Hardness Conversion

机械密封各个类型的英文表达方式我这里列出了34个机械密封分类术语...1.机械端面密封-mechanical face seal2.流体动压式机械密封-hydrodynamic mechanical seal3.切向作用流体动压式机械密封-tangential acting hydrodyna mic mechanical seal4.径向作用流体动压式机械密封-radial acting hydrodynamic mechanical seal5.流体静压式机械密封-hydrostatic mechanical seal6.外加压流体静压式机械密封-outside pressurized hydrostat ic mechanical seal7.自加压流体静压式机械密封-self pressurized hydrostatic m echanical seal8.非接触式密封-non contacting (free contacting) mechani cal seal9.内装式机械密封-internally mounted mechanical seal10.外装式机械密封-externally mounted mechanical seal11.弹簧内置式机械密封-mechanical seal with inside mount ed spring12.弹簧外置式机械密封-mechanical seal with outside mou nted spring13.背面高压式机械密封-mecanical seal with high back pres sure14.背面低压式机械密封-mechanical seal with low back pre ssure15.内流式机械密封-mechanical seal with inward leakage16.外流式机械密封-mechanical seal with outward leakage17.弹簧旋转式机械密封-spring rotating mechanical seal18.弹簧静止式机械密封-spring standing mechanical seal19.单弹簧式机械密封-single-spring mechanical seal20.多弹簧式机械密封-multiple-spring mechanical seal21.非平衡式机械密封-unbalanced mechanical seal22.平衡式机械密封-balanced mechanical seal23.单端面机械密封-single mechanical seal24.双端面机械密封-double mechanical seal25.轴向双端机械密封-axial double mechanical seal26.径向双端面机械密封-radial double mechanical seal27.串联机械密封-tandem mechanical seal28.橡胶波纹管机械密封-rubber-bellows mechanical seal29.聚四氟乙烯波纹管机械密封-PTFE-bellows mechanical se al30.金属波纹管机械密封-l bellows mechanical seal31.焊接金属波纹管机械密封-welded l bellows mechanical s eal32.压力成型金属波纹管机械密封-formed l bellows mechanical seal33.带浮动间隔环的机械密封-mechanical seal with floating i ntermediate ring34.磁力机械密封-magnetic mechanical seal机械密封零件术语的常用词汇....1.sealing ring --密封环2.seal face--密封端面3.seal interface--密封界面4.rotating ring--动环/旋转环5.stationary ring--静环/静止环pensated ring--补偿环7. un-compensated ring--非补偿环8. seal head--补偿环组件9.primary seal--主密封10.secondary seal--副密封11.auxiliary seal--辅助密封12.auxiliary seal ring--辅助密封圈13.bellows--波纹管14.pushing out ring--撑环15.back-up ring--挡圈pensated ring adaptor--补偿环座17.un-compensated ring adaptor--非补偿环座18.spring adaptor--弹簧座19.seal adaptor--波纹管座20.retainer--传动座21.driving screw--传动螺钉22.set screw--紧定螺钉23.snap ring--卡环24.clamp ring--夹紧环25.anti-rotating pin--防转销26.annular seal space--密封腔27.seal chamber--密封腔体28.end cover--密封端盖29.elastic component--弹性元件30.a pair of friction components--摩擦副个人常用机械密封专有词汇inner circulation--内循环outer circulation--外循环self circulation--自循环flush--冲洗flush fluid--冲洗流体quench--阻封quench fluid--阻封流体buffer fluid--隔离流体temperature adjustable fluid--调温流体coolant--冷却流体heating fluid--加热流体sealed medium--被密封介质sealant--密封流体pv --pv值(密封流体压力P与密封端面平均滑动速度V的乘积) limiting pv --密封达到失效时的PV值.它表示密封的水平working pv --极限PV值除以安全系数PcV--端面比压Pc与密封端面平均滑动速度V的乘积limiting PcV --密封达到失效时的PcV值.它表示密封材料的工作能力working PcV --许用PcV值.极限PcV值除以安全系数leakage rate-- 泄漏量run out--跳动wear rate--磨损率operating life--工作寿命operating period--使用期abortive failure--早期失效Operating limits:工作参数Speed/velocity:转速Combination of material:材料组合Halted ring:弹簧挡圈Bellows:波纹管Retainer:传动套，传动座Drive ring:压圈Cup gasket:静环套Spring retainer:弹簧座O-ring: O形圈Tension spring:拉簧Stationary seat:静环形式/静环基座Rotary seat:动环座Drive screw:传动螺钉Wave spring/Bellow spring:波形弹簧Rotary o-ring:动环O形圈Stationary o-ring:静环O形圈Collar:定位套Snap ring/clamp ring:卡环Disc/thrust ring:止推环Wedge ring:楔形环Mating ring:静止环/静环Primary ring:动止环/动环Inventory:存货Agitator:搅拌器Cryogenics:低温学Mixer:搅拌机Refinery:炼油Petrochemical:石化Paramecia:配药Desalination:脱盐Wastewater:污水Impeller:叶轮Fit:安装Lead:石墨，铅Edge:边缘Grade:等级Secondary sealing element:辅助密封材质Hydrostatic:流体静力学的Cross-section:横截面Material code:材料代码Seal size:密封轴径尺寸Assembly number:装配代码Sulphuric:硫酸Nitric acid:销酸Phosphoric acid:磷酸Hydrochloric:盐酸PV—pressure/velocity:压力与转速RS—rotating seat:动环座Multiplier:增效器TC—tungsten carbide:硬质合金Pin:销Engage:接合,啮合Pro剖面/侧面Adapter:适配器Titled:倾斜的Weld/welt:焊接Nested:嵌套的,镶装的Configuration:配置,构造Axial:轴向的,轴的Working height/length:工作高度Tolerance:公差,容差Operating pressure:工作压力FIM—full indicator movement: Lubricity:光滑Gravity:重力Face material:密封面材料Insert/shrink-fitted:镶装的Primary ring adapter:动环座Mating ring adapter:静环座Delivery period:交货期Set screw:固定螺钉Cap screw:帽螺钉Gland:填料函盖Drive retainer:传动套Gland plate:密封座Mean time:平均时Durability:耐用性Thrust ring:推环Clamp ring:卡环Eccentricity:偏心率/度,偏心距Deflection:偏斜,偏差Runout:偏转,溢流Pilot pins: 定位销Bolt:螺栓Screw:螺钉Nut:螺母Washer:垫圈Pin:销Rivet:铆钉Anchor:壁虎Machine screw:机械螺钉Wooden screw:木螺钉Threaded rod螺杆Wire rope clamps:玛卡Hex head pipe plugs:六角形螺塞Phillip:十字槽Spring-loaded pluger: 弹簧销Hex head:六角形头Flange:法兰Seal component materials:密封材料成分Secondary sealing element:辅助密封材料Primary ring:动环Mating ring:静环Hardware:结构件Mechanical loading device (spring):弹簧材料Ovality:椭圆Letter of intent:意向书Rotary ring is whole part or shrink-fitted:动环是整体还是镶装的Leaf:金属薄片End play:轴向间隙Pad:衬垫Asymmetric:不对称的Seal adapter:密封座Tandem:前后的，串联的Inlet:进口Outlet:出口Inboard:内侧/介质端Outboard:外侧/大气端Convection:传送，对流Port:端口，Slot:狭槽Reducing agent:还原剂Notch:槽口，凹口Band:镶边Clogging:堵塞Tune:(弹簧)圈数Foul:淤塞Flatness:平面度Downtime:检修时间Alternative methods:替代方法Wear ring:磨损环Torsion:扭距Cast:铸件Confining:狭窄的Spring seat:弹簧座Plug-proof:防转销Drive ring:推环Push ring: 推环Halted ring: 挡圈Cup gasket: 静环套Rotary ring holder/adapter/carrier: 动环座Axial pipe:轴套Drive ring/plunger collar:压圈Spring retainer/seat: 弹簧座Impeller:叶轮Outside cup gasket: 静环外套Inside cup gasket: 动环内套Spring holder:弹簧垫Seal ring:密封环work:骨架Square ring:方型圈Wave spring:波形弹簧Cylinder spring:圆柱弹簧Coil spring:锥形弹簧Integral seal case:整体密封盒Purity:纯度Density:密度HS—hardness:硬度Tensile strength:抗拉强度Bending strength:抗弯强度Compression strength:抗压强度Thermal conductivity:传热导系数Coefficient of thermal expansion:热膨胀系数Heat resistance:耐热Thermal impact coefficient:热冲击系数Acid resistance:耐酸Medium:介质Porosity:显气孔率Rockwell hardness:洛式硬度Breaking strength:抗析强度Stability of thermal vibration: 抗震稳定性Optical flatness:工作面平整度Roughness:粗糙度Lightbrand:光带Classification:分类Model:型号Thore hardness: 肖氏硬度Feature:特性Stamping:冲压Lobe pump:凸轮泵Step:台阶Crevice:裂缝Crack:裂纹Anticlockwise:逆时针Clockwise: 顺时针Labyrinth seals:迷宫式密封Torque:扭矩Throttle:节流圈/节流阀Bushing:轴衬Bearing:轴承Sealant:密封剂Pitch:螺距,节距Depth:深度Stuffing:填塞料BDC-bolt circle pitch diameter 中心距EMS:express mail service 邮政快递Thrust plate:止推板Surface finish:表面抛光End-fittings:端面安装Spare pats:配件Split seals:剖分式密封Running account:往来帐户NPT:normal pressure and temperature 常温常压Thread:螺纹Cushion:衬垫Pneumatics:气体力学GmbH—Gesellschaftmit beschrankter Hafltung 股份有限公司(德国)Electropolish 电解法抛光CAM—computer aided manufacturing 计算机辅助设计c/w: complete with 包括;caution/warning 小心与警告ASTM:American society of testing material 美国试验材料协会Squareness: 垂直度Concentric circle :同心圆Credit note/debit note/payment slip:银行水单EDGE: electronic data gathering equipment 电子数据采集设备Cavity:凹口/槽Proprietary design:专有设计TIR—total indicator reading 指针读数TIR—temperature indicator recorder 温度指示记录器Abutment:邻接,接合齿Melting point:熔点Boiling point:沸点Automatic lathes:车床Groove: 凹槽，开槽于Chamfer:倒角Bottom chamfer背倒角:CC: center line 中心线Thru: 穿过Wire DIA: 丝径Free length:自由高度Type of ends—close ground: 拼圈Conversion sheet:换算表General speaking: stationary seat should be harder tha n the rotary facePolypropylene:聚丙烯Polyethylene:聚乙烯PTFE—polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙稀PVC:聚氯乙稀PVDF-polyvinylidene fluoride 聚偏氟乙稀CTFE-chlorotrifluor ethylene 三氟氯乙稀Consolidated shipment:合并装运Polishing:抛光Smoothness:光滑Flatness:平面度Roughness:粗糙度Impurity:杂质Bubble:气泡Defect/flaw:缺陷Surface:表面Air hole/pore气孔:Burr:毛刺Nick:划痕Thick:厚Thin:薄Spot welding:点焊Fastness:牢固Distortion/transfiguration:变形Brightness/lucency polishing:光亮抛光Matted polishing:暗淡抛光Rockwell hardness:洛氏硬度Shaw hardness:肖氏硬度Luster:光泽WRT:with regard toLatex paint 乳胶涂料:England-U.Krussian-Rugerman-DEFrench-FRSpanish-ESGreek-GRItalian-ITUnited states-U.S.AWelt/brazed:焊接的Tandem arrangement:串联式Back-to-back arrangement:背对背式Fitting length:安装长度Tolerance:容差Axial movement:轴向窜动量Torque transmission:扭矩传递Operating limits运行范围:Seal face:动环Stationary seat:静止环Drive key:键驱动Nut:螺母/螺帽Screw:螺钉Pin:销Bolt:螺栓Operating temperature:运行温度Right-handed (RH) screw:右旋螺钉Left-handed (LH) screw:左旋螺钉Screw thread:螺纹Screw thread groove:螺纹槽Screw type:螺纹型Spiral/helix: 螺旋Cash remittance:汇款单Cutaway:剖视图GB-Guobiao:我国国家标准Abmessung: dimensionSiliziumkarbid: silicon carbideFeder: springKeramic: ceramicTack weld:间断焊Carrier:支座,托架Keyway:键槽Undercut:底切Washer:垫圈Tooling charge / modeling charge:开模费RH—rockwell hardness / right hand 洛氏硬度 / 右旋Pitch of screw:螺距GP-general purpose:普通箱CBM-cubic meter:立方米MT-metric ton公吨HC-high cubic高箱Freight prepaid:运费预付Freight collect:运费到付House B/L:分提单(由货代开出)Ocean B/L:总提单(般公司开出)SWBL-sea waybill:海运单AWBL-air waybill:空运单B/N:货物单S/O:装运单D/R:场站收据CLP:装箱单D/O:提货单(dispatch/order)Surcharge:附加费Bunker surcharge::燃油附加费B.A.F—bunker adjustment factor: 燃油附加费CY-container yard:集装箱堆场CFS-container freight station::集装箱货运站(处理拼箱货的场所)TEU-twenty-feet equivalent unit:集装箱计算单位FCL-full container load 整箱货LCL-less than container 拼箱货Slot number: 箱位号集装箱0402D1 含义如下:04-bay number 排号(横号)02:row number 行号D1:river numberD—在甲板上; H—在舱内C.C—collect 到付P.P—prepaid 预付INCOTERMS 2000-International Rules for the Interpretat ion of trade terms 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则Carbon steel:碳钢Rpm: round per minute / revolutions per minute 每分钟转数Sliding surface:滑动面积RA-remedial action 矫正措施.restricted areas 受限区域性; remittance advice 汇款通知Ra-Rate of appearance 外观等级Perpendicularity:垂直度Clearance:间隙Counterface:对立面Retain:护圈,挡板Nanometer(nmgates橡胶英语翻译[color=blue][size=4]纺丝spinning干纺dry spinning湿纺wet spinning干湿法纺丝dry wet spinning干喷法纺丝dry jet wet spinning溶液纺丝solution spinning乳液纺丝emulsion spinning乳液闪蒸纺丝法emulsion spinning喷射纺丝jet spinning喷纺成形spay spinning液晶纺丝liquid crystal spinning熔纺melt spinning共混纺丝blended spinning凝胶纺丝gel spinning反应纺丝reaction spinning静电纺丝electrostatic spinning高压纺丝high-pressure spinning复合纺丝conjugate spinning无纺布monofilament/ monofil单丝multifilament全取向丝fully oriented yarn中空纤维hollow fiber皮芯纤维sheath core fiber共纺cospinning冷拉伸cold drawing/ cold stretching单轴拉伸uniaxial drwaing/ uniaxial elangation 双轴拉伸biaxial drawing皮心效应skin and core effect皮层效应skin effect防缩non-shrink熟成ripening垂挂sag定型sizing起球现象pilling effect捻度twist旦denier特tex纱yarn股strand粘合adhesion反应粘合reaction bonding压敏粘合pressure sensitive adhesion底漆primer浸渍impregnation浸渍树脂sovent impregnated resin基体matrix聚合物表面活性剂polymetic surfactant高分子絮凝剂polymeric surfactant预发颗粒pre-expanded bead高分子膜polymeric membraneH-膜H-filmLB膜langmuir blodgett film (LB film)半透膜semipermeable membrane反渗透膜reverse osmosis membrance多孔膜anisotropic membrane各向异性膜anisotropic membrance正离子交换膜cation exchange membrane 负离子交换膜anionic exchange membrane 吸附树脂polymeric adsorbent添加剂additive固化剂curing agent潜固化剂latent curing agent硫化剂vulcanizing agent给硫剂sulfur donor agent/ sulfur donor硫化促进剂vulcanization accelerator硫化活化剂vulcanization activatior活化促进剂activating accelerator活化剂activator防焦剂scroch retarder抗硫化返原剂anti-reversion agent塑解剂peptizer偶联剂coupling agent硅烷偶联剂silane coupling agent酞酸酯偶联剂titanate coupling agent铝酸酯偶联剂aluminate coupling agent增强剂reinforcing agent增硬剂hardening agent惰性填料inert filler增塑剂plasticizer辅增塑剂coplasticizer增粘剂tackifier增容剂compatibilizer增塑增容剂plasticizer extender分散剂dispersant agent结构控制剂constitution controller色料colorant荧光增白剂optical bleaching agent抗降解剂antidegradant防老剂anti-aging agent防臭氧剂antiozonant抗龟裂剂anticracking agent抗疲劳剂anti-fatigue agent抗微生物剂biocide防蚀剂anti-corrosion agent光致抗蚀剂photoresist防霉剂antiseptic防腐剂rot resistor防潮剂moisture proof agent除臭剂re-odorant抗氧剂antioxidant热稳定剂heat stabilizer抗静电添加剂antistatic additive抗静电剂antistatic agent紫外线稳定剂antistatic agent紫外光吸收剂ultraviolet stabilizer光稳定剂light stalibizer/ photostabilizer光屏蔽剂light screener发泡剂foaming agent物理发泡剂physical foaming agent化学发泡剂chemical foaming agent脱模剂releasing agent内脱模剂internal releasing agent外脱模剂external releasing agent阻燃剂flame retardant防火剂fire retardant烧蚀剂ablator润滑剂lubricant润湿剂wetting agent隔离剂separant增韧剂toughening agent抗冲改良性剂impact modifier消泡剂antifoaming agent减阻剂drag reducer破乳剂demulsifier粘度改进剂viscosity modifier增稠剂thickening agent/ thickener阻黏剂abhesive洗脱剂eluant附聚剂agglomerating agent后处理剂after-treating agent催干剂driver防结皮剂anti-skinning agent纺织品整理剂textile finishing agent[/size][/color]。

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No代号coil卷coil number Coil No卷号coiling卷取coke焦碳coke over焦炉cold-galvanized CGI冷轧热镀锌cold-rolled CR冷轧cold-rolled steelcoil CRC冷轧卷cold-rolled steelfull-hard轧硬cold-rolled steelsheets CR冷轧板cold-rolling mill冷轧薄板厂color-coated steel彩色涂层板color-steel CS彩涂板colour颜色commercial CQ 商业品质量commodiey品名commission com；comm；commn佣金、手续费confirm确认consignee收货单位construction CONSTR结构contained contd包括container shipment集装箱运输contents目录continuous annealing连退continuous steelcasting连铸contract Cont合同contract product合同产品contract terms andconditions合同条件及条款contract number Cont No合同号converter转炉corporate profile简介counter sample对应样品，对等样品country公司customer订货单位/客户名称/用户customer ordernumbercustomerorder No客户订单编号customer’s numbercustomer’sNo代号date of delivery交货日期date ofeffectiveness生效日期date of issue签发日期deferred payment延期付款definitions定义deformed bar D-bar螺纹钢deliver department发货单位deliveror发货人delivery date发货日期delivery order D/O；.提货单、货物出货凭单description重量description说明destination到站depth dpth深度diameter Dia直径dimension Dim尺寸directly reducediron 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p；pr页pallet托盘payment付款要求pencil hardness铅笔硬度percentage%百分比phosphated P 磷酸盐处理pickled酸洗piece（pieces）Pc（Pcs）支、根、块、件pig iron生铁plate块（板）pocuments required到港口岸port of shipment装运港/地port of unloading卸货港/地pound（pounds）Ib（Ibs）磅prepainted steelsheets彩涂板price价格price terms价格条款primer初涂层precise精度process工艺processing property加工性能product产品名称product qualitycertificate产品质量证明书projects项目purchaser购货单位purchase number purchase No购单号quality Qlty品质、牌号quality assurance质量保证quantity Q数量quotation quotn价目表、定价表、报价quay qy码头reel卷、筒reel number Reel No卷号refininy furnace精炼炉reheartuy furnace加热炉remarks备注resin树脂reverse Impoct 反向冲击roll Rl卷、筒sample（s）样品scrap steel废钢seal盖章section steel型钢seller卖方sendzimiv mill冷轧机service centre剪切中心set套、组shape外形sheet平板、张sheets张数shipment装运shipping advise装船通知shipping mark S·M发货标记sight payment即期付款signature Sig签字silicon steel、electric steel电工钢/硅钢片/矽钢片sintering烧结size 尺寸、规格slit-edge切边special steel特钢specification Spec规格、标准square sq平方square measure面积stainless steel STS不锈钢stamping打印standard Std标准steel billet方坯steel casting铸钢steel rolling轧钢steel strip钢带steel sheet钢板steel slab板坯steel smelting炼钢storage储存supplier供方surface grade 表面级别surface structure表面结构surface treatment表面处理tare Tr皮重tatal合计technical standard技术标准technical terms 技术条件technical data技术参数technical regulation技术规范technology技术technique工艺telegraphic transfer T/T电汇tensile strength抗拉强度tensile test拉伸试验tension test拉力试验terms of payment支付条款test number T est No试验号test piece number Test Pc No试样号theoretical weight理论重量thickness T厚度time of shipment装运时间time of validity有效期tin-free steeel TFS镀铬板tinplate马口铁the metric公制the british system英制the 美制tolerances公差ton T（t）吨tonnage Tonn吨数、重量toot steel工具钢top正面torpedo鱼雷型铁水罐车total合计total value总值trade mark商标train number Train No车号transportation运输transversal T 横向uncoiling开卷unit计量单位unit price单价usage用途wagon number wagon No车号wall thickness.壁厚weight Wt重量weight certificate重量证明书weight memo重量单welding缝合width W宽度wire rod w/rod线材yield strength屈服强度yietd point屈服点G/O取向硅钢N/O 无取向硅钢P/O酸洗涂油PPGI彩涂板（热镀锌基板）本产品已按上述要求进行制造和检验，其结果符合要求，特此证明we hereby certify that material described herein has menufactured and testedwith sqtisfzctory results in accordance with the requirements of above materiacspecificatton。

Designation:E110–10Standard Test Method forIndentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers1This standard is issued under thefixed designation E110;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1This test method covers determination of the indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.1.2This test method applies only to those portable hardness testers which apply the same nominal forces and use the same indenters as are used in the methods listed in Section2.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:22E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials 2E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terials2E92Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-als2E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals(Relationship Among Brinell Hardness,Vickers Hardness,Rockwell Hardness,Rockwell Superficial Hardness,Knoop Hard-ness,and Scleroscope Hardness)N OTE1—Test Methods E10,E18,and E92will be referred to in this test method as the“standard methods.”N OTE2—The standard methods of making the three hardness tests do not preclude the use of portable hardness testers.However,the machines usually used,and considered preferable for these tests,are generally designed so that the magnitude of the indenting force isfixed by dead weights acting on a small piston connected to a hydraulic loading cylinder, or by dead weights acting through a multiple lever system.Portable hardness testers of the types covered in this method do not employ dead weights tofix the indenting forces.This imposes certain limitations and necessitates certain precautions,which are set forth in this test method.All requirements of the standard methods except those modified by the following sections shall apply to the use of portable hardness testers. 3.Apparatus3.1Portable hardness testers are used principally for testing articles that are too large or unwieldy to be tested in the usual types of testing machines,for testing parts offixed structures, or for testing under any conditions which require that the indenting force be applied in a direction other than vertical.In order that they may be portable and also in order that the indenting forces may be applied in any direction,these testers are designed in such a way that dead weights are not used in applying or limiting the indenting force.3.2The indenting force may be applied by means of a hydraulic cylinder with a pressure gage to indicate the magni-tude of the force.The hydraulic cylinder may also be equipped with a spring-forced relief valve tofix the magnitude of the force.Alternatively the indenting force may be applied by means of a screw through a calibrated spring with a dial gage or other means of measuring the deflection of the spring to indicate the magnitude of the force.3.3Portable hardness testers are generally provided with various means of holding the indenter in contact with the surface to be tested.The testers may be clamped to the object to be tested,attached to an adjacentfixed object or attached to the surface to be tested by a magnet.For testing inside a cavity the tester may be placed against one wall of the cavity to makea test on the opposite wall.4.Procedure4.1Whatever means is used to hold the tester to the piece being tested,make sure that there is no relative motion between the tester and the piece when the force is applied.This is particularly true for the portable Rockwell type tester.Mount1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved Jan.1,2010.Published February2010.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in1997as E110–82(2002).DOI:10.1520/E0110-10.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright C ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive PO box C-700West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania19428-2959,United Statesthe tester in such a position that the axis of the indenter is normal to the surface to be tested.4.2Application of Force,Portable Brinell Test—Portable Brinell testers generally apply the force by means of a hydraulic cylinder equipped with both a pressure gage and a spring forced relief valve.With this arrangement it is not possible to maintain the force at the point where the relief valve opens for any appreciable time.Therefore bring up the force several times to the point where the pressure is released.It has been determined that for steel,when testing with a3000-kgfforce,three force applications are equivalent to holding the force15s as required in the standard method.For other materials and other forces,make comparison tests to determine the number of force applications required to give results equivalent to the standard method.Bring the force up gradually each time without jerking.4.3Application of Force,Portable Rockwell Type Test—Portable Rockwell type testers generally apply the force through a calibrated spring by means of a screw and are generally equipped with two indicators,one a dial gage that measures deflection of the spring to indicate the force,and the other a dial gage or micrometer screw to indicate the depth of penetration.Apply the preliminary test force as shown by the force indicator.Set the index on the depth indicator to the proper point.Then apply the total test force.Turn the loading screw in the opposite direction until the preliminary test force is again indicated on the force dial.Then read the hardness on the depth indicator as the difference between the readings at the minor force before and after application of the major force. Bring the force up gradually without jerking.Exercise care not to exceed either the preliminary or the total test forces. Complete the removal of the total test force within2s after it has been completely applied.4.4Application of Force,Vickers Type Tester—Portable Vickers type testers generally apply the force by means of a hydraulic cylinder equipped with a pressure gage.Bring the indenter just in contact with the test surface and check the zero reading of the pressure gage.Then bring the force up to the required value as shown on the pressure gage.Bring the force up gradually without jerking and take care that the required force is not overrun.Maintain the full force for at least15s, unless otherwise specified,and then release.5.Calibration of Apparatus5.1Portable hardness testers shall be used only with applied forces at which the force measuring device has been calibrated.5.2Portable hardness testers shall also be checked for error periodically by the comparison method or by test blocks as described in the standard methods.6.Precision and Bias6.1A precision and bias study was conducted in late 2007/early2008in accordance with Practice E691to determine the precision of Rockwell and Brinell test results obtained with portable hardness testers.Because of the difference in the equipment used,the Rockwell and Brinell testing were treated as two separate studies.The full results arefiled under ASTM Research Report RR:E28-1043.36.2Seven laboratories were used for each study.Three of the laboratories were manufacturers of portable hardness testers and four were users of the equipment.The testing for five of the laboratories was done at the November2008ASTM meeting in Tampa,Florida.The remainders were done at the users’facilities.In some cases the testing was done by calibration agency personal.6.3Separate studies were done for Rockwell and Brinell portable hardness testers.6.3.1For the Rockwell scale testing,four different types of portable hardness testers were used that were produced by three manufacturers.Some testers were new and some were older and well used.6.3.2The Brinell tests were all performed on testers from one manufacturer since it is by far the most commonly used by industry.The seven portable hardness testers used for the Brinell testing ranged from new to30years old.Five different measuring systems were used to determine the size of the Brinell indent.Two were computer-controlled systems and the others were manual hand-held scopes with20X magnification from three different manufacturers.6.4The E110-82(2002)version of the standard was current at the time of the study.Since the standard did not clearly specify that an indirect verification of the testers was required, no attempt was made to qualify them by verifying their overall performance on test blocks before using them in the study.All of the portable hardness testers used for the testing were considered to be in good working order and typical of those used for everyday testing.6.5The hardness tests were made on standardized test blocks calibrated according to E18-07or E10-07.The Rock-well HRC and HRBW and the Brinell HBW10/3000scales were used.For each scale,three test blocks were used,one each in the high,medium,and low hardness ranges.Three tests were performed on each test block in specific locations.6.6A summary of the test data is shown in Table1and Table2below.6.6.1The value of r PB indicates the typical amount of variation that can be expected between test results obtained for the same material by the same operator using the same hardness tester on the same day.When comparing two test results made under these conditions,a measurement difference 3Supporting data have beenfiled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:RR:E28-1043.TABLE1Results of the Rockwell Hardness Precision and BiasStudyMaterials Average Hardness Sr SR r PB R PB HRC63.5363.590.290.800.82 2.25 HRC45.9145.380.200.510.56 1.44 HRC24.9225.000.330.630.92 1.76 HRBW93.2793.800.34 1.180.96 3.29 HRBW60.6061.480.45 1.33 1.27 3.73 HRBW41.7842.650.74 1.42 2.073.97 2of less than the r PB value for that material is an indication that the results may be equivalent.6.6.2The value of R PB indicates the typical amount of variation that can be expected between test results obtained for the same material by different operators using the different hardness tester on different days.When comparing two test results made under these conditions,a measurement differenceof less than the R PB value for that material is an indication that the results may be equivalent.6.6.3Any judgments based on the results would have an approximate 95%probability of being correct.6.6.4Although the precision values given in Table 1and Table 2provide guidance on interpreting differences in mea-surement results,a complete evaluation of measurement un-certainty will provide a more definitive interpretation of the results for the specific testing conditions.6.7The data generally indicated the precision expected when using a portable hardness tester.6.8There are no recognized standards by which to estimate the bias of this test method.7.Keywords7.1metallic;portable hardness testerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@ (e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2Results of the Brinell Hardness Precision and BiasStudyMaterials Average HardnessSr SR r PB R PB HBW 201206.10 1.11 5.05 3.1214.14HBW 315316.81 1.69 5.17 4.7314.48HBW 543556.004.0814.0611.4339.373。

HARDNESS TESTWhat is Hardness?Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, usually by penetration. However, the term hardness may also refer to resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting.Measurement of Hardness:Hardness is not an intrinsic material property dictated by precise definitions in terms of fundamental units of mass, length and time. A hardness property value is the result of a defined measurement procedure.Hardness of materials has probably long been assessed by resistance to scratching or cutting. An example would be material B scratches material C, but not material A. Alternatively, material A scratches material B slightly and scratches material C heavily. Relative hardness of minerals can be assessed by reference to the Moh's Scale that ranks the ability of materials to resist scratching by another material. Similar methods of relative hardness assessment are still commonly used today. An example is the file test where a file tempered to a desired hardness is rubbed on the test material surface. If the file slides without biting or marking the surface, the test material would be considered harder than the file. If the file bites or marks the surface, the test material would be considered softer than the file.The above relative hardness tests are limited in practical use and do not provide accurate numeric data or scales particularly for modern day metals and materials. The usual method to achieve a hardness value is to measure the depth or area of an indentation left by an indenter of a specific shape, with a specific force applied for a specific time. There are three principal standard test methods for expressing the relationship between hardness and the size of the impression, these being Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell. For practical and calibration reasons, each of these methods is divided into a range of scales, defined by a combination of applied load and indenter geometry.Hardness Test Methods:Rockwell Hardness TestRockwell Superficial Hardness TestBrinell Hardness TestVickers Hardness TestMicrohardness TestMoh's Hardness TestScleroscope and other hardness test methodsHardness Conversion or Equivalents:Hardness conversion between different methods and scales cannot be made mathematically exact for a wide range of materials. Different loads, different shape of indeters, homogeneity of specimen, cold working properties and elastic properties all complicate the problem. All tables and charts should be considered as giving approximate equivalents, particularly when converting to a method or scale which is not physically possible for the particular test material and thus cannot be verified. An example would be converting HV/10 or HR-15N value on a thin coating to the HRC equivalent. Hardness Conversion Tables and Charts:Hardness Conversion Table (colour version - may take time to load)Hardness Conversion Table (non-colour version)Hardness Conversion Chart (1)Hardness Conversion Chart (2)Chart of Brinell, Vickers and Ultimate Tensile Strength Equivalents (1)Chart of Brinell, Vickers and Ultimate Tensile Strength Equivalents (2)Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell C Hardness Scale (hard materials) (colour)Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell C Hardness Scale (hard materials) (non-colour)Hardness Conversion Chart related to Rockwell C Hardness Scales (hard materials) Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell B Hardness Scale (soft metals) (colour)Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell B Hardness Scale (soft metals) (non-colour)Hardness Conversion Chart related to Rockwell B Hardness Scale (soft metals)HV, MPa and GPa Conversion CalculatorRockwell Hardness TestThe Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a preliminary minor load F0 (Fig. 1A) usually 10 kgf. When equilibrium has been reached, an indicating device, which follows the movements of the indenter and so responds to changes in depth of penetration of the indenter is set to a datum position. While the preliminary minor load is still applied an additional major load is applied with resulting increase in penetration (Fig. 1B). When equilibrium has again been reach, the additional major load is removed but the preliminary minor load is still maintained. Removal of the additional major load allows a partial recovery, so reducing the depth of penetration (Fig. 1C). The permanent increase in depth of penetration, resulting from the application and removal of the additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness number.HR = E - eF0 = preliminary minor load in kgfF1 = additional major load in kgfF = total load in kgfe = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1 measured in units of0.002 mmE = a constant depending on form of indenter: 100 units for diamond indenter, 130 units for steel ball indenterHR = Rockwell hardness numberD = diameter of steel ballFig. 1.Rockwell PrincipleRockwell Hardness ScalesScale Indenter Minor LoadF0kgfMajor LoadF1kgfTotal LoadFkgfValue ofEA Diamond cone 10 50 60 100B 1/16" steel ball 10 90 100 130C Diamondcone 10 140 150 100D Diamond cone 10 90 100 100E 1/8" steel ball 10 90 100 130F 1/16" steel ball 10 50 60 130G 1/16" steel ball 10 140 150 130H 1/8" steel ball 10 50 60 130K 1/8" steel ball 10 140 150 130L 1/4" steel ball 10 50 60 130M 1/4" steel ball 10 90 100 130P 1/4" steel ball 10 140 150 130R 1/2" steel ball 10 50 60 130S 1/2" steel ball 10 90 100 130V 1/2" steel ball 10 140 150 130Typical Application of Rockwell Hardness ScalesHRA . . . . Cemented carbides, thin steel and shallow case hardened steelHRB . . . . Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminium alloys, malleable irons, etcHRC . . . . Steel, hard cast irons, case hardened steel and other materials harder than 100 HRBHRD . . . . Thin steel and medium case hardened steel and pearlitic malleable iron HRE . . . . Cast iron, aluminium and magnesium alloys, bearing metalsHRF . . . . Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet metalsHRG . . . . Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, malleable irons HRH . . . . Aluminium, zinc, leadHRK . . . . }HRL . . . . }HRM . . . .} . . . . Soft bearing metals, plastics and other very soft materialsHRP . . . . }HRR . . . . }HRS . . . . }HRV . . . . }Advantages of the Rockwell hardness method include the direct Rockwell hardness number readout and rapid testing time. Disadvantages include many arbitrary non-related scales and possible effects from the specimen support anvil (try putting a cigarette paper under a test block and take note of the effect on the hardness reading! Vickers and Brinell methods don't suffer from this effect).The Brinell Hardness TestThe Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg. For softer materials the load can be reduced to 1500 kg or 500 kg to avoid excessive indentation. The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds in the case of iron and steel and for at least 30 seconds in the case of other metals. The diameter of the indentation left in the test material is measured with a low powered microscope. The Brinell harness number is calculated by dividing the load applied by the surface area of the indentation.The diameter of the impression is the average of two readings at right angles and the use of a Brinell hardness number table can simplify the determination of the Brinell hardness.A well structured Brinell hardness number reveals the test conditions, and looks like this, "75 HB 10/500/30" which means that a Brinell Hardness of 75 was obtained using a10mm diameter hardened steel with a 500 kilogram load applied for a period of 30 seconds. On tests of extremely hard metals a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. Compared to the other hardness test methods, the Brinell ball makes the deepest and widest indentation, so the test averages the hardness over a wider amount of material, which will more accurately account for multiple grain structures and any irregularities in the uniformity of the material. This method is the best for achieving the bulk or macro-hardness of a material, particularly those materials with heterogeneous structures.Vickers Hardness TestThe Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds. The two diagonals of the indentation left in the surface of the material after removal of the load are measured using a microscope and their average calculated. The area of the sloping surface of the indentation is calculated. The Vickers hardness is the quotient obtained by dividing the kgf load by the square mm area of indentation.F= Load in kgfd = Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals, d1 and d2 in mmHV = Vickers hardnessWhen the mean diagonal of the indentation has been determined the Vickers hardness may be calculated from the formula, but is more convenient to use conversion tables. The Vickers hardness should be reported like 800 HV/10, which means a Vickers hardness of 800, was obtained using a 10 kgf force. Several different loading settings give practically identical hardness numbers on uniform material, which is much better than the arbitrary changing of scale with the other hardness testing methods. The advantages of the Vickers hardness test are that extremely accurate readings can be taken, and just one type of indenter is used for all types of metals and surface treatments. Although thoroughly adaptable and very precise for testing the softest and hardest of materials, under varying loads, the Vickers machine is a floor standing unit that is more expensive than the Brinell or Rockwell machines.There is now a trend towards reporting Vickers hardness in SI units (MPa or GPa) particularly in academic papers. Unfortunately, this can cause confusion. Vickers hardness (e.g. HV/30) value should normally be expressed as a number only (without the units kgf/mm2). Rigorous application of SI is a problem. Most Vickers hardness testing machines use forces of 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 kgf and tables for calculating HV. SI would involve reporting force in newtons (compare 700 HV/30 to HV/294 N = 6.87 GPa) which is practically meaningless and messy to engineers and technicians. To convert a Vickers hardness number the force applied needs converting from kgf to newtons and the area needs converting form mm2 to m2 to give results in pascals using the formula above. To convert HV to MPa multiply by 9.807To convert HV to GPa multiply by 0.009807The Scleroscope Hardness TestThe Scleroscope test consists of dropping a diamond tipped hammer, which falls inside a glass tube under the force of its own weight from a fixed height, onto the test specimen. The height of the rebound travel of the hammer is measured on a graduated scale. The scale of the rebound is arbitrarily chosen and consists on Shore units, divided into 100 parts, which represent the average rebound from pure hardened high-carbon steel. The scale is continued higher than 100 to include metals having greater hardness. The Shore Scleroscope measures hardness in terms of the elasticity of the material and the hardness number depends on the height to which the hammer rebounds, the harder the material, the higher the rebound.The DurometerThe Durometer is a popular instrument for measuring the indentation hardness of rubber and rubber-like materials. The most popular testers are the Model A used for measuring softer materials and the Model D for harder materials. The operation of the tester is quite simple. The material is subjected to a definite pressure applied by a calibrated spring to an indenter that is either a cone or sphere and an indicating device measures the depth of indentation.Moh's Hardness ScaleThe Moh's hardness scale for minerals has been used since 1822. It simply consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 1 to 10. Diamond is rated as the hardest and is indexed as 10; talc as the softest with index number 1. Each mineral in the scale will scratch all those below it as follows:Diamond 10Corundum 9Topaz 8Quartz 7Orthoclase (Feldspar) 6Aptite 5Fluorite 4Calcite 3Gypsum 2Talc 1The steps are not of equal value and the difference in hardness between 9 and 10 is much greater than between 1 and 2. The hardness is determined by finding which of the standard minerals the test material will scratch or not scratch; the hardness will lie between two points on the scale - the first point being the mineral which is scratched and the next point being the mineral which is not scratched. Some examples of the hardness of common metals in the Moh's scale are copper between 2 and 3 and tool steel between 7 and 8. This is a simple test, but is not exactly quantitative and the standards are purely arbitrary numbers.The materials engineer and metallurgist find little use for the Moh's scale, but it is possible to sub-divide the scale and some derived methods are still commonly used today. The file test is useful as a rapid and portable qualitative test for hardened steels, where convention hardness testers are not available or practical. Files can be tempered back to give a range of known hardness and then used in a similar fashion to the Moh's method to evaluate hardness.Microhardness TestThe term microhardness test usually refers to static indentations made with loads not exceeding 1 kgf. The indenter is either the Vickers diamond pyramid or the Knoop elongated diamond pyramid. The procedure for testing is very similar to that of the standard Vickers hardness test, except that it is done on a microscopic scale with higher precision instruments. The surface being tested generally requires a metallographic finish; the smaller the load used, the higher the surface finish required. Precision microscopes are used to measure the indentations; these usually have a magnification of around X500 and measure to an accuracy of +0.5 micrometres. Also with the same observer differences of +0.2 micrometres can usually be resolved. It should, however, be added that considerable care and experience are necessary to obtain this accuracy.Knoop Hardness Indenter IndentationThe Knoop hardness number KHN is the ratio of the load applied to the indenter, P (kgf) to the unrecovered projected area A (mm2)KHN = F/A = P/CL2Where:F = applied load in kgfA = the unrecovered projected area of the indentation in mm2L = measured length of long diagonal of indentation in mmC = 0.07028 = Constant of indenter relating projected area of the indentation to the square of the length of the long diagonal.The Knoop indenter is a diamond ground to pyramidal form that produces a diamond shaped indentation having approximate ratio between long and short diagonals of 7:1. The depth of indentation is about 1/30 of its length. When measuring the Knoop hardness, only the longest diagonal of the indentation is measured and this is used in the above formula with the load used to calculate KHN. Tables of these values are usually a more convenient way to look-up KHN values from the measurements.Vickers Pyramid Diamond Indenter IndentationThe Vickers Diamond Pyramid harness number is the applied load (kgf) divided by the surface area of the indentation (mm2)Where:F= Load in kgfd = Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals, d1 and d2 in mmHV = Vickers hardnessThe Vickers Diamond Pyramid indenter is ground in the form of a squared pyramid with an angle of 136o between faces. The depth of indentation is about 1/7 of the diagonal length. When calculating the Vickers Diamond Pyramid hardness number, both diagonals of the indentation are measured and the mean of these values is used in the above formula with the load used to determine the value of HV. Tables of these values are usually a more convenient way to look-up HV values from the measurements.Information provided by website:/ Thermal Spray CoatingsGordon EnglandIndependent Metallurgist and Consultant to the Thermal Spray CoatingIndustryKingfishers, Folly Lane NorthUpper Hale, FarnhamSurrey, GU9 0HUEnglandTelephone: 44 (0) 1252 405186Fax: 44 (0) 1252 405187Mobile: 07951 120293。

Hardness conversion tableVickers-hardness Brinell-hardnessHV10HBa HRBHRFHRCHRAHRD8076,08580,741,09085,548,082,69590,252,010095,056,287,010599,811010562,390,511510912011466,793,612511913012471,296,413512814013375,099,014513815014378,7(101,4)15514781,7160152(103,6)16515685,0170162(105,5)17516618017187,1(107,2)18517619018189,5(108,7)19518520019091,5(110,1)20519592,5(111,3)21019993,521520494,0(112,4)22020995,0Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness and tensile strength in steel and steel castingsThe values in the table are reference values. There are some uncertainties in the comparisons and therefore use of the table is to be limited the table correspond to standard DIN 50 150 (Edition December 2000). The Brinell hardness value is calculated from:675690705660595610325410530545560640575495430450465350370385400480415335270285305Table A.1 -Re-evaluation of hardness in hardness and hardness in tensile strength for non-alloyed and low alloy steels atensile strengthMPa Rockwellhardness32025522521496,023021996,7(113,4)40,323522341,124022898,1(114,3)20,360,741,724523321,361,225023899,5(115,1)22,261,625524223,162,042,2260247-10124,062,443,126525224,862,743,7270257-10225,663,144,327526126,463,544,9280266-10427,163,845,328527127,864,246,0290276-10528,564,546,529528029,264,847,130028529,865,247,531029531,065,848,432030432,266,449,433031433,367,050,234032334,467,651,135033335,568,151,936034236,668,752,837035237,769,253,638036138,869,854,439037139,870,355,340038040,870,856,041039041,871,456,842039942,771,857,543040943,672,358,244041844,572,858,845042845,373,359,446043746,173,660,147044746,974,160,748045647,774,561,349046648,474,961,650047549,175,362,251048549,875,762,952049450,576,163,553050451,176,463,954051351,776,764,455052352,377,064,8174017751595163018101665170014851320135013851420152015551190122012551290145511251155995103010601095850865880900 91593095096575577078580082083572074056053253,077,464,457054253,677,865,858055154,178,066,259056154,778,466,760057055,278,667,061058055,778,967,562058956,379,267,963059956,879,568,364060857,379,868,765061857,880,069,066058,380,369,467058,880,669,868059,280,870,169059,781,170,570060,181,370,872061,081,871,574061,882,272,176062,582,672,678063,383,073,380064,083,473,882054,783,874,384065,384,174,886065,984,475,388066,484,775,790067,085,076,192067,585,376,594068,085,675,9NOTE The numbers in brackets are hardness values which lie outside the definition area of the standard hardness testing processes but whi values in practice.a Brinell-hardnessvalues up to 450 HB were measured with a steel ball used as an intrusion body, greater values with carbide ball.Keysa Result of conversionb Hardness value calculated2180203020702105214518801920195519951845Diagram showing scattering in conversion of hardnessTables for hardness conversion for tempered steelsSteel type according to TGL 6574Material number Short name C251.1158C25E C35 1.118C35R CK45 1.1191C45E CK55a 1.1203C55E C60 1.1223C60R CK67b c c 24CrMoV5.5ac c 30CrMoV9 1.770730CrMoV9d 30Mn5 1.116530Mn5d 34Cr4 1.703334Cr437MnSi5 1.512237MnSi5d 38CrSi6 1.703837CrS440Cr6 1.703541Cr442CrMo4 1.722542CrMo442MnV7 1.522342MnV7d 50CrV4 1.815951CrV450MnSi4 1.513150MnSi4d 60CrMo4a1.722850CrMo4a not included in TGL 6547b according to TGL 7975c not included in DIN EN 10083-1 and DIN 17200d according to predecessor standard DIN 17200:1987-03 (meanwhile withdrawn) no longer included in DIN EN 10083-1:1996-10In this appendix, the results of re-evaluatioin of hardness values for hardened and annealed tempered steels are shown in tabular form. Thetrials carried out on tempered steels which were hardened and annealed according to standard TGL 6574. The type of steels examined are listed in the ta gives the relations between the materials described according to standards TGL 6574 and DIN EN 10083-1.Tempered steels examined for thecomparisonSteel type according toDIN EN 10083-1HV HBW HRC HRA HR45N HR30N HR15N HRB HRF HR45T 210205(15,3)57,2(13,4)(36,1)(65,2)94,8(110,4)65,4 220215(17,4)58,4(15,9)(38,1)(66,5)96,7(111,4)67,6 230225(19,3)59,6(18,2)(40,4)(67,8)98,4(112,4)69,6 24023521,260,620,4(41,8)(68,9)100(113,3)71,4 25024522,961,622,543,470(101,4)(114,1)(73,0)26025524,662,524,44571(102,7)(114,9)(74,4) 27026626,263,426,346,572(103,9)(115,6)(75,7) 28027627,764,328,147,972,9(105,0)(116,2)(76,9) 29028629,16529,849,373,7(106,0)(116,8)(77,9) 30029630,565,831,450,574,5(106,9)(117,3)(78,9)31030631,866,532,951,875,3(107,7)(117,8)(79,7) 32031633,167,234,452,976(108,5)(118,3)(80,5) 33032634,367,835,85476,7(109,2)(118,8)(81,2) 34033635,468,537,255,177,3(109,9)(119,2)(81,9) 350345.36,569,138,456,178(110,5)(119,6)(82,5)36035537,669,639,757,178,6(111,1)(119,9)(83,0) 37036538,670,240,95879,1(111,7)(120,3)(83,5) 38037539,670,74258,979,7(112,2)(120,6)(84,0) 39038540,671,243,259,880,2(112,7)(120,9)(84,4) 40039541,571,744,260,680,7(113,1)(121,2)(84,8)41040542,472,245,361,481,2(113,6)(121,5)(85,1) 42041443,272,646,362,281,643042444,17347,263,0'82,144043444,973,548,263,782,545044445,773,949,164,482,946045346,474,35065,183,347046347,274,650,865,883,748047347,97551,766,484,149048248,675,452,56784,450049249,275,753,267,684,851050149,9765468,285,152051150,576,454,868,885,453052051,276,755,569,385,854053051,87756,269,986,155053952,477,356,870,486,456054952,977,657,570,986,657055853,577,958,271,486,95805685478,258,871,987,259057754,678,459,472,487,560058655,178,76072,887,761059655,678,960,673,38862060556,179,261,273,788,263061456,679,461,774,288,564062357,179,762,374,688,765063257,579,962,87588,9NOTE The numbers in brackets are hardness values which lie outside the definition area of the standard hardness testing processes but wh values in practice.Table B.3 - Conversion for hardness in hardness and hardenss in tensile strength for tempered steels in untreated,soft annea HV HBW HRC HRA HR45N HR30N HR15N HRB HRF HR45T 140150152-48,4-(21,5)(56,6)81(102,5)51,6160162(1,0)50,2-(24,4)(58,3)83,9(104,1)54,8170173(4,0)51,9(0,8)(27,0)(60,0)86,6(105,6)57,7180183(6,8)53,4(4,0)(29,5)(61,5)89(106,9)60,21901930,4)54,8(7,0)(31,8)(62,9)91,2(108,1)62,5200203(11,9)56,2(9,9)(34,0)(64,3)93,2(109,2)64,6210214(14,2)57,4(12,6)(36,1)(65,6)95(110,3)66,4220223(16,4)58,6(15,1)(38,1)(66,8)96,7(111,2)68,2230233(18,5)59,7(17,6)(39,9)(67,9)98,3(112,2)69,724024320,560,7(19,9)(41,7)(69,0)99,8(113,0)71,225025222,461,722,143,370(101,2)(113,3)(72,5)26026224,362,624,244,971(102,5)(114,6)(73,7)2702712663,526,246,472(103,7)(115,3)(74,9)28028027,764,328,147,972,9(104,9)(116,0)(75,9)29028929,265,129,949,273,7(106,0)(116,6)(76,9)30029830,865,331,650,674,6(107,0)(117,2)(77,9)31030732,266,633,651,875,4(108,0)(117,8)(78,8)32031633,667,2355376,1(108,9)(118,4)(79,6)HBHRCHRAHR45NHR30NHR15N5725478,159,571,487,257654,478,459,671,987,458054,878,659,972,387,658555,278,860,272,887,859155,679,160,573,28859756,179,360,973,688,260456,579,661,474,188,461156,979,861,874,588,761957,480,162,47588,962757,880,36375,489,163658,380,663,675,889,464658,780,964,276,289,665659,281,164,976,789,866659,781,465,677,190,167760,181,766,477,590,31) F is larger or the same as 98 N 2) 0,102 * F/D² = 30 N/mm²The hardness test according to Brinell (HB) is carried out up to 450 HB with a hardened steel ball or hard alloy ball; over 450 HB, only hard a F... ForceD... Diameter of the calotte shell720670680690640650660*********600610620630Table B.4 - Conversion of hardness in hardness for tempered steels in a hardened condition580HVNOTE The numbers in brackets are hardness values which lie outside the definition area of the standard hardness testing processes but which are often usmited to unavoidable cases. The values in eels and steel castings.HR15N HR30N HR45N(69,6)(41,7)(19,9) 70,142,521,1 70,643,422,271,144,223,2 71,645,024,3 72,145,725,2 72,646,426,2 73,047,227,1 73,447,827,9 73,848,428,7 74,249,029,5 74,649,730,4 74,950,231,1 75,651,332,5 76,252,333,9 76,853,635,2 77,454,436,5 78,055,437,8 78,656,439,1 79,257,440,4 79,858,441,7 80,359,342,9 80,860,244,1 81,461,145,3 81,861,946,4 82,362,747,4 82,863,548,4 83,264,349,4 83,664,950,4 83,965,751,3 84,366,452,2 84,767,153,1 85,067,753,9 85,468,354,7 85,769,055,6 86,069,556,2 86,370,057,0 86,670,557,886,971,258,687,271,759,387,572,159,987,872,760,588,073,261,288,273,761,788,574,262,488,874,663,089,075,163,589,275,564,189,575,964,789,776,465,389,876,865,790,177,266,290,377,666,790,778,467,791,079,168,691,279,769,491,580,470,291,881,171,092,181,771,892,382,272,292,582,773,192,783,173,692,983,674,293,084,074,893,284,475,4 ut which are often used as approximationThe conversion is based on the results of ned are listed in the table below. The tableHR30T HR15T Rm76,889,2651 78,5906838090,8716 81,491,4748 (82,5)92781(83,6)92,5813 (84,5)93845 (85,4)(93,4)877 (86,1)(93,7)909 (86,8)(94,0)940(87,4)(94,3)972 (88,0)(94,6)1003 (88,4)(94,8)1035 (88,9)(95,0)1070 (89,3)(95,2)1097(89,6)(95,4)1128 (89,9)(95,5)1159 (90,2)(95,6)1189 (90,5)(95,7)1220 (90,7)(95,8)1250(90,9)(95,9)1281131113411371140114301460HR30T HR15T R m46068,485,150370,586,254472,487,258574,18862475,688,36617789,469778,39073279,590,676580,691,179681,691,6826(82,6)92(83,5)92,4(84,3)92,7(85,1)93(85,8)(93,3)(86,5)(93,6)(87,1)(93,9)but which are often used as approximation annealed and normalised condition.(87,8)(94,1)en used as approximation values in practice. hard alloy balls are to be used.。

Designation: E 140 – 02标记：E 140 –02Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness1标准金属硬度换算表布氏硬度，维氏硬度，洛氏硬度，洛氏表面硬度，努氏硬度，肖氏硬度之间的关系This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.该标准在E 140指标下发行；直接跟在标记后面的数字指最初采用的年份或在有修订的情况下最后修订的年份。

在圆括号里的数字指最后重新通过的年份。

上标第五字指从最后修订或通过以来编辑上的改变。

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已被通过为国防部所属机构所使用。

英语专业八级词汇表Aabolition n.. 废除，革除abstract adj . 抽象的；深奥的academic a.. 学院的；学术的accumulate vt . 积累vi.堆积accuracy n.. 准确(性)；准确度acknowledgment n. 承认,承认书,感谢acquisition n. (有价值的)获得adapt vt.使适应；改编adaptation n. 适应adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adhere vi.粘附；追随；坚持adjective n.形容词a.形容词的adjustment n. 调节admirer n. 钦佩者,仰慕者,求爱者ado n. 忙乱，骚扰adult n.成年人a.成年的adviser n. 顾问,指导教授,劝告者ailment n. （不严重的）疾病alert a.警惕的；活跃的allay vt. 使镇静,使缓和allot vt. 分配,分摊指定allurement n. 诱惑物ally n.同盟国；同盟者almanac n. 年鉴,历书alongside prep.在…旁边alphabet n.字母表alpine a. 高山的,极高的ambush n./v. 埋伏，伏击analysis n.分析，分解，解析ancestral a. 祖先的angelic a. 天使的,似天使的annals n. 纪年表,年鉴,年报anthem n. 圣歌，赞美歌anther n. 雄蕊的花粉囊,花药antitoxin n. 抗毒素anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望apace ad. 快速地,急速地aperture n. 孔隙，窄的缺口appendix n.附录，附属物；阑尾appreciation n.欣赏；鉴别；感激appropriation n. 拨款，挪用公款arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的archbishop n. 大教主archer n. （运动或战争中的）弓箭手，射手ardent adj. 热心的，热烈的aristocrat n. 贵族aromatic adj. 芳香的arrogance n. 傲慢，自大arrogant adj. 傲慢的，自大的artful a. 巧妙的,狡滑的articulate v. 清楚说话，接合ascent n. 上升攀登asiatic adj. 亚洲的; 亚洲人的asparagus n. 芦笋（可作蔬菜）asphalt n. 沥青aspiration n. 渴望，热望assertion n. 断言,主张assimilate v. 同化，吸收assumption n. 假设astound vt. 使惊骇,使大吃一惊astray adj. 迷路的，误入歧途的astronaut n.宇宙航行员astronomer n. 天文学家atom n.原子attachment n.连接物，附件；爱慕audacity n. 大胆，鲁莽audible a. 听得见的austere adj. 朴素的，(人)正经的available a.可利用的；通用的avert v. 避免,避开Bbackground n.背景，后景，经历bail n. 保释,把手,栅栏,桶箍bale n. 大包裹，灾祸，不幸balloon n.气球ballot n. 投票,投票用纸,抽签bandage n.绷带，包带bankrupt a.破产的vt.使破产Baptist n. 施洗者约翰,施洗者,浸信会教友baptize vt. 施洗礼,提炼,命名bawl v. 大叫，大喊bearing n.支承；忍受；方位beastly a. 如兽的,残忍的,令人不愉快的beautify vt. 美化,变美,修饰beaver n. 海狸bedtime n.就寝时间befit vt. 适合,适宜,合适befriend vt. 待人如友,帮助believer n. 信徒beneficial a.有利的，有益的betimes ad. 早,及时,及早bier n. 棺材bin n. 箱柜bituminous a. (含)沥青的bland adj. （人）情绪平稳的，（食物）无味的blaspheme vt.vi. 亵渎blink vi. 眨眼睛blunder vi.犯大错n.大错boom n. 兴旺bout n. 一回合，一阵brag n. 吹牛brandish vt. 挥,挥舞brandy n.白兰地酒brittle a.脆的；易损坏的broth n. 肉汤broth n. 肉汤budget n.预算，预算案bully v. 欺负，威协buoy n. 浮标，救生圈，v. 支持，鼓励buoyant adj. 易浮的，快乐的.burgher n. 公民,市民burglar n.夜盗，窃贼burner n.灯头，煤气头burnish v. 擦亮，磨光butler n. 仆役长Ccackle n. 咯咯声,高笑声,饶舌,闲谈calcium n. 钙calico n. 印花棉布,白洋布camera n.照相机Canadian n.加拿大人canary n. 金丝雀，女歌星cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去canker n. 溃疡，弊害canton n. 州,行政区capillary n. 毛细管carbon n.碳carcass n. 尸体carcase n. 尸体,架子carelessness n.粗心，大意carrot n.胡罗卜casket n. 首饰盒,小箱,匣子,棺材catastrophe n. 大灾难,大祸cereal n.谷类，五谷，禾谷certainty n.必然；肯定charcoal n.炭；木炭chasm n. 深渊，大差别，代沟chastise v. 严厉惩罚，遣责chauffeur n. 司机chemical adj.化学的chemise n. 紧身衣一种,衬裙chemist n.化学家；药剂师chilly a. 寒冷的cholera n. 霍乱churchgoer n. 经常去做礼拜的人circulate vt.使循环vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线clamorous adj. 吵闹的，喧哗的cleaner n. 清洁工人,清洁剂clergy n. (总称)教牧人员；神职人员climax n.(兴趣的)顶点clumsy adj.笨拙的；不灵活的coax v. 哄诱，巧言诱哄cobweb n. 蜘蛛网,蛛丝,混乱code n.准则；法典；代码coinage n. 造币collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解colleague n.同事，同僚comeliness n. 清秀,美丽,合宜commendation n. 赞赏,嘉奖,推荐companionship n. 交谊,友谊,陪伴compassionate adj. 有同情心的compensation n.补偿，赔偿，赔偿费compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competitor n.竞争者，敌手complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入composure n. 镇静，沉着，自若comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的compress vt.压紧，压缩compulsory a.强迫的，义务的compute vt.&vi.计算concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩condemnation n. 谴责，定罪confiscate v. 没收，充公conform vt.使遵守vi.一致conformity n. 一致congregate v. 聚集，集合conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词conserve n. 蜜饯,果酱considerably ad. 十分地；相当地consistent a.前后一致的，连贯的console n.悬臂，肘托；控制台consonant n. 辅音constancy n. 坚定不移,恒久不变constellation n. 星座，星群constitutional a. 宪法的；章程的consummate adj. 完全的，完美的，v. 完成contagious adj. 传染的，有感染力的contaminate vt. 弄污,弄脏,毒害,传染,染污contentment n. 满足continental a.大陆的，大陆性的continuation n. 继续,续集,延长contraction n. 收缩contradict vt.反驳，否认contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contrivance n. 发明,发明的才能,想出的办法, conversion n.转变，转化；改变convex adj. 凸出的coolness n. 冷,凉爽,冷静co-operation n. 合作copse n. 小灌木材,杂树林coronation n. 加冕，加冕礼correspondent n.通信者；通讯员counsellor n. 顾问,辅导员,律师counselor n. 顾问,参事,法律顾问counteract v. 消除，抵消covetous adj. 贪婪的，贪心的cowslip n. 西洋樱草,猿猴草的一种crafty adj. 狡诈的cramp n. 铁箍，夹子crank n.曲柄vi.转动曲柄credulous adj. 轻信的，易信的creed n. 信条，教义crevice n. 缺口，裂缝crisis n.危机；存亡之际critical a.决定性的；批评的criticize vt.&vi.批评；责备crusade n. 为维护理想，原则而进行的运动或斗争cucumber n.黄瓜cull vt. 采,摘,拣cultivator n. 耕者,栽培者,耕田机cymbal n. 铙钹,高音音栓之一DDane n. 丹麦人Danish n. 丹麦文daunt v. 使胆怯，使畏缩dauntless adj. 勇敢的，无畏的daybreak n. 黎明,拂晓daze vt. 使茫然,发昏,使眼花缭乱dearth n. 缺乏,粮食不足,饥谨decidedly ad.明确地，坚决地decisive a.决定性的；果断的decompose vt.&vi.腐败；分解degradation n.降级；退化；衰变deliberation n. 熟虑,熟思,协议deliverer n. 救助者,引渡人,交付者delusion n. 欺骗，幻想democratic a.民主的，民主政体的dentist n.牙科医生dependence n. 依赖,依存,信赖depict vt. 描写deportment n. （尤指少女的）风度，举止deride v. 嘲弄，愚弄designate vt.指出，指示；指定despot n. 专制君主,暴君detachment n. 分离、超然、公平devilish adj. 如恶魔的devise vt.设计，发明dexterity n. 纯熟、灵巧diadem n. 王冠,带状头饰,王权diagram n.图解，图表，简图diameter n.直径diary n.日记，日记簿digestive a. 消化的,助消化的diminutive adj. 小巧可爱的dirge n. 哀歌、凄凉之曲调disapproval n.不赞成；不满意disciple n. 信徒、弟子disfigure vt. 毁损…的外观,使…变丑; 破坏…的displace vt.移置；取代；置换dissolution n. 分解,溶解,解散,结束distrust n. 不信任diverse a.不一样的，相异的doe n. 母鹿,雌兔等dogged a. 顽固的,顽强的dole n. 施舍品,失业救济金,悲哀doleful adj. 忧愁的，消沉的dolphin n.海豚domain n. 领土，领域downfall n. 衰败,大雨drainage n.排水；下水道dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的drape vi. 呈褶状垂下drench vt. 使湿透,使充满drought n.旱灾，干旱druggist n. 药商,药材商,药剂师duel n. 决斗dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销duplicate n.复制品vt.复制Eeagerness n. 热心earthen a. 土制的,陶制的earthworm n. 蚯蚓ebony n. 黑檀树,乌木eccentric adj. 古怪的，反常的economical a.节约的；经济学的economist n. 经济学者,经济家edible a. 可以吃的edify v. 陶冶，启发editor n.编辑，编者，校订者editorial n.社论，期刊的社论educational a. 教育的,教育性的effeminate adj. 柔弱的，缺乏勇气的efficacy n. 功效,效力efficient a.效率高的，有能力的elapse vi.(时间)过去，消逝elector n. 有选举权的人,选举人electronic a.电子的ember n. 灰烬,余烬eminence n. 卓越、杰出emphasize vt.强调，着重empower vt. 授予权力,允许,使能够emulation n. 竞争，仿效encircle vt. 环绕encouragement n. 鼓励,激励,奖励encyclopaedia n.百科全书encyclopedia n. 百科全书endear vt. 使受喜爱endurance n.耐久力，持久力energetic a.积极的；精力旺盛的entreaty n. 恳求，哀求entrust v. 委托，付托intrust vt. 信赖,信托,交托enumerate v. 列举枚举epidemic adj. 传染性的，流行性的epistle n. (长而重要的)书信equation n.方程(式)；等式era n.时代，年代；纪元erroneous a. 错误的,不正确的espy v. (从远处等)突然看到estimation n. 判断,值计,尊重evaporate vt.使脱水vi.发散蒸气evaporation n. 蒸发eventual a. 最后的,终于的,可能的excommunicate vt. 逐出教会executor n. 遗嘱执行人exert vt.发挥(威力)，施加exertion n. 努力，用力exhale v. 呼出(气)exhortation n. 劝告，规劝exit n.出口；退场vi.退出expectant n. 预期者,期待者expend v. 花费，用光expenditure n.(时间等)支出，消费explode vt.使爆炸vi.爆炸explosion n.爆炸，爆发，炸裂explosive n.炸药a.爆炸的exposition n.说明，解释；陈列exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光external a.外部的，外面的exultation n. 狂喜,大悦,欢欣Ffabulous adj. 难以置信的，寓言里的famish v. 使饥饿farmhouse n.农舍fatten vi. 养肥federation n. 联邦,联合,联盟fen n. 沼泽,沼池ferment n./v. 使发酵，骚动fermentation n. 发酵fertility n. 肥沃，丰饶fervent adj. 热的，热烈的fervour n.热烈，热情fervor n. 热诚，热心feud n. 宿怨，不和feudal a. 封建制度的,封地的,领地的feverish adj.发烧的filament n.细丝；长丝；灯丝filial a. 子女的filial piety n. 孝心firmness n.坚固，坚定，稳固fitness n.适当，恰当；健康flare vi.闪耀vt.使闪亮flicker v. 闪烁，摇曳floss n. 丝棉,乱丝flush n.兴奋，脸红；发烧foggy adj.多雾的；模糊的forage n. （牛马的）饲料，粮草v. 搜寻，翻寻foresight n. 远见formula n.公式，式fortitude n. 坚毅，坚忍不拨foxglove n. 指顶花fragile a.脆的；体质弱的frantic adj. 疯狂的，狂乱的fraternity n. 同行，友爱frivolous adj. 轻泛的，轻佻的frugal a. 节俭的,朴素的fungus n. 真菌Ggalley n. 船上的厨房gamble n.赌博vt.冒…的险garb n. 装束garret n. 阁楼，顶楼gaseous a.气体的，气态的gauze n. 沙布，薄纱generate vt.发生；引起；生殖genteel a. 有教养的,上流的,优雅的gentile n. 非犹太人,异邦人,异教徒gentry n. 贵族们geographical a.地理的；地区(性)的geranium n. 天竺葵gig n. 旋转物,轻便双轮马车,赛艇,gilt n. 镀金,表面的装饰,小母猪gipsy vi. 流浪gypsy n. 吉布赛人,吉布赛语,gloss n. 光泽，注解glossy adj. 光泽的，光滑的gold-smith n.金匠golf n.高尔夫球grab vt.&vi.急抓；抢graft v. 嫁接，移植，n. 贪污grandeur n. 壮丽，伟大grotesque adj. 怪诞的，古怪的grub n. 幼虫,穷文人grunt vi.作呼噜声；咕哝guise n. 外观,伪装Hhabitual a.习惯性的，惯常的haggard adj. 憔悴的，消瘦的hairy adj. 毛发的，多毛的hammock n. 吊床,小丘handicap vt.妨碍，使不利harass v. 烦扰hardness n. 坚硬,困难,严厉,勇气hawthorn n. 山楂hearing n.听；听力heedless a. 不注意的,不留心的,不谨慎的heighten vt.加高，提高；增加hemlock n. 铁杉；常青树herdsman n. 牧人hereditary a. 世袭的,遗传的heresy n. 异端邪说heretic n. 异教徒herring n. 青鱼,鲱hitch v. 搭便车，套住honeysuckle n. 忍冬,金银花hostess n.女主人；空姐hostility n. 敌对状态，敌意hull n.外壳，豆荚；薄膜hundredth a. 第一百的Hungarian adj.匈牙利的huntsman n. 猎人,管猎犬者hurricane n.飓风，十二级风hybrid n. 杂种，混血人hygiene n. 卫生学，卫生的Iidentify vt.认出，识别，鉴定idolatry n. 偶像崇拜,邪神崇拜,盲目的崇拜imitation n.仿制品，伪制物imminent adj. 即将发生的，逼近的impatience n. 性急,难耐,渴望,急躁,焦急impeach v. 指摘，弹劾impend vi. 迫近,逼迫,悬挂imperious adj. 傲慢的，专横的impetuous adj. 冲动的，鲁莽的imply vt.暗示，意指impressive a..给人印象深刻的improper a.不适当的；不合理的inasmuch ad.因为，由于incapable a.无能力的；无资格的incorporate vt.结合，合并，收编incurable adj. 无可救药的indefinite a.无限期的indent v. 切割成锯齿状indicative a.指示的；陈述的indispensable a.必不可少的，必需的inert adj. 惰性的，行动迟钝的inexorable adj. 不为所动的，坚决不变的infection n. 传染,影响,传染病infer vt.推论，推断；猜想infest v. 骚扰，扰乱influenza n. 流行性感冒informal a. 非正式的,不拘礼的,通俗的ingratitude n. 忘恩负义initiative a.创始的n.第一步inject vt.注射；注满；喷射injunction n. 命令，强制令input vt.输入n.输入inquisitive adj. 过份好问的，好奇的insane adj. 疯狂的inscribe vt. 登记,铭记于,题写,雕刻insolent adj. 粗野的，无礼的instalment n. 就职,装设,分期付款installment n.分期付款instantly ad.立即，即刻instructor n.指导者，教员intellect n.理智，智力，才智inter v. 埋葬intercept v. 中途拦截，截取international a.国际的，世界(性)的intervene vi.干涉，干预；播进intimacy n. 亲密，亲密的言行intolerable a. 无法忍受的,难耐的intruder n. 侵入者,干扰者,妨碍者intrusion n. 私闯，干扰invader n. 侵略者irresistible adj. 无法抗拒的，无法抵抗的irrigate vt.灌溉vi.进行灌溉Jjam n.堵塞vt.使…堵塞jeer v. 嘲笑jingle vt.&vi.(使)丁当响judicious adj. 有判断力的，明智的juggle vt. 变戏法juicy a. 多汁液的,生动的,多水分的Kkeel n. 龙骨,平底船kennel n. 狗舍，狗窝knead vt. 揉,按摩,捏制laboratory n.实验室labyrinth n. 迷宫Llair n. 野兽的巢穴，躲藏处lamentable adj. 令人惋惜的，悔恨的landlord n.地主；房东，店主landmark n. 风景点；里程碑languid adj. 没精打采的，怠倦的latent a.存在但看不见的lavender n. 薰衣草adj. 淡紫色的layman n. 普通信徒，门外汉leafy a. 叶茂盛的,多叶的,叶状的leech n. 水蛭,吸血鬼,榨取他人利益的人legacy n. 遗产，遗留之物legitimate adj. 合法的，正当的leopard n.豹liberate vt.解放limitation n.限制；限度，局限limited a.有限的linseed n. 亚麻子loath a. 不情愿的,勉强的loth adj. = loath 不情愿的,勉强的lobby n.前厅，(剧院的)门廊loft n. 阁楼，顶楼loophole n. 枪眼,小窗,换气孔lullaby n. 摇篮曲lunatic n. 疯子，adj. 极蠢的luxuriant adj. 繁茂的，肥沃的Mmace n. 权杖maggot n. 狂想，空想，怪念头magician n.魔法师；变戏法的人magnetic a.磁的，有吸引力的mainland n.大陆maintenance n.扶养；坚持malady n. 病,疾病,弊病malaria n. 疟疾,瘴气mammal n.哺乳动物mangle v. 撕成碎片，压碎manual a.体力的n.手册marigold n. 金盏草属植物,金盏菊属植物maritime a. 海的,海上的,海员的,沿海的Mars n.火星；战争martyrdom n. 殉教,殉难,殉节massacre n.大屠杀，残杀maternal a. 母亲的,母系的,母方的mechanism n.机械装置；机制memorable a. 值得纪念的,难忘的menace vt.&vi.&n.(进行)威胁mercenary adj. 唯利是图的n. 雇佣兵mesh n.网眼，筛孔，网络metallic a.金属的n.金属粒子metamorphosis n. 变形，变态microscopic a.显微镜的，微观的midday n.正午，中午mildew n. 霉（因温湿而生）miniature n.缩影a.缩小的minimum n.最小量a.最小的minor a.较小的；较次要的minority n.少数；少数民族miraculous adj.奇迹般的mislead vt.使误入岐途misuse n. 误用,滥用moat n. 壕沟，护城河molasses n. (单复数同)糖蜜monotonous adj. 单调的，无聊的monumental a. 纪念碑的,做为纪念的,不朽的morality n.道德，美德，品行mortar n. 小臼，乳钵，迫击炮mortify v. 使屈辱，使痛心mosquito n.蚊子mountaineer n. 登山家,山地人muffle v. 使声音降低，裹住mumble n. 喃喃而语,咕哝murderous a. 凶狠的,杀人的,致命的mushroom n.蘑菇，菌类植物musket n. 滑膛枪mystic a. 神秘的,奥秘的Nnarcotic n. 催眠药adj. 催眠的nationality n.国籍；民族，族nativity n. 出生，诞生naturalist n.博物学家navigator n. 航海家necessitate vt. 迫使,使成为必需,需要needlework n. 刺绣,缝纫needy a. 贫穷的,贫困的,生活艰苦的negotiate vi.谈判，交涉，议定nettle n. 荨麻，v. 烦忧，激恼network n.网状物；网络neutral a.中立的；中性的neutralize v. 使无效，中和newcomer n. 新来者nineteenth a. 第十九,十九分之一nominate vt.提名，推荐；任命Norman n.诺曼第人northwestern a. 在西北部的,西北方的,来自西北的notch n. V字形刻痕，山间窄路noticeable a.显而易见的；重要的novice n. 生手，新手nowadays ad.现今，现在nuisance n.讨厌的东西numberless a. 无数的,无号数的numeral n. 数字,数nutrition n. 营养Ooaken a. 橡木制的oblivion n. 遗忘observer n.观察员，观测者obstinacy n. 倔强,顽固,固执obstruct v. 阻塞，截断obviously adv.显而易见地occupant n. 占有者,居住者,占领者ode n. 长诗，颂歌omen n. 征兆、预兆ominous adj. 预兆的、不祥的operator n.操作人员，接线员oppressor n. 压迫者,压制者,暴君oral a.口头的；口的orbit n.运行轨道vt.环绕originate vi.发源vt.首创ornamental a.装饰的n.装饰品outbreak n.(战争、愤怒等)爆发outcry n. 呼叫；呐喊outlive vt. 生存得比…更久; 比…更经久output n.产量；输出量；输出outrageous adj. 粗暴的，无礼的overland a. 陆路的,经过陆地的,陆上的oxygen n.氧，氧气Ppagan n. 没有宗教信仰的人，异教徒palmer n. 朝圣者,游方僧,毛虫pamphlet n.小册子panel n.专门小组；面，板paralyse vt.使麻痹，使瘫痪paralyze v. 使瘫痪，使无效partisan n.游击队员passive a.被动的；消极的pastry n. 糕点，点心pathetic a.哀婉动人的；可怜的patronage n. 赞助，惠顾peculiarity n.特性，独特性；怪癖pedestal n. （柱石或雕像的）基座pelt n. 毛皮. v. 投掷，（雨）猛降perception n.感觉；概念；理解力pernicious adj. 有害的，致命的perpendicular a.垂直的n.垂直(线)perplexity n. 困惑，茫然persistent adj. 固执的，坚持的persuasive adj. 能劝说的，善于游说的pervade v. 弥漫，普及pervert v. 使堕落，滥用pew n. 长凳,座位Pharaoh n. 法老王phosphoric adj. 『化学』(五价) 磷的,含有磷的pigment n. 天然色素，干粉颜料pinion v. 绑住，束缚pinnacle n. 尖塔，山峰pique n./v. （因自尊心受伤害而导致的)不悦、愤怒pistil n. 雌蕊pith n. 精髓，要点pivot n. 枢轴，中心v.旋转plaintive adj. 可怜的，伤心的plebeian n./adj. 平民，平民的plus prep.加poke vt.戳，刺；伸(头等)politician n.政治家；政客pollution n.污染popularity n.通俗性；普及，流行populous adj. 人口稠密的，人民多的poster n.海报，招贴posture n. 姿势,态度,情形,形势potter n. 陶工,陶器匠,陶艺家precarious adj. 危险的precaution n.预防；警惕precision n.精确，精密，精密度prediction n.预言，预告；预报preface n.序言，前言，引语prerogative n. 特权presentation n.介绍；赠送；呈现preservation n.保存，储藏；保持presidential a. 总统的,首长的,支配的,统辖的, presumption n. 假定，冒昧prevention n.预防，阻止，妨碍primrose n. 报春花,樱草花,樱草色princely adj. 王子的，慷慨的principality n.公国,领地,封邑probability n.可能性；概率prodigal adj. 挥霍的，n. 挥霍者productive a.生产的；丰饶的proffer v. 献出，赠送，n. 提议，建议profuse adj. 很多的，浪费的progeny n. 后代，子女projection n. 突出物prolific adj. 多产的，多结果的protoplasm n. 原形质Prussia n. 普鲁士pry v. 刺探，打听，撬开pupa n. 蛹QQuaker n. 教友派信徒qualification n.资格；限制条件quarrelsome a. 喜欢吵架的,好争论的,怒气冲冲的questionnaire n. 调查表,问卷,调查表quinine n. 奎宁Rrabble n. 乌合之众，暴民，下等人radiance n. 发光，喜悦radius n.半径距离；界限raft n. 木排；木筏raid n.袭击；突然搜查rally n. vt. vi.(重新)集合ramble vi.闲逛，漫步；聊天ratify vt. 认可；批准ravage n. 破坏,蹂躏reaper n. 收割者reappear vi. 再出现reassure v. 使安心，安慰rebuff v. 断然拒绝reckless a.粗心大意的；鲁莽的recognition n.认出，识别；重视recovery n.重获；痊愈，恢复rectangular a. 矩形的，长方形的reformation n. 改革,改正,改善refusal n.拒绝regent n. 摄政者（代国王统治者）reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强reiterate v. 重申，反复地说relationship n.关系，联系remodel v. 重建，改变形状removal n.移动；迁移；除掉repast n. 餐,食量,就餐reptile n.爬行动物；两栖动物repulse v./n. 驱逐，击退，厌恶resemblance n.相似，相似性resentment n. 憎恨reservoir n. 水库resignation n.听从，屈从，顺从responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责restriction n.限制，限定，约束retirement n.退休，引退；退隐revelry n. 狂欢revert vi. 恢复,复归,回复rhetoric n. 修辞学，浮夸的言语rhinoceros n. 犀牛rightful a. 合法的,正直的,当然的rind n. （西瓜等）外皮rivet n. 铆钉v. 吸引（注意力）routine n.例行公事a.日常的rudiment n. 基本原理runaway n. 逃走的人,逃亡,亡命者russet a. 枯叶色的,红褐色的,手织的ruthless a.无情的，冷酷的Ssafeguard n.保护措施；护照sagacity n. 聪慧，洞察力salamander n. 火蜥蜴,火怪,耐火的人saliva n. 唾液，口水sanctity n. 神圣,尊严,圣洁sandstone n. 沙岩sane adj. 神志清楚的，明智的sanguine adj. 充满希望的，乐观的sanitation n. （公共）卫生sapling n. 树苗，年轻人satyr n. 好色之徒,森林之神Saxon n. 撒克逊人scald v. 烫，用沸水消毒n. 烫伤scarcity n.缺乏，不足，萧条scoundrel n. 恶棍scowl n. 皱眉，怒视，愁容screech vi.发尖叫声sculptor n. 雕刻家scuttle v. 急赶、疾走，逃辟scythe n. 大镰刀seaman n.海员，水手；水兵seashore n. 海岸,海滨seaside n.海滨(胜地)；海边seaward n. 朝海的方向secrecy n. 保密secretion n. 分泌,分泌物,分泌液secular adj. 世俗的、尘世的sedge n. 蓑衣草seedling n. 幼苗seer n. 预言者,先知,幻想家seethe v. 沸腾，汹涌seller n.卖者；行销货sentimental a. 多愁善感的sequence n.连续，继续；次序serf n.农奴serge n. 斜纹哔叽布料sergeant n.警士；军士sexual a. 性的,性别的sheer a.纯粹的；全然的shingle n. 木瓦，屋顶板shoal n. 浅滩、浅水处，一群（鱼）short cut n.捷径shred v. 切成细条，撕成碎片shrew n. 泼妇,一种似鼠的动物名shrug vt.&vi.耸(肩) n.耸肩shuffle v. 拖步走，支吾，洗牌signet n. 印,图章significant n.有意义的；重要的simile n. 直喻，明喻siren n.汽笛，警报器sitting-room n.起居室sixpence n. 六便士银币,六便士sixteenth num. 第十六,十六分之一slash vt.vi. 猛砍,乱砍Slav adj.斯拉夫人的sleeper n. 睡眠者,枕木,卧铺slime n. 黏液sloth n. 懒惰，树懒（一种动物）smear n. 油渍，污点v. 弄脏，玷污sneak v. 鬼鬼祟祟而行，偷窃software n.(计算机的)软件solicitor n. 初级律师soluble a.可溶的；可以解决的somehow ad.由于某种原因sorcerer n. 男巫士,魔术师sorcery n. 巫术，魔法sordid adj. 卑鄙的，肮脏的specialize vi.成为…专家；专攻speculation n. 思索，推测，投机speculative a. 投机的speechless adj. 不会说话的spinal a. 针的,尖刺的,尖刺状突起的,spine n. 脊椎spontaneous a.自发的；本能的squash vt.压碎n.鲜果汁stability n.稳定，稳定性，巩固staid adj. 稳重的，沉着的starch n. 淀粉,浆糊,刻板starvation n. 饥饿,饿死staunch adj. 坚定的，忠诚的v. 止血steadily ad.稳定地，不变地stealth n. 秘密行动,秘密,鬼祟stereo n.立体声a.立体声的sterling n. 英国货币,标准纯银stiffen vt.使硬；使僵硬stigma n. 耻辱,污名,烙印stile n. 墙两边的阶梯stimulus n. 刺激，激励（复：stimuli）storehouse n. 宝库，见识广博之人stud n. 图钉,装饰钮扣,种马,领扣,大头钉stun v. 使昏迷，使发愣stupendous adj.巨大的，大得惊人的subjection n. 征服，服从，隶属subscriber n. 签署者,捐献者,订户subside v. （建筑物等）下陷，（天气等）平息，平静subsist vt. 供给食物,供养subtlety n. 狡猾，微妙（的感情）suburban adj. 郊外的，市郊的suckle vt. 哺乳,养育,吮吸sultan n. 回教君主,苏丹,土耳其皇帝sundry adj. 各式各样，各种的supersonic a.超声的，超声速的supplant v. 排挤，取代supplication n. 恳求,哀求,祈愿supporter n. 支持者,后盾,伴随者surgery n.外科，外科手术surmise n./v. 推测，猜测surroundings n.周围的事物，环境susceptible adj.易受影响的，多情的sweeper n. 清扫夫sycamore n. 小无花果树,枫树的一种sympathetic a.同情的；和谐的symptomatic a. 具有征候的,症状的,根据征候的Ttallow n. 牛脂,动物脂tangle vt.使缠结，使纠缠tanker n.油船；空中加油飞机target n.靶，标的；目标tawny a. 黄褐色的,茶色的telescope n.望远镜telex n.电传，用户电报temporal adj. 时间的，世俗的termination n. 结束；中止terrorist n.恐怖分子thatch n. 茅草屋顶，茅草theology n. 神学，宗教thereafter ad.此后，以后thirtieth num. 第三十,三十分之一thorny a. 有刺的tinge v. 给……染色tingle vi. 兴奋,激动,感到刺痛,抖动tissue n.薄绢；薄纸；组织tolerable a. 可容忍的,可以的torrid adj. 酷热的tourist n.旅游者，观光者township n. 镇区transact vt. 办理,处理,执行transformation n.变化；改造；转变transit n. 经过,通行,转变,运输线,运输translation n.翻译；译文，译本treatise n. 论文treble n. 最高音部,三倍tribunal n. 法庭，裁判所trickle vi.滴，淌n.滴；细流triple n. 三倍之数,三个一组triumphal a. 胜利的,凯旋的trustee n. 受托人,理事tuna n.金枪鱼tweed n. 斜纹软呢,斜纹软呢服Uunbroken adj. 未破的,完整的,完好的uncommon a. 不寻常的,不凡的,罕有的unconcerned a. 不关心的underestimate vt.低估，看轻undoubted a. 无疑的,确实的undress vt.使脱衣服vi.脱衣服uneasiness n. 不舒适,不安,局促unfinished a. 未完成的unguarded adj. 不留神的，没有防备的unison n. 调和,和谐,齐奏,齐唱,一致unlimited a.无限的；不定的unload vt.从...卸下货物unmoved a. 不动摇的,坚决的,冷静的unprofitable a. 无利益的,不赚钱的,不上算的unruly adj. 粗野的，无法无天的unsafe a. 不安全的,不安稳的,危险的untimely a. 过时的unwholesome a. 不适合健康的,有害身体的,腐败的upland n. 丘陵地,高地,丘阜usage n.使用，对待；惯用法utilize vt.利用Vvagabond n. 浪荡子，流浪者，adj. 流浪的vane n. 风向标,风信旗,变化不定的事物vantage n. 优势,有利情况variable a.易变的n.变量vaunt v. 吹嘘，炫耀vehement adj. 猛烈的，强烈的venom n. 毒液，恶毒，痛恨ventilation n. 通风孔；出口verdict n. 判决，决定verdure n. 翠绿,新绿,新鲜,精力旺盛verify vt.证实，查证；证明vestige n. (生)退化器官；痕迹,残余，遗迹vibrate vt.使颤动vi.颤动vicissitude n. 变化,变迁,荣枯,盛衰villager n.村子里的居民villainy n. 坏事,恶行,罪恶volley n. 群射,齐发,迸发vomit vt. 吐出,呕吐Wwafer n. 晶片,圆片,薄饼,干胶片wallow n./v. （猪等）在泥水中打滚，沉溺于wanderer n. 流浪者,徘徊者wary a. 小心的,机警的,周到的,唯恐的waterproof a.不透水的，防水的wean n. 断奶，戒掉weird adj. 古怪的，荒唐的weld vt.&n.焊接，熔接wharf n.码头，停泊所whichever a.无论哪个，无论哪些whisker n.髯，连鬓胡子widen vt.加宽vi.变宽wile n. 诡计，花言巧语wince v. 避开，畏缩wiry a. 金属线制的,铁丝似的,瘦长结实的wistful a. 渴望的,想望的wrangle v. 争论，激辩，吵架wretchedness n.可怜，不幸，潦倒Xxerography n. 静电印刷法Xerox vt.&vi.用静电复印Yyelp vi. 狺吠；叫喊yore n.从前,往昔Zzenith n. 天顶，极点zodiac n. 十二宫图,黄道带。