英文参考文献原文复印件及译文

外文参考文献与翻译1、外文原文Analysis on the model of Chinese foreign tradeThis paper clarified contact actual implementation in China shall actively future import substitution and export-oriented strategy model combining the compound in view, and expounds the select and implement the strategic mode of economic exhibition should consider the problem.A country's foreign economic development strategy mode can be summarized as import substitution and export-oriented two basic modes of population, the market in China, its large capacity development space, but also vast exist, and per capita underdeveloped productivity development and utilization of natural resources are limited and economic efficiency, low enough and limited capital accumulation restraints. This kind of situation determines that China cannot implement single import-substituted strategy, also cannot implement single export-oriented strategy should be implemented, and import substitution and export-oriented combination of complex strategy, can we make full use of and development of domestic and foreign two resources and markets, to better achieve strategic balance and China's economic development goals.1. Implementation of import substitution and export-orientedstrategy model combining with China1.1 In China since last century the development situation of ppBy the middle of the last century, in a single planned economic system restriction and the influence of political and economic environment at home and abroad, China's foreign economic development strategy, with a single plan experience associated economic system closing economic development strategy mode namely single import-substituted strategy mode. In this economy under the guidance of the strategic thought, from the 1950s to the late 1970s, after 20 years of construction and development, our preliminary realizedindustrialization, creating a more complete suitable for China's national conditions of industrial system, and have achieved some results. However, implementing a single import substitution didn't achieve desired success. When our country is economically backward agricultural country, the construction funds shortage, industrial technology is low, national low per capita income, residents purchasing power and consumption level is very low, this kind of situation has determined the domestic market at the limited space in China. Therefore, in the implementation of import substitution strategy, development in the process of import substitution industry difficulties and of all obstacles. Meanwhile, the industrial system in China in countries under the highly protected is established and developed, enterprise mainly rely on increase production inputs to expand the scale of production, to realize the economic growth, its economic infrastructure, technology strength rather weak, the industrial equipment dated, enterprise's lack of market ideas, a lack of market awareness, consumption, high cost of enterprise and economic high quality and economic benefit is low, the international market competition ability and export disabilities, this kind of situation is serious impact on the alternative levels of improving, and restricted the development of import and export trade in China. First incompetence, and export export ability inadequacy and influenced directly restricts the import, introduce advanced technology from abroad, and the end result is the proportion of China in international trade from the 1953 1.5% dropped to 1977 o. 6%. And in the same period, Japan and other emerging east Asian economies but borrowing and seize this period world economic prosperity and international trade development will bring great opportunity, implement export-oriented strategy, make full use of the international market and its resources, and actively develop export-oriented economy, the development of its economy, its much to raise the economic strength. Unfortunately, our country missed the chance to develop export-oriented economy.1.2 Since China's reform and opening trade developmentIn 1979 China began to gradually implement opening, economic reform policy. Started from a single planned economy into planned economy to market economy, combining economic system then to 1992 established a system of socialist market economy. China's economic development strategy is also associated with the reform of the economic structure and get innovation, in the implementation of import substitution strategy is introduced,meanwhile, export orientation strategy, began to develop export-oriented economy and achieved considerable development. Our country is a developing country, industrialization development process is in the intermediate stage, according to the international development of the general rule of industrialized countries, a period of our country should implement Jackie import substitution and export orientation and development strategy, this is actually "composite" industrialization development strategy. According to the international division of labor theory, a comparative advantage in our country should be within the industry, such as labor-intensive industries through foreign absorbing funds, technology, project, talent and so on a series of can in a relatively short period of time effectively improve our country industrialization level, improve our product international market competition ability of the measures and formulate actively encourage export foreign trade policy, encourage and make efforts to expand the product export. However, in the international market competition developed countries in manipulation and control status, developing countries at a not equal status, developing country exports primary products imported products for export trading prices of primary products, developing countries disadvantage. Therefore, our country should in product, price, cost of a comparative advantage not capital intensive industries and tech-intensive industry field, continue to implement the strategy of import substitution to set up, consolidate, the development of domestic industrial base, perfect our country's industrial development system.2. Import substitution and combination of export-orientedstrategy is necessary2.1 China international and domestic market2.1.1 China trade development prospectsFor our country, our domestic market for development space, although economic volume is broad, only accounted for 25% of the Japanese, American 12%. But China's economic growth rate faster growth rate of 7% - every year, more than 9%, far higher than the 3% to 4% in developed countries. The national economy growth, determines the rapid growth of the national income, the rapid growth of the national income personal income increase makes residents, thereby improving the residents purchasing power and consumption levels, itexpanded the total social needs. Then, if the single export-oriented strategy, mainly rely on imported from abroad commodity to meet the need of domestic market consumption market, obviously doesn't work, is also unable to realize. Can predict, in our country's huge population base in front, the future of social purchasing power and aggregate demand will continue to improve, new consumer market will keep formation and appear. The expansion of domestic market this market and the growth of total, is not only the market "quantity" of simple expansion, and the market's "mass ' 'get promoted continuously. From this point, China's domestic market in the future for quite a long time, it is quite wide development space for the enterprise, it will be a huge market opportunities, it is import substitution industrial development opens up a broad prospect and space. Therefore, our country industrialization development direction, and its overall goal should be facing domestic market, its product market objectives should be also the domestic market of the consumers. That is, through meet domestic market demand, from domestic market to promote economic development. Therefore, impossible to China's economy as a whole and all industrial areas have included the export-oriented orbit.2.1.2 China's import and export orientedOf course, we cannot therefore refute export-oriented, if not export orientation, do not expand export, import substitution industry also could not succeed. In the development of import substitution of economy at the same time, should because when, in parts of the situation, part industry, part of the enterprise the export orientation strategy, establish the export-oriented economy. In order to make full use of the international economic conditions obtained through the development of export, import advanced technology and foreign equipment, production replace imported products supply domestic market, economic globalization and regional economic integration has become the trend of the economic development, if we put too much emphasis on the domestic market and ignore the huge international market is untimely; Similarly, if put too much emphasis on the international market and ignore the domestic market on economic growth role is one-sided. We should make full use of both domestic and overseas market to provide power for sustained economic growth, which is implemented to China's national conditions, namely, the economic development strategy, import substitution and export orientation and development strategy, essence is a "composite ' 'industrialization development strategy.3. Economic development strategy model selection anddetermined3.1 Should be taken into account in the domestic and international economic and political environment impactFor a nation to choose economic development strategy, establish economic development model, we should consider international economic and political environment, domestic social economic system and national economic development foundation and development goals of influence and restriction role. Must a country period of economic development strategy, economic development pattern should adapt and obey the period of international economic and political environment, domestic social economic system and the development of domestic economy based and development objectives, and with the international economic and political environment, domestic social economic system and the development of domestic economy foundation and development goals change constantly adjusted by due to the above, avoid the development of influence and restriction factor to changes in the economic and strategic decision making mistakes. International economic and political environment contains the international political environment and change period, international security environment and change, the international economic relations and its development trend, the international market dynamic and change trend and international economic relations theory and theories of the emergence, development, innovation and its role and influence. International economic and political environment is to develop export-oriented mode have to first consider the question, of course, international economic and political environment on import substitution industrialization is also a major influence. For the domestic social and economic system, main is to focus on this period of national economic system present situation and future trends and possible targets and related measures and policiesAnd regulations, etc. Domestic economic development foundation or refers to a country, including this situation of resource endowment, economic development at the stage and level, the domestic market product supply and demand relation and changes, economic structure and industrial technology present situation and upgrade of economic development tendency, and strategic goals and positioning, etc.Comprehensive national conditions, China's economic system, the international environment and the internal factors of economic and strategic consideration, the implementation of import substitution and export-oriented combination of economic development strategy will be long-term choice of science, and in the process of continuously according to information feedback, promptly to economic development strategy and the corresponding economic model appropriate adjustments, innovation, taking the strain of the new situation hair and requirements.3.2 The applicable conditions strategic mode to implement step, multilayered composite strategyFor this problem, should be taken into account in import substitution type and export-led strategic advantage and applicable environment and conditions, and two strategic mutual stimulative effect. Generally speaking, should not a comparative advantage in the capital tech-intensive industry, continue to import substitution competency of strategy. Because our country is still more weak industrial base, and economic development, industrial development imbalance in foundation is bad, the industry in the field of production the durable alternative consumer products is necessary, shall continue in the durable consumer goods industries in implementing import substitution, achieved certain industrial scale and industrial level, its import substitution fields namely expanded to the consumer durables industry and basic industries and development to export-oriented industries. And in industry developing fast, technical level is higher, and even reached the international advanced level of industrial areas should implement durable consumer goods, and to replace export-driven economic development. Meanwhile, a comparative advantage in China within the labor-intensive industries in introducing foreign capital, continued through a series of measures to increase competitiveness, adopt of export encouraged policies implementation export-led strategy.3.3 The government should take the necessary compound protection policy and incentivesImplement complex strategic pattern, the government should take the necessary compound protection policy and incentives. As to the import substitution industry cultivationand the protection and promotion of the industrial level, export orientation industry support and encourage and promote the original import substitution industry upgrading and translated into export-oriented industries. Practice has proved, import substitution and export-oriented model smoothly with whether the implementation of its success, all need consistent with the condition, need corresponding policy means and tools, and forming a corresponding mechanism and play a role. Meanwhile, the hybrid strategy model selection and implementation should also be considered, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of different market subjects, coordinating all social economic subject, in all sectors of the economy and regional balance development, and continuing to inject new vitality into the economic development and power, make development, the innovation to become the aware behavior, make enterprises from different social economic subject parties bits, all levels play its internal power and vigor, form complex economic model effect.3.4 Should export orientation and comprehensive evaluation of import-substituted strategy modeFor import substitution and export-oriented strategy pattern appraisal, should combine two strategic mode the essential contents of the structure and the development conditions and environmental analysis scientific conclusions could be drawn. The same countries in different stages of development of implementing import-substituted strategy or export-oriented strategy in the allocation of resources when different emphasis. Import-substituted strategy emphasize development and use of domestic market resources, export orientation strategy emphasized in comparative advantage, emphasize the international division of labor, develop and utilize international market resources. These two ideas respectively expounds import-substituted strategy and export-oriented strategy thinking of the meaning, but he does not throw import-substituted strategy or export-oriented strategy paper tries to know, combined, evaluation and utilization, no comprehensive analysis of their interaction and mutual influence and consequences, because appear not too full. Only put import-substituted strategy and export-oriented strategy development strategic comprehensive up comprehensive analysis, by comparing to clear their respective advantages, suitable condition and selection weaknesses and negative effect, can achieve in the implementation developing its long, avoid its short, realize two strategy model of complementary and alternative, accomplished alreadyfully develop domestic market, and develop international market; Made full use of domestic resources, and make full use of international resources.2、中文翻译中国对外贸易模式研究本文联系实际阐明我国今后应积极实施进口替代和出口导向相结合的复合型战略模式的观点，并阐述了在选择和实施经济展战略模式时应考虑的问题。

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。

简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。

.。

标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密。

决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。

..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。

证券承销业务的商业银行：激励冲突,范围经济和工程质量乔治.卡纳塔斯我们研究这个问题的证券承销业务，分析检验这些激励冲突，出借所面临的中介机构和证券承销，从而将成本加强给他们的客户寻求融资。

尽管这个成本，如果有足够大的范围和承销经济体联合贷款，公司可以使用此类中间层。

我们证实监管分离这样的组合中介可能是最好的，如果公司认识到中介的后续激励，冲突在选择资助的项目和如果有一个社会银行融资成本低质量的项目。

我们还检查条件作中间的信誉建立以减轻冲突的动机不需要监管。

争论涉及监管分离借贷和承销加剧了最近的商业银行寻求新的机遇来取代他们的传统业务，正面临日益激烈的竞争。

一个参数分离与银行的动机，否则就必须为其质量差，证券承销的借款人，然后将所得承还这些贷款。

这种利益冲突的出现被认为从有关的金融中介机构的作用进行了详细描写，例如在钻石（1984）和室里罗摩克里希啦和塔克尔（1984）。

银行在租借期间挖掘信息表明质量差的借款人有动机后来作为承销商歪曲这个质量资本市场，从而帮助发行证券的有效的，在某种程度上承还银行贷款。

而商业银行被视为特殊借款人发掘信息的过程中，他们的监测的借款人在租借期间，投资银行被认为评估公司为他们打算承销证券，并为他们提供一个质量认证。

承销商没有股权在进行客户公司不想隐瞒信息获得的准备过程中，证券市场。

并不是所有的同意这种激励的重要性冲突是提供一个理由监管分离借贷和承销。

一些，例如贝斯顿（1990）都认为，这样一个不存在利益冲突的历史。

别人的位置，即使他确实存在，银行的关心其声誉将减轻这种潜在的问题，它的重要性已经大大夸大了。

尽管观点都在支持和反对格拉斯斯蒂格尔已经频繁的表达，还没有足够的证据对其需要，比如说，克罗兹纳，雷简（1994），普里（1994）。

我们的目的不是评价的重要意义，中介的潜在利益冲突结合贷款和承销。

相反，我们将假定存在这样激励冲突并检查它如何与潜在的利益相结合的两种形式的中介以及激励它提供企业家在选择项目需要融资的质量。

目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。

尤其是，关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。

第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。

第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。

一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。

最后，在第.8章作总结。

2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法，以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。

此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。

但是，它可能是麻烦的初学者，因此只对有经验的用户推荐。

(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本，是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。

模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法，TCP，UDP)使用NS2，可以完成。

一般来说，NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。

英文参考文献原文复印件及译文专业：自动化08级1班姓名：学号：080412122指导教师：赵奇完成日期年月SCM theory and the minimum MCU AdventWith the development of automation technology and microelectronics technology, as well as the fieldbus technology becomes more mature, numerical control technology in the production process is applied more and more widely, on the site of the signal collection, transmission and data processing is put forward higher requirements.Intelligent transmitter is composed of sensor and microprocessor ( computer ) and the phase structure. It makes full use of the microprocessor computing and storage capacity, the sensor data processing, including the measurement signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, A/D conversion ), data display, automatic calibration and automatic compensation.The microprocessor is the core of intelligent transmitter. It can not only carry on the data computation, storage and data processing, but also through a feedback loop to adjust to the sensor, data acquisition to achieve the best. The microprocessor has a variety of software and hardware function, so it can complete the traditional transducer difficult task. So intelligent transmitter reduces sensor manufacturing difficulty, and largely improves the performance of the sensor lord. In addition, intelligent transmitter also has the following characteristics:1 with automatic compensation ability, through the software on the sensor's nonlinear, temperature drift, drift and automatic compensation.Self diagnosis, after power for the sensor to check all parts of self, the sensor is normal, and make judgments.Data processing is convenient and accurate, according to internal procedures, automatic data processing, such as statistical processing, removal of abnormal value.2 with two-way communication function. The microprocessor can receive and process the sensor data, can also be information feedback to the sensor, thus the process of measurement adjustment and control.The information can be stored and can be stored in memory, the characteristics of sensor data, configuration information and compensation characteristics.3 has a digital interface output function, the output of the digital signal conveniently and computer or field bus connectionThe difference between the transmitter and sensorIn editing software in the process of joining the watchdog circuit. Theapplication of watchdog circuit, so that the chip can be in no condition to realize continuous work. But there are still some problems:1the watchdog circuit at run-time, meaning, system error. 2circulation process error too many times, the watchdog can not effectively resolved3 in measurement and control system in the period of time in one-chip, computer peripheral devices such as a large amount of time, is not running, waiting for orders. In these cases, the hardware watchdog is to use a timer, to monitor the main program operation, that is to say in the main program of the operatio n process, we will in time to time before the timer is reset if the dead cycle, or PC pointers can't come back. Then time to time will make chip reset.SCM is the main computer components are integrated on a single chip microcomputer. It is a collection of counting and many interfaces in one microcontroller, is widely used in intelligent products and industrial automation, and51 SCM SCM is the most typical and the most representative one.Signal generator in the teaching, testing, monitoring and other fields have a very wide range of applications, but also with the modern electronic communications technology development, often requires high precision and adjustable frequency signal generator.The design of direct use A T89C51 SCM as an important component of the wave generator, coupled with clever software design and simple external circuit, a frequency, adjustable amplitude sine wave, triangle wave, sawtooth wave and Fang Bo and other signals. Signal frequency, amplitude, through the keyboard input directly, by the LED display. And various types of existing waveform generator comparison, ATMEL AT89C51 is a highly effective micro controller, which produces a small number of signal interference, output stability, high reliability, especially the simple and convenient operation, low cost, very suitable for teaching and experimental physics laboratory use.Microchip security, SCM and technology development department vice president Steve Drehobl said:" Microchip continuously expand 8microcontroller applications, creating a new generation of ultra compact flash memory device, using PIC MCU into non-traditional applications. These6pin device with high cost-effectiveness replaces the discrete logic or mechanical function, reduces the number of components and board space, also give engineers more design flexibility.The United States of America microchip technology company ( Microchip Technology ) recently launched the world 's smallest6 pin package chip ( MCU ), thePIC microcontroller architecture powerful functions into ultra small volume of the SOT-23 package, the single chip microcomputer application domain expands further, in some space is extremely limited and cost requirements for lower application field is expected to have a brilliant future.Traditional single chip market, MCU products can be used on a number of different fields, such as home appliances to the automotive, communications, office automation and industrial control. According to market analysis firm IC Insight global MCU market data,2003total sales of $10400000000, at $12200000000 in2004. Although each main MCU suppliers have already introduced 16bit,32 bit single chip, but the market is still used in most8 bit single chip microcomputer products, accounted for the overall market of about 40%. Therefore8 bits single chip computer still has large application market, mainly in such products in the ease of use, cost advantages, while performance can meet most of the needs of applications. This Steve Drehobl said:"8 bit single chip has the advantages of easy operation and use characteristics, design staff will soon be able to master the principles and methods of using8 bit single chip microcomputer; design cycle is short, design tool is more than 16,32design tool much cheaper; third, in reality, we are more according to what kind of application can produce what kind of performance to determine how many bits MCU used. If in those using8 bit single chip can meet the needs of the application, you must use 16 bit and 32 bit, from the function, more abundant, but the cost rise. Again, the current problems should not be ignored. If the excessive use of electric current, battery power consumption is relatively large单片机理论与最小MCU问世随着自动化技术的发展和微电子技术的进步，以及现场总线技术的日益成熟，数控技术在生产过程中的应用越来越广泛，对现场信号的采集、传输和数据处理提出更高的要求。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water level control circuit designWater source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its waterlevel control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller canautomatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relaycontrol;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.译文水位控制电路设计中国水之源总量居世界第六位，人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一，并且在地域上分布很不平衡，长江以北的广大地区，特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态，水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。

华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）附件外文文献翻译学号： 200701000324 姓名:杨曦所在院系：电力工程系专业班级：电气化0707指导教师：安勃原文标题： Research on Smart Grid in China2011年06月20日对中国智能电网的研究1摘要——智能电网是电力系统的未来发展的新方向。

在本文中，首先是智能电网的背景，意义，以及概念和结构。

典型的智能电网图如下所示.然后,在美国和欧洲智能电网的发展现状进行了描述，并对这些国家未来发展思路的趋势进行了总结和比较及分析。

此外，分析了中国智能电网发展的必要性，详细介绍了在目前与中国与有关项目，并对特高压电网和智能电网之间的的关系进行了讨论。

最后，对智能电网在未来在中国电网的潜在作用进行了展望和并为中国的智能电网发展指明新方向.索引词,智能电网，特高压电网，规划,经营，管理一导言随着世界经济全球化的推广,石油价格一直维持在一个上升的趋势。

还值得注意的是世界范围内的的能源供应短缺，对资源和环境的压力越来越大,同时，由于目前电网的低效率，在能源输送过程中损失了巨大的电力。

此外,由于不断增长的电力需求和用户对电力可靠性和质量日益增长的要求，电力工业正面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇。

因此，一个有环境友好,经济，高性能，低投资，安全性，可靠性和灵活性特点的的电力系统一直是电力工程师的目标。

尽管如此，基础设施和先进的仪表出现互联网更广泛地的使用加速了这个过程[1］。

自1990年以来随着分布式发电越来越多地使用，已经对对电网的强度提出更多的需求和要求［2][3]。

对于这些问题，为了找出最佳的解决方案，电力公司应接受新的思路，采用新技术，对现有的能源系统进行潜力挖掘，对技术和应用加以改进。

来自不同国家的学者和专家已经达成共识：未来电网的必须能够满足不同的需求及能源发电，高度市场化的电力交易的需求，由此可以满足客户的自我选择。

所有这些都将成为未来智能电网的发展方向。

（空一行）原□□稿（空一行） IntroductionThe "jumping off" point for this paper is Reengineering the Corporation, by Michael Hammer and James Champy . The paper goes on to review the literature on BPR. It explores the principles and assumptions behind reengineering, looks for commonfactors behind its successes or failures, examines case studies, and presents alternatives to "classical" reengineering theory . The paper pays particular attention to the role of information technology in BPR. In conclusion, the paper offers somespecific recommendations regarding reengineering. Old Wine in New BottlesThe concept of reengineering traces its origins back to management theories developedas early as the nineteenth century . The purpose of reengineering is to "make all your processes the best-in-class." Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880's that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for performing work, and that these processes be reengineered to optimize productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor's time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in across-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-theart method to improve efficiency given the technology of the time.（下略）正文内容：新罗马“TimesNewRoman ”字体，小四号字。

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。

1.简介调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。

2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。

4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化--在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

英文参考文献原文专业：自动化姓名：张学超学号：120410116指导教师：王书强完成日期2016 年 4 月Integrated Substation Automation System AnalysisAbstractIn recent years, as computers and digital communication technology, secondary substation equipment is basically a computer-based. Computer protection, computer monitoring device in the substation have been widely used, which greatly raised the level of automation in power system reliability and operation, has achieved a lot of unmanned substations. However, due to differences in professional standards, different manufacturers used in the design of substation automation programs are not the same, thus leaving the majority of users at a loss.Substation relay protection, fault recorder, local and remote monitoring not only of different functions, and the realization of the principles and techniques are also different. Thus, the long-standing expertise in different technologies and the corresponding management departments. With the microprocessor-based protection, computer control and remote computer devices, such as widely used, it was noted that despite the different functions of these devices, the hardware configuration is the same, the collection and to control many of the same object. Thus, it appears from the overall situation to consider the idea of substation automation. However, in substation automation technologies, the implementation process of the relay, measure, control, remote features, as well as the relationship between them, are still some problems worthy of our study.Keywords: substation automationThe following currently used for many domestic substation automation design practical, from the secondary system analysis and comparison of several aspects.1 System structureThe whole system level by the station management, industrial bus network layer and spacing layer is composed of three parts, the system of all monitoring, protective equipment are modular units of the structural design, according to the voltage substation level, the size can be flexible and user requirements. Because of the centralized system is no longer used, it is no longer here, the following describes only the structure of distributed systems.1.1 Function-oriented distributed systemsA function of each unit completed, the system functions can be divided into: AC and DC measurement unit, remote acquisition unit, remote control and operation unit, pulse energy collection units, such as the protection unit. The advantages of such systems is the functional unit with the communication bus between the complete separation of the electrical, any fault on the system unit has no effect on the rest of the system. The disadvantage is that multi-screen group, the relative complexity of the second wiring, poor scalability, decentralized units can not be installed.1.2 Interval-oriented distributed systemPower transmission line to substation is divided into a number of intervals, such as into the line spacing, transformer spacing, round layout. Relatively independent of the spacing of equipment, only through the Internet communication network stations with station-level computers to communicate. Interval of each layer by telemetry, remote, remote control, the protection of the distribution of multi-CPU configuration, and the introduction of computers in the design of local area network technology, the distribution function, as far as possible the principle of decentralization, which, though greatly improved the reliability of, any interval failure will not affect the other partitions, but the reliability of each interval is relatively low, if any interval a fault will affect the whole interval.1.3 Object-Oriented Distributed SystemsThat is, a unit of an object into each line, each round, each transformer, capacitors can be targeted. This is a true full-distributed substation automation system, which broke the original limits of the functions of the second device, in accordance with the requirements of substation automation reorganization. This object-oriented distributed systems in line with the International Electrotechnical Commission's technical specifications, is the future direction of development. It has the following features: greatly improved system reliability, partial failure does not affect the system; relatively independent modules, each affected small; data sharing good; system efficiency; multi-function integrated control approach, making the operation of equipment management very simple, low maintenance; anti-interference ability; good scalability; stations needed the Second cable greatly reduced, saving investment.2 Dual-bus network and a single network structureStand-level management and monitoring layer to protect the data and commands between the transmission network can be double or single network structure. Hub for the 110kV substation, a dual network structure to facilitate a large flow of data to ensure rapid delivery when all kinds of signals, and to improve its reliability.Dual-network approach, usually an independent group to monitor and protect the network, in the transmission line or electrical equipment fault protection actions, the network can be used to protect the rapid transmission of recorded wave data. Substation 110kV and below, as a result of a smaller scale, data throughput, 110kV and below a single network substation can well meet the requirements of data transmission.3 integration of monitoring and protectionSince the technology level of the special status of protection and management system problems, long-term protection and monitoring has been separated. However, with the electricity sector, the gradual changes in management and computer and digital communication technology's rapid development, low-voltage level (eg, 35kV, 10kV) substation, in order to reduce the investment cost, ease of operation and management and improve the level of automation, control and protection of suitable integration unit, which is characterized by: monitoring and protection together to protect the independence of TA and TA to monitor access, this is to ensure the accuracy of measurements, but also improves the reliability. Hardware standardization, the same as the unit of hardware, software is different from the same template can be interchangeable, the measurement accuracy is not affected after the s help users maintain and master. Object-oriented design, a complete sampling. The main protection and back-up protection of a strict separation of the main transformer protection and high and low pressure side of the back-up protection is a small unit, and backup protection for each side of the design, the same unit within the strict separation of the protection of exports. Flexible configuration unit may focus on group screen, the installation can also be dispersed. There are configuration functions, a variety of ways to protect the flexibility to access and removal.This structure has not been widely used at present because of: the professional management of the current power grids are separated from the protection and remote, using this structure to change the management system, operation and maintenancepersonnel at the same time demands a higher level. Reliable operation of such systems is one of the keys to the hardware unit to monitor the protection must adapt to poor working conditions, need to have a strong anti-jamming, anti-vibration capabilities, able to adapt to high temperature and high humidity of the working environment; second is to have a efficient and reliable fast data communications networks. Due to the design of the reasons, the integration of monitoring the protection of unit failure, there is no monitoring and the protection of a clear interface, it is difficult to find and distinguish the scope of failure.4 RS485 or CAN field bus networkDistributed system of communication there are serial communication bus mode and network mode, which is the most typical RS485, the latter applies to more typical substation environment Controller Area Network CAN.4.1 RS485 busRS2485 bus used in earlier substation integrated automation system, is still used in many systems, its shortcomings are: For smaller systems, there is sufficient transmission rate, real-time guaranteed, but with the system expansion to quickly lower the system performance. And safety of anti-poor and usually only suitable for internal use in the control room, can not be used to switch and switch between games, that does not apply to the installation of decentralized distributed systems. From the structure of the network there can be only one master node, and the rest are from the node, the I / O unit must be horizontal communication station-level computers, the system poor flexibility. Data communication is in response to type the command, the node only after receiving the master node in order to respond to the order, a number of important changes on a timely bit of information is not sent, real-time low. Error Detection and Correction feature no. Communication protocol by the manufacturers own, different systems difficult to interconnect devices.4.2 CAN bus networkThe use of a short frame transmission, and each frame has CRC error checking and other measures, anti-interference ability, just the use of low-cost twisted-pair transmission can guarantee BER ≤ 10-11.Farthest away from direct communication network up to 10km, at this time for the transfer rate 5kbit / s, and when the transmission distance of 40m, the transfer rate of up to 1Mbit / s.By multi-master mode, a network node can be found in the office any time to the network to send messages to other nodes, but also by point-to-point,point-to-multipoint broadcasting and global transmission of information, flexible means of communication.Node on the network can be configured to different priority levels, and the use of non-destructive decision-bus technology, when there are two nodes at the same time to send information to the network, the low-priority node will send its own moratorium, but the high-priority nodes continue to send it will not be affected, thus greatly saving time bus ruling conflict in order to ensure real-time nature of the whole system.Abnormal nodes on a network, a self-closing function of the bus and cut off the node and bus links, to ensure that other operations will not be affected bus.CAN network technical specifications in line with ISO11898, has good hardware support and an open environment.5 operating system backgroundSystem platforms and network operating system there are two major categories of WindowsNT and SCOUNIX, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.5.1 WindowsNT operating systemUpward compatibility of hardware, and do not need to manually optimize the allocation of hardware.Support software, and portability, and easy expansion of the secondary development and function. There are all-round multi-functional configuration of the system configuration, including system configuration, graphics, reports, curve, such as incident handling, allowing the system to generate modified very fast, flexible and convenient; a variety of configurations to generate and output statements, all of Excel-based electronic statements, easy to manage and interface with other tools;standard large-scale data systems SQLServer or Sybase as the real-time and historical database, the system capacity to ensure the data integrity and consistency, and easy to maintain seamless connectivity with other systems.Intuitive interface, high universality, the user generally will be used to reduce the workload of training. The stability of the system slightly worse, and sometimes more prone to occur as a result of the mandate of Death. Security is not high, susceptible to the intrusion of computer viruses. Based on the operating system, application software has some identifier, from the point of view of the confidentiality restrictions on the scope of its use.5.2 SCOUNIX systemMore stringent hardware compatibility, PC-general in the graphics card is not compatible with environment, even if compatible, and its lower resolution, most of ≤ 1024 × 768.Need to optimize the system configuration, this work could not do the general user. Less support software, application software, system configuration will have to prepare. English operating system environment, for domestic users is more difficult to master. More time to perfect the operation of experience and improvements in stability, safety, military, financial and other industries requiring high reliability of commonly used network.6 ConclusionSubstation automation is a complex systematic project, the need for various kinds of professionals with more than only a few aspects of the second system application in practice to analyze the feelings of comparison, the substation automation system is the development of rural power grid construction in the city transformation work, regardless of their technical, importance, and tasks to invest a considerable amount of both the status of a very broad market prospects, high-tech applications and on-site organic combination of the actual requirements will be integrated substation automation technology to promote betterReferences:[1] Chong-Lin Wang, Ming Zou: 《Power Supply》, Coal Industry Press, 1997[2] Chang Shih-lin,Qu wenying: 《Electrical Engineering Handbook》, Petroleum Industry Press, 1990 (as amended)[3] the national standard GB50059 -1992: 《3-110KV Substation Design Code》, Standards Press of China, in 1992[4], such as Prince afternoon: 《commonly used for manual selection of power distribution equipment》，the third and fourth volumes, Coal Industry Press, In 1998[5] SDJ2-79: 《Technical Specification for Substation Design》,In 1979.[6] the Northwest, Northeast Electric Power Design Institute: 《Electric Power Engineering Handbook》3, the Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984[7] Huang purified for Ge Shaoyun. Factory power supply. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2001.6[8] Liu referred to editor . Concise Design Manual power plant. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1993.8[9] Yi editor. industrial enterprises in power. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1985.9[10] Mr Fan Pu. power plant electrical part (the second edition of ). Beijing: Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 1995.6[11] Electric Power Engineering Design Manual (1), (2). Beijing: Water Conservancy and Hydropower Publishing House .1989[12] Liu boqing. the power system and electrical equipment Introduction . Wuhan: Wuhan University Press。

高校学生就业问题研究外文参考文献译文及原文1. 文献参考1. Brown, D. (2015). "The challenges faced by university graduates in the job market." Journal of Education and Work, 28(8), 917-929.2. Smith, J. (2016). "Factors influencing university graduates' employability." Studies in Higher Education, 41(1), 163-178.3. Johnson, R. (2017). "The role of career counseling in supporting university students' transition to the workplace." Journal of Career Development, 44(3), 275-288.2. 文献译文1. Brown, D.（2015）。

"大学毕业生在就业市场中所面临的挑战。

" 《教育与职业学刊》，28（8），917-929。

2. Smith, J.（2016）。

"影响大学毕业生就业能力的因素。

" 《高等教育研究》，41（1），163-178。

3. Johnson, R.（2017）。

"职业咨询在支持大学生进入职场的角色。

" 《职业发展学刊》，44（3），275-288。

3. 原文1. Brown, D. (2015). "The challenges faced by university graduates in the job market." Journal of Education and Work, 28(8), 917-929.2. Smith, J. (2016). "Factors influencing university graduates' employability." Studies in Higher Education, 41(1), 163-178.3. Johnson, R. (2017). "The role of career counseling in supporting university students' transition to the workplace." Journal of Career Development, 44(3), 275-288.。

本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文学院自动化学院专业电气工程及其自动化（电力系统自动化方向）年级班别2011级3班学号学生姓名指导教师2015年3月10日通过对磁场的分析改进超高压变电站扩展连接器的设计Joan Hernández-Guiteras a, Jordi-Roger Riba a,⇑, LuísRomeral ba UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Electrical Engineering Department, 08222 Terrassa, Spainb UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya, Electronic Engineering Department, 08222 Terrassa, Spain摘要：在世界上很多的国家，电力需求的增长比输电容量的发展更快。

由于环境的限制、社会的担忧以及经济上的投入，建设新的输电线路是一项严峻的挑战。

除此以外，输电网经常要承担接近额定容量的负载。

因此，提高输电系统的效率和可靠性受到了关注。

这项研究主要针对一个400KV，3000A，50Hz的超高压变电站扩展连接器，用于连接两个母线直径均为150mm的变电站。

该变电站连接器是一个四线制的铝导线，为母线之间的相互电能传输提供了路径。

前期的初步试验显示：电流在输电线路中的不平衡分布，主要是受到了距离的影响。

应用一个三维的有限元素法，可以改进设计，以及对改进前后两个版本的连接器的电磁性能和热性能进行评估比较。

这份报告中将提出：在实验室条件下的检验已经验证了仿真方法的准确性。

这也许将会是促进变电站连接器设计进程的一个很有价值的工具。

因此，将不仅仅提高其热性能，还将提高其可靠性。

关键词：变电站连接器、超高压、电力传输系统、有限单元法、数值模拟、临近效应、热学分析1.引入全球能源需求的频繁增长，连同分散的和可再生能源份额的增长促进超高压和特高压电力传输系统[1]的建设和研究。

A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.). We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m. As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m. As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526p.p.m. Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m. These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m. of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m. arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m. Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m. in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m. arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m. Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m. Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almostall arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulationby an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants. *Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail: lqma@†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cyclingand Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（/docs/pos_papers/2004/041027_SME-finance_final.do c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs,but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPM E’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿About Programmable Logiccontrollers（PLCs）PLCs (programmable controller) is used in a variety of automatic control system and process control hub.They contain multiple input and output, input and output is used to transistors and other circuit, analog switch and relay to control the equipment.PLC software interface, standard calculator interface, specialized language programming and network equipment.Programmable logic controller I/O channel rules including all input output contact and contact, to expand capacity and the largest number of channels.Contact number is the sum of input and output points.PLC can specify any combination of these values.Extension units can be stack or connected to each other to increase the total control.The largest number of channels are in an extension system, the total number of maximum input and output channels.PLC system rules include scanning time, number of instructions, data storage and storage program.Scan time is used to monitor input and output module of PLC need time.Standard operation instruction is used in PLC software.Data storage is the ability to store data.Program memory is the ability to control software.Used for programmable controller input devices including DC, AC, intermediate relay, thermocouple, RTD, frequency or pulse, transistors and interrupt signal input;Output devices include DC, AC, intermediate relay, frequency or pulse, transistor, three-terminal two-way thyristor switch components;PLC programming equipment including control panel, handle and computer.Programmable control is used to control a variety of software programming language.These languages including iec61131-3, sequential table (SFC), action block diagram (FBD), ladder diagram (LD), and the structure of the text (ST), instruction sequences (IL), relay ladder diagram (RIL), flow charts, C language and Basic language.Iec61131-3 programming environment can support five languages, with international standards to regulate, SFC, respectively, FBD, LD, ST and IL.This allows more vendor compatibility and a variety of languages.SFC is a kind of graphlanguage, it provides the programming in order to cooperate, can support the order selection and tied for choice, to choose between them.Runtime FBD with a big, established the complicated process, in the form of graphs.Standard mathematical and logical operation can be combined with user interaction and interface operation.LD is suitable for discrete control and interlock logic diagram language.It is fully compatible with FBD on discrete control.ST is a kind of text language, used for complex mathematical and computational process, language is not applicable to chart.IL is similar to the combination of coding low-level languages.It is used in relatively simple logical instructions.Relay ladder diagram and ladder diagram is used for programmable controller is an important programming dder diagram programming is designed to relay logic diagram representation of the program.Flow chart is a graphic language, for use in a controller or operations described in the order of application software, it is used to establish a standard component of recycled runtime.C language is a high-level programming language, suitable for processing the most complicated calculation, a continuous data acquisition task.It typically run in PC debugging.BASIC language is used to handle the number of consecutive data acquisition and interface operation of high-level language.Programmable controller also specification of many computer interface equipment, network rules and characteristics.PLC energy equipment and running environment is also very important.The development history of programmable controllerIn 1968, general motors (GM), according to the needs of the development of the market situation and put forward the "many varieties, small batch, new car brand model" strategy.To implement this strategy, relying on the original industrial control device obviously not, and there must be a kind of new industrial control device, it can be with the change of the products, flexible and easily change control scheme to difficult to meet the different requirements of control.In 1969, the famous American digital equipment corporation (DEC) according to the function requirements of GM, developed the new industrial control device, and the GM of a vehicle to run automated production line for the first time to succeed.According to this new type of industrial control devices can be programmedto change control scheme this characteristic, and the situation of the specialized for Logic control, says the new industrial control device for the Programmable control (Programmable Logic Controller), hereinafter referred to as PLC.From 1968 to now, the PLC has experienced four generation: most of the first generation of PLC with a machine development, with the core memory storage, only the logic control function.In the second generation of PLC products for 8-bit microprocessor and semiconductor memory, PLC product seriation.The third generation of PLC product with high performance microprocessor and chip is used in great quantities in the PLC CPU, PLC speed greatly improved, thus enabling it to develop in the direction of multi-function communications and networking.The fourth generation of PLC products not only comprehensive use 16-bit and 32-bithigh-performance microprocessors, high-performance slice microcontroller processor, RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) Reduced instruction system CPU and other advanced CPU, and more than one processor in a PLC configuration, multi-channel processing.Also produced a large number of embedded microprocessor module, only makes the fourth generation of PLC product has the function of logical control, process control, motion control, data control, networked control functions really worthy of the name of multi-functional controller.At the same time, the PLC network composed of PLC has also been rapid development.PLC and industrial control of PLC network in factory enterprises become the preferred device, composed of PLCmulti-stage distributed PLC network become indispensable fundamental part of CIMS system.People spoke highly of the importance of PLC and its network, it is one of the three pillars of modern.Selecting machine modelMarket popular PLC products manufacturer in China with the following companies:(1) schneider company, including the introduction of early from Modicon company by the tianjin instrument instrument and meter plant products, products are now Quantum, Premium and Momentum;(2) rockwell company (including AB company) PLC products, products are now SLC and Micro Logix Control Logix etc.(3) of Siemens PLC products, products are now 400/300 / S7-200 series;(4) ge PLC products;(5) the company's products such as omron, mitsubishi, Fuji, panasonic, one of the most popular is the mitsubishi FX series.The basic principle of PLC selection is: in the input/output quantity meet the requirements under the premise of should choose the most reliable, maintenance, and use the most convenient and cost-effective optimal products.Selecting I/OPLC is an industrial control system, the control object is industrial production equipment or the production process of industrial products, working environment is the industrial production field.It connects the industrial production process is achieved by I/O interface module.PLC has a lot of I/O interface module including switch input module, the switch output module, analog input module and analog output module and special module, we should use according to the characteristics of their implementation options.(1) determine the number of input/outputAccording to the requirements of the control system, determine the number of input/output required, should increase the spare quantity of 10% 20%, in order to increase control function in any time.(2) the switch quantity input/outputSwitch input/output interface and can take the signals from the sensors and switches and control equipment.A typical 24-240 - v ac input/output signals, 5-240 - v dc input/output signals.(3) the analog input/outputAnalog input/output inte rface can accept the signal generated by thesensor.These interfaces can be used to measure turnover rate, temperature and pressure, and thus to control the voltage or current output device.Range for these interfaces - 10-10 v, + 0 to 10 v, 4-20 ma, or 10 to 50 ma.Some manufacturers on the PLC design special dedicated analog interface, so it can receive low level signal.In general, this interface module can be used to receive different types of thermocouple and RTD mixed signal.(4) special function input/outputWhen selecting a PLC, user may faced some special types of input/output and some because of the location of the limited input/output and fast response and frequency problem caused by the non standard input/output.Now, the user should consider whether to accept by the market or manufacturers to provide a special module, through a dedicated part of the module and dispose data, so as to reduce the use of the CPU, improve the efficiency of the task processing, to minimize failure caused by high limit control.PLC statusIn a PLC, the lack of keyboard and other input and output devices is a very worthy of attention.In PLC front usually have a certain amount of status ually indicates that:The start-up - as long as the PLC charged, it will be started.Program is running - this will indicate whether running or if no program is running. Error display - when PLC has a large hardware or software errors, it will be displayed. These lights are usually used for debugging.A certain number of button will also be provided to the PLC hardware.The most common button is a run/programming selection switch, when in keeping the state, it will be transferred to the programming;When the production status, it will be transferred to the operation.A PLC system almost no start closing switch or reset switch at the front.It needs to be designed into the system the rest.The state of the PLC can also be ladder logic diagram.Test whether the program implemented is very common for the first time.'first scan input in ladder diagram by scanning for the first time, will is right, and in the rest of the time when the scanning is wrong.In this case, the PLC - 5 'first scan' address is' S2:1/14 '.According to the example of the logical relationship, the first scan will seal the 'light' until the 'clear' is started.So the light will be start brighter in the PLC, but after the "clear" is launched, it will shut down and remain in the closed position.'first scan module is mentioned in the "first pass" module.PLC application domainAt home and abroad at present, the PLC has been widely used in steel, petroleum, chemical, electric power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental protection and cultural industries with happiness and usage can be roughly divided into the following categories:(1) the switch quantity logic controlThis is the most basic, the most widely PLC applications, it replaces the traditional relay circuit, realize logic control, sequence control, can be used for control of single equipment, also can be used in many machines and automatic assembly line.Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machinery, combined machine tool, grinding machine, packaging production line, plating production line, etc.(2) analog controlIn the process of industrial production, there are a lot of continuous change, such as temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level and speed and so on are all analog.In order to make the programmable controller to deal with analog, must implement the analog quantity and digital quantity between A/D and D/A conversion module, the programmable controller for analog control.(3) motion controlPLC can be used in circular motion and linear motion control.From control mechanism configuration, early applied directly to switch the I/O module connection position sensors and actuators, now in general use special motion controlmodule.Such as driving a stepper motor or servo motor of uniaxial or multi-axis position control module.The world's major products almost all have motion control function of PLC manufacturers, widely used in all kinds of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators, etc.(4) process controlProcess control is to point to the analog quantities such as temperature, pressure, flow rate of the closed loop control.As industrial control computer, PLC can prepare the all kinds of control algorithm procedures, complete the closed-loop control.PID control is generally be applied closed loop control system of the control rge and medium-sized PLC has PID module, at present many small PLC also has thefunction module.PID processing is generally run special PID subroutine.The process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control occasions has wide application, etc.(5) the data processingModern PLC with mathematical operation, data transmission, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, a function, such as the operation can complete data collection, analysis, and processing.These data can be compared with the reference value of memory, accomplish a certain number of control operation, also can send to other intelligent device, the use of communication function or printing them tabulation.Data processing is generally used in a large control system, such as unmanned control of flexible manufacturing systems;Can also be used to process control system, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry, some of the large control system.(6) communications and networkingPLC communication with the communication between PLC and the communication between PLC and other smart devices.With the development of computer control, factory automation network is growing fast, the PLC manufacturers have attached great importance to PLC communications functions, have launched their own network systems.The newly production PLC has a communication interface, communication is very convenient.PLC application field is still in the extension, in Japan, the application of PLC has been from the traditional industrial automatic control equipment and machinery, extended to the following areas of application: small and medium-sized process control system, remote maintenance service system, the energy conservation monitoring control system, and of the relation of living machines, relationship with the environment, and all have rapidly rising trend.It is important to note that with PLC, DSC mutual penetration, both the boundaries of an increasingly fuzzy, PLC applied to discrete manufacturing industry from the traditional to the applied to the continuous process industries to expand.译文PLC介绍PLC（可编程控制器）是用于各种自动控制系统和过程的可控网络集线器。