国际海洋法
第一节概述
一、国际海洋法的概念
The law of the sea is that law by which States regulate their relations in respect of the marine territory subject to coastal State jurisdiction and those areas of the sea and sea bed beyond any national jurisdiction.
三、国际海洋法的编纂
Codification of International Law of the Sea
relevant conventions are:
a) Convention on the Territorial sea and the Contiguous Zone 1959 [TSC],
(entered into force on Sept. 10,1964); 领海与毗连区公约
b) Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958[CSC], (Jun. 10,1964); 大陆架公约
c) Convention on Fishing and the Conservation of the Living Resources of the High
Seas 1958[FC]，(Mar. 20,1966)；捕鱼和养护公海生物资源公约
d) Convention on the High Seas 1958[HSC]，(Sept. 30, 1962)；公海公约and
e) United Nations Convention on the law of the sea (Law of the Sea Convention )
1982[LOSC]，( Nov. 16, 1994)。联合国海洋法公约
四、领海基线baselines of the territorial sea
The starting point for establishing the maritime zones.
The baselines of a state serve dual functions：
They demarcat e the state’s internal waters from external waters. They also
provide the lines from which the outer limits of maritime zones will be measured .
Thus, all waters of a state that are landward of its baselines are internal waters and are an integral part of the territory of the coastal State, and are treated virtually as if they were part of the state’s land territory. Waters seaward of a state’s baselines are subject to the law of the sea.
According to Law of the Sea Convention , there are two types of baselines:
1. 正常基线normal baseline / natural baseline
LOSC Article 5 “the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State. ”测算领海宽度的正常基线是沿海国官方承认的大比例尺海图所标明的沿岸低潮线。”
2. 直线基线Straight baselines
LOSC Article 7 (1)“In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. ”在海岸线极为曲折的地方,或者如果紧接海岸有一系列岛屿,测算领海宽度的基线的划定可采用连接各适当点的直线基线法。”
第二节主要海域
一、内海internal sea
LOSC Article 8 (1) waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State. ”领海基线向陆一面的水域构成国家内水的一部分
legal status:
1. coastal State has complete and exclusive sovereignty subject to the right of
foreign vessels in distress to seek safety in internal waters
2. Where the establishment of a straight baseline has the effect of enclosing as
internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as provided in this Convention shall exist in those waters.
二、领海the territorial sea
1. 领海的概念Concept of territorial sea
LOSC Article 2 (1) “The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land
territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea.”沿海国的主权及于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接的一带海域，在群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域，称为领海。
2. Breadth of the territorial sea 领海的宽度
LOSC Article 3“Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial
sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.” 每一国家有权确定其领海的宽度，直至从按照本公约确定的基线量起不超过十二海里的界限为止。
(1) Interior limit of the territorial sea
--- is baselines of the territorial sea, which is the boundary between internal waters
and territorial sea.领海的内部界线----是领海基线，是内水和领海的分界线。
(2) Outer limit of the territorial sea
LOSC Article 4
The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance
from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea. 领海的外部界限----是一条其每一点同基线最近点的距离等于领海宽度的线。
3.领海的法律地位legal status
LOSC Article 2 （1）The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land
territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea.（1）沿海国的主权及于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接的一带海域,在群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域,称为领海。
（2）This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to Its
bed and subsoil.（2）此项主权及于领海的上空及其海床和底土。
（3）The sovereignty over the territorial sea is exercised subject to this Convention and
to other rules of international law. （3）对于领海的主权的行使受本公约和其他国际法规则的限制。
The nature of the coastal state’s rights in the territorial sea is state’s sovereignty.沿
海国在领海上的权利的性质为国家主权。
4.无害通过权the right of innocent passage
