外文翻译----单片机在汽车控制中的应用

单片机在汽车电子中的应用随着技术的不断发展，单片机作为一种微型计算机，在汽车电子领域中的应用越来越广泛。

本文将探讨单片机在汽车电子中的应用，并详细介绍其中的几个重要领域。

一、发动机控制系统发动机是汽车的“心脏”，而单片机在发动机控制系统中的应用使得发动机工作更加高效稳定。

例如，单片机可以监测和控制燃油喷射、点火时机、排气系统等，从而提高发动机的燃烧效率、降低尾气排放。

二、车身电子控制系统车身电子控制系统是车辆安全和舒适性的重要组成部分。

单片机在这个系统中扮演着至关重要的角色。

通过单片机，我们可以实现车辆的防盗报警、中央锁车、自动落锁等功能，提高车辆的安全性。

同时，单片机还可以控制车窗、天窗、座椅调节等设备，提供更加舒适便捷的乘坐体验。

三、车载信息娱乐系统随着科技的不断进步，车载信息娱乐系统也得到了极大的发展。

而单片机在这个系统中的应用使得车辆的娱乐功能更加丰富多样。

通过单片机，我们可以实现车载音响系统、导航系统、蓝牙连接等功能，满足人们对于音乐、导航和通信的需求。

四、安全气囊系统安全气囊系统是现代汽车不可或缺的安全装置之一。

单片机在安全气囊系统中起着重要的作用。

通过单片机，我们可以实时监测车辆的碰撞情况，并在需要时迅速展开安全气囊，保护驾驶员和乘客的安全。

五、智能驾驶系统智能驾驶系统是未来汽车发展的重要方向，而单片机在其中的应用也变得愈发重要。

单片机可以接收和处理来自各种传感器的数据，从而实现车辆的自动驾驶、自适应巡航、自动泊车等功能，提高驾驶的安全性和便捷性。

综上所述，单片机在汽车电子中的应用涉及发动机控制系统、车身电子控制系统、车载信息娱乐系统、安全气囊系统以及智能驾驶系统等多个方面。

随着技术的不断进步，相信单片机在汽车电子领域中的应用会更加广泛和深入，为我们的行车安全和驾驶体验带来更多的便利和提升。

附录A原文：FreescaleSingle-chip Microcomputer 'sin automobile control applicationFreescale has the rich micro processing unit (MCU), but widely uses in the automobile electrically controlled engine, the automobile body, the crew member safety, the vehicle door and the chair, the glass, ventilation and air conditioning, skylightand light control, automobile local area network's gateway, communication facility, global positioning system and in other automobile control unit. Its product mainly includes 8/16 bit micro controller (including HC08/HCS08, HC12/HCS12 and so on), 32 bit micro controllers (including PowerPC, ColdFire, ARM and so on)1. 8 bit Single-chip Microcomputer MC68HC11F1 and application1.1 Characteristicsof MC68HC11F18 bit micro controllerMC68HC11F1 is high performance flash memory technology low cost chip based on the CPU of 8 bit HC08 the CPU . Its dozens of kind of different specification's product may cause the user to make a choice conveniently, the superior price performance ratio may cause the cost of the automobile electronic products to be more inexpensive.Chief feature of MC68HC11F1 : Two kind of power saving mode, stop and waiting; working normal in 3.0-5.0V voltage ; 0, 256b, 512b or 768b in on-chip RAM, Data of RAM will be retained in standby; 0, 12kb or 20kb inon-chip RAM or EPROM; Serical Communication InterfaceSCI,8 channel, 8 bit A/D transducer ; 16 bit timer systems; 8 bit pulse accumulators, real-time interrupt electric circuit and so on.1.2 MC68HC11F1is employed inin automobile electronic control systemSince Marelli simple point electronic fuel injectionn engine management system is promoted based on MC68HC11F1,our country Shenyang gold cup sea lion passenger car , the gold cup China passenger vehicle, AnhuiChery passenger vehicle, the Tianjin Xiali passenger vehicle and so on has used this kind of engine management system . Below to take gold cup simple point Marelli logic circuit for an example, I introducesMC68HC11F1 employed inin automobile electronic control system.1.2.1 Compositions of systemAs shown in Figure 1, gold cup simple point Marelli logic circuit is mainly composed of the below part:1.Electric circuit's control core MC68HC11F1 (CPU), is Freescale 8 bit MCU of automobile special-purpose ;2.Tristate bus driver 74HC244 with enable, is the switch of status information input for air conditioning, oil pump, EVAP solenoid valve, idling motor and so on ;3.8 groups rises along D trigger74HC273 with reset , isdriving signaltake-off valves for idling motor, host relay, trouble lamp, air conditioning relay power and so on;4. 512kb 8 bit read-only memory M27C512, uses for to save computer's master routine.Figure 1 gold cup simple point Marelli logic circui1.2.2 principles of workPuting through the power source, power source chip L9710 starts to provide the work power source and sensor's reference voltage, the 8th foot output the low electric potential reset signal and delivers to reset end of the CPU, simultaneously delivers to zero clearing end of 74HC273 to makeits output end reset , CPU to enter launching state.First carries on the replacement to the internal hardware, establishes corresponding register, then starts Boot loader procedure, carries on the procedure loading. Reads master routineintheM27C512 in internal RAM , and enters run condition of the progr amthrough the skipping instruction. The master routine outputs logic “1” (high electric potential) through data bus D2 , after this signal is locked by the 74HC273 outputingthe high electric potential control signal from the 6th foot,makes the main relay go through，Adds the 12V power source to the external instrumentation such as the fuel injector the ignition coil and so on . Then readin rotational speed signal and the exterior sensor signal through PA, PE, to judgethe vehicles current operating condition, and according to the current operating mode outputs the corresponding driving signalfrom PD, PG mouth and the data bus ( locked by the 74HC273 )to make the equipment enter the running status . Again reads in the corresponding equipment's status messagesthrough PA, PD, PG and the data bus (drived by the 74HC244 ), carries on the comparison withcontrol rule chart of the M27C512 , tooptimizate and adjustignition timing and spurts oil system's control. The logic circuit, the sensor and the implementing agency constitutionmake up of closed-loop control system to make the engine be at the optimum condition.2. 16 Single-chip Microcomputer MC9S12DP256 and application2.1 Characteristics of MC9S12DP256MC9S12DP256 is high speed, the high performance, 5.0V the Flash memory's 16 bit micro controllers which based on 16 bit HCS12 CPU and 0.25 um microelectronic technology . Its high performance-to-price ratio is suitable in some upscale automobile control system, the simple background development pattern will also further reduce the development cost , simultaneously also will cause the scene development and the system upgrade becomes more convenient.Basic frequency of MC9S12DP256 reached as high as 25 MHz, many standard modules are also integrated on the piece, including 2 Serical Communication Interface ,3 Serial Peripheral Interface, 8 channels the timer input capture/output comparison ,2 of ten bit 8 channels conversion module of A/D,one of 8 channels Pulse Width Modulate, 49 of independent digit I/O mouth (which of 20 have the function of the external interrupt and awakens), combined 5 of CAN module with CAN2.0A/B agreement as well as a internal IC bus module; Its internal has 256kb Flash EEPRROM, 12kb RAM, 4kb EEPROM.2.2 MC9S12DP256 is employed in in automobile electronic control systemFigure 2 is the typical schematic diagram of automobile gating system .Its central microcontroller selects Single-chip Microcomputer MC9S12DP256, MC33389A, MC33884, MC33887, MC33486 and so on is the Freescale intelligence simulation component. Which of MC33389A is power switch chip providing the CPU working voltage (5V);it turns the ignition swithing signal, the vehicle door switching signal and the panel switch signal by SPI on the micro controller to carry on awakens, reset , interrupt and so on; Also it has the fault-tolerant function driver of CAN physics level ; In addition, it may turn the system on finished Automobile network. Leading role of MC33884 is the real-time monitor panel switch's condition and actuates board's headlamp. MC33887 is a driving circuit chip, which uses in the rear view mirror position electrical motor, the rear view mirror electrical folding motor and the door lock electrical motor's actuation, this function may also select MC33884 to coordinate independent driving tube MOS to complete. MC33290 mainly uses in overall system's diagnosis.Figure 2 automobile gating control system3 32 Single-chip Microcomputer MPC500 and application3.1 Characteristics of MPC500As this domain's lead goat, the MPC500 series has passed through designed specially, has satisfied the strict working conditions request which the high speed travel automobile needed. the entire product line including not flash memory MPC561,MPC566 which built-in 1M flash memory and so on, aims at many kinds of different application environment. May apply in dynamic transfer systems like gasoline engine management, direct fuel injection, electronic transmission control and so on as well as the stable control system and hanging application system. MPC500 series MCU also has innovation functions of floating point unit and intelligent clock and so on , can satisfy the control speed and the accuracy requirement.The MPC500 intension including a system integration mold (SIM), a time processing unit (TPU), a queue serial interface mold (QSM), the 2k static state stochastic memory, has the TPU simulation ability (TPURAM). Uses the HCMOS technology, mayfurther reduce the product power loss, simultaneously the command system contains special-purpose low power loss instruction LPSTOP. Under the system clock stopped state, the power dissipation is lowest.3.2 MPC500 is employed in in automobile electronic control systemMPC500 mainly applies in the new motor car engine management system , like GM P5, P6 series engine management system . Figure 3 is engine management system which based on 32 bit MPC500 .4 SummarySince the mid-1990s, the intelligence electronic products' has been getting more and more widespread apply in automobile , already rapidly expand for automobile synthesis electronic control technology. It take the large scale integrated circuit and the controller local area network as the characteristic, including the Single-chip Microcomputer , the clever power source and the intelligent sensor, it utilizes the computer network and the communicationtecnology, both can expand the originallimited comprehensiveelectronic control system into the automobile whole integrated control system, and may joinwith the automobile exterior road, the transportation, the correspondence condition , makes the automobile to become a part of the intelligence transportation system or an intelligence road system.Figure 3 compositestrategy of 32 bit MPC500 micro controller's engine management system译文：Freescale单片机在汽车控制中的应用Freescale拥有丰富的微处理单元（MCU），可广泛用于汽车电控发动机、车身、乘员安全、车门和座椅、车窗、通风和空调、天窗和灯光控制，汽车局域网的网关、通信设备、全球定位系统及其他汽车控制单元中。

外文资料:BaSed On nRF24El and TMC2023 automobileCOlliSion avoidance SyStem development andrealizationCar engineering department Of institute Of technology Of MUniChBy LORENZ FERDIDADPrOgreSS Of SOCiety With the development Of times, more and more CarS have entered Ordinary people" S family. ThOUgh the highway terms is being updated, yet avoid the CrOWded CUrrent SitUatiOn Of getting On the Car Of UnaVOidabIe highway, in addition, the SPeed is improved gradually, the malignant traffic accident is happening all the time, have brought the enormous Iife and PrOPerty IOSS to PeOPle and the SOCiety・ Car anticollision SyStein Whether One Can Send OUt Seeing and hearing SUrVey device Of Warning SignaI in advance to driver・ It install, at car, Can SUrVeyJ attempt pedestrian, VehiCIe Or barrier around CIOSe the automobile body usually; Can Send OUt and COlIide the dangerous SignaI SOOn to ClriVer and PaSSenger ahead Of time, impel driver bypass driver take emergency measure PUniSh SPeCiaI dangerous SitUatiOn even, avoid IOSSeS・At present, though VariOUS COUntrieS StUdyJ PreVent SyStem Of COlliding from (USUalIy CalI the initiative SeCUrity SyStem in the WOrId) J but how COUId SOlVe the timid and alert PrOblem better, PerPIeXing relevant WOrkerS all the time・ The researcher in the WOrId StUdieS through a Iarge number Of experiments, has already reached COmmOn understanding, if Want to SOIVe PrObIem described above effectiVeIy, the anticollision SyStem must have the following functions:I)MUSt be CaPabIe Of examining the angle, the azimUthal information Of the goal is essential for removing emptily and alertly(2)APt to PrOdUCe anti-interference PerfOrmanCe StrOng COmPIiCatedtransmission signal, COOPerate With real-time high-efficient SignaI deal With With goal measuring algorithms, in Order to remove emptily and alertl y.OnIy the above two POintS COmbine together and guarantee the SyStematiC dependability that the Car defends COlIiding CIOSeIy.1TMC2023 ChiP and the nRF24El ChiP CharaCteriStiC introduced TMC2032 is One kind Of new entire digital COrrelatiOn instrument electric CirCUitJ its COrreIatiOn WOrd Iength and the related threshold are PrOgrammabIe・ ThiS ChiP is the monolithic 64 CMOS entire numeral COrreIatiOn instrument Iarge SCaIe integrated CirCUit WhiCh AmeriCan TRW COrPOratiOn recent years PrOnIOted, its interior had three independent CIOCkS 8 displacements POSitiOnS registers (StOChaStic data register A l IOCaI COde register B and ShieId COde register M) ; MOreOVer also has 7 registers to USe for to IOad Pre-PIaCed Iimit・ O、64 between WilfUlly IOng StOChaStiC data and the IOCaI COde after the COrreIatiOn OPeration, by the three Salnit the CUShiOn 7 BCD COde output, and Iimit COmPare With the initialization in the COmParator, if the COrreIatiVe VaIUe is bigger than Or is equal to Iilnit, then the flag bit by IOWIy ChangeS high・ BeCaUSe has USed the advanced high SPeed CMOS PrOdUCtiOn CraftJ the ParalleI COrrelatiOn SPeed reaches as high as above 30MHZ・BUt Widely applies to SynChrOniZatiOnJ the matched filtering, harms in the COde examination, the recording and the bar COde recognition, especially SUitS to the radar SignaI recognition. NRF24E1 is One kind Of OPerating frequency may achieve 2・ 4GHz the WireleSS radio frequency receiving and dispatching chip, the Channel OPeratiOn time is Smaller than 200 mu s, the data rate is IMbPS outside, does not need to meet the SAW filter, is global general IOW COSt radio frequency SyStem IeVeI ChiP WhiCh the PreSent WOrId PrOmOteS for the first time・The interior inlays has With 8,051 COmPatible microprocessors and 10 9 inputs A/D switches, may between Under the 1. 9V、3. 6V VOItage the Steady WOrk: The interior also inlays have impress the adjuster and the VDD VOItage monitoring device・WireIeSS receiving and dispatching partially has With the nRF2401SimiIar function, this function StartS by the internal ParalIeI InOUth and internal SPI, each due~out SignaI SayS regarding the PrOCeSSOr all may take SeVerS CarrieS On the PrOgramlIIingJ Or gives the IiIiCrOPrOCeSSOr through the GPlO POrt biography. ChiP nRF24El may realize the WireleSS COmmUniCatiOn in WOrId PUbIiC frequency band SCOPe 2.4 ' 2. 5GHz・ ReCeiVeS and dispatches the PartiaI PaCkageS to include the frequency divider, the amplifier, the regulator and two receiving and dispatching UnitS・ The OUtPUt energy, the frequency band and Other radio frequency Parameter PaSSabIe radio frequency registers COnVenientIy have PrOgrammed the adjustment・Under the transmission pattern, the CUrrent COnSUmPtiOn OnIy has 10. 5mA; Under the receive pattern, the CUrrent COnSUmPtion Only has 18mA, therefore the POWer IOSS is QUite low.2SyStemS Structures entire WraP information gathering SyStem is COmPOSed by five SetS Of radio frequencies IaUnCheS and the receiving device, each Set Of IaUnCheS and the receive PartiaI basic electric CirCUitS all are same, these five SetS Of transmitter-receiver Set also is COnneCted With the DSP CentraI PrOCeSSOrJ the CentraI PrOCeSSOr is responsible for the data WhiCh CaICUIateS them to PaSS on, IIIakeS the decision-making according to the actual SitUatiOn. EaCh Set Of IaUnCheS and receiving device StrUCtUre Iike Chart 1 ShOWS・ First by as the COre radio frequency transmission CirCUit PrOdUCeS the high frequency electromagnetic WaVe take nRF24El, then the modulation Signal WhiCh SendS by COrreIation OPerdtiOn ChiP TMC2032 to it CarrieS On the modulation, thus PrOdUCeS With Other radio frequency receiving and dispatching Unit different radio-frequency signals, PrePareS for full for the receive・ In Order to enable the electromagnetic WaVe SignaI to have the enough far PrOPagatiOn distance, but also needs to modulate after the SignaI to Carry On the enlargement, COmPIeteS this function the electric CirCUit is the merit PUtS the electric CirCUit・Finally PaSSeS On airborne to a SUCh Signa1. When SendS OUt the electromagnetic WaVe meets When the ObStaele returns, first must after COrrelation OPeMtiOn ChiPTMC2032 to it Carry On the recognition, if the Same group IaUnCheS Partially SendS receives, and further bequeaths this SignaI the radio frequency receive Part; OtherWiSe refuses to receive・Then the receive Partially PrOdUCeS according to the electromagnetic WaVe in the airborne dissemination The PhaSe moved CalCUlateS the time WhiCh its dissemination consumes, again CaICUIateS the ObStaCIe and this group Of receiving and dispatching PartiaI CiiStanCeS・ FinalIy gives this distance information the CentraI PrOCeSSOr・CentraI PrOCeSSing monolithic COnfidential at the Same time the distance information WhiCh PaSSeS On to five groups Of radio frequencies receiving and dispatching Unit makes the COmPUtat ion, Obtains ObStaCIe and VehiCIe SPatiaI POSitiOn WhiCh measured・ReaCheS this POintJ the ObStaele information gathering WOrk basically completes, is Ieft OVer is bequeaths again this COmPrehenSiVe information the higher Paraffin CentraI PrOCeSSOrJ IetS it make the final decisiOn-making□3receiving and dispatching UnitS SCheme Of arrangement and the COmPUtatiOn PrinCiPIe automobile in the middle Of the travel process, regarding the front ObStaCIeJ must be able to judge the ObStaele to be away from the COmPUtatiOnJ A, B, C three distinguish the representative to install in front Of the front Of a train three SUPerSOniC SenSOrS; E represents the obstacle; Then the EF expression from E to the horizontal PIane distance, FG represents the ObStaele to the front Of a train PIane distance, AG expresses the ObStaCle to a VehiCIe Side distance ・ The request is EF, FG and AG these three Can express the ObStaCIe and the automobile SPatiaI relative POSitiOn tangential Path・ SOIUtiOn as follows： In DeIta ABC, makes BD AC, COnneCtS ED and FD, then may ask DeIta ABC area S DeIta ABC, namely: S Delta the ABC = in the formula, S= (Tl+T2+T3), Tl, T2, T3 SeParateIy express Iine Segment AB, BC, the AC Iength therefore BD=2S DeIta ABC/AC in DeIta ADE, DiStanCe SI, S2, S3 and known distance Tl, T2, T3 Can SUrVey WhiCh the radio frequency receiving and dispatching SyStem SeParateIy replace AE, BE, CE, AB, BC, AC, then may result in three WhiCh asks to be away from EF, FG, the AG VaIUe・4USeS related algorithm along With radio frequency in daily Iife WideSPread application, the PeOPIe gradually discovered the radio frequency range finder has the Certain flaw：(1) The USefUI effect is away from QUite short, Only depends On the enhancement emissive POWer to increase the SUrVey distance is Very limited; (2) The range finder PreCiSiOn mainly is decided by the echo SignaI SingIa to noise ratio, in the Certain SignaI to noise ratio SitUation, Only depends On before the increase the IeVeI to enlarge the electric CirCUit the gain to imp:TOVe the measuring accuracy also is must Ofterl Iilnited・ In Order to SOIVe the above problem, in the automobile COlIiSiOn avoidance system, has COnCeiVed based On the PSeUdO-COde modulation radio frequency IaUnCh and the receiving SyStem. The White noise SPUrt VaIUe ObeyS the GaUSSian CiiStribUtiOn (normal distribUtiOn)・ ItS POWer SPeCtraI density in the Very Wide frequency band is even, moreover the autocorrelation function has delta the function ShaPe ・The PSeUdO-random COde although OnIy has two IeVeIs, but actually has the SimiIar White noise the related CharaCteriStiCJ OnIy is its SCOPe PrObabiIity distribution no IOnger ObeyS the GaUSSian CliStribUtiOn. Therefore, may USe the PSeUdO-random SeqUenCe the balanced CharaCteriStiCJ the tourist itinerary CharaCteriStiC and the COrreIatiOn CharaCteriStiC and SO On describes the White noise・The PSeUdO-random COde is With the IOgiC OPeratiOn realization, the SignaI autocorrelation function SatiSfies: ObViOUsly, When P enough is big, the autocorrelation COeffiCient has the incisive two IeVeIS CharaCteriStiCJ approaches delta the function. In based On in the PSeUdO-random COde UItraSOniC ranging, is PreCiSeIy SUrVeyS between the IaUnCh COde and the receive COde time delay USing the PSeUdO-COde autocorrelation function incisive CharaCte:TiStic, thus enhancement measuring accuracy・ The m SeqUenCe PSeUdO-random COde is the CyCIiCaI IOngeSt One kind Of SeqUenCe WhiCh PrOdUCeS by the Iinearity Shift register・ BeCaUSe its related CharaCteriStiC is fine, also is advantageous for the PrOdUCtion, therefore Obtained the WideSPread application. AeCOrding to the COrreIatiOn function definition, SUPPOSeS two functions Of time is xl (t), x2(t), then is Called xl (t) autocorrelation function; IS Called xl (t)J x2 (t) CrOSS COrreIatiOn function; HaS two kind Of QUeStiOnS in the SignaI examination theory: A kind examines the SignaIJ namely the basis receives Whether there is the COmPOSite SignaI (does SignaI add noise Or PUre noise) makes the SignaI jurdgement: AnOther kind estimates the ParameterJ Whether there is namely in examined in the SignaI foundation, to the SignaI Certain ParameterS (for example OSCilIatiOn amplitude, PhaSeJ frequency, PUlSe amplitude modulation ParIn and SO On) Or the PrOfiIe makes the estimate・ In order to enhance the anti-jamming, needs to Seek Under the disturbance COnditiOn to the SignaI best receive method ・ The PeriOdiC SignaI COrreIatiOn function WaS StilI the PeriOdiC function, but disturbs the noise the COrreIatiOn function is delta the function. ACCOrding to these differences, may PiCk OUt USing the COrreIatiOn instrument IniXeS in the noise jamming the PeriOdiC Signa 1・In this kind Of USe time domain CharaCteriStiC difference examines the SignaI the met hod to be CalIed the COrreIatiOn recerive WayS・ IS different according to the reference signal, the COrreIatiOn recerive WayS divides into the autocorrelation recerive WayS and the mutual COrreIatiOn recerive WayS・ The autocorrelation recerive WayS is in is Unable to know for Certain the input PrOfiIe (Or data) in the SitUation, the USe auto-correlator to it WOrk autocorrelation function OPeration; The mutual COrrelatiOn recerive WayS is in may determine the reference SignaI in the SitUation, to inputs the PrOfiIe USing the COrreIatiOn instrument (Or data) makes the CrOSS COrreIatiOn function With the IOCaI SignaI the OPeration. In this design the reference SignaI is the IOCaI code, therefore USeS the mutual COrreIatiOn recerive WayS・ In radio frequency range measuring system, Whether there is not Only has to Carry On the examination to the echo signal, meanwhile must CarrieS On the PreCiSe SUrVey to the echo SignaI and the transmitting message time delay. ThiS Can accurately know the radio broadcast USeS the time, then figures OUt between the ObStaele and the VehiCIe distance・ ThiS article UtiIiZeS the advanced radio frequency technology and the StabIe reliable relatedalgorithm, enable the automobile to have StrOngly guards against hits the ability ・ The above SyStem design Plan in tested on the Car already to realize front, and Can SOlVe in the Certain degree throughout is PUZZIing the COrreIatiOn WOrker, S two key QUeStiOn WhiCh states, namely has already had the keener take a bearing ability and the StrOnger antijamming ability, Iike this Can enable the automobile to have StrOngly guards against hits the ability・ AIthOUgh so, because in the middle Of the automobile travel PrOCeSS is relating PerSOn, S safety, therefore its PerfOrmanCe also WaitS for further enhances, Strengthens the OVeralI SyStem the absolute security, then CarrieS On the PrOmOtiOn to it.基于nRF24E1与TMC2023的汽车防撞系统的研制与实现慕尼黑理工大学汽车工程系劳伦斯•费迪南德随着时代的发展及社会的进步,越来越多的汽车进入了普通人的家庭。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部机电工程系专业车辆工程学生姓名学号指导教师职称讲师2013年2 月Electric intelligent car based on SCMThrough research and to realize a photoelectric sensor for sensitive components ,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car ,the system is also including dc motor ,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc. The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controller.The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter ,back ,turn left and right turn function .Through the Angle sensor detection the seesaw Angle change ,use incremental pl algorithm to control the electric car for balance ,and using photoelectric sensor detection black line ,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium .1. Project DesignLight buy a sensor ,the reality of the electric car is moving quickly degrees ,bit ,buy, transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condition ,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monolithic machine into line processing, but buy single chip machine according to the measured buy root different forms of several inspection according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdom can control system .This kind of square case real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system ,control system spirit alive ,can depend ,pure degree is high ,can full foot of each item of the stockings to bed .(1)straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pulse width modulation experience .meanwhile gather speed is experience .meanwhile ,its main electrical pulse width modulation by road system type variable change device ,Jane says PWM variable change device .Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience .Meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high ,only on electricity barnado electricity sense of filter wave can be use to get to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricity flow barnado electric capacity easily even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile ,adjustable speed stability van is surrounded relatively wide ,can reach 1000 left light .By on electrical flow wave shape than V-M system .be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small .with the sample buy in open shut frequency rate is high ,and if a fast speed electrical machine ring should match close ,fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frequency band ,because of the fast speed ring should be good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful .According to the root ,with more than ensemble close and this set of electrical machine control project by tolerance of the quantity and electrical machine speed straight flow of hair ,the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed .1.1 photoelectric detection module designThe intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper “road”, so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area , including Run straight along the arc district and driving district two area .Because f the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different ,can according to receive reflected light .The strength of the judge “road”-the black line .this paper USES is simple and practical detection methods, namely the infrared detection method.Infrared detection method ,I use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties characteristics .In the car driving process Continually to the ground to launch the infrared ,when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light ,aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving ; if Fruit is met black line is absorbed ,and than the infrared cars receiving tube receiving less than signal .1.2 signal comparative module designThis part design USES a LM324 comparator ,of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the results after Feed to the microcontroller ,used to detect sensor sensitivity ,diagram shown in figure 5 shows .When two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward .When the sensor can’t detect light ,in cut-off state ,double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller ,by program processing ,If left not detected light ,then left correct direction; If the right has not been detected light ,then turn correct direction .1.3 motor control and driving module designBecause use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values ,respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different ,thus to control its advance and turning .In system design process ,use two L9110 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor design two channels push-pull power amplifier application-specific integrated circuit device ,discrete circuits in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high .The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into ,have good anti-jamming ,two output terminal can pick flooding dynamic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force ,each call way can pass over 800mA continuous current ,peak current capacity of 1.5 ~OA ; At the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity ,The built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse ,making it the drive relays ,dc motors ,stepping motor or switch power tube the useof safe and reliable .Follow tracing car system to common AT89C51, complementarywith relatively simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function ,and fully considered appearance ,costs ,so most of the circuit car by manual welding is complete .In the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions ,but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.2. System hardware design2.1 motor driver module designIn making intelligent car, right wheel respectively with two speed and Torque basic identical dc motor driven deceleration. bolt-on trunk-lid spoiler Department to install a direction wheel, then through the I/O mouth to control tow dc slowing down Motor speed and steering can be achieved on the car to the left, turn right and straight line.Motor drive using a integrated electrical machine flooding dynamic core slice L 298 N. L298N is ST the production of the company, the internal containing four channel logical drive circuit, it is a kind of tow phase four phase motor drive, namely the special contains tow H bridge of high voltage large current commander bridge type drive，acceptance criteria TTL logic level signals, be driven 46V, 2A below the motor.2.2 tracing module designTracing module mainly composed by photoelectric sensor reflex, Photoconductive resistance of the resistance of the light with the surrounding environment changes, when the LTT white lines above, light emission strongly; The LTT black line above, light emission are relatively weak. So when photoconductive resistance in white line and black line above the elements will occur significantly changes, the resistance changes value after comparator can output high level. But this way environmental influences big, work is not stable. This article actual use is RPP220 type reflex sensors made tracing module.RPR220 is an integration of reflective photoelectric detector, transmitter is a gas infrared light emitting diode and the receiver is a high sensitivity silicon photoelectric triode flat. When the light emitting diode reflected back, triode conduction and output low level2.3 obstacle avoidance module designObstacle avoidance module mainly composed by infrared reflection sensor. Infrared reflection sensor by one infrared tubes and photoelectric diode constitute, infrared tubes out to meet the infrared object reflective sex strong after be turned back, by photoelectric diode receiving, causephotoelectric diode current increases, light born this change into voltage signal, it could be processor receives and processing.2.4 remote control module designThis module will launch end USES high sensitive HL-5000 type universal television remote control, the receiver using receive frequency for 38kH receiving head 1838, this module and the single chip computer interface is very convenient. In addition, for the red outside meet after harvest of plait code letter number the department tasseled set when shipped with project of AT89C52 single chip microcomputer external interruption. In order to recognize a complete key signal, must for each coding pulse width were measured with discriminate receives the pulse is o still 1. the microcontroller timer/counter to measuring pulse width. Timer/counter except points than can be set, from except 2 to except 2048, measurable pulse width can reach 500m/s. This paper set except point for 12, namely than 12 points frequency, because the external clock is about 12MH, clock cycle for 1s, so the timer/counter for 1 per timing once s.2.5 alarm module designAlarm module core chip 110 IC, can choose application in automobile, motorcycle, alarms, personal riot device, door magnetic alarm device and etc.3. System software designThis system software modular structure, he main program, initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines, delay subroutines, buttons pronunciation subroutines, buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.3.1 tracing subroutines designTracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic respectively, p22 and p23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal. Through L 298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.3.2 avoid barrier of programmingObstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflection sensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively p20 and p21 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.3.3 remote subroutines designRemote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MZUp32 tube feet, then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control, then letmicrocontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.4. Summar yAdopts singlechip, using photoelectric senor and infrared reflection senor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to walk, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantage of simple circuit, reliability, low cost, and easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.From 基于单片机的智能小车通过研发实现了一种一光电传感器为敏感元件，以AT89C51单片机为控制核心的电机循迹小车的智能控，该系统还包括直流电机、L9110芯片和LM324比较器等。

引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。

它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。

随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。

本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。

概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。

传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。

而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。

本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。

正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。

1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。

1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。

二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。

采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。

2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。

2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。

三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。

AT89C51的概况一 AT89C51应用单片机广泛应用于商业：诸如调制解调器，电动机控制系统，空调控制系统，汽车发动机和其他一些领域。

这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合。

然而，这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机高度可靠。

健壮的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险。

Intel 平台工程部门开发了一种面向对象的用于验证它的AT89C51 汽车单片机多线性测试环境。

这种环境的目标不仅是为AT89C51 汽车单片机提供一种健壮测试环境，而且开发一种能够容易扩展并重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机。

开发的这种环境连接了AT89C51。

本文讨论了这种测试环境的设计和原理，它的和各种硬件、软件环境部件的交互性，以及如何使用AT89C51。

1.1 介绍8 位AT89C51 CHMOS 工艺单片机被设计用于处理高速计算和快速输入/输出。

MCS51 单片机典型的应用是高速事件控制系统。

商业应用包括调制解调器，电动机控制系统，打印机，影印机，空调控制系统，磁盘驱动器和医疗设备。

汽车工业把MCS51 单片机用于发动机控制系统，悬挂系统和反锁制动系统。

AT89C51 尤其很好适用于得益于它的处理速度和增强型片上外围功能集，诸如：汽车动力控制，车辆动态悬挂，反锁制动和稳定性控制应用。

由于这些决定性应用，市场需要一种可靠的具有低干扰潜伏响应的费用-效能控制器，服务大量时间和事件驱动的在实时应用需要的集成外围的能力，具有在单一程序包中高出平均处理功率的中央处理器。

拥有操作不可预测的设备的经济和法律风险是很高的。

一旦进入市场，尤其任务决定性应用诸如自动驾驶仪或反锁制动系统，错误将是财力上所禁止的。

重新设计的费用可以高达500K 美元，如果产品族享有同样内核或外围设计缺陷的话，费用会更高。

另外，部件的替代品领域是极其昂贵的，因为设备要用来把模块典型地焊接成一个总体的价值比各个部件高几倍。

基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文Wireless Remote Control Car Design Based on MicrocontrollerIntroduction:In this article, we will discuss the design of a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller. The objective of this project is to build a car that can be controlled remotely without any physical connection. This technology has become widely used in various applications, such as toy cars and industrial automation. By the end of this article, you will have a clear understanding of how to design and implement a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller.Design Components:1. Microcontroller:A crucial element in our design is the microcontroller. It serves as the brain of the car, processing signals received from the wireless remote control and controlling the various components of the car. We have chosen an Arduino board for this project due to its popularity andversatility.2. Wireless Communication Module:To establish communication between the remote control andthe car, we need a reliable wireless communication module.In our design, we will use an RF (Radio Frequency) module like NRF24L01 for its simplicity and lower power consumption.3. Motor Driver:The motor driver circuit is responsible for controlling the motors' speed and direction in response to signals from the microcontroller. We will utilize an H-Bridge motor driverL293D chip, which allows bidirectional control of DC motors.4. Motorized Wheels:A set of motorized wheels is necessary for moving the car forward, backward, left, and right. These wheels should be compatible with your chosen DC motors and providesufficient traction on different surfaces.Implementation Steps:1. Connect the RF module to both your transmitter (remote control) and receiver (car). Ensure proper power supply connections are made according to their specifications.2. Program the Arduino microcontroller with appropriate code for establishing communication with the RF module and decoding received data packets.3. Interface the motor driver circuit with Arduino to manage motor speed and direction controls effectively.4. Connect the DC motors to the motor driver circuit, ensuring a proper connection with respect to polarity.5. Assemble the wheels onto the car chassis and attach the motors securely in place.6. Power up both the transmitter and receiver, ensuring they have independent power sources.7. Test your wireless remote control car by transmitting commands from your remote control to make it move forward,backward, and change directions.Conclusion:Designing a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller provides an exciting opportunity to explore various aspects of electronics and programming. Throughthis project, you will gain hands-on experience with components like microcontrollers, wireless communication modules, motor drivers, and DC motors. This knowledge canbe extended to develop more complex robotic applications or automation systems in the future.简介：在本文中，我们将讨论使用单片机设计无线遥控小车的过程。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almostevery time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a drivingcircuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside,in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system,the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to each function module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module,photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。

Based on monolithic integrated circuit automobile security alarmsystem designAbstract:Decodes the automobile security system using them on litchis integrated circuit interior resources realization jump code, it each time uses the remote control password all is changing, both enhanced the system security, and greatly reduced the cost.Keyword: Monolithic integrated circuit, Automobile security system , Code/decodeIntroductionIs unceasingly progressive along with the social economy and the high tech rapid development, in the routine work and the life, the automobile has become the people ideal transportation vehicle. But the following motor vehicle the case which robbed gradually is also in creased has created the pilot economical property loss. In order tore duce the automobile to rob the event the formation rate, for has the automobile the user to provide the safety control, simply develops one kind to be reliable, the ease of operation, can send out in the discovery normal condition to the pilot reports to the police the reminder and the security warning safety system has the practical significance. This article based on to the existing automobile security alarm system generalized analysis, develops one kind of brand-new security alarm system. This system has mainly used the jump code code/decoding principle, causes the overall system to be safer, greatly reduces password explaining rate.1. System principle of workThe automobile security alarm system the remote control which carries by the driver and installs in the automobile the controller two parts composes. The remote control and the controller all use eight CMOS which American AT-MEL Corporation produces the A VR monolithic integrated circuit, this series monolithic integrated circuit based on new simplifies instruction R the ISC structure, includes the service life most to be few is 1,000 time writes/scratches the circulation the Flash program memory, as well as the service life at least is 100,000time writes/scratches the circulation E the EPROM data-carrier storage, some 2 only have when the entire piececleaning can clean the programming encryption locks the localization.1.1 System designThe automobile security examination uses the ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor is composed by the ultrasonic wave transmission circuit and the supersonic reception electric circuit, in the automobile cab appropriate position, installs the ultrasonic wave launch/receiver, as well as switch electric circuit T1. When the automobile parks the vehicle owner person must leave the automobile, with remote control closed switch T1, the automobile alarm system sat garrisons the condition, around the system use ultrasonic wave examination vehicle obstacle. Launches the partial electric circuits likes chart 1 to show. When its P1 mouth P1.1, P1.2 to the D trig , the P1.0 control ultrasonic wave launch, are 0, the photo electricity coupler outputs the TP1 end is 1, the permission ultrasonic wave launch, launches/the receive ultrasonic wave in turn, the circulation repeatedly carries on. Simultaneously the monolithic integrated circuit interior counter starts to count. The steam distance between vehicles obstacle distance is the time which sends out through the sound navigation and ranging reflects spends determines and carries on the computation. The reflection signal causes the D trigger to produce interrupt request signal INT1,simultaneously stops counting, reads takes counts the value, calculates the actual distance after the formula, then carries on the comparison with the datum distance, if examines when the actual distance is bigger than reference value 80cm, does not carry on the accustom-optics to report to the police; If some people approach the automobile to enter the cab, the examination actual distance is smaller than or was equal to when reference value 80cm, through monolithic integrated circuit P2.2 and the P2.3 port, actuates the indicating lamp display circuit and the sound alarm circuit, sends out three two flash. And triggers a high level, the actuation is wire less signal transmission circuit.Chart 1 Ultrasonic wave transmission circuit1.2 Code/decoding principleThe present automobile remote control security system are many isusesVD5026/27, PT2262/72, HT12E/D and so on the general code/decodes the electric circuit, its password decided by the component address, each set of security systems use a fixed invariable password. Along with the micro processing technology development, through the receiver emote control transmitting message, may intercept this fixed password, moreover general arranges the decoding address to lose the person to carry the component size limit, its quantity is impossible too much, can obtain not repeatedly codes very is also limited, also can very quickly explain the password with the automatic scanner. Therefore, this kind of password fixed invariable automobile security system has received the serious threat. Decodes the automobile security system using the monolithic integrated circuit interior resources realization jump code, it each time uses the remote control password all is changing, with the password no longer duplicates uses, causes the interception password also is makes a futile effort, in addition, it may increase the enough many passwords figure, enhances the system resistance illegal scanning the ability. The remote control coding altogether has 12 bytes, separately by 3 bytes codes channels code, 3 bytes codes forewords number, 5 bytes jumps codes, 1 byte pressed key operation code is composed. Encoded front adds on logic in each byte 0 to take the outset position, encoded behind adds on a logical 1 achievement in each byte to stop the position, and in most front adds on several logic 1 to take the guidance signal, this constituted the serial coded signal which uses in to transmit. The code channel code uses in to express the remote control status; each set of systems use a fixed channel code. The code foreword number uses in to record the encoded order, its starting value is 0, the monolithic integrated circuit every time codes a time, the code foreword number upwardly counts time. The code channel code and the code foreword number deposits in monolithic integrated circuit EEPROM, guarantees them power cut the influence. The jump code is the systematic true password, it passes through the complex special algorithm by the code channel code and the code foreword number to extract, this special algorithm foreign security. The pressed key operation code by the pressed key which presses was decided, when "the hypothesis" the key is pressed down, its code decides as 0 1H; When "relieves" the key presses down, its code decides as 00H. Whether is the decoding confirms receive the code legitimate a series of operating process. Was confirmed the legitimate code needs to satisfy three conditions; (1) codes the channel code and the decoding channel code is same; (2) coded the foreword number to be bigger than the decoding foreword number (decodingforeword number to record on legitimately has used code foreword number, this condition might guarantee before has used code was invalid); (3) jumps the code to be equal to reuses the special algorithm to extract changes the code. After the monolithic integrated circuit confirmed receives is the legitimate code, writes the code foreword number in the decoding foreword number, and completes corresponding operation processing according to the operation code. The decoding channel code and the decoding foreword number also deposits in monolithic integrated circuit EEPROM, guards against because of power cut loses.1.3 Security reports to the police realizationIf will have robber Chen ZheRu the room, starts the automobile, after wrong password, then the automobile storage battery +12V voltage, the ignition electric current way ignition lock, the ignition outage, the engine extinguishes, again starts, will duplicate the above process, like this, the bandits and thieves always will not be able to start the automobile, will not be able to achieve its anticipated goal. The alarm circuit mainly is composed by the integrated block and the speaker and electronic switching SCR. Triode or the multiple-unit tube, are for enhance the electric circuit measure which the power but often uses, it has composed a current amplification factor very big equivalent transistor, total enlargement factor for these two enlargement factor product. SCR is the electronic switching which constitutes by the silicon-controlled rectifier, the electric capacity and the resistance constitution negative booster concurrently filter, provides +3 +4V to IC the voltage, IC is traces Draws up sound reports to the police the integrated circuit, the alarm apparatus by the SCR control, robs the vehicle thief once after the wrong password, then the storage battery electric current enters the security system besides a group, another group is started in the engine, after leads the engine work, natural contact output voltage, after the differentiating circuit, silicon-controlled rectifier SCR is triggered, also passes through the resistance to fall the pressure, the voltage adds in the IC power source input end, IC obtains the voltage output alarm, enlarges after the multiple-unit tube, Destroys moves the speaker to send out resoundingly reports to the police the sound. when static state, entire electric circuit does not consume the electricity.2. Software designThe alarm apparatus software design mainly divides into:Master routine (alarm apparatus initialization, key modulation and decoding); Alarm apparatus interrupthandling routine. This alarm apparatus installs on the automobile steering wheel. After installs, starts the alarm apparatus, the alarm apparatus automatically retards20~30s to start to work, in order to lets use the person to have the enough time to lock the gate to leave the automobile. After the time delay the alarm apparatus enters the value to defend the active status, once the vehicle door is turned on or the windowpane hits garrulously, the oscillation pick-up examines the signal, time delay 20s starts to report to the police. The time delay goal is the master which causes the automobile is opening the gate to enter the vehicle internal energy closure alarm apparatus, in order to avoid reports to the police by mistake.2.1 Master routineThis part mainly completes to each severance entrance hypothesis, and reports to the police the depositing unit initialization to each fixed unit, establishes the special symbol value and to the pressed key interrupts processing. Master routine design diagram like chart 2 shows.Chart2 master routine frame chart2.2 Alarm apparatus interrupt handling routineThe burglar alarm disposal procedure uses time severance inquiry processing, each time severance, only is inquires each kind of control flag bit, controls each group output according to its condition. The procedure has not used has circulation processing the way, therefore time control conclusion, cannot eliminate controls the flag bit, only is repositions the scene, the waiting next time severance, again judges whether controls the conclusion.3. Concluding remarkUses automobile security alarm system cost which this kind of monolithic integrated circuit composes low, performance reliable, simultaneously settles the extension to be convenient. The use jump code code/decoding principle, causes the system to be safer, greatly reduces password explaining rate, will obtain the wide spread application in the future automobile security alarm system.基于单片机的汽车防盗报警系统设计摘要:应用单片机内部资源实现的跳变编码/解码汽车防盗系统，它每次使用的遥控密码都在变化，既提高了系统的安全性，又大大降低了成本。

基于单片机的智能循迹小车外文翻译第一篇：基于单片机的智能循迹小车外文翻译摘要：本次设计的智能循迹小车是以单片机89c51为主控制器。

运用反射式红外传感器来进行路径检测和速度监测模块。

将检测数据传回单片机进行处理，同时，用单片机产生PWM波来控制小车的行进速度，并实时控制小车的行进状态。

另外，在小车上还扩展了LCD 作为人机交互界面，以便于实时了解小车个监测传感器的状态机小车的实时数据，由于本次设计的是智能自动循迹小车，整个任务过程无需人工的任何干预，故而没有进行键盘及遥控等的人工操作设备。

用多路传感器的实时监测和算法的紧密配合来保证小车的顺畅完成任务。

关键字：80c51单片机，c/c++/汇编语言编程，电子智能小车，光电检测器一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。

它在军事、民用和科学研究等方面已获得了应用，对解决道路交通安全提供了一种新的途径随着汽车工业的迅速发展，关于汽车的研究也就越来越受人关注。

全国电子大赛和省内电子大赛几乎每次都有智能小车这方面的题目，全国各高校也都很重视该题目的研究，许多国家已经把电子设计比赛作为创新教育的战略性手段。

电子设计涉及到多个学科，机械电子、传感器技术、自动控制技术、人工智能控制、计算机与通信技术等等，是众多领域的高科技。

电子设计技术，它是一个国家高科技实例的一个重要标准，可见其研究意义很大本次设计虽然只是一个演示模型，但是具有充分的科学性和实用性。

首先我们根据交通路面的复杂情况，按照适当的比例制作出一个路况模型，包括弯道、直道以及路面上设置的障碍物等。

在弯、直道上，小车沿着预定轨道自由行使，当小车遇到障碍物时，脉冲调制的红外线传感器将检测到的信号发送给单片机，单片机根据程序发出相应的控制信号控制小车自动避开障碍物，进行倒车、前进、左转、右转等动作二、主题部分智能车辆是集环境感知、规划决策、多等级辅助驾驶等功能于一体的综合系统，是智能交通系统的一个重要组成部分。