. Life expectancy in Japan doubles what it was 200 years ago.39.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)The message came to the villagers __________ the enemy had already fledthe village.A. whichB. whoC. thatD. where40.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which of the letter "u"in the following words has a different pronunciation from others?A. abuseB. useC. excuseD. lure41.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Based on the experiment, which of the following may signal that the subjectis nearing the solution?A. The subject is begging to work.B. The subject looks away at something else.C. The subject is distracted from the given words.D. The subject concentrates on the given words all the time.42.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) New curriculum promotes the three-dimensional teaching objective which includes_______.A. knowledge, skills and method sB. emotional attitude and valuesC. knowledge, skills and emotionD. knowledge and skills； process and methods； emotional attitude and values43.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following nominating patterns can a teacher adopt to ensure that all students are actively involved in classroom activities?→ ←.A. Nominating those who are good at English.B. Asking questions in a predicable sequence.C. Nominating students after the question is given.D. Nominating students before giving the question.44.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Electronic books could revolutionize reading, but people ought to consider their far-reaching. “The e-book promises to wreak a slow havoc on life as we know it,” Jason Ohler, professor of technology assessment, University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau, warned the World Future Society, Bethesda, MD. His assessment weighed the pros and cons of e-book technology’s impact on social rela tionships, the environment, the economy，etC. Before you curl up with an e-book, consider the disadvantages.They increase eyestrain due to poor screen resolution, replace a relatively cheap commodity with a more expensive one, and displace workers in print book production and traditional publishing. E-books make it easy to share data, thereby threatening copyright agreements and reducing compensation of authors, as well as creating no biodegradable trash. On the other hand, e-books save paper and trees, reduce the burden of the carrying and storing of printed books, promote self- sufficiency in learning, and make reading a collaborative experience online. They also create new jobs for writers and artists and encourageself-publishing. In final analysis, Ohler points out, e-books should gain society’s approval if a few conditions are met: make them biodegradable and recyclable，solve the problem of eye fatigue，be sure the “have-nots” get the technology，and support e-book training in schools and business.What is e-books negative impact on social relationships?______.A. They create new jobs only for writers.B. Fewer and fewer people have access to new technology.C. They may threaten some traditional trades.。