西方国家概况课后澳大利亚exercise

英语国家概况课后题1. What are the four main English-speaking countries?The four main English-speaking countries are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.2. What is the official language of the United States?The official language of the United States is English.3. What is the official language of the United Kingdom?The official language of the United Kingdom is English.4. What is the official language of Canada?Canada is officially bilingual, with English and French being the two official languages.5. What is the official language of Australia?The official language of Australia is English.6. Which country has the largest English-speaking population? The United States has the largest English-speaking population.7. Which country has the second largest English-speaking population?India has the second largest English-speaking population.8. Which country has English as a second language?Many countries have English as a second language, including countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe.9. Which country has the highest English proficiency?According to the EF English Proficiency Index, the Netherlands has the highest English proficiency among non-native English-speaking countries.10. Can you name some other English-speaking countries?Some other English-speaking countries include New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, Singapore, and Malta.。

第十九章澳大利亚(Ⅰ)国土和人民Land and PeopleI.Multiple choices1.In the north of the Australian continent are_____.A.tropical rainforestsB.plateau landscapes occupied by snowfieldsC.deserts or semi desertsD.hills and fertile plains【答案】A【解析】澳大利亚的北部为热带雨林。

选项A正确。

2.The first group of English were brought in Australia as_____in1788by the First Fleet.A.slavesB.workersC.convictsD.refugees【答案】C【解析】第一批英国罪犯在1788年乘坐第一舰队来到澳大利亚。

选项C正确。

3.Which is the oldest religion in Australia?A.ChristianityB.ProtestantismC.CatholicismD.the Dreaming【答案】D【解析】“梦创信仰”是澳大利亚这片土地上最古老的宗教。

选项D正确。

4.The following animals are unique to the Australian continent except_____.A.platypusB.kangarooC.sealD.koala【答案】C【解析】澳大利亚特有的动物包括：鸭嘴兽、袋鼠、树袋熊和毛鼻袋鼠，海豹不属于其特有动物。

选项C正确。

5.Australia was essentially unknown in the West until the_____century.A.15thB.16thC.17thD.18th【答案】C【解析】直到17世纪，澳大利亚才被西方人所知。

Understanding UK & Ireland Chapter 9 A General Survey of UKI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.___1. The official name of UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.___2. The longest river in Britain is River Thames.___3. On the island of Great Britain, there are four political divisions—England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.___4. The United Kingdom consist of two main islands—Great Britain and Ireland.II. Multiple Choices5. The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of _____ crosses.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6. Which flower is symbol of England?A. ThistleB. ShamrockC. DaffodilD. Rose7. About two thirds of ____is covered by the Highlands.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern IrelandIII. Match each of the following capitals with its island8. Scotland a) Belfast9. Wales b) Cardiff10.Northern Ireland c) EdinburghIV. Answer the Following Questions11. What are the four regions of Britain?12. What kind of geographical position does Britain have?13. Which places in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland？14. Does Britain have a favorable climate?15. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest? Chapter 10Geography & History of UKSection 1 GeographyI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____ 1. To the west of Great Britain is the second largest island known as Scotland._____ 2. London, the capital of the UK, is situated on the Severn River near its mouth. _____ 3. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain. They are England，Scotland and Wales.II. Multiple Choices4. The British Isles are made up of______.A. two large islands and hundreds of small onesB. two large islands and Northern IrelandC. three large islands and hundreds of small onesD. three large islands and NorthernIreland5. The largest lake in Britain is ______.A. Loch LomondB. the Lough NeaghC. WindermereD. Ullswater6. Britai n’s climate is influenced by ______ that sweeps up from the equator and flows past the British Isles.A. the Gulf StreamB. the Brazil CurrentC. the Labrador CurrentD. the Falkland current7. The second largest city in England, _____ , is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city.A. EdinburghB. BelfastC. GlasgowD. Birmingham8. _____ is England’s biggest naval base.A. PortsmouthB. SouthamptonC. PlymouthD. Dover9. Which is the largest city in Scotland?A. CardiffB. EdinburghC. GlasgowD. Manchester10. Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with _____.A. the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinkingB. the North-East slowly rising and the South-West slowly sinkingC. the South-East slowly rising and the North-west slowly sinkingD. the South-West slowly rising and the North-East slowly sinkingSection 2 HistoryI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____1. It was the Angles who gave their name to England and the English people._____2. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest was important in English history because it laid the foundation on which the English nationwas to be formed._____3. The Great Charter was signed in 1215 by King John._____4. Henry VII was responsible for the founding of the Church of England._____5. Britain was the first country to start the Industrial Revolution which contributed to the establishment of the British Empire.II. Multiple Choices6. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from___ .A. FranceB. DenmarkC. IrelandD. Germany7. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC____?A. Emperor ClaudiusB. Julius CaesarC. King AlfredD. King Ethelred8. The Chartist Movement was officiallylaunched at a great meeting in Birmingham in__ , with the aim of pressing the Parliament to accept the People’s Charter.A. 1836B. 1838C. 1840D. 18429. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ____.A. 200B.C.B. 55 B.C.C. 55 A.D.D. 410 A.D10. When did the Hundred Years’ War start?A. 1733B. 1453C. 1337D. 1357Chapter ExercisesI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F”for false in the space provided.___1.The official name of UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.___2.The longest river in Britain is River Thames.___3.On the island of Great Britain, there are four political divisions—England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland___4.The UK lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.___5.British recorded history begins with the Norman invasion.II. Multiple Choices6. The highest mountain peak in Britain is called ____.A. Ben NevisB. Cross FellC. SnowdonD. Scafell7. The Lake District is famous for ___.A. its wild and beautiful sceneryB. its varied lakesC. the Lake PoetsD. all of the above8. The first known settlers of Britain were_______.A. the JutesB. the CeltsC. the SaxonsD. the Iberians9. .The objective of the Chartist Movement was democratic rights for all men, and it took its name from____.A. the Bill of RightsB. the Agreement of the PeopleC. the People’s CharterD. the Great Charter10. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC____.A. Emperor ClaudiusB. Julius CaesarC. King AlfredD. King EthelredIII. Gap-filling11. The total area of Britain is about____ square kilometers.12. Britain is separated from the European continent by ______ and_____________. 13. The capital of the Scotland is (1)________, the capital of Wales is___ and thecapital of Northern Ireland is (2) ________. 14.________ is the largest and most populous of the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.15. The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor ________ modified and improved the design in 1765. IV. Terms Explanation16. The Hundred Years' War17. The Lowland Zone18. Norman Conquest of 106619. Industrial Revolution20. The Chartist MovementChapter 11Political System & National Economy of UK Section 1 Political SystemI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.______1. The United Kingdom is a federal, not a unitary state.______2. Members of Parliament (MPs) arethose who inherit the noble titles.______3. In Britain, changes of government do not involve changes in departmental staff, who continue to carry out their duties whichever party is in power.______4. The Labor Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them.______5. Prime Minister is the leader of the British government.II. Multiple Choices6. The House of Commons consists of______ Members of Parliament.A 651B. 1,200C. 1,198D. 7637. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in the ______.A the House of LordsB. the House of CommonsC. the Privy CouncilD. the Shadow Cabinet8. In Britain the succession order of the Crown can be altered only by common consent of _____.A. all members of the royal familyB. the House of Lords and the House of CommonsC. cabinet and ministryD. the countries of the Commonwealth9. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The _____ has very little power.A. queenB. monarchC. prime ministerD. kingIII. Match the following items10.1) England has existed as aunified entity since the________ century.a) King John2) The most important part ofthe English constitution is theMagna Charta, or GreatCharter, sealed by _______in 1215.b)the ConservativeParty3) In 1994 the Labor Partyelected Tony Blair, a younglawyer, as its leader.c) James IId) the Labor Partye)10thf) 11thSection 2 National EconomyI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____ 1. Mrs. Thatcher's government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies._____ 2. Today, in Britain, iron and steel is called a “sick” industry._____ 3. There are steady development in the 50s and 60s, economic recession in the 70s and economic recovery in the 80s.II. Multiple Choices4. Traditional British farming involved__, which dated back to the 5th century.A. the open field systemB. the system of crop rotationC. the use of artificial fertilizerD. the use of new agricultural machinery5. In the 1970s, oil was discovered in___, but the revenue from oil did not create an economic miracle for Britain.A. the English ChannelB. the Irish SeaC. the St. George SeaD. the North Sea6. Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through___.A. the income taxB. the council taxC. the capital receiptsD. personal contribution7. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 1950，and 1960s was based on the theory of_______.A. Adam SmithB. John M. KeynesC. Margaret ThatcherD. Karl Marx8. Under Margaret Thatcher’s administration, Britain experienced _________.A. economic recessionB. economic expansionC. economic declineD. economic depression9. In Britain only about ____ of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.A. 2%B. 3%C. 4%D. 5%III. Match the following items10.1) The two important crops inBritain are ____.a) wheat andrice2) ____is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen”.b) wheat andbarley3) In the early 2000s Britain’s levels of inflation and unemployment remained among the lowest in the European Union. ｃ）the areabetweenLondon andSouth Walesｄ）the areabetweenGlasgow andEdinburgh inScotlande) lowestf) highestChapter ExercisesI. Gap-filling1. The British were the ______ in the world to enter the Industrial Revolution.2. The main textile producing regions of Britain are _____,____,____,and_____.3. An industrial complex in suburban Glasgow du bbed _______is the center of Scotland’s thriving technology industry.4. Historically, the financial services industry has been based in the City of______ in an area called the Square Mile.5. The Bank of England, chartered in 1694, was ______in 1946 and is the only bank that issues banknotes in England and Wales.6. The predecessor of the English parliament is________.7. There are _______ political divisions on the island of Great Britain.8. In the UK, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House becomes _______, with is one leader, and forms a________.9.____________were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.10. In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the ___________ number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.III. Terms Explanation1. Constitutional monarchy2. Primogeniture3. First past the post4. The Conservative Party and the Labor Party5. High Street BanksIV．Answer the Following Questions16. What is a general election?17. What is the supreme legislative authority in Britain? What does it consists of?18. What are the three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth?19. What is the British government’s role in the economy?20. How did the structure of British industry change in the last half of the 20th century?Chapter 12 Society & Culture of UK Section 1British people & their Ways of LifeI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____1. It is customary to leave a 10% tip when eating in restaurants for good service (but not in fast food restaurants such as McDonalds.)_____2. Britain is home of the world's largest foreign exchange market and the world's richest football club—Manchester United._____3. The once typical British family headed by two parents has undergone substantial changes during the nineteenth century._____4. Marriage is legal at age 18 in Britain. II. Multiple Choices5. What is the most popular type of home in England?A．semi-detachedB．detachedC．flatD．terraced6. Which of the following is not included in the most common and typical foods eaten in Britain?A. sandwichB. fishC. chipsD. Pisa7. When does the world's most famous tennis tournament Wimbledon begin?A. on the nearest Friday to June 22B. on the nearest Monday to June 22C. on the nearest Tuesday to June 22D. on the nearest Saturday to June 22III. Match the following items8. When you are invited todinner, ten minutes _____ isexcellent.a) Football9.________is undoubtedly themost popular sport inEngland.b) Horseracing10. In England, People usually______ when first introduced.c) lated) shake handse) kiss each otherlightly on onecheekSection 2 Holidays and Special DaysI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____1. Banks are not allowed to operate on bank holidays._____2. Each part of the United Kingdom has the same Saint's Day._____3. There are currently 8 permanent bank and public holidays in England, Wales and Scotland, and 10 in Northern Ireland. II. Multiple Choices4. In England, Wales & Ireland, both Christmas Day and _____Good Friday were traditional 'days of rest'.A. New Year's DayB. Easter MondayC. Good FridayD. May Day5. England's National Day is ____.A. St George's Day, 1 MarchB. St George's Day, 23 AprilC. New Year's Day. 1 JanD. Christmas, 25 Dec6. In England, Wales, parts of Canada, and in some other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, ____ is a popular term applied to December 26, the day following Christmas Day.A. EasterB. LentC. Boxing DayD. Remembrance DayIII. Match each of the following parts with itsSaint’s Day.7. England a) St. David8. Scotland b) St Patrick9. Wales c) St. George10.Northern Ireland d) St. AndrewSection 3 EducationI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____1. Education in Britain is compulsory for children aged from 5 to 16._____2. Like all British universities, Buckingham University is also partially funded by central government grants._____3.Public schools are mainly financed by fees paid by parents._____4. Boarding private schools, such as Eton College, Harrow School are open to all in Britain and a large percentage of population can attend the schools.II. Multiple Choices5. Which one is not considered as the mostfamous boarding private schools in Britain?A. Eton CollegeB. Harrow SchoolC. Woodland Junior SchoolD. Rugby School6. Normally, it will take _______ years to get an undergraduate degreeA. 3B. 4C. 5D. 27. Which of the following statements is not true about the comprehensive schools? A. They are only taken students with good academic abilities.B. They provide a large range of secondary education.C. they are founded in 1960s and 1970s.D. Most grammar schools were replaced by comprehensive schools.III. Match the following items8. Oxbridge a)Universities dedicated tothe sciences and appliedtechnology9. public schools b)Ivy League10. polytechnics d) state schoolse)private schools that chargeattendance feesf) Oxford and CambridgeSection 4 British LiteratureI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided._____1. Spencer is regarded as the father of modern English poetry._____2. One of Milton’s major poetic works is Paradise Lost._____3. The majority of traditional English poems were written in iambic pentameter._____4.The Victorian Age is most famous for its essays.II. Multiple Choices5. What is the essence of the Renaissance? A．Poetry B．DramaC．Humanism D．Reason6. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind!”is an epigrammatic line by _____.A. J. KeatsB. W. BlakeC. W. WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley7. Among the following poets, _____ doesn’tbelong to the Victorian Poets.A. T. S. EliotB. Alfred TennysonC. Robert BrowningD. Matthew ArnoldIII. Match the following writers with their works 8.1) Virginia Woolf a) The Canterbury Tales2) Geoffrey Chaucer b) Mrs Dalloway3) Charles Dickens c) Othellod) David Copperfielde) I Wandered Lonely as aCloudIV. Gap-filling8._____________ is the most popular literary form in the medieval period.9. The Romantic Movement appeared on the literary arena of England from the publication of _____________ by Wordsworth and_____________ in 1798 to the death of_____________ in 1832. The literary form which is the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is _________.10. Samuel Richardson was the master ofwriting _____________ novels and the first novelist of ____________ tradition. His novels have a ___________, trying to inculcate virtue and good deportment._________ was his best novel.11. W. M. Thackeray was another representative of _________ in 19th England. In 1847 he published his masterpiece_________________ with a subtitle“________________________”.12. ____________________________ are considered as Shakespeare's four greatest tragedies.V. Terms Explanation1. Spenserian stanza2. Stream of Consciousness。

澳大利亚国家概况英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译”的资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!three ：The growth of minority cultures. Established by migration.第四阶段:多元文化社会出现; Phase four：The emergence of a multicultural society.第五阶段(1990 年以后):多元文化社会的建立。

Phase five (Post-1990)：The establishment of a multicultural society.多元文化社会的建立是由于: multicultural society established by:(1)立法; legislation;(2)代表权; representation;(3)承认土著文化的价值和所有后来移民文化的贡献; recognition of value of original culture and contributions and all subsequent migrating cultures;(4)容忍和接受澳大利亚的文化差异及这种差异与澳大利亚社会的关系;tolerance and acceptance of Australia's cultural diversity and its relationship to Australia's social context.1．土著文化Aboriginal culture他们的历书是分季节的和循环的; 土著人信奉梦幻时代。

这里的大部分的传统文化到20世纪中期都已失去了。

Their calendar was seasonal and cyclical: The Aboriginal people believed in the Dreamtime. the traditional culture had been lost by the mid-twentieth century.2.现代澳大利亚文化Modern Australian culture现代澳大利亚文化是许多传统和多种影响的重叠与混合物:英国的、美国的、欧洲的和亚洲的。

第五部分澳大利亚第二十七章国土与人民澳大利亚的位置在世界地图上很容易找到。

澳大利亚在南半球，换句话说，它处于赤道以南。

对欧洲人来说，澳大利亚是在地球的另一端。

这就是为什么在西方，澳大利亚被普遍认为是"在下面的国家"。

澳大利亚从南纬10°延伸到南纬44°，从东经113°延伸到东经154°。

澳大利亚面积770万平方公里，是世界上最小的一个大洲。

但澳大利亚是一个大国，是俄国，加拿大，中国，巴西和美国之后的世界上第六大国。

澳大利亚是唯一的只包含有一个国家的大洲。

澳大利亚东面被塔斯曼海和太平洋包围，西面是印度洋，北面是珊湖海，阿拉弗拉海和帝汶海，南面是南印度洋和大澳大利亚湾。

澳大利亚有着三亿年以上的地质史，是世界上最老的大陆之一。

在世界上几个大洲中，它是最平坦、最低的并且是唯一的一个人们能开着汽车到达最高山顶的大洲。

一半以上的土地海拔不到300米，只有5%的土地超过海拔600米，平均海拔高度为330米。

所以，澳大利亚没有很高的山，最高的山峰是科修斯科山，海拔2255米。

Ⅰ.地理结构澳大利亚的地理结构相当简单。

它一般按地形被划为三个地理区，西部大高原，东部山地，以及被称为中东部低地的大低地带。

依照传统，人们使用一些不精确的名称来表示这个国家的各个地区。

"远内地"通常指内地、西部高原的中部及其北部平原，红色中心指的是澳大利亚中部有红色和棕黄色土壤的地区。

1.西部大高原西部高原是由古代岩石构成的广阔高地，几乎占了整个大洲的三分之二。

它从澳大利亚西部的海岸平原突起，覆盖了几乎整个西澳大利亚洲、北方领土的较大部分、南澳大利亚的很大一部分，以及西昆士兰的部分地区。

这里的土地非常平坦，海拔大约只有300米。

高原的大部分地区非常干燥。

河流很少，大部分地区只有在雨季才有水。

高原的腹地由大沙沙漠、吉布森沙漠，维多利亚大沙漠以及纳勒博平原构成。

2.东部山地东部山地更为人所知的名称叫大分水岭，从北昆击兰北部起，沿着东海岸向南，直到南塔斯马尼亚岛。

Unit 4 Australia Words:Unit 1 The Land and the Peoplehemisphere n. 半球mainland n. 大陆elevation n. 海拔plateau n. v. 高原,稳定期outback n. the outback（澳大利亚的）内地内陆地区massive a. 极大的；结实的；强有力的monolith n. 独块巨石gulf n. 海湾；波斯湾intermittent a. 间歇的；断断续续的artesian well n. 自流井basin n. 盆地gorge n. 峡谷；峡range n. 范围abundant a. 丰富的；充足的hemisphere n. 半球span v. 横跨；跨越unreliable a. 不可信任的；不可靠的distribution n 分布；分配distinct a. 独特的；明显的climatic a. 气候的；水土的tropic n. 热带sub tropic n. 亚热带subtropical a. 亚热带的the Mediterranean n. 地中海气候arid a. 干旱的sub-arid a. 半干旱的fringe n. 边缘regime n 状况；状态graze v. 放牧principally ad.. 主要地cereal a. 谷物的intensive agriculture 密集型农业extensive a. 粗放的；广博的；大量的extensive grazing 粗放型牧业dairy farming n. 乳品产业grazing enterprise n. 牧业isolate v. 隔离；孤立；脱离harsh a. 荒芜的；苛刻的；残酷的plant community 植物群落flora n. 植物群；植物区系diverse a. 多变的；不同的alpine a. 高山性的heath n. 荒野；石南树丛evergreen a. 四季常青baobab n. 狐猴面包树distinctly ad.. 独特地；难得地；明显地primitive a. 原始的；古老的mammal n. 哺乳动物marsupial n. 有袋动物kangaroo n 袋鼠koala n 考拉（树袋熊）wombat n. 袋熊derive v. 起源pouch n. 袋鼠类的袋teat n. 乳头nourish v. 滋养；养scrub n. 低矮丛林,密灌丛sparsely ad 稀少地；稀疏地Perth n. 珀斯（澳大利亚西南的重要城市）supplier n. 供应商；供应者；原料供应国bulk n. 大量mineral n. 矿物ore n. 矿石aluminum n. 铝steel n. 钢nickel n. 镍titanium n. 钛earth n.难以还原的金属氧化物（如氧化铝）diamond n. 砖石petroleum n. 石油essence n. 实质comprise v. 包含；包括；由---组成；构成Canberra 堪培拉（澳大利亚首都）populous a. 人口稠密的cosmopolitan a. 世界性的parkland n. 适建公园的土spectacular a. 壮观的；惊人的coastal a. 海岸的heritage n. 遗产；传统colonial a. 殖民地的n. 殖民地居民spring up 突然兴起federation n. 联邦；联邦政府Bass Strait 巴斯海峡hydroelectric a. 水力发电的inn n. 旅馆；客栈era n. 时代reputation n. 名声renowned a. 著名的；有声望的yacht n. 游艇；快艇racer n. 比赛Hobart n. 霍巴特（塔斯马尼亚首府）aborigine n. 土著人Brisbane n. 布里斯班Adelaide n. 阿德莱德ethnic a. 人种学的aborigine n.. 土著居民proportion n. 比率territory n. 领土；领地；领域urbanize v. 使都市化populous a. 拥挤的；人口稠密的unify v. 使一致；统一totem n. 图腾像kinship n. 相似的affinity n. 吸引力；亲密关系marginalize v. 忽视；忽略forcibly ad 强行地disperse v. 驱散；分散；使四下散开Unit 2 Historyhabitation n. 住所penal a. 刑事的alleviate v. 减轻hold-up 阻碍habitual a. 经常convict n. 囚犯slum n. 贫民窟offender n. 触犯者prevalent a. 普遍的；流行的etch v. 铭记；蚀刻lineage n. 家系；宗系stain n. 耻辱；瑕疵descend v. 降格；下降demography n. 人口统计学aftermath n. 后果economic depression 经济萧条triple v. 增至三倍formation n. 组成semi-skilled a. 半熟练的capable a. 有能力有才能informed a. 有学识的squatter n. 擅自占用他人房子（或土地）jury n. 陪审团mount v. 增加say n. 发言权constitution n. 宪法parliament n. 议会；最高法院aborigine n. 土著居民original a. 土著的ballot n. 选票；投票数catastrophe n. 大灾难indigenous a. 本地的conquest n. 攻占；征服smallpox n. 天花measles n. 麻疹influenza n. 流行性感冒vitality n. 生命力exemplify v. 举例；说明craft n. 行会stonemasons n. 石匠shearer n. 修剪工wharf n. 码头discernible a. 区别的dissatisfied a. 不满意的；不高兴的resurgence n. 再现；复活；再起fundamental a. 基本的；根本的motherhood n. 母性；母亲身份conservation n. 保存；保持；保护surge n. 巨涌；大浪；汹涌澎湃conservatism n. 守旧性；保守主义legislation n. 立法；法律privatization n. 私有化nationalist n. 民族主义者；国家主义者；sentiment n. 感情；情绪；观点；情操logo n. 商标，徽标；标识语identity n. 身份；同一性，一致；恒等式constitutional a. 宪法的；n. 保健散步monarchy n. 君主政体；君主政治；君主pinnacle n. 小尖塔；尖峰；高峰；极点v. 造小尖塔；置于尖顶上；置于高referendum n. 公民投票权prior a. 在先的；在前的poll n. 民意测验；投票；投票数；投票engagement n. 约会；交战；婚约；诺言minimalist n. 极简抽象派艺术家；最低限proposal n. 提议；建议；求婚radical a. 根本的；激进的；彻底的prominent a. 突出的，显著的；杰出的tremendous a. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的maintain v. 维持；维修；供养；继续engage v. 雇佣；吸引；占用；使订婚strategic a. 战略上的；战略的investment n. 投资；投入taxation n. 课税，征税；税款telecommunication n. 电讯；远程通信outsource v. 把…外包sustain v. 支撑；承担；维持；忍受coalition n. 联合；结合，合并parliamentary a. 议会的；国会的federal a. 联邦的；同盟的pledge n. 抵押；保证；抵押品；典当物initiate v. 开始，创始；发起Unit 3 Economyreign v. 统治；盛行infertile n. 贫瘠的livestock n. 家禽graze v. 放牧；喂草constitute v. 构成cereal n. 谷类食物concentrated a. 浓缩的；集中的sugarcane n. 甘蔗temperate a. 温带的tropical a. 热带sorghum n. 高梁oilseeds n. 亚麻子plantation n. 种植园pulp n. 浆状物；纸浆；果肉consolidated a. 加固的marine a. 海生的comparatively a. 相对的lobster 龙虾n.prawn n. 明虾abalone n. 石决明（鲍鱼）tuna n. 金枪鱼scallop n. 扇贝edible a. 可以食用的bream n. 鲤科淡水鱼cod n. 鳕鱼flathead n. 扁头鱼mackerel n. 鲭鱼perch v. 鸟的栖息地salmon n. 三文鱼category n. 类别tantalum 【化】钅旦uranium 【化】铀zinc 【化】锌deposit n. 放置；使沉淀；贮藏cobalt 【化】钴manganese 【锰】nickel 【锰】鎳metallic a. 金属制品的aluminum 【美】铝substantial a. 物质的，实质的，本质的textile n. 纺织业；纺织品appliance n. 用具；器具；装置jet aircraft 喷气式飞机synthetic fiber 合成纤维hydroelectric power 水力发电petrochemical a. 石油化学的smelted aluminum 精炼的铝phosphate fertilizer 磷肥pastoral a. 田园的power cable 电缆electrolytic a. 电解的confectionery n. 甜食生产业bureau n. 局vigorous a. 蓬勃的winery n. 酿酒厂closure n. 关闭停工sponsor n. 赞助商transoceanic a. 横渡海洋的monopoly n. 垄断权hallmark n. 特点utility n. 公用事业implementing a. 执行性的oversee v. 监督engagement n. 保证federal a. 国家的multilingual a. 使用多种语言的affiliated with 与….有密切联系minority n. 少数noteworthy a. 值得注意的export-orient a. 面向出口的implement n. 工具colonial a. 殖民地当的diverse a. 不同的monetary a. 金融的Unit 4 Government and Politicsframework n. 构架；结构democracy n. 民主制度；民主政体monarchy n. 君主制virtual a. 实际上的enact v. 制定（法律）concurrent a. 并存的；同时发生的；一致的discharge v. 允许离开impeachment n. 弹动senate n. 参议院chamber n. 立法机关；议会dissolution n. 解散scrutinize v. 详细检查taxation n. 征税；税款originate v. 开始；发源reside v. 居住；定居ultimate a. 最终的；最后的inquiry n. 打听；询问incompetence a. 不胜任safeguard v. 保护；维护corrupt a. 贪污的；腐败的expenditure n. 支出；开支derive v. 源于从…取得constitutional a. 受宪法限制的；有关宪法的coalition n. 联盟exert v. 运用expertise n. 专门技能ratification n. 签署；批准delegate n. 代表；授权于ritual n. 仪式；例行习惯statutory a. 法定的colony n. 殖民地ideological a. 思想体系的inaugurate v. 为…举行就职典礼eligible a. 允许做…的personnel n. 全体职员turnout n. 出席人数stipulate v. 规定；讲明judiciary n. 司法部tenure n. 任期使用权validity n. 具有法律效力有效tribunal n. 审裁团maintenance n. 保养维修赡养费抚养费matrimonial a. 婚姻生活的custody n. 监护权Intermediate n. 中间的中级的magistrate n. 地方法官hierarchy n. 等级制度Unit 5 Social and Cultural life institutionalize v. 制度化vestige n. 遗迹，痕迹assimilation n. 同化implement v. 实施，执行n. 工具，器具catchword n. 口号cohesion n. 凝聚Australia Institute of Multicultural Affair （AIMA）澳大利亚多元文化交流事务所cohesion n. 凝聚populist n. 民粹主义marginalize v. 边缘化tertiary a. 三级的Bachelor's degree 学士学位graduation thesis 毕业论文postgraduate 研究生master's degree 学士学位doctorate n. 博士学位competency n. 能力，胜任distribution n. 分布notable a. 显着sparsely ad. 人口稀少maternity n. 产假psychiatric n. 精神科impairment n. 减值disperse v. 驱散Herald Sun先驱太阳报Sun News Pictorial 太阳新闻画报genre n. 类型yacht n. 游艇netball n. 投球aussie n. 澳元；澳大利亚人metropolitan n. 大都市orchestra n. 乐队Good Friday n. 耶稣受难日commemorate v. 纪念The Adelaide Festival of Art:阿德莱德艺术节ExercisesUnit 11. What are the most prominent physical features of the Australian continent?It was divided into three physically distinct regions: the western plateau, the central lowlands and the eastern highlands. The western plateau is a vast desert and semi-desert region that covers about 60 percent of the land area, located on the plateau are the coun try’s four major deserts: the Gibson, Great Sandy, Great V ictoria and Simpson. The central lowlands stretch from the gulf of Carpentaria in the north to the western Victoria in the south, accounting for about one forth of Australia. The climate is hot rainfall is frequently. The eastern highlands extend from the Cape Y ork, Peninsula in north-eastern Australia to the southern coast of Tasmania and covers about 15 percent of Australia2. How is Australia geographically divided?The Australia continent can be divided into three physically distinct regions: the West Plateau,the Central lowlands, and the Eastern highlands.3. What are the major characteristics of these geographical regions?(1) The Western Plateau is a vast desert and semi-desert region that covers about 60 percent of the land area. Most of the land is flat.(2)The Central Lowlands: the land is generally flat with an average elevation of only 152 meters. The climate is hot; rainfall is infrequent; much of the land is dry and desert and many of the rivers flow only intermittently.(3)The Eastern Highlands consist mainly of high plateaus with many gorges, hills and low mountain ranges.4. What are the distinctive features of Australian climate?(1) “The land in the sun”: Australia has an average of 5 hours of sunshine daily. Most of the land enjoys abundant sunshine.(2) Located in the southern hemisphere, Australia has the seasons opposite to those of the northern hemisphere.(3) Generally, Australia is a dry continent, where rainfall is unreliable. The distribution of the rainfall is rather uneven with the high rainfall in the north, the east and the southwest coasts.5. How does climate influence Australian agriculture?Agriculture land use is heavily influenced by this climate regime. Generally, the tropical north is suited to grazing, principally cattle, as well as the production of fruit and sugarcane. The major land uses in the subtropical and Mediterranean climates in the south are cereal cropping as well as sheep and cattle grazing. The Murray-darling basin in the southeast has a large irrigationinfrastructure, supporting the production of fruit, vegetables, rice and many other intensive agricultural activities. Agriculture in the arid zone involves extensive grazing, where sheep and cattle are reared at relatively low densities if less than one sheep per 10 heads. The higher rainfall zones are suitable for dairy farming as well as more intensive grazing enterprises that produce meat.6. What make the Australian continent home to a variety of unique native plants and animals?Australia has been isolated for thousands of years, thus, plants and animals have been able to develop independently to suit the often harsh natural conditions. Due to the wide ridge of different environments and plant communities, the native flora of Australia is the most diverse and varied in the world, growing in tropical rainforest, stony inland deserts, alpine meadows and sandy heath lands.The animals of Australia are particularly interesting, because many of them are distinctly primitive. There are groups of animals whose relatives have long since disappeared from other parts of the world. Many of the animals found in this country are unique. Australia is home to a variety of native mammals, both on land and in the surrounding oceans.7. To what extent have climate and environmental factors influenced the pattern of population settlement in Australia?As the northern and central parts of Australian continent are generally hot and dry and unable to support a large population, more than 80 per cent of Australians settle in the cooler coastal regions.8. Who are the indigenous peoples of Australia? And what are their major traditions?Aus tralia’s i ndigenous population is composed of aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, who are ethnically and culturally different from one another. Historically, aboriginal people are from mainland Australia and Tasmania. Aboriginal peoples are the original inhabitants. And Torres Strait Islanders come from the islands between the tip of Queensland and Papua New Guinea.Indigenous cultures today are diverse, constitutin g a vital part of Australia’s national identity. Though comprising over 500 to 600 distinct groups, aboriginal people possess some unifying links. Among these are a tribal culture of totem worship and strong spiritual beliefs that tie them to the land. The aboriginal peoples have maintained the traditions of Dreamtime.Unit 21. Who were the convicts sent to the British Australian colonies? What is the historical legacy of convictism in Australia?(1)As prisons in London and other cities were full, In 1779,a British government suggested that new prisons be set up in Britain’s colonies to take 1000 prisoners a year. A large number of prisoners were habitual offenders of theft and highway robbery. Most were young and single, including unskilled servants and urburan dwellers. Among these convivts, about 4000 were political offenders ,who had prostested against political and economic inequalities in England and Ireland.(2)The history of convictism in the British Australian colonies has been etched into the minds ofmost Australians. Many Australians trace their lineage back to colonial times, and the fact that most cases are related to one of the original British convicts invokes mixed feelings .Some Australians feel a sense of shame about the existence of British convicts in what is now Australia; others do not want to investigate their families’ origins, for fear that they could be descended from criminals.2. What was the Gold Rush in Australian history?The Gold Rush in the 1850s marked a turning point in Australia’s colo nial history, which led to an increased economic and political independence from Britain and a great debate about federation Moreover, the Gold Rush did not merely bring immediate and long-term changes to the economy; it chan ged people’s political a nd social attitudes as well.3. What were the major trends in Australians development from the 1860s to 1890s since the Gold Rush?Australia found itself pressing ahead with vigor and vitality in both urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, remote areas were also opened up. Australia had an economic boom at that time. During the 1880s, trade unions developed among shearers, miners, and wharf workers, and soon spread to cover almost all manual labors. During the 1890s, Australia had a economic depression The nationalism in various forms began to develop.4. What was the Federation Movement in Australian history? What political system was established after Australian Federation?The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate, self-governing British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed the commonwealth of Australia as a federation.After Australian federation, the constitution divided the powers of government between the state and the federal level. The federal government had control of defense, communication between the states, the postal system, customs, immigration, foreign affairs, welfare, and industrial matters that affected more than one state. Each state kept its own parliament, and had power over such matters within its own borders as education and police.5. What were the main reason s for Australia’s e ntry into World WarⅠand what was its impact on Australia?Most of the native-born Australians had British parents or grandparents. More importantly, Australian cultural ties with British were just as strong. They modeled their daily lives and the running of their country on customs and institutions. They spoke the same language, read English books and studied English history and literature at school. This familiarity and intimacy encouraged many Australians to call Britain “home” a nd most Australians did not see any contradiction in having dual loyalties, regarding themselves both as Australians and members of the British Empire. They were proud to belong to the British Empire.The impacts were: Australia was not attacked during the First World War, but there were severe disruptions to daily life. The enthusiasm and patriotic fervor declined during the war years as the community divided on such issues as loyalty, conscription and political matters.6. For Australia, what constituted the most important legacy of the Great Depression?The expansion of the welfare state and public services such as higher education, research and development and public housing constituted the main legacy of experiences of poverty during the Great Depression.7. What impact did post-WWⅡEuropean immigrants produce on Australian society?Australian actively sought these immigrants, who, in turn, helped Australian expand its economy and build its industrial infrastructure.The ethnic character of many areas of urban and rural Australia changed with this new wave of immigrants.Australia became a more complex society, the difference of various immigrant groups aroused fear and prejudice in some quarters of the older British, Protestant population. Australia gradually changed from a monocultural and inward-looking society into one with ethnic and cultural diversity.8. Why were the 1960s and 1970s known as the protest years in Australia?The issues of Aust ralia’s i nvolvement in the Vietnam War, relations with America and conscription divided the society. A broadening section of the society was critical of the government for Australia’s i nvolvement in the Vietnam War and for conscripting young men. Such criticisms represented changes in man y people’s values as they looked for a nswers to a wide range of social problems.Unit 31. What accounts for the largest area of land use in Australia agriculture?Livestock grazing accounts for the largest area of land use in Australian agriture and much higher rainfull and irrigated areas have been covered by pastures and grasses2. How important is wool export to the Australia economy today?.Today, Austraslia remains the world’s leading producer of wool, supplying 70percent of the global total ,which brings Australia the reputation of “country riding on sheepback”.3. What are Australia’s major export crops?Wheat. is the country’s leading grain crop and is grown in every state,with production concentrated in the wheat belts of the southeast and southwest. Up to four-fifth of the grain is exported mainly to East Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific region.4. Where do forestry and wood products rank in the Australian economy?At the beginning of the 20th century ,official estimates that a total of one-fifth of Australia’s land area was native forest.The forest and wood products industries, based on native and plantation forests account for account 1 percent of the GDP. And employment of 75000 people.Since World War II, several regions have been intensively exploited for wood pulp,partly for export to Japan.5. what are Australia’s most valuable fishery exports?The most valuable fishery exports are rock lobsters, prawns, abalone, tuna and other fin fish, scallops, and edible and pearl oyster. Other important species caught include bream, cod ,flathead, mackerel, perch, whiting, and Australian salmon.6. N ame Australia’s major mi neral resources and the main producing regions.Most significsntly, Australia has the world’s largest known recoverable resources of lead, mineral sands ,tantalum, uranium, silver ,and zinc. It is ranked in the world’s top six countries for recoverable deposits of black and brown coal, cobalt, copper, diamonds ,gold, iron ore ,manganese ore .Western Australia, traditionally known as “the state of excitement”,has the largest share by value of total national mineral production ,especially for the metallic minerals.Equally important, Much of Australian’s diamond comes from The giant Argyle Diamond Mine in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.7. What are Australia’s major ma nufacturing industries?The food industry is Australia’s largest manufacturing industry and the annual food export value amounts to about 1000million Australian dollars.Other major manufacturing industries include iron and steel, the electronic industry, wool processing, and the manufacture of textiles, domestic appliances, and wood and paper products.8 why are service industries so important now in Australia?The development of tourism industry, among other things ,is probably the most typical of the growing importance of service industry in the present day of Australian economy.The vigorous growth of tourism has tapped the expanding range of attractions in each state and terrirory—amusement and theme parks, zoos ,art galleries and museums ,national parks ,historical sites and wineriesUnit 41. What is the role of the Monarch in Australian political system?The monarch is represented by governors, she appoints a governor-general to represent her on the advice of election The governor-general is the symbolic head of the nation and is executive power of commonwealth. The governor-general has only formal powers and acts on the advice of ministers in virtually all matters.2. How to make an amendment to the Australian Constitution?The process for an amendment to the constitution is complex. A bill for an amendment must first be passed by an absolute majority of both houses of the national parliament. The second stage involves a referendum of all electors in all states. The proposed amendment needs a double majority---an overall majority vote in favour, and a majority in favour in at least four of the six states. This was incorporated as a means to protect the less populated states against domination by the electors in the states with a larger population3. How is the Australian Cabinet formed? What are its chief responsibilities?The prime minister appoints the most senior ministers to form the cabinet, which is often referred to as the engine-room of government. All the cabinet members must be members of parliament, and most often, the prime minister would appoint leading members in order to exert influence on the parliament.4. What power does the Federal Council have? Where is the power located?Make proclamations, regulations and ordinances, as delegated by various acts of parliament. Italso issues writs for elections, appoints public servant, judges and members of the armed forces. the power is located in the monarch’s representative act on the advice of minister.5. What is the Public Service? What is its role in the Australian Executive Government?The public service is also known as the bureaucracy. It comprises the government departments, either federally or in the states, and also includes the members of government business enterprises, statutory authorities and other agencies. The role of the public service is to advise the government on policy matters and to implement government decisions and parliamentary legislation6. What are the major political parties in Australia?Political parties are the most important actors in the Australian political system. By 1910, a two-way system was well established in Australia ,Labor versus Liberal. The Australia Labor Party is Australian’s oldest political patrty .It is a social democratic party, founded by the union movement, and represents the urban working class. The modern Liberal Party of Australia was founded by R.G. It represent business, the suburban middle class,and many rural people.7. What are the general requirements for a person to run for public offices such as the Australian Parliament?Under the Australian constitution, candidates for election must be Australian citizens and eligible to vote. Candidates must be nominated by a political party or by at least 50 electors of the electorate to be contested. Senators, members of states parliaments, public servants, defence personnel, and officers of the electoral commission are not eligible to become Members of the House of Representatives, and must resign their positions if they wish to be nominated for election to the house.8. What does the Australian Judic iary consist of? How does it operate at the federal and state levels?The judiciary consists of the high court, the federal court, the family court and the administrative appeals tribunal. In the case of federal judges, their security of tenure is guaranteed by the constitution. In the states and territories, legislation provides security of tenure for judges.。

Ⅰ.工业 Manufacturing Industry澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。

86%的制造业为小企业。

Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses.在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。

它的特点包括下面几点:In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following:1)效率低Inefficiency澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。

Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。

The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries.2)高度集中Concentration在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。

Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy.整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖有限公司。