2004 年 第2期 上海第二工业大学学报 JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI SECOND POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY No

收稿日期:2003-11-12.作者简介:李丽娜(1978-),女,哈尔滨商业大学轻工学院硕士研究生,研究方向:食品与包装机械设计及理论.挤压技术在食品工业中的应用李丽娜(哈尔滨商业大学轻工学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150076)摘　要:经挤压技术加工的食品,不易“回生”、营养损失少,易吸收、口感细腻、卫生水平高,易保存.经挤压技术加工的大豆粉,不仅可以去除大豆本身的豆腥味,还可以钝化大豆中的抗营养因子,提高杀菌水平和消化率.挤压技术用于油脂浸出可以提高浸出速度,降低能耗,用于酿造工业可以减少酶及酵母的用量,缩短发酵期.介绍了挤压膨化技术的特点、机理、工艺流程及该技术在食品等工业中的应用概况,分析了挤压技术的现状、发展趋势和前景.关键词:挤压膨化;双螺杆挤压机;食品挤压技术;加工工艺;生化反应器中图分类号:TH122 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-0946(2004)02-0183-04Study on application of extrusion technique in food industryLI Li 2na(School of Light Industry ,Harbin University of C ommerce ,Harbin 150076,China )Abstract :The extruded food w ould not been rawed easily .The kind of food loss few nutrition and is easily abs orbed by body.The s oy bean powder which be extruded without s oy taste ,can passi 2vate the internutrition element ,and im prove sterilizing ability and the digested level .The kind of technique can im prove leach speed with little energy cost ,can shorten fermentation period with few ferment .This paper not only introduces the character ,the principle and the process of ex 2trusion technology applied in food industry ,but als o analyzes the present status ,trend and the future of it.K ey w ords :extruded expansion ;twin screw extruder ;food extrusion technology ;processing technology ;biochemical reactor 挤压加工技术是一种经济实用的新型加工技术.双螺杆挤压机是挤压加工技术的主要设备,它能将输送、粉碎、混合、剪切、熔融、增压和泵出等一系列的单元操作,在其螺杆上同时进行,一步完成,以一台机器装备取代了一系列由多台化工装备组成的生产线,以连续生产代替间歇生产,是一种省时、省地、高效率、低能耗的机械设备.它不仅应用于食品工业中,而且在饲料工业、油脂工业、酿造工业等领域中也有相当广泛的应用.1　食品挤压加工原理及特点食品挤压加工概括地说就是将食品物料置于挤压机的高温高压状态下,然后突然释放至常温常压中,使物料内部结构和性质发生变化的过程.具有一定水分和淀粉含量的物料,在机筒内同时受到螺杆的推动作用和节流装置的反向阻滞作用,热源包括外部加热和物料与螺杆、机筒及物料内部的摩擦热等,使物料处于3～8MPa 的高压和200℃左右的高温的状态下,此压力已超过了挤压第20卷第2期2004年4月 哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of H arbin U niversity of Commerce N atural Sciences EditionV ol.20N o.2Apr.2004温度下的饱和蒸汽压,水分不会沸腾蒸发,在此温度下,物料呈现熔融状态.物料一经模具口挤出,压力骤然降低,水分急剧蒸发,产品随之膨胀,温度骤降到80℃左右.膨化过程中谷物结构发生了变化,使生淀粉(β-淀粉)转化成熟淀粉(α-淀粉),同时变成片层状疏松的海绵体,使产品最终具有不易“回生”、营养损失少易吸收、口感细腻、风味好,食用方便、卫生水平高,易保存等特点.2　挤压技术在食品工业中的应用2.1　休闲食品中的应用膨化食品是将挤压技术应用于食品加工中最先获得成功的产品.休闲食品多以玉米、小麦、大米等谷物和马铃薯等薯类为原料,另有多种调味料,加工成多种风味,多种形状的产品.根据其制作工艺的不同,可分为直接膨化型休闲食品、共挤压型休闲食品、间接膨化型休闲食品.2.1.1　直接膨化型休闲食品直接膨化型休闲食品的消费非常广泛,制作工艺也比较简单.原料经挤压蒸煮后,膨化成型为疏松多孔状产品,再经烘烤脱水或油炸后,在表面喷涂一层美味可口的调味料即可,玉米果、膨化虾条等即属这一类.加工此类产品较完善的工艺是[1]:该工艺一般使用较先进的双螺杆挤压机,生产过程中可根据不同的原料及产品的质量要求随时调节温度、压力、物料湿度、供料量等参数.产品挤出后,水分含量一般在7%～10%左右,着味后可直接包装上市,也可以进一步干燥到水分低于5%,可延长保质期[2].K.Saknark [3]和N.wang [4]把挤压技术应用于木薯粉炸鱼等快餐食品和仿生糖果食品.2.1.2　共挤压型休闲食品共挤压加工是2种性质不同的物料在挤压模板处结合的一种技术.这两种物料可来自两台挤压机,也可来自一台挤压机和一台泵.加工时,谷物类物料在挤压后形成中空的管状物,由奶酪、巧克力、糖等制成的有较好流动性的夹心料通过夹心泵及共挤出模具,在膨化物挤出的同时将馅料注入管状物中间,形成膨化夹心小食品,可通过调整夹心料的配方来制成各种不同的味美质高的休闲产品.工艺如下:2.1.3　间接膨化型休闲食品间接膨化型休闲食品被称为“第3代休闲食品”,它应属于一种半成品.这种食品在加工时物料在挤压机内蒸煮且温度低于100℃,这样物料通过模板时,其中的水分不能变成蒸汽而膨化,而在后期通过油炸或热空气膨化过程去处水分以获得最终质地.其工艺流程如下:2.2　加工再制食品膨化技术在再制食品的加工中也显示了它的独特之处.所谓再制食品就是先将物料膨化,再将膨化果进一步加工制成其他产品.再加工方法主要有2种:第一种方法是将用谷物制得的无味膨化果粉碎,然后将其作为面包、糕点、面条、婴儿食品等产品的生产原料.由于谷物膨化粉水分含量低,与普通谷物粉混合制做食品时,可增加原料的吸水量,延长制品的保鲜期.制做面包时,加入一定量的膨化大米粉、玉米粉,可延缓面包的老化.目前国内外生产的婴儿米粉,以及芝麻糊、花生糊等食品都是用这种方法生产的.加工婴儿食品的主要工艺如下:另一种方法是将制得的无味膨化果调味、调质、压片、干燥,其制品作为早餐速食粥、营养麦片等产品的原料.3　挤压技术在大豆蛋白加工中的应用近二、三十年以来,挤压机进入到大豆蛋白的加工中.采用挤压膨化法加工大豆蛋白,可以改善大豆蛋白的风味,保留大豆本身所含的各种营养成份,并去除大豆中的豆腥味,钝化大豆中的抗营养因子,如抗胰蛋白酶、脲酶等,提高大豆蛋白在人体・481・哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版) 第20卷中的消化性能,因而大大地提高了大豆蛋白的利用率.3.1　加工大豆粉大豆经过破碎、脱皮后,经加热干燥,使脂肪氧化酶钝化,调节水分,将物料喂入挤压机进行挤压加工.加工制品经冷却、干燥,粉碎后就得到营养丰富的全脂大豆粉.这种产品由于在高温高压环境条件下加工制得,具有很好的杀菌作用,并可消除大豆中的抗营养因子,提高了全脂大豆粉的食用价值.3.2　加工组织状大豆蛋白组织状大豆蛋白是将脱脂大豆粕进行挤压膨化,在一定的温度和水分下,受到较高的剪切力,在模口被挤出时,蛋白质分子形成类似纤维状的结构,产品具有类似“肉类”的外观.大豆蛋白经组织化后,改善了口感和弹性,扩大了使用范围,提高了营养价值.可用于人造肉和其他仿肉制品的制作.近年美国已将这类“肉制品”加入到汉堡牛排、肉糕、三明治中,在汉堡牛排中替代肉类的加入量高达30%[5]. 2000年在法国制成的高湿挤压烹饪机,市场流通的机型实际产量200～600kg/h,食品类型包括蔬菜比萨饼表面的配料、汉堡包、香肠、煎小牛肉片、肉饼和沙拉表面的碎肉等.产品具有与肉类极其相似的口感和弹性,它将具有很大的市场潜力[6].4　挤压技术在其他方面的应用4.1　挤压技术在饲料加工方面的应用用挤压方法将谷物及其淀粉制成膨化产品或将豆类等植物蛋白组织化是近几十年发展起来的一项饲料加工新技术.目前,已成为饲料工业的一项重要单元操作,主要应用于水产饲料和宠物饲料的生产.挤压饲料是将具有一定湿含量的粉粒状饲料原料(通常为谷物粒料或其淀粉)送入膨化机内,经过一次连续的混合、调质、升温增压熟化、挤出模孔和骤然降压过程所制得的一种膨化多孔状质构的颗粒饲料.有的还要经过粉碎、干燥、喷涂等后续处理工序以满足不同产品的营养及理化指标要求.采用挤压方法生产的水产与宠物饲料的主要特性有以下几点:1)谷物及其淀粉为基础原料,在挤压过程中,淀粉糊化(即α淀粉β化),吸水能力增强,由不可溶变为可溶,可加快淀粉的酶解速度,提高消化率.2)根据需要,通过改变工艺和配方,调节颗粒产品的松密度,从而可使饲料具有适宜的漂浮特性和水中稳定性.由这个特点可制成浮性的、沉性的或慢沉落的鱼饲料,来适于不同采食层鱼类的采食.3)挤压过程中,物料要受到高温、高压,蒸煮和膨化,可使物料中的蛋白质变性,除去抗营养因子并杀菌,提高消化率和利用率,同时大豆等一些植物蛋白组织化,可具有肉类一样的感官和质构特征.4)挤压膨化饲料可通过更换不同模具来获得不同形状的产品.4.2挤压技术在油脂浸出中的应用利用挤压技术对浸出前的油料进行膨化预处理,是溶剂浸出提油的一种新技术.其基本原理是:当油料料胚在挤压膨化过程中受到高温、高压、高剪切的作用,油料被混炼、熔融,产生组织变化.当料胚从高压状态挤出到常压状态时,造成内部超沸点水分的瞬间蒸发,油料也随之膨化成型,产生许多具有细微孔的条状体(“油路”),有利于油料的浸出[5].应用挤压膨化浸出法与传统的轧胚浸出法相比,在浸出设备的生产能力、油脂浸出速度、能耗、溶剂料胚比以及油品质量等方面有许多优越之处. 1988年,美国约有60%的大豆油厂和50%的棉籽油厂采用膨化预处理技术[7],目前已有90%的棉籽和80%的大豆都经过挤压膨化预处理.国外已把挤压膨化机作为油脂浸出厂中的标准设备[8]. 4.3　技术在酿造生产中的应用谷物膨化后,淀粉及蛋白质等大分子物质发生降解,糊精、还原糖和氨基酸等小分子物质含量增加,脂肪含量大大降低,这样的变化对发酵作用很有利.同时,物料经挤压后呈片状或蜂窝状结构,体积膨胀,增大了与酶的接触面积,因而加快了酶和酵母的作用进程,减少酶及酵母用量,缩短发酵周期.利用挤压膨化原料生产食醋,原料出品率提高40%～50%,酒母和曲的用量减少,发酵时间比传统工艺缩短10d左右,经济效益显著增加.日本龟甲万酿造株式会社还用挤压技术生产发酵制品———酱油和曲酒等[9].4.4　生化反应器近年来,把挤压机与生物、化学联系起来作为生化反应器,已成为挤压技术发展的新热点,国外学者不断研究挤压机作为反应器对蛋白质、淀粉等聚合物的生物转化.Carr和Cunningham成功地用正转双螺杆挤压机,通过对部分由于挤压产生的淀粉解聚作用产物进行缩醛反应,由淀粉生产乙二醇糖苷[10].Meuser等人在双螺杆挤压机上将淀粉衍生物生成阴离子和阳离子淀粉[11].国内学者也进行・581・第2期 李丽娜:挤压技术在食品工业中的应用了这方面的研究.此外,双螺杆挤压机可代替搅拌反应器,完成乳制品酪蛋白盐反应物的生产;可代替蒸煮器和浇模机,用于甘草、水果软糖的生产;代替精磨机用于巧克力的生产;代替烤箱用于烘烤调料、焦糖生产;代替烤炉用于面包片、饼干的生产;作为榨汁机用于生产各种果汁、油料.螺杆挤压机还可以用于其他工业制品的加工,如造纸工业、纺织工业、金属铸造业、油井钻探等.5　挤压技术的发展趋势和前景挤压膨化技术作为一种新型食品加工技术,为食品加工提供了新方法,为我国粮食加工企业开发新产品开辟了新途径,近年来得到很快的发展,并且已在很多领域里取代了传统的加工方法,这主要是由于挤压技术具有适应性强、加工范围广,产品质量高等特性,保证了生产的经济价值.据报道,美国1997年挤压膨化食品的销售额达9.319亿美元,比1996年增长9.3%[12].在今后的发展中,应注意以下几点.1)继续加强对挤压机理的深入研究目前生产用挤压膨化设备除了双螺杆挤压机外,还有单螺杆挤压机.对于单螺杆挤压机的输送及挤压机理已经了解得比较透彻,但无论是从工作能力(包括输送能力、混合能力、自洁能力等)还是从物料适应范围上来说,单螺杆挤压机都远不及双螺杆挤压机.而双螺杆挤压机工作过程中,影响因素非常多,各因素之间的交互影响又十分复杂,再加上物料本身的复杂性和多变性,就使对双螺杆挤压机挤压机理的研究非常困难.而无论是要提高生产能力和适应范围,还是改善结构、自动控制,都是以熟知挤压机理为基础的,因此进一步加强对挤压机理的研究至关重要.[13]2)提高挤压膨化过程的自动控制挤压过程中的影响因素本已很多,而加工过程中一些手工操作又会增大加工误差和质量波动,因此,实现加工过程的自动控制十分重要.对喂料速度、物料湿度、螺杆转速、加热温度等一些重要参数都由计算机来控制,减少由于人为因素给产品质量带来的影响,并可降低劳动强度,提高生产效率.3)改进挤压机结构设计,研制多功能、多用途挤压机螺杆和机筒是双螺杆挤压机的核心部件,设计时应不断改进其结构以适应工艺参数的要求.如双螺杆挤压机一般要求机筒内压力由入料口逐渐增大,到模口处达到最大,设计时不应使最大压力距模口太远,可在螺杆末端加上反螺旋结构,以提高模口压力.还可以通过改变传动箱与止推装置的结构,用径向轴承来承受轴向力,从而实现两螺杆在中心距较小的情况下,能够承受较大的扭矩和轴向力,还能够使双螺杆挤压机既可作为同向双螺杆挤出机使用,又可作为异向双螺杆挤出机使用,从而构成了多功能双向双螺杆挤出机.参考文献:[1]　刘　英.挤压膨化技术在谷物食品加工中的应用[J].西部粮油科技,1999,24(4):30-31.[2]　张裕中,王　景.食品挤压加工技术与应用[M].北京:中国轻工出版社,1998.[3]　LAM BLA,LIEGE M,BE LGIUN.C om paris on between a twin-screwextruder and a rotary ring die press[J].In fluence of formulation vari2 ables European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,1990(9):27-28.[4]　K OKINI J,EE A L L.F ood Extrusion Scienceand T echnologyed M.V.K arwe[M].New Y ork:M arcel Dekker,Inc.1992.[5]　沈正荣.挤压膨化技术及其应用概况[J].食品与发酵工业,2000,26(5):74-78.[6]　莫小蔓.挤压技术生产纤维性仿肉制品[J].中国食品,2000(22):21-23.[7]　郭达.食品挤压技术及最新研究进展[J].中国粮油学报,1997,12(1):48-50.[8]　李子明.Y JP系列油料挤压膨化机[J].农机与食品机械,1998(3):28-31.[9]　M U LVANEY,RIZ VI,T win-screw Extrusion of Rice Flour W ithout aDie[J].S.S.H.F ood technology,1993,47(12):74-82.[10]　CAAR M E,CUNNING HAM R L.Cereal Chem istry[J].Journal ofF ood Sciene,1989,27:107-112.[11]　ME USER F,GI M M LER N,OE DING J.F ood Extrusion ScienceandT echnologyed[M].M.V.K arwe,1990.[12]　李应彪.高新技术在食品工业中的应用[J].轻工机械,2001(1):33-35.[13]　杨绮云,李德溥,徐克非.纤维食品的挤压加工技术[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报:自然科学版,2001,17(1):70-73.・681・哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版) 第20卷。

ｒ８２２‘０５中ｍ分类号单位代号１１９０３学日０２７２０８：上海大学＠硕士学位论文ＳＨＡＮＧＨＡＩＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹＭＡＳＴＥＲ’ＳＴＨＥＳＩＳ题轴流泵内部流动及受力特ｌ目性的分析与研究作考苤聂——一学科专业流体力学导师呈坚９９塾量睦丝勤塑援完成日期２００５年３月图３－１计算区域及网格划分§３．３结果分析§３．３．１压力和速度分布本章计算了表３一ｌ中轴流泵叶片角度在．４０、ｏｏ和４０时８个流量工况下的流动。

图３．２是叶片角度在００，流量为１２ｍ３／ｓ时整个轴流泵表面静压分布。

从图中可以看出，吸入管内部的压力较低，其分布比较的均匀。

当流体进入叶轮时，首先在靠近进水边的叶片背面清楚的看到存在低压区，这是因为流体由吸水管进入叶轮的叶片通道时，由于叶片的作用，使得流体的速度在靠近叶片的背面迅速增大，从而形成低压区。

在轴流泵实际的运行过程中，此位置常会发生汽蚀现象，引起叶片的破坏，故在轴流泵设计时需要考虑这个重要因素，根据实际运行工况，选择合适的叶片翼型。

流体在叶轮中的压力变化较大，沿着叶片工作面的法向方向，流体的压力由大到小逐渐变化。

当流体由叶轮的４个流道进入６个导叶的流道时，由于高速旋转的叶轮叶片和静止的导叶间的相互作用，使得导叶段中压力分布沿于指导高效轴流泵的设计具有重要意义。

图３－２轴流泵表面静压分布图３－３（ａ）叶轮叶片及轮毂表面静压分布图３－３（ｂ）叶轮叶片及轮毂表面静压分布图３－３（ｃ）叶轮叶片及轮毂表面静压分布圈３．４导叶、轮毂和轴表面静压分布第三章轴流泵内部流动特性的数值研究段内由于叶轮叶片和导叶相互作用的非定常流动时存在一定的偏差。

在对轴流泵进行性能预测时，考虑到叶轮区域流动的准确模拟才是影响性能的主要因数，故本文仍采用此模型，模拟叶轮在某一固定位置时轴流泵内的流动。

虽然这对于水泵的内部流动计算产生一定的误差，但水泵的性能是在时间和空间平均意义上的体现，为此从综合性能上讲，应该影响不大。

第27卷第2期上海第二工业大学学报 V ol.27 No.2 2010年6月 JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI SECOND POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Jun. 2010 文章编号:1001-4543(2010)02-0136-05一种基于能量集中的数字水印嵌入方法冯涛（上海第二工业大学成人与继续教育学院，上海 200041）摘要：数字水印技术为信息隐藏、数据安全提供了一个有效的版权保护手段。

目前大多数数字水印技术很难同时保证水印图像的透明性和鲁棒性。

依据能量集中区域为水印图像嵌入区域，提出了一种强透明性同时不失鲁棒性的数字水印嵌入方法。

通过寻找载体图像小波变换后逼近图的能量集中区域，将加密后的水印图像嵌入其中。

试验结果表明，该方法有较好的透明性和鲁棒性，在附加噪声、JPEG压缩、旋转情况下有较好的抵抗能力。

关键词：数字水印；能量集中区域；Arnold变换中图分类号：TP391.4 文献标志码：A0 引言近年来随着信息产业的快速发展，数字信息在各行各业的传播和交流越来越多，个人信息的安全性也随之突显出来。

作为一种知识产权保护以及信息的合法使用而且不受侵权的方法，信息隐藏技术日趋显示其重要性，同时也是隐藏机密数据的一种新思路。

数字水印有4个重要要求：鲁棒性（robustness，即抗干扰能力）、不可检测性（undetectability）、透明性（invisibility，即不可见性）和安全性（security）。

在现有的数字水印嵌入方法中，将水印嵌入到低频部分来保证其鲁棒性，将数字水印嵌入到高频部分来保证其不可见性，这样导致鲁棒性和不可见性具有相互制约的特性。

如果加强水印的鲁棒性，水印的不可见性就会变弱；反之，如果加强水印的不可见性，水印的鲁棒性会变弱。

由于这对矛盾的存在使得水印图像的嵌入位置尤为重要。

目前常用的方法将水印嵌入低频部分，同时尽可能地兼顾水印的不可见性。

然而，这些方法并不能很好地解决这一对矛盾。

上海第二工业大学本科毕业设计（论文）学生手册题目：学生姓名：学号：学院名称：经济管理学院专业班级：指导教师：开始日期：2015 年 12 月 16 日完成日期： 2016 年 5 月 15 日目录一、任务书 (1)二、开题报告 (2)三、中期检查表 (5)四、论文审阅表 (6)五、论文评阅表 (7)六、指导记录表 (8)七、答辩记录表 (10)八、外文翻译稿和原稿 (12)毕业设计（论文）任务书毕业设计（论文）开题报告毕业设计（论文）中期检查表毕业设计（论文）审阅表毕业设计（论文）答辩记录表（接上页）外文翻译稿和原稿Research on Green Logistics Development at Homeand AbroadAbstract: Green logistics was proposed in the early 1990s, since then, the governments, the academia and the business community around the world has paid a lot of attention to it. Green logistics is based on the sustainable development, resource conservation and environment friendly. It can help us to deal with the relationship effectively between the logistics development, environmental protection, and make the economic interests, social interests and environmental interests unity. At present, the development of the green logistics in China is still relatively backward. In order to accelerate the development of the green logistics in China and improve its quality, this paper collected and collated some successful practices and experience of other countries by the methods of the literature analysis and summarizes. Combined with the national conditions of china, this paper proposed some suitable measures and recommendations, and they will have the actual significance to improve the logistics level.Keywords: green logistics; sustainable development; ecological economy; green production; green consumption1. IntroductionWith the rapid development of social economy and the greatly enhance of the human material civilization, the resources on the earth have been dwindling, and the living environment of human beings is facing with more and more threats. In this context, a wave of "green wave" is raised in the global in 1990s, and green movement are infiltrating to all areas. Modern logistics industry is the backbone of national economies, and its comprehensive and relevance are strong. With the emergence of new economic, such as information economy and network economy, the logistics has been given new knowledge, new technology and new management thought, and logistics industry has developed to the direction of the specialization and scale. But with the increase of the amount of logistics, changes of logistics management and large scale of the logistics facilities and tools, the influence of the logistics system on the ecological environment has become more and more serious. To solve this problem, the concept of "green logistics" was born in some developed countries. At present, green logistics is still a full new concept, and it is lack of mature theoretical system, but the social and economic value it appears is enormous.2. The concept of green logisticsGreen logistics is a new topic proposed in the 90s of the 20th century. As well as the concept of the logistics, there hasn't a mature definition for the green logistics so far. The scholars at home and aboard have different descriptions on the concept of the green logistics. H.J.Wu and S.Dunn thought that the green logistics was a logistics system responsibility to our environment, and it included not only the green forward logistics process, from the acquisition of the raw material, production, packaging,transportation, warehousing and finally the arrival to the end user, but also the reverse logistics of the waste recovery and disposal. The Reverse Logistics Executive Council rose in a paper: the green logistics attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistic activities. “Green logistics”, written by Bjorn N.Peters en and Palle Petersen, published in Danmark, define the green logistics as the eco-management of the forward logistics and the reverse logistics. “Logistic term”,published in the year of 2001 in china, definite that green logistics is to reduce the harm to environment in the process of logistics, at the same time, to purify the logistic environment and take fully advantage of the logistics resource. ChunYu Xia, JianSheng Li ,working in the Northeast University ，thought in their published works “Green logistics”：Green logistics is aiming at reducing the environmental pollution, reducing resource consumption, using the advanced logistics technology to plan and implement the transport, storage, packing, loading and unloading, circulation processing and other logistics activities, and it is a green economy management process which is connecting green supply body and demand body, and overcoming effective and rapid green goods and the service flow which is hindered by space and time. Changqiong Wang, working in Wuhan University of Science and Technology, defined in his “Green logistics”:Green logistics is a process which is aiming at reducing the environmental pollution and reducing resource consumption, through advanced logistics technology and facing to the environmental management ideas, to plan, control, manage and implement the logistics system.3. Green logistics development analysis in abroadThis paper summarizes and analyzes the green logistics development of Germany, the United States and Japan. Green logistics is relatively well-developed in the three countries. This study can suggest a direction for the green logistics development in china.A. GermanyThe logistics capability in Germany is ranked first in the world, and it represents the development direction of the global logistics industry. At the same time, Germany's green logistics also has a leading position in the world.●Establish the transport network of low-carbon emissions. According to the research, throughout the logistics links, the road transport is the largest part of carbon emissions. In order to reduce carbon emissions, they transport mainly by train or ship in German. They already have a perfect network for the transport by rail and ship, and already have more than 50 logistics villages.●Collaborative transport mode of the green intermodal. Intermodal is the means that operators take at least two different modes of transport to transport. Green intermodal is the means that operating vehicles must meet the environmental requirements and the driver must know the energy saving technologies. Dates show that the green intermodal transport mode is slower one day than the road transport, but carbon emissions reduce by 70%. Moreover, using energy saving equipment, government will give some corresponding subsidies. Energy saving driving training to the drivers can save fuel 10-20%. In addition, Germany's medium and small enterprises oftenhave their own advisory team, and they can provide the most scientific design for establishing the green intermodal mode of their own.●Use the leasing widely. The logistics enterprises in Germany use commonly the leasing of transportation. According to the latest survey, transport trucks on the road in Germany almost 80% are leased. The government usually gives some financial support about the highway charges, and the government will have the corresponding subsidies to the leasing vehicles.●The perfect green logistics training model. Germany pays more attention to the green awareness propaganda to the customer and trains the staff. And the training is mandatory, that is, all the company employees must participate. According to the survey, its advanced modular logistics training model is composed of more than 300 modules, involving more than 5,000 types of logistics.● Advanced green logistics technologies. Germany pays more attention to the R&D of green logistics technology; meanwhile, Germany is the world's largest exporter of green logistics technology. In 2006, German exports of green technology have close to 100 million Euros, and increases more than 20% than 2005. Germany pays more attention to the application of scientific and technological means and the use of computer information, for example, from the GPS to the team's information management and to the ultimately track positioning systems. The help of the computer information management to logistics companies is obvious. In addition, the German commonly used removable container, so that idle rate of the trucks can be reduced by 30% to 40%, which greatly improve the use efficiency of trucks.B. The United StatesThe United States is one of the first countries developing the logistics industry in the world. According to the statistics, there are five U.S company in the top ten logistics companies in the world. In the economic and social environment of the logistics highly developed, the U.S. government constantly adjusts the macroeconomic policy to ensure green logistics development promote the development of socioeconomic development. The United States in its 2025 "National transportation science and technology development strategy" set the overall objective that transportation industrial structure or transportation science and technology progress is as follows: "to establish safe, efficient, adequate and reliable transport system, its scope is international, form is comprehensive, characterize is intelligence, and the nature is environment-friendly".●Green supply chain management. Implementing green management to the supply chain is a kind of environmental protection and ecological management from the supply of raw materials, purchasing, production, use, consumption, to waste recycling, reuse of the whole process. The core of management is to make the whole supply chain harmonization in environmental management, and make the environment and green. Green supply chain management has been begun in the United States in 1999.●Pay more attention to reverse logistics. When developing environmental policy objectives, the environmental analysis experts in U.S usually to "minimize the impact on the environment" as the target. They advocate usually the policy and strategy, such as minimizing resource consumption, wasting reduction and improving environmentalquality, and so on. In the US, many companies have established reverse logistics management systems, aiming at product returns, repair and waste recovery. They take the initiative to extent their responsibilities in order to enhance their competitiveness. For example, the IBM Company set up a global recycling service center in the late 90s, responsible for the worldwide recall of all products business. IBM donates the recalled products to charity, making them service to society, conserving resource, or uses them in the production after being processed to reduce production costs. According to statistics, there are 120,000 auto recyclers in U.S. and their annual turnover is several billion dollars, it is a profitable industry.● Use green packaging. In 1960s, the United States began to pay more attention to packaging and environmental protection. The several reasons ensure the green packaging in the United States implement smoothly.The perfect legal protection: The U.S. government mandatory recycles packaging waste and promotes the use of renewable resources by formulating laws and regulations, environmental advocacy and the R&D of the green new materials and so on. By 1988, 21 states in the United States had enacted laws and regulations to restriction and prohibition the use of certain plastic packaging products.The implementation of environmental labeling system: By 1988, there had been 36 states in the United States implementing the environment through joint identification system by joint legislative. The main approach was: to promote the use of "green flag" or" renewable signs" in some plastic containers or packaging, to tell consumers which can be regenerated to use. These practices make the legal regulation of the United States about green packaging achieve remarkable 1 result. A market survey of the United States display: due to the impact of green packaging, people's consumption habits have gradually changed. More and more consumers want to use recycled paper board packaging and hope the packing can be marked with the symbol of recycled 100%.Packaging industry improves continuously the green program: At present, the packaging industry in the US mainly uses two kinds of green programs: First, a 15% annual reduction in consumption of raw materials; Second, the utilization of packaging products for recycling is at least 20%. Many states have passed legislation to determine the recovery of packaging waste fixed, and formulated any company can apply for tax exemption as long as certain provisions of the recycling packaging waste utilization. Through these regulations, the United States in the recycling containers has made remarkable achievements, the amount of carton packaging recycling up to 4 million tons each year, and they can be reused after being treated.R&D of new environmentally friendly packaging materials: Some companies and research institutions in the U.S. develop and introduce continuously new environmentally friendly packaging materials. For example, scientists in the US have invented a low-cost, environmentally friendly fast-food packaging materials, and this material is made of wheat straw fiber and wheat starch, this kind box can be completely degraded, and has good insulation properties; Hewlett-Packard has developed 12 type PC in the beginning of this century, each of which has only 3 screws, and it is convenient and easy to disassemble the computer to upgrade themaintenance update.● Use advanced green technology. General corporate in the US use many advanced technologies during the logistics, such as transportation, distribution, packaging and so on. These advanced technologies include electronic data interchange (EDI), time production (JIT), distribution planning, green packaging, and so on. They can provide strong technical support and protection for the green logistics activities.4.The enlightenment of green logistics abroad to ChinaA. Establish the Concept of Green LogisticsEstablishment and development of Green Logistics is the effective convergence of the green production and green consumption. The whole society must establish the concept of green logistics. Firstly, the government must take all measures to vigorously promote and advocate the green logistics，so that people insight into the concept of green logistics, green logistics to create a favorable environment; Secondly, enterprises should organize staff to join in training in time, change the traditional concept of employees, and establish a full new logistics concept, encourage their employees to green procurement, green production, green marketing, green logistics, green finance, etc; Finally, the consumer should strengthen constantly their awareness of green consumption, and use this awareness to stimulate enterprises’ green action.B. Accelerate Infrastructure ConstructionCompared to the countries with developed logistics, there are many deficiencies of the current logistics level in china in the basic platform construction，such as transport, storage facilities, upgrading is not timely, distribution processing, logistics and information services, inventory management, logistics, cost control and other logistics value-added services equipment a lot lacking. We can start from the following aspects:●We should carry out the rational planning and overall design to the existing logistics infrastructure to improve the efficiency and make their comprehensive performance play.● Rebuild logistics infrastructure and make them macro-coordination and functional integration strengthen.●Expand the investment scale of the transport infrastructure, and increase the construction intensity of road, rail, water, air, pipelines and urban facilities distribution.●Strengthen the interface of various transport modes, accelerate the improvement of integrated transport network, and develop greatly multimodal transport.C. Develop Multimodal GreatlyIt is difficult for a single transport mode to efficiently complete the transportation task perfectly. Road, rail, water, air and other modes of transport have their own time and space characteristics. Therefore, enterprises should combine with the characteristics of a variety of transport modes, select the best combined transport program according to the principle of reducing pollution, improving the efficiency and effectiveness, and build a logistics and transport networks of energy-saving, environmental protection, efficient.D. Establish Green Logistics Recycling Network SystemConstructing advanced and comprehensive recycling green logistics network system of renewable resources is making information technology marry to recycling logistics industry. The aim is improving resource utilization and constructing a saving society. The measure is good to transform economic growth pattern, achieve sustainable development. Establishing green logistics recycling system changes the one-way flow characteristics of traditional logistics, and it is the key ring making green logistics and circular economy as closed-loop system.E. Green Logistics Mechanism InnovationThe development practice of the green logistics in Western developed countries has proved: Green Logistics can form gradually the environmental industry by the market mechanism. Therefore, in order to ensure the smooth development of green logistics, we need optimize purposefully all relevant factors combination of green logistics, and offer innovative activities in the form of operating mechanisms to form and enhance the power of the green logistics system running evolution (Figure 3).F. Industry-university-research Cooperation, Develop High TechnologyThe development of the green logistics can not without innovation and use of the high technology. The economic and environmental goal pursuit green logistics pursuits will be difficult to achieve without the input of the advanced technology. If the logistics enterprises blindly emphasize the production capacity, but neglect the innovation capacity,it could make the logistics industry be in the low-end ofthe high technology industry's and value chain for a long time, and their core technologies and legitimate interests could always be controlled by others. Therefore, the government, enterprises, research institutions and institutions of higher collage must be closely coordinated, accelerate the establishment technological innovation system of enterprises-mainstay, market-oriented and industry-university-research cooperation, and guide and support the innovative elements gather into enterprises, promote scientific and technological achievements to convert to practical productive forces, and promote the innovation and development of green logistics in china. High-tech innovation and development is inseparable from the support of all levels of government, our government at all levels should increase high-intensity R & D investment to ensure that enterprises, research institutions and universities have sufficient R & D funding. Logistics technology development through high-density, high value-added logistics services, protection of the environment and the low carbon economy achieving the goal; by developing high-tech, foster a new round of technological innovation, efforts to address the transport of the noise, pollution, gas emission, traffic jams and waste production and improper handling of life and many other issues, and create a new situation of innovation and development of green logistics.G. Professional Green Logistics Personnel TrainingPromoting the development of green logistics needs solid theoretical guidance, perfect hardware facilities and scientific support of logistics technology, and these are inseparable from the professional training. Therefore, training and bringing up a large number of logistics personnel familiar to green theory and practice is urgent. Weshould vigorously develop high quality and complex logistics personnel by universities, businesses and community resources. They should possess the following qualities:● They should have a strong management desire and challenge spirit, and have the basic qualities of hard working, honest integrity and effective communication.●They should have a broad base of knowledge, and master the knowledge of international trade and customs clearance, storage and transportation, financial cost management, security management and legal.●They should understand not only the logistics technology, but also the logistics economy, not only familiar with the logistics management technology, but also master the supply chain process, familiar to software programs, ecommerce technology and information technology systems.●They should fully grasp the transport, storage, packaging, handling, distribution processing and information services and other basic skills.国内外绿色物流发展研究摘要：绿色物流在1990年代早期被提出，从那时起，全世界的政府、学术界和商界对绿色物流有很多的关注。