Micro-channel Pay

㊀第43卷㊀第3期2024年3月中国材料进展MATERIALS CHINAVol.43㊀No.3Mar.2024收稿日期:2021-11-05㊀㊀修回日期:2022-06-17基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(51601070,51875263);江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20181447)第一作者:程传峰,男,1974年生,高级工程师通讯作者:朱英霞,女,1986年生,副教授,硕士生导师,Email:xia166109@ DOI :10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.2021110053003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律程传峰1,金㊀明2,王项如1,朱英霞3,程一峰3,盘朝奉4,王㊀园3(1.安徽新富新能源科技股份有限公司,安徽安庆246001)(2.安徽环新集团股份有限公司,安徽安庆246001)(3.江苏大学机械工程学院,江苏镇江212013)(4.江苏大学汽车工程研究院,江苏镇江212013)摘㊀要:薄壁微小通道波形扁管是建设新能源汽车锂电池组恒温系统的绝佳材料,成形尺寸是影响其冲压成形截面变形的关键因素㊂建立了实验验证的3003Al-H14微小通道薄壁扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型㊂基于所建模型,研究了截面高度㊁管坯壁厚㊁内外面相对弯曲半径缩放系数等成形尺寸,对截面变形率和平均截面变形率的作用规律㊂研究发现:①横截面上边缘孔的截面变形率通常较大,其余孔的截面变形率相对较小且大小一致;纵截面上孔的截面变形率呈现波峰波谷高㊁中间段低的分布特点㊂②扁管的截面变形率随着截面高度增大而增大,当截面高度超过4mm 时,扁管内的筋显著弯折,横截面塌陷严重㊂③扁管的平均截面变形率随着壁厚增大呈指数函数下降;当壁厚等于0.1mm 时,所有截面都畸变严重,而当壁厚超过0.3mm 时,最大截面畸变率下降至24.71%㊂④内外面相对弯曲半径的缩放系数越大,则内外面的实际弯曲程度越小,平均截面变形率也越小㊂研究成果对薄壁微小通道波形扁管的精确成形具有科学意义和工程价值㊂关键词:微小通道管;冲压;薄壁件;成形尺寸;截面变形中图分类号:TG386㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1674-3962(2024)03-0265-08引用格式:程传峰,金明,王项如,等.3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律[J].中国材料进展,2024,43(3):265-272.CHENG C F,JIN M,WANG X R,et al .Effect of Forming Size on Sectional Deformation of Wave Stamping of 3003Al-H14Micro ChannelFlat Tube[J].Materials China,2024,43(3):265-272.Effect of Forming Size on Sectional Deformation of WaveStamping of 3003Al-H14Micro Channel Flat TubeCHENG Chuanfeng 1,JIN Ming 2,WANG Xiangru 1,ZHU Yingxia 3,CHENG Yifeng 3,PAN Chaofeng 4,WANG Yuan 3(1.ANHUI XMAX New Energy Technology Co.,Ltd.,Anqing 246001,China)(2.ANHUI ARN GROUP Co.,Ltd.,Anqing 246001,China)(3.School of Mechanical Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)(4.Automotive Engineering Research Institute,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)Abstract :The thin-walled flat tube with microchannels is an essential component for the construction of the constant tem-perature system in lithium-ion battery packs for new energy vehicles.The dimensions used in forming this component are critical factors that influence the deformation of the stamped section.An experimentally verified finite element model hasbeen developed for the waveform stamping-springback of 3003Al-H14thin-walled flat tubes with microchannels.Thismodel was used to investigate the impact of forming dimen-sions such as section height,tube blank wall thickness,andrelative bending radius scaling factors of the inner and outer surfaces on the section deformation ratio and average section deformation ratio.The research findings are as follows:①The section deformation ratio of the holes at the upper edgeof the cross-section is generally larger,while the deforma-tion ratio of the remaining holes is relatively small and con-中国材料进展第43卷sistent in size.The section deformation ratio of the holes on the longitudinal section exhibits a distribution pattern with high peaks and valleys and low values in the middle section.②The section deformation ratio of the flat tube increases with the increase in section height.When the section height exceeds4mm,the ribs inside the flat tube significantly bend,leading to severe collapse of the cross-section.③The average section deformation ratio of the flat tube decreases exponentially with in-creasing wall thickness.When the wall thickness equals0.1mm,all sections exhibit severe distortion,while when the wall thickness exceeds0.3mm,the maximum section distortion ratio decreases to24.71%.④A larger scaling factor of the rela-tive bending radius of the inner and outer surfaces results in a smaller actual bending degree of these surfaces and a smaller average section deformation ratio.This study has scientific significance and engineering value for the precise forming of thin-walled microchannel waveform flat tubes.Key words:micro-channel tube;stamping;thin-walled parts;forming dimensions;cross-sectional deformation1㊀前㊀言目前,在航空航天㊁汽车㊁通讯㊁军工等领域,大量设备正向着微型化㊁高功率和结构高密度的方向发展[1],因此工作时的热流密度远大于常规尺度的设备,如果散热不够理想,其工作性能和寿命会受到严重影响[2]㊂因此,传热性能优异且同时具备节能㊁降本㊁环保优势的薄壁多孔微小通道扁管被越来越多的研究者和制造厂商应用于微型化㊁高功率和结构高密度集成化设备的散热系统中㊂薄壁多孔微小通道扁管是一种采用精炼铝棒,通过热挤压-熔焊工艺和表面喷锌防腐处理制造成形的薄壁多孔扁形管[3]㊂由于薄壁微小通道扁管具有十分突出的环保㊁增效㊁节能㊁降本4大优势,因此早在1996年就在汽车空调系统中获得应用㊂与传统的管翅式换热器相比,薄壁多孔微小通道扁管换热器的传热效率可以提高14% ~33%㊂在获得相同制冷效果的前提下,所需制冷剂的量可减少35%[4]㊂薄壁多孔微小通道扁管的结构精细复杂,加工制造难度较高,常用的材料主要有1050㊁1060㊁1100㊁1A97㊁3003㊁3F03㊁3102和3103铝合金[5,6]㊂多孔微小通道的导热性能与流道的尺寸和横截面形状密切相关[7],因此很多学者针对多孔微小通道扁管的空间结构展开了研究㊂夏国栋团队[8]和谢忱创[9]均研究发现,波形结构的薄壁多孔微小通道扁管能大大提高新能源汽车电池组的散热能效㊂最新的研究成果也表明,较之平行微小通道,波形微小通道能使流通的冷却液再循环和回流,进而强化扁管的能效传递,且相同工况下,波形微小通道扁管的温度分布更均匀[10-12]㊂现有研究说明,多孔微小通道波形扁管将是解决新能源汽车锂电池组和机车电控元件这类发热密集㊁温度敏感型零部件恒温问题的绝佳材料[10,11]㊂然而由于缺乏薄壁多孔微小通道扁管的波形成形工艺与技术,上述研究成果依旧停留在理论研究阶段,迫切需要对薄壁多孔微小通道扁管的波形成形工艺展开研究㊂李大永团队研究了多孔微小圆通道扁管[13]㊁多层平行流微小通道换热器[4]和折叠式薄壁多孔扁管[14]的绕弯成形能力㊂绕弯成形与本文研究的波形冲压同属管类的二次塑性成形工艺㊂李大永团队的研究结果表明:①薄壁多孔微小通道扁管的弯曲半径和截面尺寸对绕弯成形结束后微小通道的截面变形有重要影响;②截面变形是薄壁多孔微小通道扁管最为显著的弯曲成形缺陷,也是对其导热性能影响最严重的缺陷,且与常规管材不同的是,其通道的纵截面变形比横截面变形更显著㊂上述研究结果与工艺方法对本研究具有较好的借鉴意义,但是其研究对象接近板材,获得的数据与经验规律不能直接用于管材㊂本文以适用于高密度集成化设备散热系统的3003Al-H14薄壁多孔微小通道扁管为研究对象,对其波形冲压工艺过程中成形尺寸对截面变形的影响规律展开了研究㊂本研究对波形微小通道的精确塑性成形发展具有很好的科研价值和技术指导意义㊂2㊀建立3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的波形冲压成形有限元模型2.1㊀3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的成形尺寸与材料参数㊀㊀3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的横截面存在 筋 与孔,孔的个数m通常很多㊂横截面宽度l远大于高度h,因此呈现扁状㊂管材壁厚t极薄,通常情况下tɤ0.8mm㊂如图1所示,薄壁微小通道扁管的成形尺寸参图1㊀3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的成形尺寸示意图Fig.1㊀The geometric dimensions of the3003Al-H14thin-walled micro-channel flat tube662㊀第3期程传峰等:3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律数还包括:横截面孔的内径宽度w ,纵截面总长L ,内弯曲面波形半径r (至弯曲中性层),与外弯曲面波形半径R (至弯曲中性层),参数值如表1所示㊂表1㊀3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的成形尺寸参数值Table 1㊀The geometric dimensions values of the 3003Al-H 14thin-walled micro-channel flat tubeForming sizeValue Cross section width l /mm59.1Cross section height h /mm2.5Wall thickness of tube blank t /mm0.3Inner width of single hole w /mm1.8Number of holes m28Total length of longitudinal section L /mm 100Wave radius of inner curved surface r /mm6Wave radius of outer curved surface R /mm102.2㊀3003Al -H14微小通道薄壁扁管的材料本构模型为了获得材料的应力-应变曲线,将3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管沿横截面宽度方向切割为完全相同的3部分,分别作为拉伸试样进行了拉伸实验㊂实验按照国标GB /T 228.1 2010‘金属材料室温拉伸试验方法“进行,拉伸速度设置为1mm /min㊂拉伸后的试样断裂状态如图2所示㊂图2㊀3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管拉伸断裂试样照片Fig.2㊀Fracture state of the tensile specimen of the 3003Al-H14thin-walled micro-channel flat tube拉伸实验获得的真应力-应变曲线如图3所示,材料力学性能参数如表2所示㊂图3㊀3003Al-H14微小通道扁管拉伸真应力-应变曲线Fig.3㊀The ture stress-strain curve of the tensile test of the 3003Al-H14micro-channel flat tube表2㊀3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的材料力学性能参数Table 2㊀Material mechanical performance parameters of 3003Al-H 14thin-walled micro-channel flat tubeMaterial parametersValueMaterial 3003Al-H14Poisson s ratio0.28Density /(kg /m 3)2730Elastic modulus /GPa12.54Initial yield strength /MPa34.36Tensile strength /MPa141.03Elongation /%38.74Material parameters A /MPa49.930Material parameters K /MPa 152.826Material parameters n0.472采用各向同性硬化模型描述3003Al-H14材料的应力应变关系㊂其屈服条件f 如公式(1)所示:f =32s ʒs -(A +Kεp n )=0(1)其中,s 为偏应力,εp 为等效塑性应变,硬化参数A ㊁K 和n 的取值来自图3中应力应变曲线拟合,结果如表2所示㊂2.3㊀3003Al -H14薄壁微小通道扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型㊀㊀所有的截面变形数据都取自回弹发生之后,所以建立了3003Al-H14微小通道薄壁扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型㊂该模型包括冲压成形和回弹2步,分别采用动态显示算法和静态隐式算法,如图4所示㊂冲压过程的结构包括上模㊁下模和扁管这3部分,如图4a 所示㊂扁管与上模接触的成形面为内弯曲面,与下模接触的成形面为外弯曲面㊂扁管与上㊁下模之间的摩擦条件,均为机械油润滑㊂扁管的网格采用S4R 壳单元㊂采用3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的波形冲压实验验证所建有限元模型的可靠性㊂模拟边界条件设置和实验条件对比如表3所示㊂图5对比了模拟和实验获得的薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压件㊂由图5a 和5b 可知,所建立的有限元模型可以准确模拟管坯横㊁纵截面的起皱状态㊁截面变形状态㊂图5c 对比了某一特定纵截面上的截面变形率预测情况与实验数据,发现有限元模拟的平均预测误差为16.82%,最大预测误差为24.32%,均在合理误差范围内㊂综上,认为所建3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的波形冲压-回弹有限元模型能够较为可靠地预测扁管冲压过程中的截面变形㊂762中国材料进展第43卷图4㊀薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压-回弹有限元模型:(a)冲压过程,(b)回弹过程Fig.4㊀The finite element model of corrugated stamping-springbackprocesses of thin-walled micro-channel flat tube:(a)stamping process,(b)springbackprocess图5㊀薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压的实验和模拟结果对比:(a)实验截面变形状态,(b)模拟截面变形状态,(c)代表纵截面PC 上截面变形率的模拟预测值和实验值对比Fig.5㊀Comparisons of experimental and simulative results of corrugatedstamping of thin-walled micro-channel flat tubes:(a)experi-mental wrinkle state,(b)simulative wrinkle state,(c)compar-ison of the simulative and experimental values of the cross-section deformation rate on the representative longitudinal section PC表3㊀模拟条件设置和实验条件对比Table 3㊀Comparisons of simulative and experimental conditionsBoundary conditionsSimulation ExperimentCoefficient of friction between upper die and tube blank0.09Mechanical oil lubricationCoefficient of friction between lower die and tube blank0.09Mechanical oil lubricationStamping speed /(mm /s)9.5~30.5Fast Stamping time /s113㊀3003Al -H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压的截面变形描述及模拟研究条件㊀㊀本研究中截面变形量(率)的取值来自两横㊁两纵四条代表截面,其位置和截面上的节点编号如图6所示㊂可以看到代表横截面PP 1是波峰横截面,CC 1是波谷横截面;代表纵截面PC 是位于边缘孔对称线上的纵截面,P 1C 1是位于中央孔对称线上的纵截面㊂由于肋板的截面变形量非常小,因此横㊁纵截面上代表节点i 的选取皆对应于各孔的对称线,如图6所示㊂截面变形率δh 和平均截面变形率δh 的计算公式为:δh =Δhh ˑ100%=h -h 1hˑ100%(2)δh =1kðk i =1(δh )i㊀i =1,2 k(3)其中,Δh 为截面变形量,h 1为微小通道薄壁波形扁管冲压成形后的截面高度,i 为代表截面上的节点编号㊂图6㊀代表横截面PP 1㊁CC 1和代表纵截面PC㊁P 1C 1的截面位置,及其截面上的节点编号顺序Fig.6㊀The representative cross sections PP 1,CC 1and the representa-tive longitudinal sections PC,P 1C 1,and the node numbersequence on the sections为了揭示3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压的成形尺寸-截面变形作用规律,结合实际生产中所需扁管的成形尺寸,设置模拟研究范围如表4所示㊂表4中的基础值是1.3节中的实验设置值,也是模拟研究的基础862㊀第3期程传峰等:3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律数据㊂成形尺寸包括截面高度h ㊁管坯壁厚t ㊁内弯曲面波形半径r ,以及内㊁外面相对弯曲半径r /R 的同步缩放系数β㊂其中β的含义如式(4):r R =10㊃β6㊃β(4)表4㊀模拟研究成形尺寸值Table 4㊀The geometric dimensions values of the 3003Al-H 14micro-channel thin-walled flat tubeForming sizes Base valueValue settingh /mm 2.51,2.5,4,7,10t /mm 0.30.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9R =6,r /mm103,6,10,12,24r /R =10mm /6mm,β10.5,1,2,44㊀结果与讨论4.1㊀3003Al -H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压的截面变形分布特征㊀㊀图7给出了使用表4基础模拟研究数据的情况下,薄壁微小通道扁管的截面变形率分布情况㊂从图7可以看出:①代表横截面PP 1(波峰)和CC 1(波谷)的截面变形率δh 分布趋势完全一致,边缘孔的变形最为严重,其它孔的变形率相对较小且基本一致㊂②代表纵截面PC (边缘孔纵截面)和P 1C 1(中央孔纵截面)的截面变形率δh 分布趋势完全一致,呈现两端点高㊁中央段低的波动分布趋势㊂以上说明,薄壁微小通道扁管的截面变形情况复杂,横㊁纵截面变形分布规律差异较大㊂由于横截面PP 1的平均截面变形率要高于CC 1,纵截面PC 的平均截面变形率要高于P 1C 1,因此将PP 1和PC 截面作为后续研究对象㊂图7㊀代表横截面PP 1㊁CC 1和代表纵截面PC㊁P 1C 1的截面变形率Fig.7㊀Distributions of the section deformation rate of the representa-tive cross sections PP 1,CC 1and the representative longitudi-nal sections PC,P 1C 14.2㊀截面高度对截面变形率的作用规律图8a 给出了不同截面高度h 下的波峰横截面变形情况㊂可以看出当横截面的宽度不变时,h 值越大,横截面的中空度越高,截面刚度越差,因而变形程度越大㊂当h 达到2.5mm 时,由于筋的折弯并不显著,整体横截面尚能保持一定的形状精度,但边缘孔率先出现了较为显著的截面塌陷,这是由于边缘孔的材料流动较之其它孔要自由㊂而当h =4mm 时,筋发生显著的弯折,导致整体横截面塌陷严重㊂当h =7mm 时,孔的截面刚度进一步变差,筋的弯折加剧,整体的横截面塌陷也愈加严重,如图8a 和8b 所示㊂图8㊀不同截面高度(h )下扁管截面变形情况:(a)不同h 下的波峰横截面对比图,(b)h =7mm 时的扁管截面变形图Fig.8㊀Sectional deformation of flat tubewith different section heights(h ):(a)comparison of cross-sections of wave crests with dif-ferent h ,(b)cross-section deformation of flat tube with h =7mm图9分析了PP 1和PC 截面上,截面变形率δh 的分布特征,以及平均截面变形率δh 随h 的变化趋势㊂结合图8a 和图9a 可知,除了边缘孔外,波峰横截面上所有孔的截面变形较为均匀一致㊂h ȡ4mm 时,孔的变形程度显著增大,且四分之一横截面处的孔呈现最大的塌陷㊂由图9b 可知,扁管纵截面上的δh 呈波峰和波谷两端点高㊁中间低的分布趋势㊂由图9c 可知,对于波峰横截面,平均截面变形率δh 随h 先减小后增大,最佳h =2.5mm,此时δh =9.31%;而对于边缘孔纵截面,δh 随h 增大而增大,当h ȡ4mm 时,这种增大趋势变得缓慢,最佳h =1mm,此时δh =3.33%㊂综上,在波峰截面上,δh 随h 先降低后增大,最佳h =2.5mm㊂在边缘孔纵截面上,δh 随h 增大而增大,最佳截面高度h =1mm㊂h ȡ4mm 时,扁管内的筋显著弯折,且横截面塌陷严重㊂4.3㊀壁厚尺寸对截面变形率的作用规律图10分析了不同管壁厚度t 下,PP 1和PC 截面上截962中国材料进展第43卷图9㊀不同截面高度(h)下的扁管截面变形率(δh)分布和平均截面变形率(δh)变化趋势:(a)PP1截面的δh分布,(b)PC截面的δh分布,(c)PP1和PC截面的δh随h的变化趋势Fig.9㊀The section deformation rate(δh)distributions and average section deformation rate(δh)varation trends of flat tubes withdifferent heights(h):(a)δh distribution of PP1section,(b)δh distribution of PC section,(c)δh variation trends ofPP1and PC sections with h面变形率δh的分布特征,以及平均截面变形率δh随t的变化趋势㊂由图10a和10b可知,PP1和PC截面上的δh 分布特征同图9a和9b中的基本一致,即波峰横截面上孔的变形较为均匀,而边缘孔纵截面的截面变形率呈现波峰和波谷端较高㊁中间段较低的分布特征㊂由图10c可知,随着t的增大,δh呈指数函数下降趋势㊂由于扁管的h保持不变,即h=2.5mm,因此t越大,横截面特征越趋向板材,进而导致平均截面变形程度越低㊂图10㊀不同管壁厚度(t)下的扁管截面变形率(δh)分布和平均截面变形率(δh)变化趋势:(a)PP1截面的δh分布,(b)PC截面的δh分布,(c)PP1和PC截面的δh随t的变化趋势Fig.10㊀The section deformation rate(δh)distributions and average section deformation rate(δh)variation trends of flat tubeswith different wall thicknesses(t):(a)δh distribution ofPP1section,(b)δh distribution of PC section,(c)δh vari-ation trends of PP1and PC sections with t072㊀第3期程传峰等:3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管波形冲压成形尺寸对截面变形的作用规律t =0.1mm 时,管材壁厚极薄,截面刚度不足以支撑波形冲压成形,因此所有截面都会产生严重的变形,最大截面变形率甚至能达到78%㊂而当t 增大至0.3mm 时,薄壁微小通道扁管的最大截面变形率降至24.71%㊂当t =0.9mm 时,PP 1横截面上的最大截面变形率只有3.99%,平均截面变形率δh =2.98%;PC 纵截面上的最大截面变形率只有3.17%,平均截面变形率δh =3.17%㊂综上,随着t 的增大,扁管的截面特征趋向板材,δh 呈指数函数下降趋势㊂t =0.1mm 时,截面刚度过低,所有截面都会产生严重的畸变,最大截面变形率甚至能达到78%㊂而当t ȡ0.3mm 时,薄壁微小通道扁管的最大截面变形率降至24.71%,且随着t 的增大,δh 下降趋势变缓,并最终趋向稳定临界值㊂4.4㊀内外面相对弯曲半径对截面变形率的作用规律图11给出了外弯曲面波形半径R =6mm 的情况下,内弯曲面波形半径r 对平均截面变形率δh 的作用规律㊂可以看到,波峰横截面PP 1和边缘孔纵截面PC 这两条曲线的变化趋势完全不同㊂边缘孔纵截面PC 的δh 随r 增大呈指数下降趋势,最佳成形尺寸r =24mm,此时δh =4.82%㊂这是因为r 越大,内弯曲面的相对弯曲程度越小,因而纵截面的变形程度也越小㊂但r 越大,又意味着冲压深度越大,必然导致横截面的变形程度增大㊂因此,在冲压深度和内弯曲面相对弯曲程度的双重影响下,波谷横截面PP 1的δh 随r 的变化呈现先下降后增大的复杂趋势㊂但整体波动幅度较小,可以采用直线拟合其变化趋势,最佳成形尺寸r =12mm,此时δh =9.17%㊂图11㊀不同内弯曲面波形半径r 下的平均截面变形率δh 变化趋势Fig.11㊀Variation trends of average section deformation rate δh withwave radius r of inner curved surface图12a 给出了r /R =10mm /6mm 时,同步缩放系数β对平均截面变形率δh 的作用规律㊂可以看到波峰横截面PP 1和边缘孔纵截面PC 这2条曲线的变化趋势基本相同,即δh 随β呈指数函数下降趋势㊂图12b 对比了不同β下的波峰横截面变形程度,可以看到随着β的增大,截面变形程度显著变小㊂β越大,内㊁外弯曲面相对弯曲程度越低,因而横㊁纵截面的变形程度越低㊂最佳缩放系数β=4,此时成形尺寸r /R =40mm /24mm,波峰横截面δh =2.04%,边缘孔纵截面δh =1.75%㊂图12㊀r /R =10/6时,平均截面变形率(δh )随同步缩放系数(β)的变化趋势:(a)PP 1和PC 截面的δh 随β的变化趋势,(b)不同β下的波峰横截面对比Fig.12㊀Variation trends of average section deformation rate (δh )withsynchronous zoom factor (β),when r /R =10/6:(a)δh varia-tion trends of PP 1and PC sections with β,(b)comparison of cross-sections of wave crests with different β综上,内外面相对弯曲半径r /R 对截面变形率δh 的作用规律与内㊁外弯曲面的弯曲程度存在关联一致性,弯曲程度越小,δh 越小㊂但是当R 保持不变㊁r 发生变化的时候,波峰横截面的变形程度还要考虑冲压深度的影响㊂5㊀结㊀论建立了3003Al-H14薄壁微小通道扁管的波形冲压成形-回弹有限元模型,分析过程包括冲压过程和回弹过程,结构包括上模㊁下模和微小通道薄壁扁管3部分㊂从截面变形预测的角度验证了所建有限元模型的可靠性㊂基于所建模型,研究了成形尺寸对截面变形率δh 和平均172中国材料进展第43卷截面变形率δh的作用规律㊂成形尺寸包括截面高度h㊁管坯壁厚t㊁内弯曲面波形半径r,以及内外面相对弯曲半径r/R的同步缩放系数β㊂通过研究得出以下结论: (1)薄壁微小通道扁管的截面变形情况复杂,横㊁纵截面呈现完全不同的截面变形分布趋势㊂波峰横截面和波谷横截面的截面变形情况基本一致,即:边缘孔的截面变形量通常较大,其余孔的截面变形相对较小且基本一致㊂边缘孔纵截面和中央孔纵截面的截面变形率分布趋势基本一致,呈现波峰㊁波谷高,中间段低的波动特点㊂(2)在波峰横截面上,δh随h先降低后增大,最佳h=2.5mm㊂在边缘孔纵截面上,δh随h增大而增大,最佳h=1mm㊂横截面宽度不变时,h越大,扁管的截面刚度越差,当hȡ4mm时,扁管内的筋出现了显著弯折现象,且横截面塌陷严重㊂(3)随着t的增大,扁管的横截面特征趋向板材,δh呈指数下降趋势㊂t=0.1mm时,截面刚度过低,所有截面都会产生严重的畸变,最大截面变形率甚至能达到78%㊂而当tȡ0.3mm时,最大截面变形率下降至24.71%㊂(4)R保持不变时,r越大,内弯曲面的相对弯曲程度越小,冲压深度越大,因此波峰横截面的δh随r先减小后增大,但整体波动幅度较小㊂而边缘孔纵截面的δh 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Installation InstructionsOriginal InstructionsMicro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output ModulesCatalog Numbers 2085-IF4, 2085-IF8, 2085-IF8K, 2085-OF4, 2085-OF4KCatalog numbers with the suffix ‘K’ are conformal coated and their specifications are the same as non-conformal coated catalogs.Summary of ChangesThis publication contains the following new or updated information. This list includes substantive updates only and is not intended to reflect all changes. Translated versions are not always available for each revision.TopicPage Summary of Changes 1Additional Resources 3Overview 4Mount the Module 5Wire the Module 6Specifications7TopicPage Updated templateThroughoutUpdated Environment and Enclosure 2Updated Attentions3Added Micro870 controller to Overview 4Updated Environmental Specifications 9Updated Certification92Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 2022Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsEnvironment and EnclosurePrevent Electrostatic DischargeNorth American Hazardous Location ApprovalATTENTION: This equipment is intended for use in a Pollution Degree 2 industrial environment, in overvoltage Category II applications (as defined in EN/IEC 60664-1), at altitudes up to 2000 m (6562 ft) without derating.This equipment is not intended for use in residential environments and may not provide adequate protection to radio communication services in such environments.This equipment is supplied as open-type equipment for indoor use. It must be mounted within an enclosure that is suitably designed for those specific environmental conditions that will be present and appropriately designed to prevent personal injury resulting from accessibility to live parts. The enclosure must have suitable flame-retardant properties to prevent or minimize the spread of flame, complying with a flame spread rating of 5VA or be approved for the application if nonmetallic. The interior of the enclosure must be accessible only by the use of a tool. Subsequent sections of this publication may contain more information regarding specific enclosure type ratings that are required to comply with certain product safety certifications.In addition to this publication, see the following:•Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1, for more installation requirements.•NEMA Standard 250 and EN/IEC 60529, as applicable, for explanations of the degrees of protection provided by enclosures.ATTENTION: This equipment is sensitive to electrostatic discharge, which can causeinternal damage and affect normal operation. Follow these guidelines when you handle this equipment:•Touch a grounded object to discharge potential static.•Wear an approved grounding wriststrap.•Do not touch connectors or pins on component boards.•Do not touch circuit components inside the equipment.•Use a static-safe workstation, if available.•Store the equipment in appropriate static-safe packaging when not in use.The following information applies when operating this equipment in hazardous locations:Informations sur l’utilisation de cet équipement en environnements dangereux:Products marked “CL I, DIV 2, GP A, B, C, D” are suitable for use in Class I Division 2 Groups A, B, C, D, Hazardous Locations and nonhazardous locations only. Each product is supplied with markings on the rating nameplate indicating the hazardous location temperature code. When combining products within a system, the most adverse temperature code (lowest “T” number) may be used to help determine the overall temperature code of the system. Combinations of equipment in your system are subject to investigation by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction at the time of installation.Les produits marqués “CL I, DIV 2, GP A, B, C, D” ne conviennent qu'à une utilisation en environnements de Classe I Division 2 Groupes A, B, C, D dangereux et non dangereux. Chaque produit est livré avec des marquages sur sa plaque d'identification qui indiquent le code de température pour les environnements dangereux. Lorsque plusieurs produits sont combinés dans un système, le code de température le plus défavorable (code de température le plus faible) peut être utilisé pour déterminer le code de température global du système. Les combinaisons d'équipements dans le système sont sujettes à inspection par les autorités locales qualifiées au moment de l'installation.WARNING: EXPLOSION HAZARD•Do not disconnect equipment unless power has been removed or the area is known to be nonhazardous.•Do not disconnect connections to this equipment unless power has been removed or the area is known to be nonhazardous. Secure any external connections that mate to this equipment by using screws, sliding latches, threaded connectors, or other means provided with this product.•Substitution of components may impair suitability for Class I, Division 2.WARNING: RISQUE D’EXPLOSION •Couper le courant ou s'assurer quel'e nvironnement est classé non dangereux avant de débrancher l'équipement.•Couper le courant ou s'assurer quel'e nvironnement est classé non dangereux avant de débrancher les connecteurs. Fixer tous les connecteurs externes reliés à cet équipement à l'aide de vis, loquets coulissants, connecteurs filetés ou autres moyens fournis avec ce produit.•La substitution de composants peut rendre cet équipement inadapté à une utilisation en environnement de Classe I, Division 2.Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 20223Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsAdditional ResourcesYou can view or download publications at rok.auto/literature.ATTENTION:•This product is grounded through the DIN rail to chassis ground. Use zinc-plated chromate-passivated steel DIN rail to assure proper grounding. The use of other DIN rail materials (for example, aluminum or plastic) that can corrode, oxidize, or are poor conductors, can result in improper or intermittent grounding. Secure DIN rail to mounting surface approximately every 200 mm (7.8 in.) and use end-anchors appropriately. Be sure to ground the DIN rail properly. Refer to Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, Rockwell Automation publication 1770-4.1, for more information.•To comply with UL restrictions, this equipment must be powered from a source compliant with the following: Class 2 or Limited Voltage/Current.•To comply with the CE Low Voltage Directive (LVD), all connected I/O must be powered from a source compliant with the following: Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) or Protected Extra Low Voltage (PELV).•Failure to connect a bus terminator module to the last expansion I/O module will result in a controller hard fault.•Do not wire more than 2 conductors on any terminal.WARNING:•When you connect or disconnect the Removable Terminal Block (RTB) with field side power applied, an electrical arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. Be sure that power is removed or the area is nonhazardous before proceeding.•If you connect or disconnect wiring while the field-side power is on, an electric arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. Be sure that power is removed or the area is nonhazardous before proceeding.•If you insert or remove the module while backplane power is on, an electric arc can occur. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. The module does not support “Removal and Insertion Under Power” (RIUP) capability. Do not connect or disconnect the module while power is applied. Be sure power is removed before proceeding.•Do not unscrew the RTB hold down screws and remove the RTB while power is on. This could cause an explosion in hazardous location installations. Be sure that power is removed before proceeding.•Do not connect directly to line voltage. Line voltage must be supplied by a suitable, approved isolating transformer or power supply having short circuit capacity not exceeding 100 VA maximum or equivalent.•When used in a Class I, Division 2, hazardous location, this equipment must be mounted in a suitable enclosure with proper wiring method that complies with the governing electrical codes.ResourceDescriptionMicro830, Micro850, and Micro870 Programmable Controllers User Manual, publication 2080-UM002A more detailed description of how to install and use yourMicro830, Micro850, and Micro870 programmable controllers.Micro800 Bus Terminator Installation Instructions,publication 2085-IN002Information on installing the bus terminator module.Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1More information on proper wiring and grounding techniques.4Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 2022Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsOverviewThe Micro800™ expansion I/O is a modular I/O that complements and extends the capabilities of Micro850® and Micro870® controllers. These expansion I/O modules interface with the controllers using an I/O expansion port. I/O Module OverviewModule DescriptionDescription Description1Mounting screw hole / mounting foot 4Module interconnect latch 2Removable Terminal Block (RTB)5DIN rail mounting latch 3RTB hold down screws6I/O status indicatorThis equipment is sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD).Follow ESD prevention guidelines when handling this equipment.6Front viewRight top view2085-IF41Front view12085-OF4, 2085-OF4K16Front viewRight top view2085-IF8, 2085-IF8K5Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 20225Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsMount the ModuleFor more information on proper grounding guidelines, see the Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1.Module SpacingMaintain spacing from objects such as enclosure walls, wireways, and adjacent equipment. Allow 50.8 mm (2 in.) of space on all sides for adequate ventilation, as shown.Mounting Dimensions and DIN Rail MountingDIN Rail MountingThe module can be mounted using the following DIN rails: 35 x 7.5 x 1 mm (EN 50022 - 35 x 7.5).Before mounting the module on a DIN rail, use a flat-blade screwdriver in the DIN rail latch and pry it downwards until it is in the unlatched position.1.Hook the top of the DIN rail mounting area of the controller onto the DIN rail, and then press the bottom until the controller snaps onto the DIN rail.2.Push the DIN rail latch back into the latched position.Use DIN rail end anchors (Allen-Bradley® part number 1492-EA35 or 1492-EAHJ35) for vibration or shock environments.To remove your controller from the DIN rail, pry the DIN rail latch downwards until it is in the unlatched position.For environments with greater vibration and shock concerns, use the panel mounting method, instead of DIN rail mounting.Mounting dimensions do not include mounting feet or DIN rail latches.or 2085-IOF4K2085-IF8KMicro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsPanel MountingThe preferred mounting method is to use two M4 (#8) per module. Hole spacing tolerance: ±0.4 mm (0.016 in.). For mounting dimensions, see the Micro830®, Micro850, and Micro870 Programmable Controllers User Manual, publication 2080-UM002.Follow these steps to install your module using mounting screws.1.Place the module next to the controller against the panel where you are mounting it. Make sure that thecontroller and module are spaced properly.2.Mark drilling holes through the mounting screw holes and mounting feet then remove the module.3.Drill the holes at the markings, then replace the module and mount it.Leave the protective debris strip in place until you are finished wiring the module and any other devices. System AssemblyThe Micro800 expansion I/O module is attached to the controller or another I/O module by means of interconnecting latches and hooks, as well as the bus connector. The controller and expansion I/O modules must terminate with a 2085-ECR Bus Terminator module.Be sure to lock the module interconnect latches and tighten the RTB hold down screws before applying power to the module.For installation of the 2085-ECR module, see the Micro800 Bus Terminator Module Installation Instructions, publication 2085-IN002.Field Wiring ConnectionsIn solid-state control systems, grounding and wire routing helps limit the effects of noise due to electromagnetic interference (EMI).Wire the ModuleIncluded with your 2085-IF4, 2085-OF4, or 2085-OF4K module is a single 12-pin Removable Terminal Blocks (RTB). Included with your 2085-IF8 or 2085-IF8K module are two 12-pin RTB. Basic wiring of your module is shown below.Basic Wiring to the Module6Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 2022Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 20227Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsSpecificationsGeneral SpecificationsAttribute 2085-IF42085-OF4, 2085-OF4K2085-IF8, 2085-IF8K Number of I/O 48Dimensions HxWxD28 x 90 x 87 mm (1.1 x 3.54 x 3.42 in.)44.5 x 90 x 87 mm (1.75 x 3.54 x 3.42 in.)Shipping weight, approx.140 g (4.93 oz)200 g (7.05 oz)270 g (9.52 oz)Bus current draw, max5V DC, 100 mA 24V DC, 50 mA5V DC, 160 mA 24V DC, 120 mA5V DC, 110 mA 24V DC, 50 mAWire sizeWiring category (1)(1)Use this Conductor Category information for planning conductor routing. See Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1.2 – on signal ports Wire typeShieldedTerminal screw torque 0.5…0.6 N•m (4.4…5.3 lb•in)(2)(2)RTB hold down screws should be tightened by hand. They should not be tightened using a power tool.Power dissipation, total 1.7 W3.7 W1.75 WEnclosure type rating None (open-style)Status indicators 1 green health indicator 4 red error indicator1 green health indicator1 green health indicator 8 red error indicatorsIsolation voltage 50V (continuous), Reinforced Insulation Type, channel to system.Type tested @ 720V DC for 60 s North American temp code T4AT5Input SpecificationsAttribute 2085-IF42085-IF8, 2085-IF8K Number of inputs 48Resolution Voltage Current 14 bits (13 bits plus sign bit)1.28 mV/cnt unipolar; 1.28 mV/cnt bipolar 1.28 µA/cntData format Left justified, 16 bit 2 s complement Conversion type SARUpdate rate <2 ms per enabled channel without 50 Hz/60 Hz rejection, <8 ms for all channel 8 ms with 50 Hz/60 Hz rejectionStep response time up to 63%4...60 ms without 50Hz/60 Hz rejection – depends on number of enabled channel and filter setting 600 ms with 50 Hz/60 Hz rejection Input current terminal, user configurable 4...20 mA (default)0...20 mA Input voltage terminal,user configurable ±10V 0 (10V)Input impedance Voltage terminal >1 M ΩCurrent terminal <100 ΩAbsolute accuracy ±0.10% Full Scale @ 25 °CAccuracy drift with tempVoltage terminal – 0.00428 % Full Scale/ °C Current terminal – 0.00407 % Full Scale/ °CMinMaxSolid 0.34 mm 2 (22 AWG) 2.5 mm 2 (14 AWG)Copper wire rated @ 90°C (194°F), or greater, 1.2mm (3/64 in.) insulation maxStranded0.20 mm 2 (22 AWG)2.5 mm 2 (14 AWG)Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsCalibration required Factory calibrated. No customer calibration supported.Overload, max30V continuous or 32 mA continuous, one channel at a time.Channel diagnostics Over and under range or open circuit condition by bit reportingOutput SpecificationsAttribute2085-OF4, 2085-OF4KNumber of outputs4Resolution Voltage Current 12 bits unipolar; 11 bits plus sign bipolar 2.56 mV/cnt unipolar; 5.13 mV/cnt bipolar 5.13 µA/cntData format Left justified, 16-bit 2 s complement Step response time up to 63% 2 msConversion rate, max 2 ms per channelOutput current terminal, user configurable 0 mA output until module is configured 4…20 mA (default)0…20 mAOutput voltage terminal, user configurable ±10V 0 (10V)Current load on voltage output,max 3 mAAbsolute accuracy Voltage terminal Current terminal 0.133% Full Scale @ 25 °C or better 0.425 % Full Scale @ 25 °C or betterAccuracy drift with temp Voltage terminal – 0.0045% Full Scale/ °CCurrent terminal – 0.0069% Full Scale/ °C Resistive load on mA output15…500 Ω @ 24V DC Environmental SpecificationsAttribute ValueTemperature, operating IEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ad, Operating Cold),IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bd, Operating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Nb, Operating Thermal Shock): -20…+65 °C (-4…+149 °F)Temperature, surrounding air, max65 °C (149 °F)Temperature, nonoperating IEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ab, Unpackaged Nonoperating Cold),IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bb, Unpackaged Nonoperating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Na, Unpackaged Nonoperating Thermal Shock): -40…+85 °C (-40…+185 °F)Relative humidity IEC 60068-2-30 (Test Db, Unpackaged Damp Heat):5…95% noncondensingVibration IEC 60068-2-6 (Test Fc, Operating):2 g @ 10…500 HzShock, operating IEC 60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged Shock):25 gShock, nonoperating IEC 60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged Shock): 25 g – for DIN rail mount35 g – for panel mountEmissions IEC 61000-6-4ESD immunity IEC 61000-4-2:6 kV contact discharges 8 kV air dischargesInput Specifications (Continued)Attribute2085-IF42085-IF8, 2085-IF8K8Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 2022Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 20229Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation InstructionsRadiated RF immunity IEC 61000-4-3:10V/m with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from 80…6000 MHz EFT/B immunity IEC 61000-4-4:±2 kV @ 5 kHz on signal ports ±2 kV @ 100 kHz on signal portsSurge transient immunity IEC 61000-4-5:±1 kV line-line(DM) and ±2 kV line-earth(CM) on signal ports Conducted RF immunityIEC 61000-4-6:10V rms with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from 150 kHz…80 MHzCertificationsCertification (when product is marked)(1)(1)See the Product Certification link at rok.auto/certifications for Declaration of Conformity, Certificates, and other certification details.Valuec-UL-usUL Listed Industrial Control Equipment, certified for US and Canada. See UL File E322657.UL Listed for Class I, Division 2 Group A,B,C,D Hazardous Locations, certified for U.S. and Canada. See UL File E334470CEEuropean Union 2014/30/EU EMC Directive, compliant with:EN 61326-1; Meas./Control/Lab., Industrial Requirements EN 61000-6-2; Industrial Immunity EN 61000-6-4; Industrial EmissionsEN 61131-2; Programmable Controllers (Clause 8, Zone A & B)European Union 2011/65/EU RoHS, compliant with:EN IEC 63000; Technical documentation RCM Australian Radiocommunications Act, compliant with:EN 61000-6-4; Industrial EmissionsKC Korean Registration of Broadcasting and Communications Equipment, compliant with:Article 58-2 of Radio Waves Act, Clause 3EAC Russian Customs Union TR CU 020/2011 EMC Technical Regulation Russian Customs Union TR CU 004/2011 LV Technical Regulation Morocco Arrêté ministériel n° 6404-15 du 29 ramadan 1436UKCA 2016 No. 1091 – Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2016 No. 1101 – Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations2012 No. 3032 – Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment RegulationsEnvironmental Specifications (Continued)AttributeValueMicro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation Instructions Notes:10Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 2022Micro800 4-channel and 8-channel Analog Voltage/Current Input and Output Modules Installation Instructions Notes:Rockwell Automation Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 202211Publication 2085-IN006E-EN-P - August 2022 | Supersedes Publication 2085-IN006D-EN-P - December 2019Copyright © 2022 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Singapore.Rockwell Otomasyon Ticaret A.Ş. Kar Plaza İş Merkezi E Blok Kat:6 34752, İçerenköy, İstanbul, Tel: +90 (216) 5698400 EEE Yönetmeli ğine UygundurPN-658773Allen-Bradley, expanding human possibility, FactoryTalk, Micro800, Micro830, Micro850, Micro870, Rockwell Automation, and TechConnect are trademarks of Rockwell Automation,Inc.Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Connect with us.Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)Rockwell Automation maintains current product environmental compliance information on its website at rok.auto/pec .At the end of life, this equipment should be collected separately from any unsorted municipal waste.Rockwell Automation SupportUse these resources to access support information.Documentation FeedbackYour comments help us serve your documentation needs better. If you have any suggestions on how to improve our content, complete the form at rok.auto/docfeedback .Technical Support CenterFind help with how-to videos, FAQs, chat, user forums, and product notification updates.rok.auto/support KnowledgebaseAccess Knowledgebase articles.rok.auto/knowledgebase Local Technical Support Phone NumbersLocate the telephone number for your country.rok.auto/phonesupport Literature LibraryFind installation instructions, manuals, brochures, and technical data publications.rok.auto/literature Product Compatibility and Download Center (PCDC)Download firmware, associated files (such as AOP, EDS, and DTM), and access product release notes.rok.auto/pcdc。

FreshmanSophomoreJuniorSeniorThe majority of first-year students, accounting for two fifths, respectively,one-quarter of the sophomore junior.4 use micro-channel've Ever used, and now noBeing usedNever use (Skip to the last question)More than 70% of the people using the micro-channel6You make new friends in what way? [Sort by level select fill 1,2,3] Average composite scorePartners on the work of learningFriendMet onlineMost people get to know new friends are the preferred learning partner, followed by friends and met online7You mainly keep in touch with friends in what way?Phone / SMSNetworkMeetLetterFrom the analysis of the results that people basically want to rely on electronic devices to keep in touch. Correspondence has become increasingly rare. However, phone messages and network score is also much larger than meet people prefer electronic equipment contact feelings do not want to spend time with each other talk about old times. This may be because the phone and network to bring more convenience to save even more time, people's lives more and more dependent on technology.8 why are you chose micro-channelOut of curiosity, like to make friendsHer friends are used to enhance communication and facilitate communication Support for images, voice, group chat, provincial small flow of callsTo accept the QQ offline messages and e-mail, information processing across softwareSheer boredom, to pass the timeOtherThe title effectively fill visitorsMost customers using the micro-channel around friends, join themicro-channel can be more convenient to chat, followed by support for images, voice, group chat, Province calls flow is small, these benefits has brought us a lot of convenience to attract notfewer customers.9 You fill out personal information on the micro-channel and the authenticity of the avatar?Completely trueMost of the realMost of fictionalEntirely fictional(Empty)The title effectively fill visitorsMost people choose to fill in the real information on the micro-channel, of which 15.6% or even all the real information. But when we fill Finally, be careful, phone number and home address information is best to give careful consideration to prevent being cheated.10 do you upload your own photos or update dynamically in your friends circleOftenOccasionallyNever(Empty)The title effectively fill visitorsMore than half of the people online have announced recent developments. Friends through the network to understand each other recently is a good thing, but the friends to be careful.11 your frequency of using the micro-channel?Keep running in the background, ready to receive the messageFixed landing timeOccasionally remembered beforeThe use of micro-channel customers, about 30% of its strong dependence, ready to receive messages anytime, anywhere. About 40% of the people held the indifferent attitude.12 who do you usually use micro-channel to contact with ?Close friendGeneral friendStranger(Empty)Most people use the micro-channel chat with their friends more, only 6.5% of people will often chat with strangers.13 when you have a problem, you are more inclined to talk to the following types of people through the micro-channel selection?Close friendGeneral friendStrangerWhen we have problems, we will choose to talk to their closest friends. 10% of people will choose to talk to strangers.14 your micro-channel Friends’s sources?QQ friendsPhone contactsShakePeople in the vicinityDrift bottlesTwo-dimensional code scanningFriends of the vast majority of micro-channel users are from the qq friends and contacts friends. Friends of 14% from a shake, and 9% friends from nearby. 15 do you use the micro-channel targeting capabilities to make friends with stranger ?Will oftenOccasionally, when boredNever43.52% of people bored chat with strangers micro-channel. 5.56% of people will often chat with strangers. 29.0% of the people are very alert, never chat with strangers.16 you will respond to the messages sent by strangers on themicro-channel?Will oftenOccasionally, look at the other data and information whether I am interested NeverWhether the message is the same situation also occurred in strangers to respond on. 51.85% of the people and respond according to whether interested, and 11.67% of the people often respond. 14.63% of the people do not respond to the message of the stranger.17the percentage of your micro-channel Friends (former stranger)Less than 20%20% -50%50% -80%More than 80%The proportion of friends from strangers accounted for most of the few people to chat and become friends with strangers on the micro-channel can also be seen.18 you want to contacts with the stranger in the micro-channel in which way?Stay in the micro-channel levelPhoneQQ / MSNMeetMost people want to know on the micro-channel unfamiliar friends continue to be maintained at the level of the micro-channel contact. 21% of people will accept qq or msn and other similar social chat network to keep in touch.9.07% cheated on a micro-channel, please vigilance.20 what are you think the biggest advantage of micro-channel isGood combination of personal and public spaceTo expand safety of pure circle of friendsThe virtual world of friendship can be extended to the real worldReal-world friendship has been strengthened44.81 percent of the people think that the greatest benefit of the micro-channel is a good combination of personal and public space. Followed the virtual world of friendship can be extended to the real world, the real world of friendship strengthen and expand safe and pure circle of friends.21what are you think the disadvantage of micro-channel isFriendship is difficult to extend to the real life in the virtual worldThe friendship real life were dodgedThe performance of micro-channel friends discrepancy between the image and the reality of lifeWas using a false name, information, insecurityPrivacy can not be guaranteedIndulge in the network, the reduction in the real-world interpersonal timeThe exchange content more entertainment, and to reduce the opportunities for in-depth exchanges with people, the lack of depth of thoughtSimilarly, micro-channelinterpersonal flawed. 47.96% of the people feel that someone using a false name, information, insecurity, 33.89% of the people think that friendship in the virtual world is difficult to extend to real life, and 33.33% of the people think that friends on the micro-channel performance discrepancy between the image and the reality of life, 30.74 % of people think that the exchange of content is more entertainment-oriented, reducing the opportunities for in-depth exchanges with people, the lack of depth of thought, in addition to the lack of protection of privacy, indulge in the network, reducing the real world interpersonal time, in real life friendship is Dodge.22, the overall impact of micro-credit your interpersonalMore good than harmMore harm than goodThe pros and cons of considerableMore good than harmMore harm than goodThe pros and cons of considerable23, why don’t you use micro-channel?No such applicationsDistrust of such applicationsOverlap with other applicationsFor students did not use a micro-channel survey, we found that 49% do not need this type of software, 39% of people in the same similar software, 7% do not trust such software.Summary statementAfter microblogging most convenient and the most influential platform, it was like once the QQ, is changing the way of life of the Chinese people, it isperhaps future business opportunities and communication facilities synonymous. The range of channels of information flow between microblogging QQ, working from the privacy of personal information to the public collection across, and social effects of information regeneration is taking shape. Now, he not only doing a tools and products, but also to invent a new social ecology.Although micro-credit has brought us a lot of convenience, but also brought a lot of fun to our lives. But micro-channel some virtual, we should pay attention to preventing Do not lie, do not over-sink, loses his sanity. In fact, we can not and through the world of the mobile phone link, just hide behind the screen to get a sense of security Bale. If we can, we should put down the phone and face-to-face with friends.。

社交媒体的利与弊写作文Social media and tools filled in every corner of our lives, microblogging,micro-channel, blog, the school network, QQ, etc・ to bring a lot of our lives convenient and fun, but also had a lot of problems attendant・ More and more people are busy hand side of things, while also brush microblogging, letter, always afraid to miss some wonderful information or gathering・ Social media and tools for young people because of missed social activities and not worry too much・ Refresh information daily circle of friends and there is nothing wrong, but if missed social activities because of fear and too much worry there will be problems・ This phenomenon in the population 30 years of age is the most common, once missed acircle of friends sponsored social events will feel anxious, nervous・ A new testfor people to view the frequency of social media, as well as anxiety missed friends to do the survey・ The survey found that, due to missing social anxiety phenomenon most common in the age group 18-33 years, especially more prevalent in men・Research indicates that when people miss information circle of friends, will produce anxiety and loss・ Circle of friends can not pay close attention to the information, so that the young feel no sense of belonging, lack of acceptance and protection groups・。

微信⽀付demo这⾥开发时使⽤的是thinkphp5.11.直接唤起微信⽀付<?phpnamespace app\index\controller;use wechatpay\lib\WxPayApi;use wechatpay\lib\WxPayUnifiedOrder;use wechatpay\example\JsApiPay;use wechatpay\example\WxPayConfig;use think\facade\Env;class Pay{/*1、交易⾦额交易⾦额默认为⼈民币交易，接⼝中参数⽀付⾦额单位为【分】，参数值不能带⼩数。

对账单中的交易⾦额单位为【元】。

外币交易的⽀付⾦额精确到币种的最⼩单位，参数值不能带⼩数点。

2、交易类型JSAPI--公众号⽀付、NATIVE--原⽣扫码⽀付、APP--app⽀付，统⼀下单接⼝trade_type的传参可参考这⾥MICROPAY--刷卡⽀付，刷卡⽀付有单独的⽀付接⼝，不调⽤统⼀下单接⼝3、货币类型货币类型的取值列表：CNY：⼈民币4、时间标准北京时间，时区为东⼋区；如果商户的系统时间为⾮标准北京时间。

参数值必须根据商户系统所在时区先换算成标准北京时间，例如商户所在地为0时区的伦敦，当地时间为2014年11⽉11⽇0时0分0秒，换算成北京时间为2014年11⽉11⽇8时 5、时间戳标准北京时间，时区为东⼋区，⾃1970年1⽉1⽇ 0点0分0秒以来的秒数。

注意：部分系统取到的值为毫秒级，需要转换成秒(10位数字)。

6、商户订单号商户⽀付的订单号由商户⾃定义⽣成，仅⽀持使⽤字母、数字、中划线-、下划线_、竖线|、星号*这些英⽂半⾓字符的组合，请勿使⽤汉字或全⾓等特殊字符。

微信⽀付要求商户订单号保持唯⼀性（建议根据当前系统时间加随机序列来⽣成订单号） *//*** 微信⽀付调⽤* @author ffx* @param int $userId ⽤户id* @param float $money ⾦额* @param int $type ⽀付类型（1充值，2订单⽀付）* @param string $body 显⽰title,提⽰头信息* @param string $backUrl 回调地址（/index/pay/wxPayBack）* @param string $addition 附加参数（微信回调时原样返回）* @return bool|mixed*/public function wxPay($userId,$money,$type,$body,$backUrl,$addition = ''){$out_trade_no = self::getOrderNo();$wxchid = config('wechat.wxmchid');$wxAppId = config('wechat.paywxAppId');//微信⽀付sdk中的⽂件include_once EXTEND_PATH."wechatpay/lib/WxPay.Api.php";include_once EXTEND_PATH."wechatpay/example/WxPay.JsApiPay.php";$total_money = floor(sprintf("%0.3f",$money)*100);if(!$total_money || $total_money <= 0){return ['code'=>100001,'message'=>"⽀付⾦额⼩于0"];}if($_SERVER["REQUEST_SCHEME"] == "http"){$notify_url = 'http://'.$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'].$backUrl;}else{$notify_url = 'https://'.$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'].$backUrl;}//此处查询的是登录时存起来的openid$openid = Db::name('member')->where('id',$userId)->value('openid');$input = new \WxPayUnifiedOrder();$input->SetAppid($wxAppId);$input->SetMch_id($wxchid); //商户号$input->SetAttach($addition); //附加参数$nonceStr = self::createNonceStr();$input->SetNonce_str($nonceStr);//⾃定义随机字符串$input->SetBody($body);//$input->SetOut_trade_no($out_trade_no);//订单号，⾃⼰建$input->SetTotal_fee($total_money);//⾦钱$input->SetSpbill_create_ip($this->getIP());//客户端ip$input->SetTime_start(date("YmdHis"));$input->SetTime_expire(date("YmdHis", time() + 600));//过期时间$input->SetNotify_url($notify_url);//回调的接⼝地址$input->SetTrade_type("JSAPI");//⽀付类型$input->SetOpenid($openid);//此处两个是微信⽀付的sdk的类$WxPayApi = new WxPayApi();$config = new WxPayConfig();$response = $WxPayApi->unifiedOrder($config,$input);//预创建订单//写⼊⽀付记录表（业务逻辑处理）$res = $this->insertWxPayLog($userId,$out_trade_no,$money,$type,0);if(!$res){return false;}if($response['result_code']=='SUCCESS' && $response['return_code']=='SUCCESS' && $response['return_msg']=='OK') {$tools = new JsApiPay();$response['nonce_str'] = $nonceStr;$jsApiParameters = $tools->GetJsApiParameters($response);return json_decode($jsApiParameters);//$jsApiParameters⽰例//{"appId":"wx194a1075c8bca3d9","nonceStr":"4tmc7nttscu5w6u6cqbxlgvum4qs6p8y","package":"prepay_id=wx05155440194924091e0efc912670185750","signType":"MD5","timeStamp":"1541404480","paySign":"CD4DE57A6B5B2B5418 //输出直接唤起⽀付// $str = "<html><body></body></html>";//// $str .='<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title>微信⽀付</title></head><body>';//// $str .= "<script>function onBridgeReady(){WeixinJSBridge.invoke('getBrandWCPayRequest',$jsApiParameters)}if(typeof WeixinJSBridge=='undefined'){if(document.addEventListener){document.addEventListener('WeixinJSBridgeReady',o//// echo $str;exit;}else{return false;}}/*** 余额⽀付回调* @author ffx**/function amountPayBack(){$xml = file_get_contents('php://input');$xmlJson = json_encode(simplexml_load_string($xml, 'SimpleXMLElement', LIBXML_NOCDATA));$arr = json_decode($xmlJson, true);//此处注释暂未⽤到/* //⽤户http_build_query()将数据转成URL键值对形式$sign = http_build_query($arr);//md5处理$sign = md5($sign);//转⼤写$sign = strtoupper($sign);//验签名。

移动支付相关英文表达Mobile payment, also known as m-payment, refers to the payment method that allows individuals or businesses to make or receive payments using mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. It has revolutionized the way we conduct financial transactions, offering convenience, speed, and security.Types of Mobile Payments:1. Mobile Wallets: These are applications installed on mobile devices that allow users to store their payment information, loyalty cards, tickets, and other digital assets. Apple Pay, Google Wallet, and Samsung Pay are some popular examples.2. Peer-to-Peer Payments: These services allow individuals to send money directly to each other usingtheir mobile devices. Venmo, Square Cash, and PayPal are some widely used peer-to-peer payment applications.3. Mobile Commerce (m-commerce): It involves buying and selling products or services using mobile devices. Mobile shopping apps, in-app purchases, and mobile web browsers are some common platforms for m-commerce.4. Near Field Communication (NFC): This technology enables wireless communication between mobile devices and other NFC-enabled devices, such as payment terminals or smart cards. It is commonly used in contactless payments.Advantages of Mobile Payments:1. Convenience: Mobile payments allow users to make payments anytime, anywhere, without the need for cash or physical cards.2. Speed: Transactions are processed quickly, reducing waiting time and improving customer satisfaction.3. Security: Mobile payment solutions often come with advanced security features, such as encryption and frauddetection systems, to protect users' financial information.4. Cost Savings: Merchants can reduce the cost of cash handling, card processing fees, and the need for physical point-of-sale (POS) terminals.5. Accessibility: Mobile payments are available to a wide range of users, including those who may not have access to traditional banking services.Challenges of Mobile Payments:1. Security Concerns: Despite advancements in security technology, there are still concerns about data breaches and fraud.2. Infrastructure: In some regions, the necessary infrastructure for mobile payments, such as reliable internet connectivity and widespread acceptance of mobile payment solutions, may not be fully developed.3. Digital Divide: Some individuals may lack thenecessary skills or access to mobile devices and the internet, creating a digital divide that prevents them from benefiting from mobile payments.4. Data Privacy: There are concerns about thecollection and use of personal data by mobile payment providers.Future Trends in Mobile Payments:1. Biometric Authentication: Technologies such as fingerprint scanning, iris recognition, and voice recognition are becoming more common in mobile payments, providing an additional layer of security.2. Digital Wallet Integration: We can expect more integration between digital wallets and other financial services, such as investments, loans, and insurance.3. Cross-Border Payments: As the global economy becomes more interconnected, mobile payment solutions thatfacilitate cross-border transactions will becomeincreasingly important.4. Cryptocurrency Integration: Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are expected to have a significant impact on mobile payments, offering new possibilities for secure, decentralized, and transparent transactions.In conclusion, mobile payments have transformed the financial landscape, providing users with unprecedented convenience, speed, and security. However, challenges such as security concerns, infrastructure limitations, and data privacy issues need to be addressed to ensure the continued growth and adoption of mobile payments. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect mobile payments to become more secure, accessible, and integrated with other financial services.。