扫雪机的历史外文文献翻译、环卫机械设备中英文翻译、外文翻译

No-tillage drillIt is a significative mission for the persons majoring in agriculture mechanics to spread conservation agriculture, especially in the region adopting the double cropping mode. The culture condition in these areas gives some special problem to drill. For example, it is pressing to plant wheat as the follow course of maize; At that time the stalks cover is so heavy and the stalks are so flexile that the block is serious; The bushy maize root makes the earth surface too rough to drill in the no-tillage procedure; And seed bareness is familiar when adopting machines with gravity-root-broken mechanisms, etc. Presently, most native or foreign no-tillage drill can not finish the work smoothly. Designing and manufacturing row-controlled no-tillage wheat drill have been recited in this article based on the analysis and studies of the intention and principles of the conservation tillage.Nowadays the core problem is anti-blocking in the research and design of no-tillage planters domestic and abroad. Although many agricultural machine experts have made some progress, the anti-blocking problem is not solved in grain. Based on it, through classifying and analyzing the anti-blocking equipment used by no-tillage planters and its principle, contrasting their respective strongpoint and shortcoming, in the light of the mulching stalk property and the contrast of two kinds of cutting methods, the radical theory and general framework project of the sliding cutting type anti-blocking equipment are worked out.A new-concept of no-till wheat planter, named 2BMD-12 no-till row-follow wheat planter, had been developed by China Agricultural University to solve an extremely important problem which is zero tillage planting of wheat in narrow row spacing (150-200mm) between rows of very high-levels full length, standing maize stubble in one pass in the double cropping situation of North China. A powered rotary strip-chopping unit was placed forward of each single row of planter tines to ensure that the above-ground section of the planter tine is kept free from residue blockage. Field performance test of the machine demonstrated that it could be a good choice to work effectively for much of the time under more diffcult residue conditions than that most other planters could tolerate especially when it follows well between the standing maize stubble rows.But there are still some problems existing for the rotary strip-chopping unit, planting unit and ground wheels etc. The thesis focused on improving the design of the machine to solve these problems.(1)The strip-chopping axis was redesigned to reduce vibration and power consumption by adjusting the arrangement of the knives and on the basis of analyzing the forces on the axis. The improved machine can adapt to maize row spacing from 500mm to 700mm.(2)More improvements were done on the planning unit focusing on the blockage and depth control issues. A new anti-blockage mechanism, which combines the powered chopping and disc opener, was designed and tested. Fertilizer was applied using the narrow tine opener with chopping unit in front of each tine; while a double disc opener, which is proved to have high residue handling capacity, was installed right behind each tine to seed into the fertilizer furrow. This new design reduced the blockage between planting units. Meanwhile seeding depth of eachrow can be controlled separately by the ground feeling mechanism on each double-disc opener.So do the mode analysis in the finite element analysis software ANSYS and make appropriate remedy for the main frame and the main shaft. Get a compact firm steady model in the software interface.The block can be eliminated when the knives of pulverizes run through the abutted furrow opener stems. The problem of rough seeding bed is avoided in the use of row controlled method. It is more appropriate to the definition of conservative tillage for disturbing less soil. Seeding and fertilization can be finished in the single course in the field with average cover degree of 4kg/㎡.and all maize standing. It can save time, increase soil fertility, lessen the working procedure to use the drill. Finally, it will reduce the agriculture input.免耕播种机在我国广大一年两熟地区大力推广保护性耕作是目前该地区农机工作者的重要任务之一，其意义深远。

附录U; Numericalstudy on particle ; headforastreetvacuumswee ; BofuWu*,JinlaiMen,JieChe ；SchoolofMechanicalEnglis ；ABSTRAC；T Thepurposeofthispaperist ; Keywords:Pickuphead;Part ;1.Introduction ; Cu附录UNumerical study on particle removal performance of pickuphead for a street vacuum sweeperBofu Wu *, Jinlai Men, Jie ChenSchool of Mechanical English Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity ，Shanghai,200240,ChinaABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the particle removal performance of pickup head for a street vacuum sweeper numerically. An integrated 3D numerical model was constructed based on particle suction process in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The airflow through the pickup head was treated as a continuum, while particles were modeled as dispersed phase. The Reynolds stress model (RSM) and discrete particle model (DPM) were chosen in order to predict the air and particles flow accurately. The numerical simulation results show that thesweeper-traveling speed and the pressure drop across the pickup head have great effects on the particle removal performance. The removal efficiency of particles increases with the lower sweeper-traveling speed or the higher pressure drop, and small size particles have higher grade efficiency than that of large size particles under the same operating conditions. Moreover, the removal mass flow rate of particles increases with the higher sweeper-traveling speed. Therefore, a trade-off should be considered among high removal efficiency, low energy consumption, and high removal mass flowrate. Through thenumerical simulation, the effectiveness of street vacuum sweeper for removing particles from road surface is evaluated, and an optimal operating condition is obtained. Besides, more information is generated to better understand the particle suction process of the pickup head.Keywords: Pickup head; Particle removalperformance ;CFD ;Sweeper-traveling speed Pressure drop1.IntroductionCurrently, there is a widespread concern over the pollution of particle matter. Dust and silt are the major sources of particle matter pollution, the removal of which therefore attracts considerable attention [1]. Street sweeping is typically practiced toremove the accumulation of dust and silt from road surface to improve aesthetics, public healthy, and storm water quality, so it is considered as an effective pollutant control practice for many local authorities [2,3]. Pickup head is the key component of street vacuum sweeper, which is designed to pick up particles efficiently from road surface and send them to dust collection hopper smoothly. The particle removal performance of the pickup head is the most important index for a street vacuum sweeper.Many researches have been performed on estimating the particle removal performance of street sweeping. For example, a study by Chang et al. [4] evaluated the effectiveness of street sweeping and washing for controlling ambient total suspended particles by experiments, which indicated that the street sweeping and washing process was effective at removing dust and silt from urban roads. However, some researchers such as Vaze and Chiew [5] considered that the contribution of street sweeping to environmental quality was not very clear, and may have an adverse impact because streetsweepers did not pick up smaller size particles effectively. Kangand Stenstorm [6] studied the street sweeping effectiveness as a stormwater managementpractice by using statistical power analysis. They pointed out that the effect of street sweeping should not be underestimated because some previous researches were based on insufficient data. Therefore, new methods were needed to evaluate the street sweeping effectiveness.As the particle removal performance for street vacuum sweeper varies based on sweeping technology, operating conditions, sweeping frequency, street dirt loading and particle size distribution [7], it is necessary to develop a repeatable and reliable method to calculate the particle removal performance of pickup head for a street vacuum sweeper. In order to evaluate the particle removal performance of pickup head, engineers generally concentrate on two parameters, the sweeper-traveling speed and the pressure drop across the pickup head. Their influences on the particle removal efficiency and the particle removal mass flow rate directly relate to the performance of the street vacuum sweeper. Chen et al. [8] investigated the influence of sweeper structure and sweeper-traveling speed on the particle removal performance by experiments. They found that the wing plate of pickup head and the sweeper-traveling speed had great influence on the critical pickup velocity of particles. Meanwhile, they analyzed the relationship of the particle pickup velocities and the airflow rates.With the rapid development of the computer technology, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been successfully adopted to study various industrial pneumatic conveying processes [9,10]. Although many works have studied the particle removal performance by experiments over the past decades, few works considered the particle removal performance of pickup head using CFD. Xu et al. [11] conducted a 3D numerical simulation on the flow field of pickup head and gas system for a highway mechanical sweeper. They analyzed the interactionbetween the pickup system and the filter system, and optimized the combined system based on numerical results. Zeng et al. [12] employed the CFD technology to simulate the flow field of pickup head. The study showed that the performance of street sweeping was improved significantly by changing the structure of pickup head, and the numerical simulation proved that the CFD was an effective tool to calculate the flow field characteristics of pickup head. However, these works did not account for the influence of particles on the flow field during the investigation, so the particle removal efficiency and the particle removal mass flow rate cannot be obtained. More importantly, influences of the sweeper-traveling speed and the pressure drop, which are the most important parameters, should not be neglected while modeling the performance of pickup head.Gas cyclone is the device that utilizes centrifugal force to separate particles from carrier gas, whereas pickup head for a street vacuum sweeper is the device that employs vacuum pressure to suck up particles from road surface. Therefore, the particle removal performance of pickup head will be also calculated by using the CFD approach, which has been validated by the successful investigation of the particle collection performance of gas cyclones [13,14].The aim of the present study is to investigate the particle removal performance of pickup head under various sweeper-traveling speeds and pressure drop using commercial CFD program Fluent 6.3. The numerical CFDmodel is verified by sweeping field experiments. Based on the numerical results, the balance among the particle removal efficiency, the pressure drop across the pickup head and the removal mass flow rate is considered, and an optimal operating condition is obtained.2.Sweeping field experimentsA street vacuum sweeper with an engine power of 57 kw was used in this work. It used an elaborately designed vacuumsystem for dusts pickup. Fig.1 showed that the street vacuum sweeper was pickingup sand particles from experimental road surface by using a pickup head. As street vacuum sweeper moves forward, the centrifugal fan mounted on the sweeper establishes a vacuum in the dust collection hopper. Particles lay at rest on the road surface initiate to roll, slide and bounce as certain airflow velocity is reached, and then they are vacuumed through the four narrow slots (front, rear, left and right) into the pickup head. After entering the pickup head, most particles are picked up by the airflow and then sent from outlet into the dust collection hopper through a vacuum hose, but some will escape from the rear narrow slot to the outside of the pickup head. The schematic diagram of the pickup head used in the sweeping field experiments is shown in Fig. 2, and its main dimensions are given in Table 1.Fig. 1. Picking up sand particles from road surface in the field experiments.Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the pickup head.In the field experiments, the safety factor was vital important because it would be dangerous if measurements stopped traffic. Therefore, a road without traffic was chosen, as shown in Fig. 1.On the road surface, a 2.0 m x 1.8 m sampli ng surface was selected and painted white. Sands were spread uniformly on the sampling surface as test particles with the density of 2500 kg/m3, and the mass loading was set as 0.1 kg/m2. The sand particle size distributio n Yd by mass can be defi ned by using Rosin —Rammler distributionwhere dp is the particle diameter, d is the particle mean diameter and n is the spread parameter.Calculated from the sand data, the particle mean diameter andthe spread parameter are 81 口m and 5.95, respectively. The cumulative size distribution of sand particles is plotted in Fig.3.。

附录AWindshield WiperBackgroundWindshield wipers are used to clean the windshield of a car so that the driver has an unobstructed view of the road. A typical wipe angle for a passenger car is about 67 degrees. The blades are 12-30 in (30-76 cm) long with lengths increasing in 2-in (5-cm) increments.HistoryThe history of the windshield wiper began with the invention of the automobile. Most transportation vehicles did not have wipers. Horse-drawn carriages and trucks moved at slow speeds, and glass was not needed to protect the driver or passengers or to act as a windbreak.The first windshield wipers were brushes. Inventor J. H. Apjohn came up with a method of moving two brushes up and down on a vertical plate glass windshield in 1903. In the same year, Mary Anderson devised a swinging arm that swept rain off the windshield when the driver moved a lever located inside the car. Anderson patented her invention of the mechanical windshield wiper in 1905, and it became standard equipment by 1913. Electric motors were not used yet to power automobile essentials or accessories, and Anderson's device had a drawback. Without another power source, a driver had to use one hand to move the lever. The driver's other hand steered the car (with either a wheel or steering tiller) and worked the stick-mounted gear shift and brake grips standing on the floor of the car or outside the driver's side on the running board.Rubber strips replaced brushes as the cleaning tools on wipers in 1905. Unfortunately, the hazardous need for drivers to wipe windshields while driving was not eliminated until 1917. The solution was to use an electric motor to move a single wiper with a long rubber blade back and forth. Hawaiian dentist Dr. Ormand Wall invented the automatic wiper by placing an electric motor in the top center of the windshield so the wiper arced down over the hood of the car in a semi-circular or rainbow shape. Wipers were one of the first electrical devices in automobiles after the electric starter was developed in 1912. Most wipers on cars before 1930 were paired and hung down from the top of the windshield. They were moved to the base of the windshield as electrical systems became more complicated.Windshield washers were added to the wiper on/off levers, and these required spray nozzles in front of the windshield, a tank for washer fluid in the engine compartment, and electrical connections to coordinate these operations. In 1962, Bob Kearns invented the intermittent wiper with intervals and speeds that the driver could change. The advent of electronic systems with fuses and circuit breakers to operate, regulate, and coordinate electrical components expanded the possibilities for more diverse wipers. Wipers were added to headlights in the 1980s, requiring connections between the lighting and wiper systems. In the 1990s, microsensors were built into windshields to detect rain on the windshield, activate the wipers, and adjust speed and intermittent use for the amount of rain.Raw MaterialsThe manufacturer purchases all of the parts from companies that specialize in fabricating parts from aluminum and steel, rubber blades, plastic bushings for the linkages, and the motors. Windshield wipers and windshield wiper systems (with motors) are different assemblies; some manufacturers make both, and others produce wipers only.The connecting and drive links and the pivots that move the wipers are made of galvanized steel. Galvanization is the process of applying zinc coating to steel to protectit from corrosion. Drive arms for boats and vehicles used in the marine industry are made of stainless steel that resists damage from salt water. The wiper suspension and claws are also galvanized steel. The galvanizing zinc coating is easier to paint than uncoated steel. Steel is also the material in the small parts of wipers, such as washers, screws, nuts, springs, and brackets.The blade frame is made from aluminum. The blades are made of natural rubber or synthetic compounds. Some rubber blades are composites of soft rubber on the wiping edge (the squeegee surface) and firm rubber that supports the wiping edge in the rest of the blade.Other materials that comprise parts of windshield wipers are rubber for washers in the pivots and plastic bushings that line holes for connecting parts of the linkage. The wiper suspension is typically painted black. If the wiper manufacturer also builds wiper systems, motors are purchased from subcontractors. The motors are contained in steel housings and include permanent magnet motors wound with copper wire. Each housing has connections for the electrical wires that are part of the vehicle and wiring harnesses are furnished specific to operating the wipers. Each motor also contains one or more electronic circuits depending on the sophistication of the system that the motor controls.DesignWindshield wipers are designed and made to clear water from a windshield. Most cars have two wipers on the windshield, and they may have one on the rear window and one on each headlight. The wiper parts visible from outside the car are the rubber blade, the wiper arm holding the blade, a spring linkage, and parts of the wiper pivots. The wiper itself has up to six parts called pressure points or claws that are small arms under the wiper. The claws distribute pressure from the wiper along the back of the blade. This is described as a balance beam with a suspension system, where the wiper is the beam and the claws are the suspension components. The claws keep the blade flexed against the windshield to distribute even pressure to clean the glass all along the blade. Moreclaws usually distribute the pressure better and are suited to large or highly curved windshields.Although the rubber is the familiar part of the blade, the blade actually includes a metal strip called a blade frame with a slot along the length of the frame and replacement holes in the frame. The replacement holes provide access for replacing the rubber blade with a refill. The blade on its aluminum frame can also be changed as a unit.The standard two windshield wipers are usually operated as a single-motor, tandem scheme with one wiper on the driver's side and one positioned near the middle of the windshield that moves across the passenger's view. The wipers are secured to pivots. A wiper and pivot are mounted on brackets at both ends of a long rod called the connecting link, and, as the force from the motor pushes on the driver's end of the connecting link, it in turn moves the other wiper. The connecting link is attached to another long rod called the drive link near the wiper motor. A slender spring linkage ties the pivot to the drive link to return the wiper to its resting or park position, hug the wiper close to the windshield, and keep it attached to the car if the links are damaged.Between the motor and the drive link, a linkage system consisting of a cam (another short rod) and pivot, a gear output shaft, and a worm gear controls the force of the motor delivered to the drive arm. The worm gear slows the speed of the motor while multiplying its torque (force). The gear allows a small motor to produce enough force to move the blades across the glass. This description is based on using a single motor to drive both wipers. If one motor powers each wiper, more links are needed to move the two wipers together in a so-called unitized motor system.This multiplied force is required to accelerate the blades from being stopped at bothWindshield wiper systems.ends of their movement, to resist the friction of the rubber against the glass, to resist the friction of the rubber on dirt on the glass, and to oppose wind pressure on the windshield.Quality ControlDuring assembly, the workers observe the conditions of the parts during their work, but their only specific quality control activity is to check the operation of the motors by turning them on to make sure they start and by listening to the sounds they make as indications of performance.The last inspection is performed when the assemblies are complete and before the wipers and systems are packed. The manufacturing director or final quality control inspectors look at the general appearance of the assemblies, confirm that the wipers have been sized and angled correctly for their sweep, and check that the assemblies are in the park position. The director or inspectors also check to see that the correct accessories are ready to be packed with the assemblies.Byproducts/WasteSmall quantities of steel and aluminum scraps from trimmings or rejected or damaged parts are collected in bins and sold to salvage dealers who, in turn, sell them to metal manufacturers who melt the scrap down for recycling. Packaging from received parts is also collected and recycled.The FutureAs of 2002, windshield wipers and wiper systems are evolving because of changes in automobiles and other vehicles, technical improvements, and consumer demand. Wiper blades are as much as 30 in (76 cm) long, creating more resistance as they clean the windshield. Night-vision screens for windshields are in development, and these also increase resistance and change the dimensions needed for wipers. Blades are being improved with increasingly flexible rubber, so-called "boots" that fit around the blades to keep out ice and snow, and nonstick coatings on the squeegee edges of the blades to keep oil and wax from adhering and aging them.Motor systems are also being increased in voltage to power longer wipers and more accessories. Engineers are investigating fully automated systems that do not require any actions by drivers to start and stop wiper systems. Inventors expect the capabilities of the rain-detecting sensors available in the late 1990s to widen to prompt the wipers to clean dirty windshields with no rain, for example. Windshield wipers are among most reliable automotive devices—the design life of a wiper system is 1.5 million wipes.附录B雨刷背景雨刷是专门用来清洁车辆上的挡风玻璃,这样司机就可以清晰地看到前方的道路了。

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：杜娟学号： 052114322015年 3 月 27 日外文资料翻译译文超声波清洗超声波清洗技术是在工业领域中广泛应用的一种新方法，采用这种技术可以去除工件表面的磨削、研磨、抛光后残留的碎屑，清除工件表面残留的油污，甚至可以除去油漆层。

超声波清洗能够大范围的应用于工业零件，大的方面可以到波音 747 飞机的引擎维修，小的方面可以到手表的小零件制作，都有它的用武之地，就目前而言，它以广泛应用电子、精密机械、照明工程、光学、冶金、医疗仪器设备等诸多领域。

超声波清洗技术在对工业方面的推动和影响是显而易见的，要想真正的理解超声波的价值，我们则需要进一步了解它的原理。

超声波清洗原理超声波清洗的作用，主要由一种“空化效应”的现象造成，它以每分钟数以十亿计的空泡向内爆裂，而后撞击到工件的表面，并将工件表面的附着物剥离，分散开来。

对于那些手工清洗难以达到的位置，如深孔，死角等，超声波清洗也可以达到很好的清洗效果，这也是超声波清洗的优点之一。

超声波清洗常用频率在 20 kHz到 50 kHz，常用清洗温度在50 ℃-80 ℃。

超声波清洗系统中,空化效应是由一系列超声波换能器将声波导入清洗槽内的清洗液中而产生，这个声波会传遍整个清洗槽, 并在液体中产生了波的压缩和扩张。

在压缩波时，清洗液中的分子被紧密的压缩在一起；在扩张波时，分子将被快速的拉开。

扩张的过程十分神奇，以至于分子被裂开时，形成了精微的气泡，而且气泡里是局部真空的。

当气泡周围的压力变大时，周围的液体就涌过来，对气泡施压并使之破裂。

当这个现象发生时，也就产生了液体的喷射，会使温度高达 9032华氏度 (约为太阳的温度)。

这个极高的温度，伴随着液体喷射的速度，就产生了一个非常强烈的清洗作用。

然而，因为气泡的扩张和爆裂周期是很短暂的，又有伴随在气泡外的液体迅速吸收热量，因此在清洗的过程中不会出现清洗槽和清洗液的过热现象。

LATHESANDGRINDINGLathes aremachine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring. Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathe also can dodrillingand reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the workpiece. The accounts for the fact that lathes of various types are more widely used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.Lathes in various forms have existed for more than two thousand years. Modern lathes date form about 1797, when Henry Maudsley developed one with a leadscrew. It provided controlled, mechanical feed of the tool. This ingenious Englishman also developed a change-gear system that could connect the motion of the spindle and leadscrew and thus enable threads to be cut.Lathe Construction. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, carriage assembly, quick-change gear box, and the leadscrew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well-normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides a heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal way, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one1 / 14inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets. Because several other components are mounted and/or move on the ways they must be made with precision to accuracy of alignment. Similarly, proper precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The ways on most modern lathes are surface hardened to offer greater resistance to wear and abrasion.The headstock is mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways at one end of the lathe bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the work at various speeds. It consists, essentially, of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gear——similar to a truck transmission——through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from eight to eighteen speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide to continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball tapes. A longitudinal hole extends through the spindle so that long bar stock can be fed through it. The size of this hole is an important size dimension of a lathe because it determines the maximum size of bar stock that can2 / 14be machined when the material must be fed through the spindle.The inner end of the spindle protrudes from the gear box and contains a means for mounting various types of chucks, face plates, and dog plates on it. Whereas small lathes often employ a threaded section to which the chucks are screwed, most large lathes utilize either cam-lock or key-drive taper noses. These provide a large-diameter taper than assures the accurate alignment of the chuck, and a mechanism that permits the chuck or face plate to be locked or unlocked in position without the necessity of having to rotate these heavy attachments.Power is supplied to the spindle by means of an electric motor through a V-belt or silent-chain drive. Most modern lathes have motors of from 5 to 15 horsepower to provide adequate power for carbide and ceramic tools at their high cutting speeds.The tailstock assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location. An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it on type of keyed ways. This transverse motion permits aligning the tailstock and headstock spindles and provides a method of turning tapers. The third major component of the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 2 to 3 inches in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting3 / 14by means of a handwheel and screw. The open end of the quill hole terminates in a Morse taper in which a lathe center, or various tools as drills, can be held. A graduated scale, several inches in length, usually is engraved on the outside of the quill to aid in controlling its motion in and out of the upper casting. A locking device permits clamping the quill in any desired position.The carriage assembly provides the means for mounting and moving cutting tools. The carriage is a relatively flat H-shaped casting that rests and moves on the outer set of ways on the bed. The transverse bar of the carriage contains ways on which the cross slide is mounted and can be moved by means of a feed screw that is controlled by a small handwheel and a graduated dial. Through the cross slide a means is provided for moving the lathe tool in the direction normal to the axis of rotation of the work.On most lathes the tool post actually is mounted on compound rest. This consists of a base, which is mounted on the cross slide so that it can be pivoted about a vertical axis, and an upper casting. The upper casting is mounted on ways on this base so that it can be moved back and forth and controlled by means of a short lead screw operated by a handwheel and a calibrated dial.Manual and powered motion for the carriage, and powered motion for the carriage, and powered motion for the cross slide, is provided by mechanisms within the apron, attached to the front of the carriage. Manual movement of the carriage along the bed is4 / 14effected by turning a handwheel on the front of the apron, which is geared to a pinion on the back side. This pinion engages a rack that is attached beneath the upper front edge of the bed in an inverted position.To impart powered movement to the carriage and cross slide, a rotating feed rod is provided. The feed rod, which contains a keyway throughout most of its length, passes through the two reversing bevel pinions and is keyed to them. Either pinion cam be brought into mesh with a mating bevel gear by means of the reversing lever on the front of the apron and thus provide“forward”or“reverse”power to the carriage. Suitable clutches connect either the rack pinion or the cross-slide screw to provide longitudinal motion of the carriage or transverse motion of cross slide.For cutting threads, a second means of longitudinal drive is provided by a lead screw. Whereas motion of the carriage when driven by the feed-rod mechanism takes place through a friction clutch in which slippage is possible, motion through the lead screw is by a direct, mechanical connection between the apron and the lead screw. This is achieved by a split nut. By means of a clamping lever on the front of the apron, the split nut can be closed around the lead screw. With the split nut closed, the carriage is moved along the lead screw by direct drive without possibility of slippage.Modern lathes have a quick-change gear box. The input end of5 / 14this gear box is driven from the lathe spindle by means of gearing. The output end of the gear box is connected to the feed rod and lead screw. Thus, through this gear train, leading from the spindle to the quick-change gear box, thence to the lead screw and feed rod, and then to the carriage, the cutting tool can be made to move a specific distance, either longitudinally or transversely, for each revolution of the spindle. A typical lathe provides, through the feed rod, forty-eight feeds ranging from 0.002 inch to 0.118 inch per revolution of the spindle, and, through the lead screw, leads for cutting forty-eight different threads from 1.5 to 92 per inch. On some older and some cheaper lathes, one or two gears in the gear train between the spindle and the change gear box must be changed in order to obtain a full range of threads and feeds.The common machining processes of drilling, turning, and milling generally produce a fairly large chip in comparison to those produced by the processes discussed in this section. Abrasive materials are the cutting tools in the machining processes called grinding. Grinding machines and grinding processes make up one of the most important areas in all machining.Grinding processes are chip-making metal cutting processes just like drilling, turning, and milling. However, grinding processes remove very small chips (called swarf) in very large numbers by the cutting action of many small individual abrasive grains. These abrasive grains are formed into a grinding wheel that is rotated6 / 14against the workpiece at high speed. Each sharp corner of a grain cuts a small bit of material from the workpiece. When the corners become dull, heat and pressure increase, fracturing grains in the grinding wheel. This ability of the grains to microfracture and expose new sharp edges is termed friability. Some abrasive grains are produced to be tough (not break down readily). These are used in harsh grinding situations, such as the rough grinding (snagging) of castings in a foundry. Other grains are produced to break down readily and are used in grinding wheels where cool grinding is essential. An example of such an application would be the grinding of hardened steels. The characteristics of the bonding material are carefully matched to the abrasive grain by the producers of abrasive products. As the bonding material that holds the grains breaks down, new sharp grains are exposed, replacing the worn ones. This also provides a method of sharpening grinding wheels. Abrasive materials are also coated on sheets of cloth or paper in the form of sandpaper or sanding belts and disks. They also appear as solid blocks such as sharpening or honing stones or deburring media such as pellets.In machining, grinding processes are most often used as finish machining processes. The reason for this is that very small amounts (less than 0.001 in.) of material can be removed from the workpiece. This is extremely useful in finish machining a part to close dimensional accuracies. Furthermore, grinding processes result in7 / 14very smooth surface finishes on the workpiece.The abrasive materials that are the cutting tools in the grinding process are much harder than the equivalent materials used in common drills, laths, and milling cutters. Therefore, these materials can be used to machine much harder materials than could ever be cut with high speed steel or even carbide. The grinding process can be applied to finish machine metals that have been hardened by heat treatment. For example, bearing races may be premachined to rough dimensions before heat treating. After hardening and tempering to exact specifications, they may be finish machined by grinding.A grinding machine is a machine which employs a grinding wheel for producing cylindrical, conical or plane surfaces accurately and economically. There is a great variety of grinding machines. The machines that are generally used are cutter grinder, surface grinder, centerless grinding, external grinder, internal grinder and tool grinder.8 / 14精品好资料——————学习推荐车床与磨削车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。

cartridge, and electric control system of walking system, etc, with high dust collection range, the net absorption rate, no secondary dust suction, and outlet no dust emissions, high working efficiency, etc. Is the preferred product for sanitation clean and material recycling. Suitable for the industrial and mining enterprises that produce dust, high concentration and high density of dust and dust; The rapid cleaning and cleaning of urban elevated, fast roads and tunnels; Cleaning and cleaning of main street, high grade highway and highway.The dry cleaning car is introducedDry cleaning the car is a new type of road sweeper, not without a brush spray, all air assignments, by aerodynamics, by experts identified the domestic leading technology, and with independent intellectual property rights, development, and developed by luoyang chi windmill industry co., LTD., the production of road jie brand series vacuum sweeper all airflow, brush, spray, without a dust, without secondary dust, road clean vacuuming the widespread use of car will greatly reduce the content of particulate matter in the air, thoroughly solved the problem of the dust pollution is serious, is a modernized new sanitation product environmental protection, energy saving, the environmental protection technical indexes of this product is higher than the national industry standard.Multi-function all-suction cleaning carMulti-functional total suction sweep road car is to use the patent technology development of new products, it has changed the past the traditional method for cleaning the car plate rolling brush brush sweep, but all adopt the airflow to finish the homework, using air movement mode to hoard dust and garbage collection, so the efficiency is very high. This product can reduce dust pollution effectively, improve air quality, reduce the amount of particulate matter in air, and improve people's living environment.Why do you need to use a sweeping carThe traditional answer: sweep the road to clean the floor, wash the floor to wash and dry all kinds of ground.The professional answer: the road car can not only solve the problem but also make more profit for the user.The sweeping car can solve the following problems:People live in a dusty environment with health problems;Environmental indicators required by state laws or local regulations;A problem caused by premature excess of the road due to dust or garbage;The product of the production workshop is contaminated by dust;The problem of dust pollution of fixed or moving machines in production workshops;The ability to bring greater profits (or savings) :The sweeping vacuuming system of sweeping cars is equivalent to about 6-40 times artificial;The level of 2, reduce dust pollution to the environment (to save time and money, reduce artificial cleaning of product appearance, cleaning and maintenance of mechanical equipment and periodic health work environment, etc.)Improve the efficiency of work and increase the motivation of the operator.A clean and tidy environment not only improves the image of the city, but also contributes to the construction of urban culture and the initiative of the citizens.The comparison between the mechanical and the manual1, work efficiency, the same homework area time is greatly shortened;The clean cost of the mechanical unit area is, to be sure, lower than the artificial cost. Clean effect, the machine can avoid the problem that the cleaner USES not average, the clean effect is not unified;4, safety performance, let clean workers in the safe environment (the traffic on the road is too much, and the safety of the self is not strong).Economic returns, for example, take a car for example, how much money it spent on the day it stopped using, the real price. In addition to the cost of investment, there are operational costs and labor costs.Sweep road car industry in China after decades of development, products from a single pure sweep type development to the present a variety of types, product performance and product quality rapidly improved, especially after the reform and opening up, by importing key purchased components to sweep road car product performance and reliability is greatly increased. But at present, the level of the road car in China is different from that of developed countries in other countries, especially in the reliability of the product. To improve the level of the sweep road car as soon as possible, reducing the gap with advanced countries sweep road car, meet the requirements of the sanitation department for road surface cleaning operation in our country, sweep road car production enterprise should choose an appropriate sweep road car research direction. With the development of the society, the progress, are no longer satisfied with the simple sense of vacuum sweeper, will from the perspectives of multifunctional, environmental protection, economy, to ask for more, call can satisfy the various needs of vacuuming car market. Is under such circumstances, the Chinese construction bureau of luoyang construction machinery factory and luoyang chi windmill industry co., LTD. Jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights of new multifunctional suction all sweep road car is now officially put on the market. The new model can be a complete surface cleaning, the road road teeth cleaning, the road road teeth cleaning and cleaning the sprinkling water on the ground after work and so on, is suitable for various climate and dry pavement cleaning operation, more suitable for square, roads, residential district, parking lot, wharf, airport, station, cement plants, power plants and other places clean dust removal.In order to avoid operation error, the control valve mainly distinguishes the main valve and the auxiliary valve. Then the two valve is, where is the main difference, the main valve driven by sweep road car chassis, vice valve power from the special function of the engine. The common engine of the road scavenging car has the north facing the wood, the jiangling, cummins. Main valve management chassis shell carriage tilt and carriages behind the back door of hydraulic pressure switch, the deputy valve management four brush to sweep road car (can be individually controlled one or all of the work) and suction cups.2, the engine's secondary engine is different from the engine, but the average speed is around 1500 to 18003, according to the needs of work, generally can choose whether to take water spray dustfunction, general configuration generally take after water spray, also need to pay attention to the clear water tank of water is enough, clear water tank volume, working time may have difference.4, the road sweepers electromagnetism multi-channel valve pressure adjustment is normally on the overflow valve, the user can adjust the pressure appropriately to change the speed of the sweeping brush.5, additional sweeper can choose according to the road vehicle whether brush to brush on the left and the right to work at the same time, such as sweeping the road corner is only open one side of the brush rotation work here in the corner6, the dustbin of the scavenging car may have small dust deposits, and manual processing is required to clean up the dustbin.7, the distance from the sweeping car to the ground should be adjusted according to the condition of the road.The scavenging tube may often have dirt and mud, and it will need to be cleaned up regularly for better results.9, control the electrical parts of the box in order to use a more stable need to replace a piece.10, the sanitation worker should regularly check whether the functional areas are normalIn order to avoid the effects of foreign bodies in hydraulic oil on the normal operation of the electromagnetic control valves, the sanitation workers should check the hydraulic oil regularly.12, it is normal to check the limit device of the clutch power push rod of the engine.13, the time interval should be five seconds when the floor is converted14, when a hydraulic part of a road sweeper is not working properly, check the oil circuit before checking the circuit.(1) the reason that the circuit is partially abnormal may be: insurance disconnection, line connection looseness, line break(2) there may be reasons for the abnormal flow of oil: the oil pump failure, the breakdown of the tubing, the leakage of oil from the oil circuit, and the failure of the solenoid valve. Cleaning workOpen the control box and point the control valve to the secondary valve position2 start vice machine3 the clutch control button points to the closed position, and the fan starts to work4 point the dust box control knob to the descending positionThe left sweep or right sweep control button points to the descending position6 turn the left sweep or right sweep the control knob to the positive position (left pan clockwise, right hand counterclockwise)The left spray, the right water spray, and the rear water control knob point to the open positionSet the pump control button to the open positionThe car moves at the right speed and begins to sweepCleaning the endThe car stopped runningControl the pump control button, left spray control button, right water control button, and rear water jet control knob point to close position3 will sweep the control button to the middle position4 move the dial to the position of the liter and then point to the middle positionPoint the dust box to the top and point to the middle positionPoint the clutch to the position of the point, and then point to the middle position7 control the control key point to the middle positionClose the secondary engineTurn off the power of the control boxWaste dischargedOpen the control box and point the control knob to the main valve position2 start the main engine of the vehicleStep 3 on the clutchTurn on the oil pump clutch switch.Release the clutch at the appropriate speed6 position the back door control knob on the control box to point to the open position, and then point to the middle position in 5 secondsThe control button is pointed at the Angle of the carriage, and the control key points to the middle position at any time8 garbage cleaningWhen the garbage is cleared, the control button is pointed to the lower position, and the control button points to the middle position after the carriage returnSet the back door to the center of the lock, and then point to the middle position 10 seconds laterClean up the garbageStep on the clutch13 attach the additional pump clutch control button (inward push)Release the clutch at the appropriate speedThe control valve of the control box points to the middle positionTurn off the control boxBest environment for the type of scavenging carWet sweeping road, highway, road surface areaNo brush dry sweep road, highway, north cold outdoor workThere is a brush dry sweeping car, which is not normal, and it is the same as wet .道路清扫车是集路面清扫、垃圾回收和运输为一体的新型高效清扫设备。

外文原文Introduction to Industrial RobotsIndustrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w ell shut up shop.”The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.DEFINITION OF A ROBOTThe Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:“A robot is a reprogrammabl e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.The definition goes on to say that a ro bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.JOBS FOR ROBOTSJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.Hazardous JobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doingextremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYIn addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.ROBOT SPEEDAlthough robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are notexceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice.Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on aperson working in the booth.FLEXIBLE AUTOMATIONRobots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITYOne very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOTThe major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.外文翻译工业机器人的介绍20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业： 11级机制6班姓名：赵强学号：052116252015年 3 月 20 日外文资料翻译译文中国Vies将成为世界领先的清洁电动车《纽约时报》记者：布拉德什发布时间： 2009年4月1日天津通过了一项计划，旨在三年之内把中国变成一个主要生产混合及全电动清洁电动车生产商，并在之后使其成为世界领先的电动清洁电动车和公共清洁电动车生产国。

从中国政府的上级部门提出的目标暗示，底特律的三大巨头，如今已是必须经过苦苦挣扎才能生存下去，并且在未来还将面临比今天更严厉的国际清洁电动车技术领域的激烈竞争。

“中国完全有能力在这一领域成为先导”，通用清洁电动车公司在中国政府政策执行官David Tulauskas说。

从某种程度上说，中国正在形成责任感。

而这种责任感是在美国，日本和其他国家使天然气动力车辆但却不考虑当前先进技术时才开始慢慢形成，中方希望在下一阶段能够有一飞跃。

日本是混合动力清洁电动车市场的领导者，现今运营电力和汽油，清洁电动车行业，如丰田Prius和本田Insight 。

美国一直落后于其他车辆。

通用清洁电动车的充电式油电混合车雪佛兰Volt将在韩国聚集在密歇根使用充电电池进口LG电子，预定在明年能在市场上销售。

但是，电动车可能无助于清除烟雾昏暗的天空或限制迅速增加全球变暖的气体的排放量。

我国获得四分之三的电力来自煤炭，与其他燃料相比它将排放出更多的煤烟和更多的温室气体。

中国的目的是除了要创造一个领先世界的制造和出口工业大国外，还要降低城市污染和减少中国对于中东和美国海军控制的海外旅游在石油上的依赖。

去年秋天，麦肯锡公司报告估计表明，取代汽油动力清洁电动车的相似尺寸电动清洁电动车在中国能够减少的温室气体排放量中只占百分之十九。

然而，通过改变位于城市郊区的清洁电动车排气管电厂烟雾排放源将大大减少城市污染。

除了制造业，补贴高达八点八○○美元正在向出租车船队和地方政府机构的13个中国城市购买的的每个混合或全电动车。

清理积雪的英语作文英文回答：Snow removal is a crucial aspect of winter maintenance, ensuring the safety and accessibility of roads, sidewalks, and public areas. It involves a range of techniques and equipment to effectively clear snow and prevent its accumulation.Snow Plowing:Snow plowing is a primary method for removing large amounts of snow. Plows are mounted on heavy-duty vehicles and utilize blades to push snow to the side, creating clear paths for vehicles and pedestrians.Snow Blowing:Snow blowing is another effective method for removing snow. Blowers utilize rotating blades or augers to breakdown snow and discharge it through a chute. This method is ideal for removing snow from driveways, parking lots, and other smaller areas.Snow Shoveling and Hand Removal:For smaller areas, manual snow removal techniques are often employed. Shoveling involves using a snow shovel to scoop and lift snow, while hand removal involves using a broom or brush to sweep away loose snow.Chemical Deicing:Chemical deicing is a supplementary method for preventing snow and ice accumulation. Deicing agents, such as salt or calcium chloride, are applied to surfaces to lower the freezing point of water, preventing snow from sticking and forming ice.Snow Melting Systems:In some areas with heavy snowfall, snow melting systemsare installed. These systems utilize heated pipes or mats to melt snow and prevent its accumulation on surfaces such as sidewalks, driveways, and rooftops.Snow Removal Equipment:Snow removal equipment includes a variety of vehicles and tools designed specifically for this purpose. These include snow plows, snow blowers, snow shovels, ice scrapers, and chemical spreaders.Snow Removal Safety:Snow removal can be a physically demanding task, and it is important to prioritize safety. Wear appropriate clothing, avoid overexertion, and use caution when operating snow removal equipment.Environmental Considerations:Snow removal can have environmental implications. Chemical deicing agents can potentially harm vegetation andwater bodies. It is important to use these agents responsibly and consider alternative methods such as snow melting systems.中文回答：除雪。