微生物英文文献及翻译—原文

A/O法活性污泥中氨氧化菌群落的动态与分布摘要：我们研究了在厌氧—好氧序批式反应器（SBR）中氨氧化菌群落（AOB）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌群落（NOB）的结构活性和分布。

在研究过程中，分子生物技术和微型技术被用于识别和鉴定这些微生物。

污泥微粒中的氨氧化菌群落结构大体上与初始的接种污泥中的结构不同。

与颗粒形成一起，由于过程条件中生物选择的压力，AOB的多样性下降了。

DGGE测序表明，亚硝化菌依然存在，这是因为它们能迅速的适应固定以对抗洗涤行为。

DGGE更进一步的分析揭露了较大的微粒对更多的AOB种类在反应器中的生存有好处。

在SBR反应器中有很多大小不一的微粒共存，颗粒的直径影响这AOB和NOB的分布。

中小微粒（直径<0.6mm）不能限制氧在所有污泥空间的传输。

大颗粒（直径>0.9mm）可以使含氧量降低从而限制NOB的生长。

所有这些研究提供了未来对AOB微粒系统机制可能性研究的支持。

关键词：氨氧化菌（AOB），污泥微粒，菌落发展，微粒大小，硝化菌分布，发育多样性1.简介在浓度足够高的条件下，氨在水环境中对水生生物有毒，并且对富营养化有贡献。

因此，废水中氨的生物降解和去除是废水处理工程的基本功能。

硝化反应，将氨通过硝化转化为硝酸盐，是去除氨的一个重要途径。

这是分两步组成的，由氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌完成。

好氧氨氧化一般是第一步，硝化反应的限制步骤：然而，这是废水中氨去除的本质。

对16S rRNA的对比分析显示，大多数活性污泥里的氨氧化菌系统的跟ß-变形菌有关联。

然而，一系列的研究表明，在氨氧化菌的不同代和不同系有生理和生态区别，而且环境因素例如处理常量，溶解氧，盐度，pH，自由氨例子浓度会影响氨氧化菌的种类。

因此，废水处理中氨氧化菌的生理活动和平衡对废水处理系统的设计和运行是至关重要的。

由于这个原因，对氨氧化菌生态和微生物学更深一层的了解对加强处理效果是必须的。

当今，有几个进阶技术在废水生物处理系统中被用作鉴别、刻画微生物种类的有价值的工具。

微生物英语作文Microorganisms: The Unsung Heroes of Our WorldIn the vast tapestry of life on Earth, there exists a realm that is invisible to the naked eye yet plays a pivotal rolein sustaining the ecosystem. This realm is inhabited by microorganisms, which are the subject of this essay. Microorganisms encompass a diverse group of living entities, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Despite their minuscule size, they have an outsized impact on our planet.The Role of Microorganisms in NatureMicroorganisms are the foundation of the food chain. They are responsible for the decomposition of organic matter,recycling nutrients back into the soil. This process is critical for the growth of plants, which in turn provide sustenance for other organisms. Without microorganisms, the cycle of life would be severely disrupted.Biodiversity and Ecosystem HealthMicroorganisms contribute significantly to biodiversity. They are present in every environment, from the depths of the ocean to the highest mountain peaks. Their ability to adapt to various conditions ensures the resilience of ecosystems. For instance, certain bacteria can fix nitrogen, making itavailable to plants, which is essential for their growth.Human Health and MedicineThe relationship between microorganisms and human health is complex. While some microorganisms can cause diseases, others are essential for our well-being. Probiotics, for example, are beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and boost the immune system. In medicine, antibiotics derived from certain fungi have saved countless lives by combating bacterial infections.The Future of MicrobiologyAs we delve deeper into the study of microorganisms, we uncover new ways to harness their potential. Biotechnology and genetic engineering are fields where microorganisms are being used to produce medicines, biofuels, and even to clean up environmental pollutants. The future holds the promise of even more discoveries and applications.ConclusionMicroorganisms may be small, but their influence is immense. They are integral to the functioning of our planet and our own survival. As we continue to explore the microbial world, we must also ensure that we protect it. The preservation of microorganisms and their habitats is a crucial aspect of environmental conservation. By understanding and appreciating the role of microorganisms, we can better safeguard our own health and the health of our planet.。

有关微生物的英语作文英文回答：Microorganisms are a diverse group of organisms that include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. They are found in all environments on Earth, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains. Microorganisms play a vital role in the cycling of nutrients, the decomposition of organic matter, and the production of oxygen. They are also responsible for a wide range of human diseases, from the common cold to tuberculosis.The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microbiologists use a variety of techniques to study microorganisms, including microscopy, culturing, and molecular biology. Microscopy allows microbiologists to visualize microorganisms and study their morphology. Culturing allows microbiologists to grow microorganisms in the laboratory and study their growth and metabolism. Molecular biology allows microbiologists to study thegenetic material of microorganisms and understand how they function.Microorganisms have a wide range of applications in industry, medicine, and agriculture. In industry, microorganisms are used to produce a variety of products, including antibiotics, enzymes, and biofuels. In medicine, microorganisms are used to develop vaccines and antibiotics. In agriculture, microorganisms are used to improve soil fertility and crop yields.The study of microorganisms is essential for understanding the role they play in the environment and for developing new ways to use them to benefit humanity.中文回答：微生物是一个多样化的生物群，包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生动物。

微生物文献翻译张宇生物科学2011031021Ethanol, isopropanol, and 1-butanol are the only naturally produced alcohol biofuels. Isopropanol can be used directly as a fuel supplement to gasoline or as a feedstock for the transesterification of fats into biodiesel [35]. Both isopropanol and 1-butanol are produced in a mixed product fermentation in various strains of Clostridium [36], with maximum production levels reaching 2 g/L and 20 g/L, respectively [37, 38]. With a renewed interest in alternative fuels, the production of isopropanol and 1-butanol has been recently investigated in genetically tractable heterologous organisms. These organisms, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, facilitate the design and optimization of new biofuels processes by combining an increasing synthetic biology toolbox with a well-studied metabolism. Isopropanol production in E. coli has surpassed that of Clostridium by assembling the pathway for acetone production and a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase [8, 12]. The production of 1-butanol, however, has proven to be more difficult. Initial efforts were able to produce ~0.5 g/L using E. coli as a host [7]. Construction of a new strain harboring a single construct resulted in an increase in production to 1.2 g/L [9]. In addition to E. coli, 1-butanol production has been investigated in Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and S. cerevisiae [10, 11], although production in E. coli has thus far shown the most promise. Each ofthese processes, however, is far from industrial feasibility, as yields (~0.05 g/g) and productivities (~0.01 g/L/h) must increase significantly to match the same figures for corn ethanol (~0.5 g/g and 2 g/L/h). The advancement of these processes is thought to be limited by the low activity of pathway enzymes due to poor expression, solubility, or oxygen sensitivity, as well as the metabolic imbalance introduced by these heterologous pathways. While productivity in each of these platforms is low in comparison with Clostridial fermentation, the ability to engineer and manipulate these user-friendly hosts will facilitate the development of these processes.翻译：唯一的自然生产的酒精燃料乙醇、异丙醇、和1-丁醇。

微生物专业名词英文小作文Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Microbiology is a broad field that encompasses many different areas of study, including medical microbiology, environmental microbiology, and industrial microbiology.Medical microbiology focuses on the study of microorganisms that cause disease in humans. This includes the study of bacteria and viruses that cause infections, as well as the development of vaccines and other treatments to combat these pathogens. Medical microbiologists also study the role of microorganisms in the human microbiome, whichis the collection of microorganisms that live in and on our bodies and play a crucial role in our health.Environmental microbiology, on the other hand, focuses on the study of microorganisms in the environment. This includes the study of how microorganisms impact the health of ecosystems, as well as their role in processes such as nutrient cycling and bioremediation. Environmentalmicrobiologists also study the use of microorganisms in environmental monitoring and pollution control.Industrial microbiology is the application of microorganisms in industrial processes. This includes the use of microorganisms in the production of food and beverages, the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, and the production of biofuels. Industrial microbiologists also study the use of microorganisms in waste treatment and the development of new biotechnologies.Overall, microbiology is a diverse and exciting field that plays a crucial role in many aspects of our lives. From understanding the causes of infectious diseases to developing new ways to produce sustainable energy, microbiology has the potential to make a significant impact on our world.微生物学是研究微生物的学科，微生物是一种肉眼无法看到的微小生物。

中英文对照外文翻译文献葡萄栽培过程中产生废弃物的侧耳属菇类生物降解：一种微生物和人类食物的来源及其在动物养殖中的潜在用途在通过侧耳属菌（平菇）程序进行葡萄园剪枝和葡萄皮渣的生物转化过程中，使用固态发酵技术受到了高度评价。

我们对水果实体的生产和收获之后被酶作用物的化学变化进行了测量计算，发现生物学效率和生物转化率各自都发生了变化，分别从37.2% 上升至78.7%和16.7%上升至 38.8%。

对于菌丝生长和蘑菇产量提高最有益的基质是与葡萄园剪枝项目相混合操作。

葡萄园修剪产生的枝条与葡萄皮渣相比具有较高的酚类成分、总糖、更好的c/n比值、天然脂肪和总氨。

与之相反，在纯葡萄皮渣的实验中，菌丝生长得非常缓慢甚至是不会生长。

葡萄皮渣比例较高的混合物中水分、蛋白质、脂肪和木质素含量一般较高，然而修剪产生的葡萄枝中，中性洗涤剂纤维、半纤维素、纤维素含量较高。

侧耳菌株的生长可能依赖于基质中纤维成分的可获取情况，而且其消化过程中发生的动态变化可能随着这些纤维在真菌生长过程中的改变而发生。

通过以侧耳属菌为媒介的SSF技术对葡萄栽培残基进行回收利用的潜力巨大，可以生产出人类所需的食物以及在反刍动物饲养中还有限使用的高纤维饲料。

关键词：生物转化酶作用；侧耳属菌；回收利用；固态发酵；葡萄栽培过程的副产品引言：葡萄种植是墨西哥西北部一项重要的生产活动，在墨西哥西北部有33500公顷的土地栽培了数类不同品种的葡萄。

这么大规模的生产活动每年大约产生了大约27万吨的工农业废料，而这其中有大约93%是葡萄园修剪掉的枝条。

这些废料一般直接在田间进行焚烧处理，以防止种植物病原菌的扩散，从而引起环境和生态问题以及危害人类健康的风险。

木质素是工农业废料中所有碳含量的主要组成部分，当它在遇热降解过程中会产生多环芳香烃成分，如苯并芘、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚菲和萘。

所有这些化合物可以抑制DNA 合成，并可能诱发动物和人类的肝脏、肺、喉和子宫颈产生癌变肿瘤。