四川大学计算机学院-操作系统作业答案(3)
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操作系统题库+答案第⼀部分引⾔⼀、选择题1、下列选择中,哪些不是操作系统关⼼的主要问题。
(浙⼤2003)( 4)(1)管理计算机裸机(2)设计提供⽤户与计算机硬件系统间的界⾯;(3)管理计算机系统资源(4)⾼级程序设计语⾔的编译器。
2、从⽤户⾓度看,操作系统是(C )。
A、计算机资源的管理者;B、计算机⼯作流程的组织者;C、⽤户与计算机之间的接⼝;D、由按层次结构组成的软件模块的集合。
3、引⼊多道程序技术的前提条件之⼀是系统具有(3)(西电00)(1)多个cpu;(2)多个终端;(3)中断功能;(4)分时功能4、操作系统是⼀种A。
A.系统软件B.系统硬件C.应⽤软件D.⽀援软件5、B操作系统允许⼀台主机上同时连接多台终端,多个⽤户可以通过各⾃的终端同时交互地使⽤计算机。
A.实时B.分时C.分布式D.单⽤户6、如果操作系统具有很强的交互性,可同时供多个⽤户使⽤,但时间响应不太及时,则属于分时系统类型;如果操作系统可靠,时间响应及时但仅有简单的交互能⼒则属于实时系统类型。
⼆、判断题1、所谓多道程序设计,即指每⼀时刻有若⼲个进程在执⾏。
(×)(南京⼤学00)2、采⽤多道程序设计的系统中,系统的程序道数越多,系统效率越⾼。
(×)(西电01)3、由于采⽤了分时技术,⽤户可以独占计算机的资源。
(×)4、多道程序设计是利⽤了CPU和通道的并⾏⼯作来提⾼系统利⽤率的。
(×)5、多道程序设计可以缩短系统中作业的执⾏时间。
(×)6、在⼀个兼顾分时操作系统和批处理系统中,通常把终端作业称为前台作业,⽽把批处理型作业称为后台作业。
(√)7、批处理系统不允许⽤户随时⼲预⾃⼰程序的运⾏。
(√)8、Windows操作系统完全继承了分时系统的特点。
(√)9、并发是并⾏的不同表述,其原理相同。
(×)(清华1998)10、在单处理机系统中实现并发技术后,判断:(1)各进程在某⼀时刻并⾏运⾏,cpu与外设间并⾏⼯作;(×)(2)各进程在⼀个时间段内并⾏运⾏,cpu与外设间串⾏⼯作;(×)(3)各进程在⼀个时间段内并⾏运⾏,cpu与外设间并⾏⼯作。
1 选择题1.FAT能描述文件的_____特征。
A.文件逻辑结构B.文件物理结构C.文件共享D.文件保护2.文件的符号名与物理地址的转换是通过_____来实现的。
A.索引B.索引节点C.文件目录D.二级索引3.在UNIX文件系统中,为了对磁盘空间的空闲块进行有效的管理,采用的方法是______。
A.空闲表B.成组链接法C.FATD.位示图法4.为了防止系统故障造成文件系统被破坏,通常采用_____方法来保护文件。
A.二次转储B.随机转储C.定时转储D.虚拟转储5.为了实现对文件的共享访问,在读写文件时需对文件加锁。
现在已有一个用户对某文件进行了读加锁,则另一个用户对该文件的_____加锁操作可以成功。
A.加读锁和写锁均不能成功 B.加读锁能成功C.加读锁和写锁均能成功D.加写锁能成功6.操作系统实现文件管理后,允许用户对流式文件进行存取的最小单位是_____。
A.数据项B.记录C.文件D.字符7.文件系统采用多级目录结构可以_____。
A.解决命名冲突B.节省存储空间C.缩短文件传送时间D.减少系统开销8.有关文件管理的下述叙述中_____是正确的。
A.一个文件不能同时多次建立B.在一级目录结构中,不同用户可以用相同的文件名C.文件系统主要是实现按名存取D.逻辑记录的大小与存储介质块的大小必须一一对应9.文件系统是指______。
A.文件的集合B.实现文件管理的一组软件C.文件的目录D.文件及其属性、管理文件的软件和文件系统接口10.文件系统的主要目的是_____。
A.实现对文件的按名存取B.实现虚拟存储C.提高外存的读/写速度D.用于存储系统文件11.下列_____属于文件的逻辑结构。
A.连续文件B.系统文件C.库文件D.流式文件12.操作系统实现文件管理后,用户对记录式文件进行存取的最小单位是_____。
A.扇区B.字节C.目录D.记录13.为了实现对文件系统中的文件进行安全管理,任何一个用户在进入系统时都必须进行注册,这一安全管理是_____安全管理措施。
2022年四川大学计算机科学与技术专业《操作系统》科目期末试卷B(有答案)一、选择题1、在现代操作系统中,文件系统都有效地解决了重名(即允许不同用户的文件可以具有相同的文件名)问题。
系统是通过()来实现这一功能的。
A.重名翻译结构B.建立索引表C.树形目录结构D.建立指针2、驱动调度算法中,()算法可能会随时改变移动臂的运动方向。
A.电梯调度B.最短寻道时间优先C.扫描D.单向扫描3、关于临界问题的一个算法(假设只有进程P0和P1,能会进入临界区)如下(i为0或1代表进程P0或者P1):Repeatretry:if(turn!=-1)turn=i;if(turn!=i)go to retry;turn=-1;临界区:turn=0;其他区域;until false;该算法()。
A.不能保持进程互斥进入临界区,且会出现“饥饿”B.不能保持进程互斥进入临界区,但不会出现“饥饿”C.保证进程互斥进入临界区,但会出现“饥饿”D.保证进程互斥进入临界区,不会出现“饥饿”4、进行P0和P1;的共享变量定义及其初值为:boolean flag[2];int turn=0;flag[0]=false;flag[1]=false;若进行P0和P1,访问临界资源的类C代码实现如下:void Po()//进程Po{while(TRUE){flag[0]=TRUE;turn=1;While(flag[1]&&(turn==l));临界区;flag[0]=FALSE;}}void P1()//进程P1{while(TRUE){flag[1]=TRUE;turn=0;While(flag[0]&&(turn==0));临界区;flag[1]=FALSE;}}并发执行进程P0和P1时产生的情况是()。
A.不能保证进程互斥进入临界区、会出现“饥饿”现象,B.不能保证进程互斥进入临界区、不会出现“饥饿”现象C.能保证进程互斥进入临界区、会出现“饥饿”现象D.能保证进程互斥进入临界区、不会出现“饥饿”现象5、在操作系统中,一方面每个进程具有独立性,另一方面进程之间具有相互制约性。
四川⼤学计算机导论期末例题名词解释1. 机器指令计算机执⾏某种操作的命令,可由CPU 直接执⾏。
2. 程序计数器由若⼲位触发器和逻辑电路组成,⽤来存放将要执⾏的指令在存储器中的存放地址。
3. 进程⼀个程序(或程序段)在给定的⼯作空间和数据集合上的⼀次执⾏过程,它是操作系统进⾏资源分配和调度的⼀个独⽴单位。
4. 数据结构数据结构是指具有⼀定结构(关系)的数据元素的集合,主要研究数据的各种逻辑结构和物理结构,以及对数据的各种操作。
5. 总线若⼲信号线的集合,是计算机各部分之间实现信息传送的通路。
6. ⾼速缓冲存储器(Cache)位于CPU 和内存之间的存储器,其特点是速度快,⽬的是使存储器的速度和CPU 的速度相匹配。
7. 操作系统操作系统是由程序和数据结构组成的⼤型系统软件,它负责计算机的全部软硬件资源的分配、调度与管理,控制各类程序的正常执⾏,并为⽤户使⽤计算机提供良好的环境。
8. 计算机病毒破坏计算机功能或数据,影响计算机的使⽤,并能⾃我复制的⼀组计算机指令或程序。
9. 计算机⽹络计算机⽹络是利⽤通信线路连接起来的相互独⽴的计算机集合,其主要⽬的是实现数据通信和资源共享。
10. 指令系统⼀台计算机中所有机器指令的集合,它是表征⼀台计算机性能的重要因素。
问答题1. 请列举CPU 的主要技术指标(⾄少3 个指标),并进⾏简要说明。
(答案可在以下任选 3 个,且不限于此)基本字长:CPU⼀次处理的⼆进制数的位数。
(2分)主频:CPU内部⼯作的时钟频率,是CPU运⾏运算时的⼯作频率。
(2分)地址总线宽度(地址总线的位数):决定了CPU可以访问的存储器的容量,不同型号的CPU 总线宽度不同,因⽽可使⽤的内存的最⼤容量也不⼀样。
(2 分)数据总线宽度:数据总线宽度决定了CPU与内存、输⼊/输出设备之间⼀次数据传输的信息量。
⾼速缓存:是可以进⾏⾼速数据交换的存储器,它先于内存与CPU 交换数据。
2. 计算机的硬件主要有哪⼏个部分组成?各部分有什么功能?计算机硬件系统由运算器、控制器、存储器、输⼊设备、输出设备和总线组成。
1.填空1)引起进程调度的原因有(),(),(),()、()2)处理死锁的基本方法有(预防)、(避免)、(检测)、(解除)。
3)分时系统的特征(多路性)、(及时性)、(交互性)、(独立性)。
4)多道程序环境下的各道程序,宏观上,它们是在( 并行 )执行,微观上则是在( 交替 )执行。
5)所谓虚拟是指把一个(物理实体)变成若干个(逻辑上的对应体)。
6)分时系统中,必须限定每个作业每次只能运行(一个时间片),因此应采用(时间片轮转)调度算法。
7)最有利于提高系统吞吐量的作业调度算法是(短作业优先调度算法),能对紧急作业进行及时处理的调度算法是(优先者高者调度算法),能较好地满足短作业,又能适当照顾长作业,以及照顾作业到达次序的调度算法是(响应比高者调度算法)。
8)原语在执行期间是(不可分割)。
(优先权)和(短9)在剥夺调度方式中,剥夺的原则有(时间片)、进程优先)。
10)如果时间片无穷大,则时间片轮转调度算法就变成(先来先服务调度算法)。
进程完毕I/O请求原语操作时间片到剥夺算法中高优先级进程的进入2.单选(1)分时系统的响应时间主要是根据( C )确定的。
a.时间片大小b.用户数目c.用户所能接受的等待时间d.CPU运行速度(2)进程存在的唯一标识是( C )。
a.JCBb.DCBc. PCBd. FCB(3)3个进程共享同一程段,每次最多只允许两个进程进入该程序段,若用P,V操作实现同步,信号量S的取值范围为( A )。
a.[2,-1]b.[3,0]c.[2,-2]d.[1,-2](4)下列解决死锁的方法中,属于死锁预防策略的是( A )。
a. 资源有序法b. 银行家算法c.资源分配图化简法d.进程撤消法(5)一个进程由程序、数据及进程控制块组成,但必须用可重入码编写的是( D )。
a.程序b. 数据c. 进程控制块d.共享程序段(6)下列解决死锁的方法中,属于死锁避免策略的是( B )。
a. 资源有序法b. 银行家算法c.资源分配图化简法d.进程撤消法(7)某系统有4个并发进程,都需同类资源3个,如系统不发生死锁的最少资源数是( C )a.7b.8c.9d.10(8)批处理系统的主要缺点是( A )。
《操作系统》复习资料一.填空(1)在操作系统中进程是一个资源分配基本单位,也是一个(调度)和(独立运行)的基本单位。
(2)操作系统的基本特征是(并发)、(共享)、(虚拟)、(异步性)。
(3)在系统中过度地增强多道程序的并发执行,在内存中会引起( 抖动 )现象,反而降低了系统的吞吐量。
(4)在有m个进程的系统中出现死锁时,死锁进程的个数k应该满足的条件是(m2)。
k≤≤(5)如果时间片无穷大,则时间片轮转调度算法就变成( FCFS算法)。
(6)在所有虚拟存储管理系统中,使用(请求调入)和(置换)技术实现了比实际内存大得多的虚拟存储器。
(7)原语在执行期间是(不可分割的)。
(8)文件的存取控制属性分为(只执行文件)、(只读文件)和(读写文件)三种类型。
(9)在避免死锁的方法中,允许进程动态地申请资源,但系统在进行资源分配时,应该先计算资源分配的(安全性)。
若此次分配不会导致系统进入(不安全性),便将资源分配给它;否则进程(等待)。
(10)在分页系统中必须设置页表,其主要作用是实现(逻辑地知道物理地址的映射(转化))。
(11)操作系统的主要功能有进程/处理机管理, 存储管理,文件管理和(设备管理)(12)在支持线程的系统中,( 进程 )是进行资源分配的基本单位,而(线程)是进行调度的基本单位。
(13)在操作系统中进程是一个(资源分配)基本单位,也是一个(调度)和(独立运行)的基本单位。
(14)在系统中过度地增强多道程序的并发执行,在内存中会引起(抖动 )现象,反而降低了系统的吞吐量。
(15)文件的存取控制属性分为(只执行文件)、(只读文件)和(读写文件)三种类型。
(16)在Spppling系统中有两个重要的系统进程:(输入进程 )和( 输出进程 ),它们分别负责作业的输入和输出。
(17)为了能实现请求调页和置换功能,系统必须提供必要的硬件支持。
其中最重要的是(请求分页的页表机制)、(缺页中断机构)、(地址变换机构)。
四川大学期末考试试题A 卷(闭卷)(2007-2008学年第1学期)课程号: 31112520 课程名称: 软件开发环境工具(A 卷) 任课教师: 黄 武适用专业年级: 软件工程学院 2005级 学号:姓名:一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分 1.执行者(Actor )与用例之间的关系是( C ) (A )包含关系(B )泛化关系(C )关联关系(D )扩展关系2.在类图中,下面哪个符号表示继承关系( C3.在类图中,“ #”表示的可见性是( B ) (A )Public(B )Protected(C )Private(D )Package4.在类图中,下面哪个符号表示接口( C )5.UML 类图包含多少个抽象层次( B ) (A )1(B )3(C )5(D )76.下面哪个视图属于UML 语言的交互图( D ) (A )行为图(B )状态图(C )实现图(D )顺序图7.UML 语言包含几大类图形( B ) (A )3(B )5(C )7(D )98.OOSE 方法是由下面哪位科学家提出的( D ) (A )Booch(B )Rumbaugh(C )Coad(D )Jacobson(B)(A)(D)(B) (A) (D)9.下面那个类图的表示是错误的( D )10.什么概念被认为是第二代面向对象技术的标志( A ) (A )用例(B )UML 语言(C )活动图(D )组件图11.下面哪个符号代表包图( A )12.下面哪个符号表示链式状态( D )13.生命线是UML 视图中哪个图形的组成部分( D ) (A )类图(B )状态图(C )活动图(D )顺序图14.在UML 的顺序图中,通常由左向右分层排列各个对象,正确的排列方法是( A ) (A )执行者角色 控制类用户接口 业务层 后台数据库 (B )执行者角色 用户接口 控制类业务层后台数据库 (C )执行者角色 控制类用户接口 后台数据库 业务层 (D )执行者角色用户接口业务层控制类后台数据库15.在UML 协作图中,有多少种关联角色的构造型( C ) (A )1(B )3(C )5(D )716.多对象是UML 哪个视图中的概念( C ) (A )类图(B )状态图(C )协作图(D )组件图17.在类图中,那种关系表达总体与局部的关系( D ) (A )泛化(B )实现(C )依赖(D )聚合18.在UML 中,接口有几种表达方式( A ) (A )2(B )4(C )6(D )8(B)(A)(C)(D)(B) (A) (C) (D)(B)(A) (C)(D)19.下面哪个图形代表活动( D )20.下面哪个UML 视图是描述一个对象的生命周期的( B ) (A )类图(B )状态图(C )协作图(D )顺序图二、多项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分 )在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二个至五个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
第一章The general role of an operating system is to:选择一个答案a. Provide a set of services to system usersb. Manage files for application programsc. Act as an interface between various computersd. None of the aboveInformation that must be saved prior to the processor transferring control to the interrupt handler routine includes:选择一个答案a.Processor Status Word (PSW) & Contents ofprocessor registersb. None of the abovec. Processor Status Word (PSW)d. Processor Status Word (PSW) & Locationof next instructionIn a uniprocessor system, multiprogramming increases processor efficiency by:选择一个答案a. Increasing processor speedb. Eliminating all idle processor cyclesc. All of the aboved. Taking advantage of time wasted by longwait interrupt handlingAs one proceeds down the memory hierarchy (i.e., from inboard memory to offline storage), the following condition(s) apply:选择一个答案a. Decreasing capacityb. Increasing cost per bitc. Increasing access timed. All of the aboveSmall, fast memory located between the processor and main memory is called 选择一个答案a. Cache memoryb. CD-RW memoryc. WORM memoryd. None of the aboveWhen a new block of data is written into cache memory, the following determines which cache location the block will occupy:选择一个答案a. Cache sizeb. None of the abovec. Write policyd. Block sizeThe four main structural elements of a computer system are:选择一个答案a.Processor, Registers, Main Memory &System Busb. None of the aboveb. d.Processor, Registers, I/O Modules & Main Memoryc.Processor, Main Memory, I/O Modules &System BusThe two basic types of processor registers are:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. User-visible and user-invisible registersc. Control and Status registersd. User-visible and Control/Status registersAddress registers may contain选择一个答案a. Memory addresses of instructionsb. Partial memory addressesc. Memory addresses of datad. All of the aboveA Control/Status register that contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched is called the:选择一个答案a. Program Counter (PC)b. Program Status Word (PSW)c. Instruction Register (IR)d. All of the aboveThe two basic steps used by the processor in instruction processing are:选择一个答案a. Fetch and Instruction cyclesb. Instruction and Execute cyclesc. Fetch and Execute cyclesd. None of the aboveA fetched instruction is normally loaded into the:选择一个答案a. Instruction Register (IR)b. Accumulator (AC)c. None of the aboved. Program Counter (PC)A common class of interrupts is选择一个答案a. I/Ob. Timerc. All of the aboved. ProgramWhen an external device becomes ready to be serviced by the processor, the device sends this type of signal to the processor:选择一个答案a. Halt signalb. None of the abovec. Handler signald. Interrupt signalOne accepted method of dealing with multiple interrupts is to:选择一个答案a. Define priorities for the interruptsb. Service them in round-robin fashionc. None of the aboved. Disable all interrupts except those of highest priority第二章A primary objective of an operating system is:选择一个答案a. Ability to evolveb. Conveniencec. Efficiencyd. All of the aboveThe paging system in a memory management system provides for dynamic mapping between a virtual address used in a program and:选择一个答案a. A virtual address in main memoryb. A real address in main memoryc. None of the aboved. A real address in a programRelative to information protection and security in computer systems, access control typically refers to:选择一个答案a. The flow of data within the systemb. Proving that security mechanisms perform accordingto specificationc. None of the aboved. Regulating user and process access to various aspectsof the systemA common problem with full-featured operating systems, due to their size and difficulty of the tasks they address, is:选择一个答案a. Sub-par performanceb. All of the abovec. Latent bugs that show up in the fieldd. Chronically late in deliveryA technique in which a process, executing an application, is divided into threads that can run concurrently is called:选择一个答案a. Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)b. Multiprocessingc. None of the aboved. MultithreadingWIN2K supports several types of user applications, including:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. System 10c. Linuxd. WIN32Key to the success of Linux has been it’s character as a free software package available under the auspices of the:选择一个答案a. World Wide Web Consortiumb. Berkeley Software Distributionc. Free Software Foundationd. None of the aboveOperating systems must evolve over time because选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Hardware must be replaced when it failsc. New hardware is designed and implementedin the computer systemd. Users will only purchase software that hasa current copyright dateThe operating system is unusual in it’s role as a control mechanism, in that:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. It never relinquishes control of the system processorc. It frequently relinquishes control of the system processorand must depend on the processor to regain control of thesystemd. It runs on a special processor, completely separated from therest of the systemThe operating system provides many types of services to end-users, programmers and system designers, including:选择一个答案a. Relational database capabilities with the internal file systemb. Built-in user applicationsc. Error detection and responsed. All of the aboveA major problem with early serial processing systems was:选择一个答案a. Inability to get hardcopy outputb. Lack of input devicesc. All of the aboved. Setup timeAn example of a hardware feature that is desirable in abatch-processing system is选择一个答案a. A completely accessible memory areab. Large clock cyclesc. None of the aboved. Privileged instructionsA computer hardware feature that is vital to the effectiveoperation of a multiprogramming operating system is:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. I/O interrupts and DMAc. Very large memoryd. Multiple processorsThe principle objective of a time sharing, multiprogramming system is to选择一个答案a. Provide exclusive access to hardwareb. Maximize response timec. None of the aboved. Maximize processor useWhich of the following major line of computer system development created problems in timing and synchronization that contributed to the development of the concept of the process?选择一个答案a. Real time transaction systemsb. All of the abovec. Multiprogramming batch operation systemsd. Time sharing systemsWhich of the following major line of computer system development created problems in timing and synchronization that contributed to the development of the concept of the process?选择一个答案a. Real time transaction systemsb. Multiprogramming batch operation systemsc. All of the aboved. Time sharing systems第三章The behavior of a processor can be characterized by examining:选择一个答案a. The interleaving of the process tracesb. A single process tracec. Multiple process tracesd. All of the aboveThe Process Image element that contains the modifiable part of the user space is called the:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. User Programc. Process Control Blockd. System StackThe processor execution mode that user programs typically execute in is referred to as:选择一个答案a. System modeb. Kernel modec. User moded. None of the aboveOne step in the procedure for creating a new process involves:选择一个答案a. Allocating space for the processb. Assigning a unique identifierc. All of the aboved. Initializing the process control blockA process switch may occur when the system encounters an interrupt condition, such as that generated by a:选择一个答案a. Memory faultb. Trapc. All of the aboved. Supervisor callIn the Process Based O/S:选择一个答案a.Major kernel functions are organized asseparate functionsb.None of the abovec.O/S code and data are contained inthe shared address spaced. The User Process Image includes a kernel stackIn a typical UNIX system, the element of the process image that contains the processor status information is the:选择一个答案a. Register contextb. System-level contextc. All of the aboved. User-level contextThe behavior of an individual process can be characterized by examining:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Multiple process tracesc. The interleaving of the process tracesd. A single process traceThe basic Two-State Process Model defines two possible states for a process in relationship to the processor:选择一个答案a. Running and Executingb. Executing and Waitingc. Running and Not Runningd. None of the aboveThere are a number of conditions that can lead to process termination, including:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Bounds violationc. Normal completiond. Parent terminationIn the Five-State Process Model, the following represents a valid state transition:选择一个答案a. New -> Runningb. Running -> Blockedc. All of the aboved. New -> BlockedIn a Process Model that implements two suspend states, a valid state transition is represented by:选择一个答案a. Running -> Ready/Suspendb. Ready -> Ready/Suspendc. All of the aboved. Ready/Suspend -> ReadyThe scheduling strategy where each process in the queue is given a certain amount of time, in turn, to execute and then returned to the queue, unless blocked is referred to as:选择一个答案a. Prioritizationb. Round-Robinc. LIFOd. All of the aboveA Memory Table is an O/S control structure that is used by the O/S to:选择一个答案a. Provide information about system filesb. Manage I/O devicesc. None of the aboved. Manage processesThe Process Image element that contains the collection of attributes needed by the O/S to control a particular process is called the:选择一个答案a. System Stackb. None of the abovec. Process Control Blockd. User Data第四章The concept of a process in an operating system embodies two primary characteristics, one of which is:选择一个答案a. Resource ownershipb. None of the abovec. Multithreadingd. Symmetric multiprocessingEarly operating systems that were designed with little concern about structure are typically referred to as:选择一个答案a. Monolithic operating systemsb. All of the abovec. Kernel operating systemsd. Layered operating systemsA benefit of the microkernel organization is:选择一个答案a. Flexibilityb. Portabilityc. Extensibilityd. All of the aboveIn low-level microkernel memory management, an example of an operation that can support external paging and virtual memory management is the:选择一个答案a. Map operationb. All of the abovec. Flush operationd. Grant operationIn a W2K system, the state that a thread enters when it has been unblocked and the resource for which it has been blocked is not yet available is called the:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. Standby statec. Waiting stated. Transition stateIn a Solaris system, a User-Level Thread (ULT) that enters the active state is assigned to a:选择一个答案a.Light-Weight Process (LWP)b.Heavy-Weight Process (HWP)c.Kernel threadd. None of the aboveAn example of a system that implements a single process with multiple threads is:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Javac. Solarisd. WIN 2000Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between processes and threads:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. It takes far less time to create a new thread in an existingprocess than to create a new processc. It takes less time to switch between two different processesthan to switch between two threads within the same processd. It takes less time to terminate a process than a threadThe basic thread operation related to the change in thread state that occurs when a thread needs to wait for an event is referred to as the:选择一个答案a. Spawn operationb. Unblock operationc. Block operationd. None of the aboveOne of the disadvantages of User-Level Threads (ULTs) compared toKernel-Level Threads (KLTs) is:选择一个答案a. When a ULT executes a system call, all threads in the processare blockedb. Thread switching does not require kernel mode privilegesc. All of the aboved. Scheduling is application specificIn the Linux O/S, multiple threads may be created and executed within a single process. This is an example of the following Thread-to-Process relationship: 选择一个答案a. 1:1b. 1:Mc. M:Nd. None of the aboveThe computer system category where a single processor executes a single instruction stream to operate on data stored in a single memory is called:选择一个答案a. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) streamb. Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) streamc. Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) streamd. None of the aboveIn a SMP system, each processor maintains a local cache and must alert all other processors that a change to cache update has taken place. This is referred to as the:选择一个答案a. Synchronization mechanism problemb. Cache coherency problemc. Interconnection mechanism problemd. None of the aboveKey issues involved in the design of multiprocessor operating systems include:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Synchronizationc. Reliability and fault toleranced. SchedulingIn a Linux system, when a new process is cloned, the two processes share the same:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Process identifierc. task_struct data structured. Virtual memory第五章Concurrency plays a major part in which of the following specific contexts: 选择一个答案a. Multiple applicationsb. Structured applicationsc. O/S structured. All of the aboveIn order to implement mutual exclusion on a critical resource for competing processes, only one program at a time should be allowed选择一个答案a. To Exhibit cooperationb. In the critical section of the programc. To perform message passingd. None of the aboveThe following requirement must be met by any facility or capability that is to provide support for mutual exclusion:选择一个答案a. Only one process at a time can be allowed into a criticalcode sectionb. No assumptions can be made about relative process speedsc. A process remains in its critical code section for a finitetime onlyd. All of the aboveProcesses that are designed to be able to pass execution control back and forth between themselves are referred to as选择一个答案a. Coroutinesb. Busy waiting processesc. None of the aboved.ThreadsIn a uniprocessor system, mutual exclusion can be guaranteed by选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Interleaving processesc. Disabling interruptsd. Overlapping processesA semaphore that does not specify the order in which processes are removed from the queue is called a选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. Weak semaphorec. Strong semaphored. Binary semaphoreThe finite circular buffer is used to implement which of the following basic queuing strategies选择一个答案a. FILOb. FIFOc. LIFOd. None of the aboveA chief characteristic of a monitor is:选择一个答案a. A maximum of two processes may be executing in a monitor at atimeb. All of the abovec. A process enters the monitor by invoking one of itsproceduresd. Local data variables of the monitor are accessible by anyprocedure requesting use of the monitorIn synchronization involving message passing, the sender of a message can be选择一个答案a. Either blocking or non-blockingb. All of the abovec. Only non-blockingd. Only blockingIn a system employing message passing, when a message is sent to a shared temporary data structure, this general approach is known as选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. Direct addressingc. Indirect addressingd. BlockingIn a system employing message passing, the typical message is divided into two primary sections选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. Destination ID and Source IDc. Header and mailboxd. Body and mailboxThe Reader/Writer problem requires that certain conditions be satisfied, such as:选择一个答案a. Multiple writers may write to the file simultaneouslyAny number ofreaders may simultaneously read from the fileb. Readers may read from the file while writers are writing to itc. Any number of readers may simultaneously read from the filed. None of the aboveA reason why the Producer/Consumer problem cannot be considered a special case of the Reader/Writer problem with a single writer (the producer) and a single reader (the consumer) is:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. The Producer/Consumer problem doesn’t deal with concurrency issuesc. The producer and consumer must be both reader and writerd. The consumer must perform writes while the reader performs readsExamples of solutions to the concurrency problem that do not involve busy waiting are the following:选择一个答案a. Message passing and cachingb. None of the abovec. Semaphores and monitorsd. Producers and consumersA basic echo procedure (that echoes a typed character to the screen) running on a multiprocessor system can produce erroneous output if选择一个答案a. Access to the echo procedure is unsynchronizedb. None of the abovec. Access to the echo procedure is synchronizedd. Two processes deadlock while in the echo code第六章The permanent blocking of a set of processes that either compete for system resources or communicate with each other is called:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Deadlockc. Starvationd. PrioritizationIn deadlocked process recovery, selection criteria for choosing a particular process to abort or rollback includes designating the process with the:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Lowest priorityc. Most estimated time remainingd. Least total resources allocated so farOne approach to an integrated strategy for dealing with deadlocks involves the implementation of:选择一个答案a. Resource classesc. Process rollbacksd. Virtual memoryThe Dining Philosopher’s Problem is a standard test case for evaluating approaches to implementing:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Deadlockc. Synchronizationd. StarvationA software mechanism that informs a process of the occurrences of asynchronous events in UNIX are called:选择一个答案a. Signalsb. Messagesc. Pipesd. All of the aboveThread synchronization primitives supported by Solaris include:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Semaphoresc. Condition variablesd. Mutual exclusion (mutex) locksThe family of synchronization objects implemented by W2K include:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Mutex objectsc. Semaphore objectsd. Event objectsAll deadlocks involve conflicting needs for resources by:选择一个答案a. Three or more processesb. Two or more processesd. One or more processesA resource that can be created and destroyed is called a:选择一个答案a. Consumable resourceb. Producible resourcec. Reusable resourced. All of the aboveAn example of a consumable resource is the following:选择一个答案a. Printersb. Messagesc. All of the aboved. Main MemoryA condition of policy that must be present for a deadlock to be possible is: 选择一个答案a. No preemptionb. Mutual exclusionc. All of the aboved. Hold and waitA direct method of deadlock prevention is to prevent the occurrence of:选择一个答案a. Circular waitb. Hold and waitc. Mutual exclusiond. All of the aboveIn the Resource Allocation Denial approach to Deadlock Avoidance, a safe state is defined as one in which:选择一个答案a.At least one potential process sequence does not result in a deadlockb. All potential process sequences do not result in a deadlock:c. None of the aboved. Several potential process sequences do not result in a deadlock:A conservative strategy for dealing with deadlocks that involves limiting access to resources and imposing restrictions on processes is called:选择一个答案a. Deadlock Avoidanceb. Deadlock Detectionc. None of the aboved. Deadlock Prevention第七章The task of subdividing memory between the O/S and processes is performed automatically by the O/S and is called:选择一个答案a.Relocationb. b. Protectionc.Memory Managementd.All of the aboveA reference to a memory location independent of the current assignment of data to memory is called a:选择一个答案a. Relative addressb. None of the abovec. Absolute addressd. Logical addressAn actual location in main memory is called a:选择一个答案a. Absolute addressb. None of the abovec. Relative addressd. Logical addressThe page table for each process maintains:选择一个答案a. The physical memory location of the processb. None of the abovec. The page location for each frame of the processd. The frame location for each page of the processIn a system employing a paging scheme for memory management, wasted space is due to:选择一个答案a. Internal fragmentationb. Pages and frames of different specified sizesc. External fragmentationd. None of the aboveIn a system employing a segmentation scheme for memory management, wasted space is due to:选择一个答案a. Segments of different sizesb. Internal fragmentationc. External fragmentationd. None of the aboveIn a system employing a segmentation scheme for memory management, a process is divided into:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. A number of segments which must be of equal sizec. A number of segments which need not be of equal sized. One segment per threadThe concept of Memory Management satisfies certain system requirements, including:选择一个答案a. Physical organizationb. Relocationc. All of the aboved. ProtectionThe practice in which a program and data are organized in such a way that various modules can be assigned the same region of memory is called:选择一个答案a. Sharingb. None of the abovec. Overlayingd. RelocationThe concept of virtual memory is based on one or both of two basic techniques:选择一个答案a. Overlaying and relocationb. Segmentation and pagingc. None of the aboved. Segmentation and partitioningA problem with the largely obsolete Fixed Partitioning memory management technique is that of:选择一个答案a. Allowing only a fixed number of Processesb. Inefficient use of memoryc. All of the aboved. Internal fragmentationThe problem of internal fragmentation can be lessened in systems employing a fixed-partition memory management scheme by using:选择一个答案a. None of the aboveb. Unequal size partitionsc. Equal size partitionsd. Random size partitionsIn the Dynamic Partitioning technique of memory management, the phenomenon that results in unused blocks of memory outside of existing partitions is called:选择一个答案a. Compactionb. Internal fragmentationc. External fragmentationd. None of the aboveIn the Dynamic Partitioning technique of memory management, the placement algorithm that chooses the block that is closest in size to the request is called: 选择一个答案a. Best-fitb. All of the abovec. Next-fitd. First-fitIn the Dynamic Partitioning technique of memory management, the placement algorithm that scans memory from the location of the last placement and chooses the next available block that large enough to satisfy the request is called:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. First-fitc. Next-fitd. Best-fit第八章The type of memory that allows for very effective multiprogramming and relieves the user of memory size constraints is referred to as:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Main memoryc. Real memoryd. Virtual memoryThe replacement policy that is impossible to implement because it would require the O/S to have perfect knowledge of future events is called the:选择一个答案a. Optimal policyb. Clock policyc. None of the aboved. Least recently used (LRU) policyThe replacement policy that chooses only among the resident pages of the process that generated the page fault in selecting a page to replace is referred to as a:选择一个答案a. Local replacement policyb. None of the abovec. Global replacement policyd. Variable replacement policyThe concept associated with determining the number of processes that will be resident in main memory is referred to as:选择一个答案a. A cleaning policyb. Load Controlc. None of the aboved. The page fault frequencyIn SVR4 and Solaris systems, the memory management scheme that manages user processes and disk I/O is called the:选择一个答案a. Kernel memory allocatorb. Paging systemc. None of the aboved. Virtual memory managerThe multi-level memory management scheme implemented in Linux was designed to minimize large page tables and directories in which of the following line of processors:选择一个答案a. 64-bit Alpha architectureb. None of the abovec. 16-bit X86 architectured. 32-bit Pentium/X86 architectureThe Windows 2000 virtual memory manager can use page sizes ranging from: 选择一个答案a. 4 KB to 64 KBb. 64 KB to 4 GBc. 4 GB to 4 TBd. None of the aboveThe situation where the processor spends most of its time swapping process pieces rather than executing instructions is called:选择一个答案a. The Principle of Localityb. Pagingc. None of the aboved. ThrashingThe situation that occurs when the desired page table entry is not found in the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) is called a:选择一个答案a. Page faultb. TLB missc. None of the aboved. TLB hit<p>The real address of a word in memory is translated from the following portions of a virtual address: </p>选择一个答案a. Page number and offsetb. None of the abovec. Frame number and offsetd. Page number and frame numberSegmentation has a number of advantages to the programmer over anon-segmented address space, including:选择一个答案a. Protectionb. Simplifying the handling of growing data structuresc. All of the aboved. Sharing among processesIn a combined paging/segmentation system, a user’s address space is broken up into a number of:选择一个答案a. Variable-sized Segments, which are in turn broken down into fixed-size pagesb. Segments or pages, at the discretion of the programmerc. All of the aboved. Fixed-size pages, which are in turn broken down into variable-sized segments Sharing is achieved in a segmentation system by:选择一个答案a. Each process segment table having a reference to the dispatcher main memory areab. Having a common data area that all processes can sharec. Referencing a segment in the segment tables of more than one processd. All of the aboveA fundamental choice in the design of the memory-management portion of an O/S is:选择一个答案a. All of the aboveb. Whether to use paging, segmentation of a combination of the twoc. Whether or not to use virtual memory techniquesd. The algorithms employed for various aspects of memory managementThe fetch policy that exploits the characteristics of most secondary memory devices, such as disks, which have seek time and rotational latency is called:选择一个答案a. Prepagingb. None of the abovec. Swappingd. Demand paging第九章The type of scheduling that involves the decision to add a process to those that are at least partially in main memory and therefore available for execution is referred to as:选择一个答案a. Medium-term schedulingb. Long-term schedulingc. None of the aboved. I/O schedulingOne difficulty with the Shortest Process Next (SPN) scheduling technique is:选择一个答案a. The need to know or estimate required processing times for each processb. All of the abovec. The starvation of longer processesd. The lack of preemptionOne difficulty with the Shortest Remaining Time (SRT) scheduling technique is:。
操作系统部分(共30分)一、单项选择题(在下列四个备选答案中,选出一个正确答案,填在园括号中;每小题1分,共6分)1、动态式(或称可变式)分区管理的分配策略中的首次适应算法采用()A、按始址递增排列空闲区B、按始址递减排列空闲区C、按分区大小递增排列空闲区D、任意排列空闲区2、下列关于索引表的叙述,()是正确的。
A、索引表中每个记录的索引项可以有多个B、对索引文件存取时,必须先查找索引表C、索引表中含有索引文件的数据及其物理地址D、建立索引表的目的之一是为减少存贮空间3、目标程序所对应的地址空间是()A、各空间B、逻辑地址空间C、存贮空间D、物理地址空间4、既考虑作业等待时间,又考虑作业执行时间的调度算法是()A、响应比高者优先B、短作业优先C、优先级调度D、先来先服务5、对一个文件的访问,常用()共同控制A、用户访问权限和文件属性B、用户访问权限和用户优先级C、优先级和文件属性D、文件属性和口令6、地址重定位的对象是()A、源程序B、编译程序C、目标程序D、执行程序二、填空题(每小题1分,共6分)1、操作系统具有的四个基本特征是、、、。
2、存贮器管理应具有以下的功能:、、、。
3、文件管理的基本功能有、、、。
4、记录型信号量机制中,S·V alue>0时的值表示,每次P操作意味着;若S·V alue<0,则表示,此时进程应。
5、Spooling 系统是由磁盘中的和,内存中的和以及和所构成。
6、为实现消息缓冲通信,在PCB中应增加、和三个数据项。
三、解释术语(每个2分,共6分)1、虚拟存贮器2、多道程序设计3、内核四、简答题(每个4分,共12分)1、试归纳出在操作系统中引起进程调度可能有的原因有哪些?2、某虚拟存贮器的用户空间有32个页面,每贾1KB,主存16KB。
假定某时刻,系统为用户的第0,1,2,3页分别分配的物理块号为5,10,4,7,试将虚拟地址(16进制)OAFC 和OE7B变换为物理地址(仍用16进制数),并要给出简要的变换步骤。
川大操作系统春在线作业答案集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]《操作系统2265》18春在线作业2总分:100分一、单选题共10题,50分1一个进程由程序、数据及进程控制块组成,但必须用可重入码编写的是()。
学生答案:A2通道是一种特殊的()。
学生答案:D3使用位示图(20行,30列)表示空闲盘块状态。
如当分配一个盘块号为132时,其在位示图中的行、列学生答案:A4内存分配最佳适应算法的空白区是()。
学生答案:B5对访问串1,2,3,4,1,2,5,1,2,3,4,5,指出在内存驻留集大小为4时,使用LRU置换算法的置学生答案:C6可供多个进程共享的缓冲区是()。
学生答案:A7操作系统的内部命令是()。
学生答案:A8存储管理方案中,()可采用覆盖技术。
学生答案:A9在文件系统中,为实现文件保护一般应采取的方法为()。
学生答案:C10实时系统的响应时间主要是根据()确定的。
学生答案:C二、判断题共10题,50分1文件的“打开”是指系统将文件的内容从硬盘拷贝到内存的过程。
学生答案:A2因为只要系统不进入不安全状态,便不会产生死锁,故预防死锁的有效方法是防止系统进入不安全状态。
学生答案:A3Wait、Signal操作可实现进程的同步和共享资源互斥使用,但不能排除死锁。
学生答案:B4请求分页存储管理系统若把页面的大小增加一倍,则缺页中断次数会减少一半。
学生答案:A5即使在多道程序设计环境下用户也能设计用内存物理地址直接访问内存的程序。
学生答案:A6批处理系统的主要缺点是无交互性。
学生答案:B7在多道操作系统控制下,一个作业反复执行多次,它的运行时间都相同。
学生答案:B8可以通过设置存取权限的方法保证对文件和主存信息的正确使用。
学生答案:A9在分页系统中必须设置页表,其主要作用是实现逻辑地址到物理地址的转换。
学生答案:B10如果系统中有n个进程,则在等待队列中进程的个数最多可达n个。
2022年四川大学软件工程专业《操作系统》科目期末试卷A(有答案)一、选择题1、假设4个作业到达系统的时刻和运行时间见表。
系统在t=2时开始作业调度。
若分别采用先来先服务和短作业优先调度算法,则选中的作业分别是()。
A.J2、J3B.J1、J4C.J2、J4D.J1、J32、下列关于操作系统的论述中,正确的是()。
A.对于批处理作业,必须提供相应的作业控制信息B.对于分时系统,不一定全部提供人机交互功能C.从响应角度看,分时系统与实时系统的要求相似D.在采用分时操作系统的计算机系统中,用户可以独占计算机操作系统中的文件系统3、通常用户进程被建立后()A.使一直存在于系统中,直到被操作人员撤销B.随着作业运行正常或不正常结束而撤销C.随着时间片轮转而撤销与建立D.随着进程的阻塞或唤醒而撤销与建立4、进程从运行态到阻塞态可能是()A.运行进程执行P操作B.进程调度程序的调度C.运行进程的时间片用完D.运行进程执行了V操作5、进程调度算法中,可以设计成可抢占式的算法有()。
A.先来先服务调度算法B.最高响应比优先调度算法C.最短作业优先调度算法D.时间片轮转调度算法6、某进程访问页面的序列如下所示。
若工作集的窗口大小为6,则在t时刻的工作集为()。
A.(6,0,3,2)B. (2,3,0,4)C.(0,4,3,2,9)D.(4,5,6,0,3,2)7、系统将数据从磁盘读到内存的过程包括以下操作:① DMA控制器发出中断请求②初始化DMA控制器并启动磁盘③从磁盘传输一块数据到内存缓冲区④执行“DMA结束”中断服务程序正确的执行顺序是():A.③①②④B.②③①④C.②①③④D.①②③④8、在系统内存中设置磁盘缓冲区的主要11的是()。
A.减少磁盘1/0次数,B.减少平均寻道时间C.提高磁盘数据可靠性D.实现设备无关性9、下面关于文件的叙述中,错误的是()。
I.打开文件的主要操作是把指定文件复制到内存指定的区域II.对一个文件的访问,常由用户访问权限和用户优先级共同限制III.文件系统采用树形片录结构后,对于不同用户的文件,其文件名应该不同IV.为防止系统故障造成系统内文件受损,常采用存取控制矩阵方法保护文件A.仅IB. 仅I、IIIC.仅I、III、IVD.I、II、III,IV10、产生内存抖动的主要原因是()A.内存空间太小B.CPU运行速度太慢C.CPU调度算法不合理D.页面置换算法不合理11、假定有个请求分页存储管理系统,测得系统各相关设备的利用率为:CPU为10%,磁盘交换区为99.7%:其他1/O设备为5%。
第三章处理机调度与死锁一、单项选择题1.如果一个进程的周转时间比较大,但带权周转时间比较小,说明该进程()。
A.是一个短进程,且执行过程中等待时间相对较长B.是一个短进程,且执行过程中等待时间相对较短C.是一个长进程,且执行过程中等待时间相对较长D.是一个长进程,且执行过程中等待时间相对较短2.下列调度算法中,对所有就绪进程都比较公平的算法是()。
A.FCFS B.SPFC.RR(时间片轮转法) D.HRRN3.下列调度算法中,需要事先估计进程运行时间的算法是()。
A.FCFS B.HRRNC.RR D.多级反馈队列调度算法4.下列哪种调度决定了系统的多道程序度?()A.高级调度B.中级调度C.低级调度D.进程调度5.以下执行最频繁的调度方式是()。
A.高级调度B.中级调度C.低级调度D.作业调度6.从用户提交作业到作业最终完成的时间间隔称为()。
A.响应时间B.周转时间C.服务时间D.等待时间7.抢占方式的调度是指当前正在运行的进程被操作系统中断,并转移到()状态。
A.阻塞状态B.新建状态C.就绪状态D.挂起状态8.当一个时间片比运行时间最长的进程还要长时,时间片轮转调度算法就退化成了()。
A.HRRN B.FCFSC.SPF D.多级反馈队列调度算法9.下列调度算法中,属于抢占策略的算法是()。
A.FCFS B.RRC.SPF D.HRRN10.若某一时刻系统中的一个进程的响应比最高,则说明该进程()。
A.运行时间最长B.等待时间最长C.周转时间最长D.等待时间与运行时间的比值最大11.下列调度算法中,能让每一个进程在进入就绪队列后很快得到一次运行机会的调度算法是()。
A.FCFS B.SPFC.RR12. 对于一个刚刚到达的进程,其响应比应该为()。
A.0 B.1C.2 D.无穷大13. 在时间片轮转调度算法中,如果时间片一定,且每个进程的服务时间都大于一个时间片,则运行的进程越多,每个进程()。
From the perspective of design, what are the main modules inside the OS kernel? Andgive a short description of each of them.从设计的角度来看,操作系统内核中的主要模块是什么?对每一项做一个简短的描述答案:包括进程管理(调度)模块、文件管理模块、设备管理模块、存储管理模块、网络模块(以下非教材内找到,仅供参考)进程管理模块:当多个程序同时运行时,解决处理器(CPU)时间的分配问题。
文件管理模块:主要负责文件的存储、检索、共享和保护,为用户提供文件操作的方便设备管理模块:根据用户提出使用设备的请求进行设备分配,同时还能随时接收设备的请求(称为中断),如要求输入信息。
存储管理模块:为各个程序及其使用的数据分配存储空间,并保证它们互不干扰。
网络模块:提供对多种网络通信标准的访问并支持许多网络硬件(以下为教材内容)操作系统内核的典型功能:进程管理:进程的创建和终止;进程的调度和分派;进程切换;进程同步以及对进程间通信的支持;进程控制块的管理内存管理:给进程分配地址空间;交换;页和段的管理I/O管理:缓冲区管理;给进程分配I/O通道和设备支持功能:中断处理;记账;监视How a child process is created by call the system call (E.g. fork( ) in Linux or CreateProcess() in Windows). Give a description of the process.如何通过调用系统调用来创建子进程答案:一般步骤:1.给新进程分配一个唯一的进程标识号。
2.给进程分配空间。
3.初始化进程控制块。
4.设置正确的连接。
5.创建或扩充其他的数据结构。
Linux下,通过系统调用创建的步骤:使用fock()函数,1.为最新进程在进程表中分配一个空项2.为子进程赋一个唯一的进程标识符3.生成一个父进程上下文的逻辑副本,不包括共享内存区4.增加父进程拥有的所有文件的计数器,以表示有一个另外的进程现在也拥有这些文件5.把子进程设为就绪态6.向父进程返回子进程的进程号,对子进程返回零List advantages of ULTs over KLTs and disadvantages of ULTs compared to KLTs.列出对于内核级线程来说,用户级线程的优势与劣势答案:以下为教材课后习题答案列出用户级线程优于内核级线程的三个优点。
四川大学2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题(操作系统3130)一、简述(40分,每小题5分)1、分布式系统分布式系统(distributed system)是建立在网络之上的软件系统。
正是因为软件的特性,所以分布式系统具有高度的内聚性和透明性。
因此,网络和分布式系统之间的区别更多的在于高层软件(特别是操作系统),而不是硬件。
内聚性是指每一个数据库分布节点高度自治,有本地的数据库管理系统。
透明性是指每一个数据库分布节点对用户的应用来说都是透明的,看不出是本地还是远程。
在分布式数据库系统中,用户感觉不到数据是分布的,即用户不须知道关系是否分割、有无副本、数据存于哪个站点以及事务在哪个站点上执行等2、死锁所谓死锁:是指两个或两个以上的进程在执行过程中,由于竞争资源或者由于彼此通信而造成的一种阻塞的现象,若无外力作用,它们都将无法推进下去。
此时称系统处于死锁状态或系统产生了死锁,这些永远在互相等待的进程称为死锁进程。
3、桌面系统电脑操作系统指的是在计算机上借助硬件运行并完成计算(应用)的软件,在桌面操作系统诞生之前,最有名的操作系统就是DOS,但是DOS的操作界面十分不友好,仅仅是代码而已,为此,微软公司推出了它们的第一个图形界面操作系统-windows 1.0,尽管只有256色,但是在当时已经够吸引人了,直到今天mac os、windows、linux三足鼎立的局面。
操作系统按应用领域来划分,有桌面操作系统、服务器操作系统和嵌入式操作系统3种。
桌面操作系统是其中应用最为广泛的系统。
4、直接内存访问(DMA)直接内存访问(DMA,Direct Memory Access)是一些计算机总线架构提供的功能,它能使数据从附加设备(如磁盘驱动器)直接发送到计算机主板的内存上。
微处理器就不用再参与数据传输,这样加快了整个电脑的操作速度。
DMA(Direct Memory Access),直译为直接内存访问,是一种无需CPU的参与就可以让外设与系统内存之间进行双向数据传输的硬件机制。