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Explicit and Implicit Moral EducationImagine a guardsman,from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment the parade is dismissed,every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled.If inadvertently he does something that is not in the schedule,such as drop his rifle,he has to cover up that accident by pretending to faint.to do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness,but from the point of view of military ethos would be immoral.想象一下有一个卫兵，在早上从他进入一个阅兵队列开始直到这个队伍解散，他作出的每一个有意识的动作都是事先规定好并且被控制的。
如果他无意识地做了计划外的一个动作，比如弄掉了他的步枪，他只能通过装作晕倒来掩盖这个错误。
不遵守命令可能会显示你的独创性和别出心裁，但是从军队气质的角度来讲，这些行为都是不道德的。
That is an example of thorough-going explicit moral system.In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones,permitted ones and non-permitted ones,and everyone involved accepts this without question;and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter,and the simplest form of behaviour training,provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unquestionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is.这就是一个彻底实行显性道德教育体系的例子。
Unit4 无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛1二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，膝下犹虚。
上次凯茜娘家有一个人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子?”她答道：“我们就是孩子!”2凯茜与韦恩属于一代人数日益增长、决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体。
最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。
在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢?3或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。
派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力，它无视人们是否殷切盼望和真的需要孩子或者根本不好此道。
4“这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。
这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。
这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。
我们的孙男孙女也许将购票去观赏最后一批红松林或排队去获取氧气配给。
有人抱怨在回家见五个孩子的途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。
在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。
太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。
”5埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。
好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。
”6埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。
但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。
有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。
考研英语翻译技巧之增词译法眼下正是考研英语复习打基础的关键时期，很多同学都处在背单词，学语法的阶段。
的确，词汇和语法是我们学好考研英语的基石，因为考研英语的文章中多是长难句，对长难句的分析理解，直接影响到我们的做题结果。
词汇的记忆，重在平时的坚持与积累;语法长难句的学习则要把握住重点方向和分析方法。
在此，要为大家解析，考研英语长难句复习的重点方向和正确分析方法到底是什么?增词法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、更通顺地表达原文的思想内容。
(1) 增省略英语中多省略，中文喜欢重复，所以在两种语言在转换时要汉语中要补充出英语中省略的内容。
比如，03年第四篇阅读第一句话It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitableand in California optional. 这句话中，in Canada 与inevitable，in California 与optional 之间，省略了主语death, 翻译是，必须补充出来。
“据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。
”又比如，How well the predictionswill be validated by laterperformance// depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used// and on the skill and wisdom//with which it is interpreted。
(95年，72题) 句子结构是How well.。
引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语，depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...，the information used是名词+定语，with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是theskill and wisdom，代词it指代theinformation 这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。
Unit 4(Para. 1) In the last few centuries, marriage has been connected to romantic love. This kind of package deal is not easy to maintain and indeed many people fail while trying to do so. Nevertheless, most people still pursue this deal. This is another type of paradox associated with marriage.在过去的几个世纪里，婚姻总是和浪漫的爱情联系起来。
这一揽子交易可不容易维护，的确，很多人在试图将婚姻和浪漫的爱情结合起来时失败了。
不过，许多人仍然追求婚姻。
这是和婚姻相关的另一种自相矛盾的情况。
package adj. 一揽子的 vt. 打包；将…包装package deal 一揽子交易，一揽子交易中的条款nevertheless adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此 conj. 然而，不过paradox n. 悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事(Para. 2)Some of the main difficulties of this package deal are the following: (a) in modern society, marriage is no longer unique in fulfilling tasks such as raising children and enhancing one’s status and financial situation,(b) long-term romantic relationships are problematic in that they lack significant changes, which are so meaningful to emotions in general and love in particular, and (c) the greater flexibility of romantic boundaries in modern society make it harder to maintain strict emotional connections and constraints, such as those recommended in marriage.要实现这一揽子交易，有如下几点主要的困难：1. 在现代社会，婚姻已不是实现像抚养孩子，加强个人地位，及改善经济状况等任务的惟一形式。
第四章增词1.Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。
2.Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. -Bacon阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。
3.Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。
4.We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没有退过，我们将来也不后退5.Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜又是切面包；谈呀，笑呀，敬酒呀，忙个不停。
6.The KODAK Fiche reader 321A is easy to operate versatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design.柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。
7.The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.瞳孔随光线的强弱变化而缩小放大。
8.Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.海洋与其说是分割了世界不如说是连接了世界。
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。
The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，and explores the choices that are available to family members,探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。
It examines the diversity of American families today,该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS爱和情感连系Nijole V.Benokraitis奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯Love — as both an emotion and a behavior — is essential for human survival.爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。
第四章增词1.Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathemat ics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; lo gic and rhetoric able to contend.历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。
2.Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. -Bacon阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。
3.Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。
4.We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没有退过，我们将来也不后退5.Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talk ed, laughed, proposed healths.热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜又是切面包；谈呀，笑呀，敬酒呀，忙个不停。
6.The KODAK Fiche reader 321A is easy to operate v ersatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design.柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。
7.The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.瞳孔随光线的强弱变化而缩小放大。
8.Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.海洋与其说是分割了世界不如说是连接了世界。
9.The planet we live on is not just a ball of in ert material.我们居住的星球并不仅仅是一个有惰性物质组成的球体。
10.The early release of the crew alone would defuse these cries.只需尽快释放船员才能解除危机。
1.And1）The sun came out and the grass dried.太阳一出，草就干枯了。
2）I went to his house,and he came to mine.我上他家去，而他却到我家来。
3）Rust is abrasive and can cause damage to the injection components.锈具有腐蚀性，所以能损坏喷射元件。
4）He is so rich and lives like a beggar.他那么有钱，却生活得像个乞丐。
5）The solution was to6）Chemical splashes can cause eye irritation and permanent eye damage.化学制品的溅沫会使眼睛发炎，甚至会造成永久性伤害。
7）He analyzed the dependence of P on temperature and concluded that P decreased with8）These parts are made of woods or plastics and not metals.这些零件是用木材或塑料制成的，而不是金属制成的。
9）This means drying the oil before it enters the system and, to be sensible, ensuring that the air above the oil is dry. 这就意味着在润滑油进入系统之前就要将其擦拭干，明智地说，也就是要确保润滑油上面的空气干燥。
2.When1)We’ll go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start.我们6月初要下乡去，那时夏收就要开始了。
2) I stayed till noon, when I went home.我一直呆到中午，然后就回家了。
3) When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking.老师离开教室以后，学生们就喧哗起来。
4) When that man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he‘s about to tell a lie.每当那人开口一句“老实说”，我就怀疑他要撒谎。
5) Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.万一机器发生什么故障，就把电门关上。
6) Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance.投了保的任何物品，如果在保险期内丢失或损害，保险公司要负责赔偿。
7) When there is really planned and proportionate development ,our national economy will achieve sustained, stable and high-speed growth.我国的国民经济只要真正做到有计划、按比例地发展，就能够实现持续、稳定、高速的增长。
8) When you cross the river you are safe.你一旦过了河，便安全了。
9)How can I convince him when he won’t listen?他连听都听不进，我又怎么能说服他呢？10) He usually walks when he might ride.虽然有车可乘，他通常总是步行。
11. They had only three transistors when they needed five.他们需要5只晶体管，可是只有3只。
12. Why are you here when you should be in school?你本该在学校里的，却为何在这里？13. When I am opposed to such actions on general principles, how can I make this case an exception?我明明在总的原则上反对这类行为，又怎能对此事例外呢？14. How could you do it when you knew that this might damage the apparatus? 既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，怎么还这样干？15. When one is older, one is also more experienced.一个人的经验随年龄的长大而增长。
st1. He is the last man to accept a bribe.他决不会受贿。
2. He is the last man for such a job. 他最不适合这项工作。
3. He is the last man to consult.他根本不值得请教。
4. Bikini was the last thing she’d like to wear.她最不喜欢穿比基尼泳装。
5. He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不应该责备他。
6. This is the last place where I expected to mee t you.怎么也没想到我会在这个地方见到你。
7. Money is the last thing he wants, and you won’t succeed by offering it.他决不想要你的钱，你给他钱也白搭。
8.This would be the last place the colonialists wou ld leave,for in it lay riches and natural resources.这是殖民主义者最不愿意离开的地方，因为这里的自然资源极为丰富。
4.Well1.The bridge was so well built that it lasted for 1 00 years.桥建得很牢，至少能用100年。
2.The demand for electricity may get well below the average level.电的需求量可能远远低于平均水平。
3. Radar waves go through clouds or fog quite well , whereas light waves do not.雷达波能非常容易地穿过云和雾，而光波却不行。
4. This paper is well written except for a little miscalculation.这篇论文写得不错，不过有一点儿计算失误。
5. The temperature is well above the set value. 温度大大高于定值。
6. The house is well situated.房屋的地理位置十分优越。
7. Shake the bottle well before experiment.实验之前将瓶内液体摇晃均匀。
8. It may well be true.这很可能是真的。
9. Plants can’t grow well in the absence of water. 没有水植物就不能茁壮生长。
10. Examine the account well before you pay it.付款之前须仔细核实账目。
5.Available1.The book was not available in the library when I wanted to borrow it.我去借书时，图书馆里没有这本书。
