Literature_Review

Literature Review写法：看了文献中作者相关理论之后，总结作者的观点在提出自己的看法，要求举例支撑观点的要举例。

具体写法可以参照以下格式To better understand the characters of transformational and transactional leadership. Levinthal & March (2001) illustrates the fact tha t transactional and transformational leadership is intrinsically a collaboration and decision making orientation which emphasizes the development and empowerment of expertise ,the understanding of reform together with encouraging employees to carry out reforms. Bass & Avolio (2001) examines that l eader set up objectives and orientations as well as spurring employees by clarifying roles and work requirements. They also present transactional leaders' charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, stimulation and individualized consideration, which traits could get employees to exert them to working to the largest extent in order to achieve group goals. Schriesheim (2002) shows h ow each reward system is made use of in an organization so as to achieve leaders' vision. Pillai, et al (2003) expound tha t transactional and transformational leadership is based on the notion that leaders give employees rewards or punishments according to their performance in the course of transaction. Boisot (2003) points out, under transactional and transformational leadership, that leaders can create with employees a professional atmosphere and attitude. Through the development of the profession, decision sharing, and the promotion of self-value, they can co-create an environment where respect, acceptance, kindness, support for growth and learning are appreciated.。

什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？不知不觉，八月已经过了快一半了，还有不到一个月就要交dissertation，也就是毕业论文了。

在阅读了大量文献和确定研究方法主题后，作为dissertation的第一个大模块，很多小伙伴都在开始撰写Literature Review了。

最近，君君收到很多来自毕业生的消息，咨询如何写Literature Review，并觉得特别头疼这一部分。

今天，让我们一步一步剖析什么是LR怎么写好LR吧！首先，我们要明确什么是LR。

什么是LR01毕业论文作为学术性作文，LR部分需要向读者提供有关你主题的重要文献的分析性概述。

如果你的受众比你对该主题的了解少，那么你的目的就是教学。

当然啦，绝大多数同学做的研究项目属于这一种：如果受众（导师）比你更了解这个话题，那么你的目的是展示对该主题的熟悉程度，专业知识的贮备和智能。

# 将一个人的原创作品放在现有文献的背景下。

# 解释与您的主题相关的主要问题。

# 描述每项工作与正在考虑的其他工作的关系。

# 找出解释的新方法，并阐明以往研究中的任何差距。

# 解决之前看似矛盾的研究中的冲突。

# 确定哪些文献对理解您的主题做出了重要贡献。

# 指出进一步研究你的主题的方法。

LR要写什么？02简单来说，我们要牢牢记住一个词“结构合理well structured”你的想法必须在逻辑上从一个点流向另一个点，或是从一个点拓展散射开到几个相对于的研究问题上。

内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。

归类：将你收集到的这些文献划分类别和概念，也就是按照Research Question归类关联：将前人的工作与你的工作，你想法之前的作品和你的研究点联系起来。

评估：对那些对理解和发展主题做出最大贡献的作品提供结论。

在写这四大部分的过程中，每当你计划将文献纳入你LR的过程中，先思考这几个问题：资格:这篇文章作者有什么资格来做出判断?中立:作者的观点是公正的还是有偏见的?可信度:作者的哪篇论文哪个观点令人信服，为什么?价值:作者的结论是否增加了你研究的问题的价值?看到这里，已经成功了一半啦！加油继续哦！内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。

A Literature Review of An Empirical Study ofMultimodal Teaching Model inMiddle School English Listening Teaching in a Multimedia ContextIn recent years, the theories of multimodal discourse and multimodality have gained many scholars’attention。

Many researchers study them and try to apply multimodal teaching to middle school s’ teaching。

And nowadays，many famous language scholars are trying their best to do the empirical study on the multimodal teaching。

As a matter of fact, many noted researchers have made a brief definition of multimodality. “M ultimodality means the combination of different semiotic modes—--for example, language and music—-—in a communicative artifact or event” (Kress ＆Leeuwen 1996：281)。

“M ultimodality refers to the diverse ways in which a number of distinct semiotic resource system are both codeployed and cocontextualized in the making of a text—specific meaning”(Baldry ＆Thibault 2006：21).Since the 1990s of last century, the multimodal teaching approach has drawn the researchers’and the teachers' attention in abroad。

一、简介1.1 文献综述的定义及意义文献综述是指对已有研究文献进行搜集、整理、分析和评价，以系统地总结并阐述某一领域内研究现状、问题及趋势的一种学术性文稿。

文献综述在学术研究中具有重要的地位和作用，它不仅可以帮助研究者全面了解某一领域的研究现状，还可以为其研究提供理论和实证依据，促进学术交流与发展。

1.2 文献综述的分类根据研究对象和内容的不同，文献综述可分为理论文献综述和实证文献综述两大类。

理论文献综述主要关注某一理论或概念的研究现状和演变过程，而实证文献综述则集中于某一现象或问题的实证研究成果。

1.3 文献综述的写作目的和要求撰写文献综述的目的在于系统整理和分析已有的研究成果，从而提供有关领域的全面、准确和客观的信息。

文献综述应当具有全面性、前瞻性、评价性和创新性，具备对所涉及的研究进行全面梳理和深入分析的能力。

二、文献综述的写作步骤2.1 确定研究范围和目标在进行文献综述之前，首先需要明确研究的范围和目标。

这包括确定研究的主题、领域、时间跨度和深度，以及所要达到的综述结果和效果。

2.2 收集文献资料收集文献资料是进行文献综述的首要步骤。

可以通过文献检索、网络搜索、文献引用和专家推荐等渠道获取相关的文献资料，并建立起一套完整的文献数据库。

2.3 文献筛选和整理在收集到大量文献资料后，需要对其进行筛选和整理，筛选出与研究目标和范围相符合的文献资料，并按照一定的逻辑和结构进行整理。

2.4 文献分析和评价对筛选和整理出的文献资料进行系统分析和评价，包括对其内容、方法、结论和贡献的评述，以及对其优缺点和局限性的分析。

2.5 撰写文献综述报告在完成文献分析和评价后，可以根据其结果撰写文献综述报告。

报告的结构应该包括综述的目的和意义、研究范围和目标、文献资料的搜集和整理过程、文献分析和评价结果，并给出对相关研究的展望和建议。

三、文献综述的写作技巧3.1 注重逻辑和结构文献综述的写作应该注重逻辑和结构的完整性和合理性，确保整个综述过程的条理清晰，观点连贯，论证有力。

英语硕士论文Literature Review范文----文献综述论文-->正如上面提到的，短期事件研究可以在实证检验的有效市场假说被应用。

在另一方面，使用长地平线（1-5年收购后的）数据事件的研究可以应用到评估并购对企业的长期股市表现一个事件的影响。

这密切关系到著名的“合并后的绩差谜”在阿格拉瓦尔及谢斐（2000 ）提出的。

在这篇文章中，他们记录了各种的研究人员对在股市收购公司的长远表现不佳的结论。

不过，本节着重在研究长远的性能使用不同的经验方法。

Literature Revieentioned above, short-run event study can be applied in the empirical test for EMH. On the other hand, event studies using long horizon (1-5 years post acquisition) data can be applied to evaluate the effect of M A event on long-term stock market performance of firms. This closely relates to the famous “post-merger underperformance puzzle”proposed in Agrap; Jaffe (2000). In that article, they documented the conclusions made by various researchers on the long-run underperformance of acquiring firms in the stock market. Hopirical methods used by various authors in examining the long-run performance. The first difficulty encountered in long-run event studies is the calculation of expected returns. Different choices of benchmark models could lead to exactly opposite conclusions, since small measurement errors accumulate in the long-run (Kothari and itchell and Stafford(2000) also shoes higher than the appropriate t-statistics. Fama (1998) advocates the use of calendar time portfolio in correcting for cross-sectional correlation problem. On the other hand, Barber and Lyon (1997) proves that the use of reference portfolio or asset pricing model in calculation of abnormal returns suffers three types of biases in long-run study. The proposed solution is to match sample firms to non-sample parable firms of similar market capitalization and market-to-book ratios. The usefulness of another benchmark model -- the Fama- French three-factor model –seems to be less efficient than the previous tethods (Barber and Lyon 1997, Brav 2000).Another difficulty arises from houlate abnormal returns over time. It is mon to use cumulated abnormal returns (CAR) for short-run study, but Barber and Lyon (1997) argues that this measure is conceptually flaeasure ore sensible based on conceptual grounds is the buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) etric sums of abnormal returns rather than arithmetic sums as in CAR. Ho simulation shoal returns more often. To correct f-->or such bias, Lyon, Barber and Tsai (1999) proposes the bootstrappedskepirical study in the current paper is focused on short-run period around the event date. Tine the significance of abnormal returns. The first one is to test ent of M A on share performance is significant or not, ation content of MA announcement. This is done by testing for the significance of abnormal returns on single days. The second one is to test for the significance of the event over a short period. This closely relates to the leakage of information ahead of such events and the question of hoarket responds to such events. This is done by testing for the significance of cumulative abnormal returns for a short interval. Since ance of all the sample panies, the individual abnormal return during the event period is averaged across 91 firms, as ulative abnormal return.Define t as the day measured in event time. The date that each acquiring firm announces its merger/acquisition corresponds to t = 0. For each firm, closing share price and contemporaneous FTSE All share index data from t = -100 (100 trading days before the firm’s merger announcement) until t = +5 (5 days after the announcement) are collected. Let and denote the simple daily return for security i and market index at day t, respectively. In the current paper, the estimation period runs from t = -100 to t = -10, and the event period runs from t = -5 to t = +5.The first step is to measure abnormal return, denoted by , for firm i at day t in the event period. Ordinary least squares (OLS) is applied to estimate the market model for firm i, that is, OLS is used to estimate alpha () and beta () parameters for each firm using daily returns from the estimation period, and the abnormal return for each day in the event period is calculated using the folloal return is often affected by firm-specific characteristics, the abnormal returns from equation (1) are averaged for analysis based on the ple of firms. For a given day t in the event period, let denote the average daily abnormal return over all the sample firms, and denote the cumulative average daily abnormal return from the first day in event period (-5) till day t. Similarly, the cumulative daily abnormal return for a specific firm i, denoted by , can be defined. Therefore,Folloal return is then normalized by the sample standard deviation for the daily return--> of corresponding security, denoted by , to yield a standardized abnormal return, (See also Serra 2002):Averaging it over all sample firms, the average standardized abnormal return for day t, denoted by , can be calculated. The test statistic for a given day in the event period (-5 through +5) is as follople size of firms, the central limit theorem that under the independent and identically distributed condition, the statistic in equation (6) should be standard normally distributed asymptotically. The null hypothesis for the first testis that the average standardized abnormal return for day t is 0, i.e. =0. The hypothesis test can also be constructed concerning a period of time. Let , (-530). The null hypothesis for the second test is that the cumulative average abnormal return during the period [,] is 0, i.e. =0.。

literature review估计很多刚到外国读书的同学和我有一样的体会：第一次接触literature review，根本无从下笔。

今日看到一篇帖子写的很好，故转给各位看看，希望有所帮助。

首先需要将“文献综述（Literature Review）”与“背景描述（Backupground Description）”区分开来。

我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。

“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。

其次，文献综述是评论性的（Review就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光（critical thinking）来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。

清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。

虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。

技巧一：瞄准主流。

主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。

而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。

怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。

质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。

二是利用学校图书馆的“期刊数据库检索”，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。

三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少。

重庆科技学院学术英语课程论文文献综述题目：A Preliminary Exploration on theConstitutional Principles andFormative Methods of Euphemism委婉语的构造原则和构成方式初探学生姓名：指导教师：院系：专业、班级：学号：完成时间：2015年6月说明：封面标题要用中英双语，英文题目在上。

英文题目的实词首字母均须大写，字体：西文Arial；字号：3号；中文题目黑体三号。

段落安排：行距固定值28磅。

对齐方式：两端对齐。

学生姓名、教师姓名等一律用黑体三号，单倍行距Literature Review说明：标题Literature Review 首字母均须大写，字体：西文Arial；字号：3号；段落安排：段前24磅，段后18磅；单倍行距。

对齐方式：居中。

1. IntroductionAs a widespread and popular rhetorical device, euphemisms came into people‟s life long time ago. …….And the research of euphemisms has a long history ……………..建议：综述前写一导言，简介研究课题主要内容，概括研究现状,研究目的。

2. The definition of euphemism说明：标题序号与标题名之间，加圆点，并空1个英文字符；标题第一个单词的首字母大写；字体：西文Arial；字号：小3号；段落安排：段前空24磅，段后空6磅；行距：固定值20磅。

对齐方式：左对齐。

The word euphemism comes from Greek; the prefix eu- means good and the stem phemism means speech; the whole word…s literal meaning is word of good omen. In early 1580s, the British writer George Blunt first created the word euphemism …and defined it as …a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word‟. (Shu, 1995：17)（正文中直接引用原文，必须加引号并标出确切的页码）……………………………(正文字体：小四号罗马体，行距为固定值20磅，对齐方式：两端对齐；段首空四个英文字符)3. Researches abroad3.1 Researches from socio-linguistic perspective说明：标题序号与标题名之间，不加圆点，空1个英文字符；标题第一个单词的首字母大写；字体：西文Arial；字号：四号；段落安排：段前空12磅，段后空6磅；行距：固定值20磅。

功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。

literature review原则
撰写文献综述时应遵循以下原则：
1.目标明确：确定综述的目标和范围，明确要回答的研究问题
或提供的相关信息。

2.合适的文献来源：选择权威、可靠的文献来源，如学术期刊、学术数据库、会议论文集等。

不应仅仅依赖于互联网上的非学术来源，如博客、维基百科等。

3.文献选择标准：根据研究目标和研究问题，制定文献选择标准，例如年代限定、研究方法等。

确保选择的文献与研究问题相关且具备一定的学术质量。

4.系统性：进行文献综述时应有一定的系统性，可采用文献检
索策略，如关键词检索和引用导航等，确保收集到的相关文献充分且全面。

5.批判性思考：对选择的文献进行批判性思考，包括文献作者
的研究方法和实证资料，对结果的解释和推理的合理性等，确保评估文献的可靠性和可信度。

6.合理的组织结构：根据文献综述的目标和范围，采用合理的
组织结构撰写文献综述，可以按主题或时间顺序进行组织，以清晰地呈现文献的内容。

7.准确的引文和标注：在文献综述中正确引用和标注相关文献
的信息，遵循所使用的引用规范，如APA、MLA等。

8.合适的文字表达：清晰准确地表达文献的主要内容和结论，确保读者能够理解和获得所需信息。

9.文献评估和讨论：对所选文献进行评估和讨论，指出各篇文献的优缺点、相互之间的联系和差异，从而提供更深入的分析和解释。

10.更新和维护：定期更新文献综述，及时添加最新的研究成果，确保综述的时效性和可靠性。

Literature+Review（精选五篇）第一篇：Literature+Review什么是Literature Review？Literature Review 就是回顾总结过去所发生的事，回顾总结前人所写的文献。

Literature Review通常出现在毕业论文里面的第一部分。

为什么写Literature Review？写Literature Review的目的，就是为了通过回顾前人所做的研究和文献，来确定自己毕业论文的研究方向（确保自己的论文是研究出新的成果，做出新的贡献，而不是重复前人研究出来的东西，比如说，1+1=2，这个就没必要研究了，之前已经有无数人反复研究过，并验证过了）。

而且在论文里面写Literature Review，是为了让阅读的人对这篇毕业论文有一个大体的了解。

怎么写Literature Review？在Literature Review里面，主要是总结前人的文献，和过去发生的事。

这就需要阅读很多之前的资料。

一定是要写总结，很多学生只是把以前的资料在Literature Review里复述一遍，是不行的。

而且，Literature Review千万不能得出结论，比如说，你的毕业论文是调查有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，还是穷人家庭的学生成绩好，Literature Review就是要写总结之前各个学者做的研究，新闻的报道，为什么有些学者觉得有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，或有些学者觉得穷人家庭的学生成绩好，两面性都要总结出来，之后你下一部分的分析（Findings Analysis），也就是你这篇毕业论文的成果，才是你要得出的结论：有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，或是穷人家庭的学生成绩好。

所以说，选研究题目也是很重要，要找一些两面性的，还没能得出结论的，少人研究的研究题目。

没什么好研究的题材，做出来的也不是什么好毕业论文，比如说，宇宙有没有太阳。

今天就说这么多，下次继续说其他的吧。