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练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差／贸易逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of trade欧盟European Union国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of payments有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods服务贸易trade in servicesⅢThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and the trade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244％while exports to China have grown 221％，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling ＄39.5 billion at the end of the year.Ⅳ1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods．3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in aforeign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quota保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规则“buy local”rules增加内需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国内含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴Binding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
供应链数字化参考文献近五年中英IntroductionSupply chain digitalization has become a key strategy for companies seeking to gain a competitive edge in today's fast-paced business environment. With the advent of new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics, companies now have the tools they need to transform their supply chains into more efficient, transparent, and responsive networks.In this paper, we review recent literature on supply chain digitalization to provide insights into current trends, challenges, and best practices in the field. We focus on articles published within the last five years in both English and Chinese, and aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.Digital Transformation in Supply Chain ManagementDigital transformation in supply chain management involves the integration of digital technologies across the entire supply chain to enable real-time visibility, collaboration, and decision-making. According to the World Economic Forum, companies that have successfully implemented digital strategies in their supply chains have seen significant improvements in efficiency, cost savings, and customer satisfaction.One of the key drivers of digital transformation in supply chain management is the proliferation of IoT devices. These devices, which include sensors, RFID tags, and GPS trackers, can collect and transmit vast amounts of data in real-time, enabling companies to track the movement of goods, monitor inventory levels, and optimize production processes. Another important technology driving digital transformation in supply chain management is blockchain. Blockchain technology allows companies to create secure, transparent, and tamper-proof records of transactions within the supply chain. By using blockchain technology, companies can improve traceability, reduce fraud, and enhance trust among supply chain partners.AI and machine learning are also playing a crucial role in supply chain digitalization. These technologies can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, predict demand, optimize inventory levels, and automate decision-making processes. Companies that leverage AI and machine learning in their supply chains can gain a competitive advantage by reducing costs, improving efficiency, and enhancing agility.Challenges and Opportunities in Supply Chain DigitalizationWhile digital transformation offers numerous benefits for supply chain management, it also presents a number of challenges. One of the key challenges is data integration and interoperability. With the proliferation of digital technologies, companies are collecting vastamounts of data from multiple sources. However, integrating and analyzing this data in a meaningful way can be complex and time-consuming.Another challenge in supply chain digitalization is cybersecurity. As companies become more reliant on digital technologies, they are increasingly vulnerable to cyber attacks and data breaches. It is critical for companies to invest in robust cybersecurity measures to protect their supply chains from potential threats.Despite these challenges, there are also many opportunities for companies to leverage digital technologies to improve their supply chains. For example, companies can use big data analytics to gain insights into consumer behavior, optimize inventory levels, and identify new market opportunities. Companies can also use digital technologies to enhance collaboration and communication with supply chain partners, suppliers, and customers.Best Practices in Supply Chain DigitalizationTo successfully implement digital transformation in their supply chains, companies should adopt a number of best practices. One key best practice is to develop a clear digital strategy that aligns with business objectives and customer needs. Companies should also invest in training and development to ensure that employees have the skills and knowledge they need to leverage digital technologies effectively.Another best practice is to collaborate with supply chain partners, suppliers, and customers to create a seamless, integrated network. By sharing data, information, and insights, companies can improve visibility, transparency, and efficiency throughout the supply chain. Companies should also monitor and evaluate their digital initiatives regularly to identify areas for improvement and optimization. By measuring key performance indicators and metrics, companies can track the impact of digital technologies on their supply chains and make informed decisions about future investments.ConclusionIn conclusion, supply chain digitalization is a critical strategy for companies seeking to gain a competitive edge in today's fast-paced business environment. By leveraging technologies such as IoT, blockchain, AI, and big data analytics, companies can transform their supply chains into more efficient, transparent, and responsive networks.In this paper, we have reviewed recent literature on supply chain digitalization to provide insights into current trends, challenges, and best practices in the field. While digital transformation presents challenges such as data integration and cybersecurity, it also offers numerous opportunities for companies to improve their supply chains through improved visibility, collaboration, and decision-making.By adopting best practices such as developing a clear digital strategy, collaborating with supply chain partners, and monitoring performance metrics, companies can successfully implement digital transformation in their supply chains and achieve sustainablecompetitive advantage. As technology continues to evolve, companies that embrace digitalization will be well-positioned to thrive in the digital age.。
英文原文:Title: Business Applications of Java. Author: Erbschloe, Michael, Business Applications of Java -- Research Starters Business, 2008DataBase: Research Starters - BusinessBusiness Applications of JavaThis article examines the growing use of Java technology in business applications. The history of Java is briefly reviewed along with the impact of open standards on the growth of the World Wide Web. Key components and concepts of the Java programming language are explained including the Java Virtual Machine. Examples of how Java is being used bye-commerce leaders is provided along with an explanation of how Java is used to develop data warehousing, data mining, and industrial automation applications. The concept of metadata modeling and the use of Extendable Markup Language (XML) are also explained.Keywords Application Programming Interfaces (API's); Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB); Extendable Markup Language (XML); HyperText Markup Language (HTML); HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS); Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA); Java Cryptography Extension (JCE); Java Programming Language; Java Virtual Machine (JVM); Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE); Metadata Business Information Systems > Business Applications of JavaOverviewOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. Networking protocol standards, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Web standards have enabled universal communication via the Internet and the World Wide Web. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution.The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components across computing platforms. Sun Microsystems' Java Community Process continues to be a strong base for the growth of the Java infrastructure and language standards. This growth of open standards creates new opportunities for designers and developers of applications and services (Smith, 2001).Creation of Java TechnologyJava technology was created as a computer programming tool in a small, secret effort called "the Green Project" at Sun Microsystems in 1991. The Green Team, fully staffed at 13 people and led by James Gosling, locked themselves away in an anonymous office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, cut off from all regular communications with Sun, and worked around the clock for18 months. Their initial conclusion was that at least one significant trend would be the convergence of digitally controlled consumer devices and computers. A device-independent programming language code-named "Oak" was the result.To demonstrate how this new language could power the future of digital devices, the Green Team developed an interactive, handheld home-entertainment device controller targeted at the digital cable television industry. But the idea was too far ahead of its time, and the digital cable television industry wasn't ready for the leap forward that Java technology offered them. As it turns out, the Internet was ready for Java technology, and just in time for its initial public introduction in 1995, the team was able to announce that the Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology ("Learn about Java," 2007).Applications of JavaJava uses many familiar programming concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). A virtual machine is a self-contained operating environment, created by a software layer that behaves as if it were a separate computer. Benefits of creating virtual machines include better exploitation of powerful computing resources and isolation of applications to prevent cross-corruption and improve security (Matlis, 2006).The JVM allows computing devices with limited processors or memory to handle more advanced applications by calling up software instructions inside the JVM to perform most of the work. This also reduces the size and complexity of Java applications because many of the core functions and processing instructions were built into the JVM. As a result, software developersno longer need to re-create the same application for every operating system. Java also provides security by instructing the application to interact with the virtual machine, which served as a barrier between applications and the core system, effectively protecting systems from malicious code.Among other things, Java is tailor-made for the growing Internet because it makes it easy to develop new, dynamic applications that could make the most of the Internet's power and capabilities. Java is now an open standard, meaning that no single entity controls its development and the tools for writing programs in the language are available to everyone. The power of open standards like Java is the ability to break down barriers and speed up progress.Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards. There are over 3 million Java developers and now there are several versions of the code. Most large corporations have in-house Java developers. In addition, the majority of key software vendors use Java in their commercial applications (Lazaridis, 2003).ApplicationsJava on the World Wide WebJava has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world and the uses of Java continues to grow. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. Two e-commerce giants that everybody is probably familiar with (eBay and Amazon) have been Java pioneers on the World Wide Web.eBayFounded in 1995, eBay enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of Web sites-including the eBay marketplaces, PayPal, Skype, and -that bring together millions of buyers and sellers every day. You can find it on eBay, even if you didn't know it existed. On a typical day, more than 100 million items are listed on eBay in tens of thousands of categories. Recent listings have included a tunnel boring machine from the Chunnel project, a cup of water that once belonged to Elvis, and the Volkswagen that Pope Benedict XVI owned before he moved up to the Popemobile. More than one hundred million items are available at any given time, from the massive to the miniature, the magical to the mundane, on eBay; the world's largest online marketplace.eBay uses Java almost everywhere. To address some security issues, eBay chose Sun Microsystems' Java System Identity Manager as the platform for revamping its identity management system. The task at hand was to provide identity management for more than 12,000 eBay employees and contractors.Now more than a thousand eBay software developers work daily with Java applications. Java's inherent portability allows eBay to move to new hardware to take advantage of new technology, packaging, or pricing, without having to rewrite Java code ("eBay drives explosive growth," 2007).Amazon (a large seller of books, CDs, and other products) has created a Web Service application that enables users to browse their product catalog and place orders. uses a Java application that searches the Amazon catalog for books whose subject matches a user-selected topic. The application displays ten books that match the chosen topic, and shows the author name, book title, list price, Amazon discount price, and the cover icon. The user may optionally view one review per displayed title and make a buying decision (Stearns & Garishakurthi, 2003).Java in Data Warehousing & MiningAlthough many companies currently benefit from data warehousing to support corporate decision making, new business intelligence approaches continue to emerge that can be powered by Java technology. Applications such as data warehousing, data mining, Enterprise Information Portals (EIP's), and Knowledge Management Systems (which can all comprise a businessintelligence application) are able to provide insight into customer retention, purchasing patterns, and even future buying behavior.These applications can not only tell what has happened but why and what may happen given certain business conditions; allowing for "what if" scenarios to be explored. As a result of this information growth, people at all levels inside the enterprise, as well as suppliers, customers, and others in the value chain, are clamoring for subsets of the vast stores of information such as billing, shipping, and inventory information, to help them make business decisions. While collecting and storing vast amounts of data is one thing, utilizing and deploying that data throughout the organization is another.The technical challenges inherent in integrating disparate data formats, platforms, and applications are significant. However, emerging standards such as the Application Programming Interfaces (API's) that comprise the Java platform, as well as Extendable Markup Language (XML) technologies can facilitate the interchange of data and the development of next generation data warehousing and business intelligence applications. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and to presentation layer challenges, it is rapidly emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs. The Java2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) provides the object, transaction, and security support for building such systems.Metadata IssuesOne of the key issues that business intelligence developers must solve is that of incompatible metadata formats. Metadata can be defined as information about data or simply "data about data." In practice, metadata is what most tools, databases, applications, and other information processes use to define, relate, and manipulate data objects within their own environments. It defines the structure and meaning of data objects managed by an application so that the application knows how to process requests or jobs involving those data objects. Developers can use this schema to create views for users. Also, users can browse the schema to better understand the structure and function of the database tables before launching a query.To address the metadata issue, a group of companies (including Unisys, Oracle, IBM, SAS Institute, Hyperion, Inline Software and Sun) have joined to develop the Java Metadata Interface (JMI) API. The JMI API permits the access and manipulation of metadata in Java with standard metadata services. JMI is based on the Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification from the Object Management Group (OMG). The MOF provides a model and a set of interfaces for the creation, storage, access, and interchange of metadata and metamodels (higher-level abstractions of metadata). Metamodel and metadata interchange is done via XML and uses the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) specification, also from the OMG. JMI leverages Java technology to create an end-to-end data warehousing and business intelligence solutions framework.Enterprise JavaBeansA key tool provided by J2EE is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), an architecture for the development of component-based distributed business applications. Applications written using the EJB architecture are scalable, transactional, secure, and multi-user aware. These applications may be written once and then deployed on any server platform that supports J2EE. The EJB architecture makes it easy for developers to write components, since they do not need to understand or deal with complex, system-level details such as thread management, resource pooling, and transaction and security management. This allows for role-based development where component assemblers, platform providers and application assemblers can focus on their area of responsibility further simplifying application development.EJB's in the Travel IndustryA case study from the travel industry helps to illustrate how such applications could function. A travel company amasses a great deal of information about its operations in various applications distributed throughout multiple departments. Flight, hotel, and automobile reservation information is located in a database being accessed by travel agents worldwide. Another application contains information that must be updated with credit and billing historyfrom a financial services company. Data is periodically extracted from the travel reservation system databases to spreadsheets for use in future sales and marketing analysis.Utilizing J2EE, the company could consolidate application development within an EJB container, which can run on a variety of hardware and software platforms allowing existing databases and applications to coexist with newly developed ones. EJBs can be developed to model various data sets important to the travel reservation business including information about customer, hotel, car rental agency, and other attributes.Data Storage & AccessData stored in existing applications can be accessed with specialized connectors. Integration and interoperability of these data sources is further enabled by the metadata repository that contains metamodels of the data contained in the sources, which then can be accessed and interchanged uniformly via the JMI API. These metamodels capture the essential structure and semantics of business components, allowing them to be accessed and queried via the JMI API or to be interchanged via XML. Through all of these processes, the J2EE infrastructure ensures the security and integrity of the data through transaction management and propagation and the underlying security architecture.To consolidate historical information for analysis of sales and marketing trends, a data warehouse is often the best solution. In this example, data can be extracted from the operational systems with a variety of Extract, Transform and Load tools (ETL). The metamodels allow EJBsdesigned for filtering, transformation, and consolidation of data to operate uniformly on datafrom diverse data sources as the bean is able to query the metamodel to identify and extract the pertinent fields. Queries and reports can be run against the data warehouse that contains information from numerous sources in a consistent, enterprise-wide fashion through the use of the JMI API (Mosher & Oh, 2007).Java in Industrial SettingsMany people know Java only as a tool on the World Wide Web that enables sites to perform some of their fancier functions such as interactivity and animation. However, the actual uses for Java are much more widespread. Since Java is an object-oriented language like C++, the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling.In addition, Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. Most importantly, application developers do not need to create different versions of the software for different platforms. The advantages available through Java have even found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.Benefits of JavaThe benefits of Java translate across many industries, and some are specific to the control and automation environment. For example, many plant-floor applications use relatively simple equipment; upgrading to PCs would be expensive and undesirable. Java's ability to run on any platform enables the organization to make use of the existing equipment while enhancing the application.IntegrationWith few exceptions, applications running on the factory floor were never intended to exchange information with systems in the executive office, but managers have recently discovered the need for that type of information. Before Java, that often meant bringing together data from systems written on different platforms in different languages at different times. Integration was usually done on a piecemeal basis, resulting in a system that, once it worked, was unique to the two applications it was tying together. Additional integration required developing a brand new system from scratch, raising the cost of integration.Java makes system integration relatively easy. Foxboro Controls Inc., for example, used Java to make its dynamic-performance-monitor software package Internet-ready. This software provides senior executives with strategic information about a plant's operation. The dynamic performance monitor takes data from instruments throughout the plant and performs variousmathematical and statistical calculations on them, resulting in information (usually financial) that a manager can more readily absorb and use.ScalabilityAnother benefit of Java in the industrial environment is its scalability. In a plant, embedded applications such as automated data collection and machine diagnostics provide critical data regarding production-line readiness or operation efficiency. These data form a critical ingredient for applications that examine the health of a production line or run. Users of these devices can take advantage of the benefits of Java without changing or upgrading hardware. For example, operations and maintenance personnel could carry a handheld, wireless, embedded-Java device anywhere in the plant to monitor production status or problems.Even when internal compatibility is not an issue, companies often face difficulties when suppliers with whom they share information have incompatible systems. This becomes more of a problem as supply-chain management takes on a more critical role which requires manufacturers to interact more with offshore suppliers and clients. The greatest efficiency comes when all systems can communicate with each other and share information seamlessly. Since Java is so ubiquitous, it often solves these problems (Paula, 1997).Dynamic Web Page DevelopmentJava has been used by both large and small organizations for a wide variety of applications beyond consumer oriented websites. Sandia, a multiprogram laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, has developed a unique Java application. The lab was tasked with developing an enterprise-wide inventory tracking and equipment maintenance system that provides dynamic Web pages. The developers selected Java Studio Enterprise 7 for the project because of its Application Framework technology and Web Graphical User Interface (GUI) components, which allow the system to be indexed by an expandable catalog. The flexibility, scalability, and portability of Java helped to reduce development timeand costs (Garcia, 2004)IssueJava Security for E-Business ApplicationsTo support the expansion of their computing boundaries, businesses have deployed Web application servers (WAS). A WAS differs from a traditional Web server because it provides a more flexible foundation for dynamic transactions and objects, partly through the exploitation of Java technology. Traditional Web servers remain constrained to servicing standard HTTP requests, returning the contents of static HTML pages and images or the output from executed Common Gateway Interface (CGI ) scripts.An administrator can configure a WAS with policies based on security specifications for Java servlets and manage authentication and authorization with Java Authentication andAuthorization Service (JAAS) modules. An authentication and authorization service can bewritten in Java code or interface to an existing authentication or authorization infrastructure. Fora cryptography-based security infrastructure, the security server may exploit the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) and Java Cryptography Extension (JCE). To present the user with a usable interaction with the WAS environment, the Web server can readily employ a formof "single sign-on" to avoid redundant authentication requests. A single sign-on preserves user authentication across multiple HTTP requests so that the user is not prompted many times for authentication data (i.e., user ID and password).Based on the security policies, JAAS can be employed to handle the authentication process with the identity of the Java client. After successful authentication, the WAS securitycollaborator consults with the security server. The WAS environment authentication requirements can be fairly complex. In a given deployment environment, all applications or solutions may not originate from the same vendor. In addition, these applications may be running on different operating systems. Although Java is often the language of choice for portability between platforms, it needs to marry its security features with those of the containing environment.Authentication & AuthorizationAuthentication and authorization are key elements in any secure information handling system. Since the inception of Java technology, much of the authentication and authorization issues have been with respect to downloadable code running in Web browsers. In many ways, this had been the correct set of issues to address, since the client's system needs to be protected from mobile code obtained from arbitrary sites on the Internet. As Java technology moved from a client-centric Web technology to a server-side scripting and integration technology, it required additional authentication and authorization technologies.The kind of proof required for authentication may depend on the security requirements of a particular computing resource or specific enterprise security policies. To provide such flexibility, the JAAS authentication framework is based on the concept of configurable authenticators. This architecture allows system administrators to configure, or plug in, the appropriate authenticatorsto meet the security requirements of the deployed application. The JAAS architecture also allows applications to remain independent from underlying authentication mechanisms. So, as new authenticators become available or as current authentication services are updated, system administrators can easily replace authenticators without having to modify or recompile existing applications.At the end of a successful authentication, a request is associated with a user in the WAS user registry. After a successful authentication, the WAS consults security policies to determine if the user has the required permissions to complete the requested action on the servlet. This policy canbe enforced using the WAS configuration (declarative security) or by the servlet itself (programmatic security), or a combination of both.The WAS environment pulls together many different technologies to service the enterprise. Because of the heterogeneous nature of the client and server entities, Java technology is a good choice for both administrators and developers. However, to service the diverse security needs of these entities and their tasks, many Java security technologies must be used, not only at a primary level between client and server entities, but also at a secondary level, from served objects. By using a synergistic mix of the various Java security technologies, administrators and developers can make not only their Web application servers secure, but their WAS environments secure as well (Koved, 2001).ConclusionOpen standards have driven the e-business revolution. As e-business continues to develop, various computing technologies help to drive its evolution. The Java programming language and platform have emerged as major technologies for performing e-business functions. Java programming standards have enabled portability of applications and the reuse of application components. Java uses many familiar concepts and constructs and allows portability by providing a common interface through an external Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Today, you can find Java technology in networks and devices that range from the Internet and scientific supercomputers to laptops and cell phones, from Wall Street market simulators to home game players and credit cards.Java has found a place on some of the most popular websites in the world. Java applications not only provide unique user interfaces, they also help to power the backend of websites. While Java technology has been used extensively for client side access and in the presentation layer, it is also emerging as a significant tool for developing scaleable server side programs.Since Java is an object-oriented language like C++, the time needed for application development is minimal. Java also encourages good software engineering practices with clear separation of interfaces and implementations as well as easy exception handling. Java's automatic memory management and lack of pointers remove some leading causes of programming errors. The advantages available through Java have also found their way into hardware. The emerging new Java devices are streamlined systems that exploit network servers for much of their processing power, storage, content, and administration.中文翻译:标题：Java的商业应用。
1. Automation in this true sense is brought to full fruition only through a thorough exploitation of its three major elements, communication, computation, and control----the three “Cs”．自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。
2. In the case of the blast-furnace, the computer would need to be supplied with information about the raw material which goes into the furnace, the temperatures at which the furnace works, and the best way of dealing with the various ingredients.就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。
3. The operation of this part of the steel plant is a complex and highly skilled operation, requiringa great deal of knowledge, a great deal of integrated information and rapid decision-making, to make sure the furnace operates efficiently in relation to the next stage in the process.钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。
电子商务文献翻译班级：电子商务0902姓名：陈正祥学号：090506037STRUCTURE AND MACRO-LEVEL IMPACTS OF ELECT RONIC COMMERCE: FROM TECHNOLOGICAL INFRAST RUCTURE TO ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACES VLADIMIR ZWASS电子商务的结构和宏观影响：从技术层面的基础设施建设到虚拟的电子市场Abstract摘要Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is sharing business information, maintaining busi ness relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunicati ons networks. Traditional E-commerce, conducted with the use of information technol ogies centering on electronic data interchange (EDI) over proprietary value-added net works, is rapidly moving to the Internet. The InternetWorld Wide Web has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce, which has been vastly broadened and red efined by the use of the new medium.通过通讯网络电子商务可以实现分享信息，维护商业关系和进行商业交易的目的。
传统的电子商务在附有专有价值的网络上以电子信息交流为中心使用信息技术，目前正在逐渐向因特网转移。
英语作文-打造智能化物流系统，提升物流效率In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, the optimization of logistics operations has become a paramount concern for companies worldwide. The integration of intelligent technologies into logistics systems offers a promising solution to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve overall performance. This essay explores the key components and benefits of building an intelligent logistics system to elevate logistics efficiency.At the core of an intelligent logistics system lies the utilization of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics. These technologies empower logistics operations with real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making capabilities. For instance, AI algorithms can predict demand patterns, optimize route planning, and automate warehouse management processes. IoT devices enable seamless tracking and monitoring of shipments, vehicles, and inventory, ensuring transparency and accountability throughout the supply chain. Meanwhile, big data analytics extract actionable insights from vast volumes of data, enabling continuous improvement and strategic decision-making.One of the primary benefits of implementing an intelligent logistics system is the enhancement of operational efficiency. By leveraging AI-driven predictive analytics, companies can anticipate demand fluctuations, optimize inventory levels, and minimize stockouts and overstock situations. Real-time tracking and monitoring capabilities provided by IoT devices enable proactive problem-solving and timely interventions in case of delays, damages, or other disruptions. Moreover, automation of routine tasks such as order processing, inventory management, and route optimization streamlines operations and reduces manual errors, thereby increasing productivity and reducing labor costs.Another significant advantage of intelligent logistics systems is the optimization of transportation networks and route planning. AI algorithms analyze historical data, traffic patterns, weather conditions, and other relevant factors to optimize delivery routes, minimize fuel consumption, and reduce carbon emissions. Dynamic routing capabilities enable real-time adjustments in response to changing conditions, ensuring timely deliveries while maximizing resource utilization. Furthermore, the integration of GPS tracking and telematics systems enhances fleet management, enabling better vehicle monitoring, maintenance scheduling, and driver performance evaluation.In addition to operational efficiency and cost savings, intelligent logistics systems also contribute to customer satisfaction and loyalty. Real-time visibility into shipment status, accurate delivery estimates, and proactive notifications keep customers informed and engaged throughout the delivery process. Personalized services such as flexible delivery options, rerouting capabilities, and hassle-free returns further enhance the customer experience and foster long-term relationships. By consistently delivering superior service levels, companies can differentiate themselves in the competitive marketplace and gain a competitive edge.Furthermore, intelligent logistics systems enable data-driven decision-making and continuous improvement. By analyzing performance metrics, identifying bottlenecks, and detecting patterns and trends, companies can uncover opportunities for optimization and innovation. Predictive maintenance algorithms help prevent equipment failures and downtime, ensuring smooth operations and uninterrupted service. Continuous feedback loops facilitate collaboration and knowledge sharing across departments and stakeholders, fostering a culture of innovation and continuous improvement.In conclusion, the adoption of intelligent logistics systems holds immense potential for transforming traditional supply chain operations and driving sustainable growth. By harnessing the power of AI, IoT, and big data analytics, companies can enhance operational efficiency, optimize transportation networks, and elevate the customer experience. Moreover, data-driven decision-making and continuous improvement enable companies to stay agile, adaptive, and competitive in today's dynamic business environment. As technology continues to advance, the possibilities for innovation andoptimization in logistics are limitless, offering exciting opportunities for companies to thrive and succeed in the digital age.。
电子商务英文E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services online. With the rapid development of the internet and mobile technologies, e-commerce has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we shop, interact with businesses and consume products. In this article, we will discuss the key aspects of e-commerce, its benefits, challenges, and future opportunities.The benefits of e-commerce are numerous, and they have a significant impact on different stakeholders. For companies and businesses, e-commerce allows them to reach a wider audience, reduce overhead costs, increase revenue, and improve customer satisfaction. Online stores can operate 24/7, without being limited by geographical location or time zone, and with the use of data analytics and digital marketing tools, companies can target their audience more effectively and personalize their shopping experience.For consumers, e-commerce provides convenience, flexibility, and accessibility. Online shopping eliminates the need to physically travel to a store, wait in long queues or deal with pushy salespeople. Customers can browse through a vast range of products from different brands, compare prices, read reviews, and make informed purchasing decisions from the comfort of their own homes. Moreover, e-commerce has made it easier for people with physical disabilities or mobility issues to access goods and services that were once unattainable.However, e-commerce also brings about several challenges that businesses face. One of the significant challenges is the issue of security and fraud. With online transactions, there is a risk of theft, hacking, and data breaches, which can compromise personal information and financial details ofcustomers. To avoid such incidents, businesses need to implement robust security protocols, including data encryption, two-factor authentication, and secure payment gateways.Another challenge is the logistical aspect of e-commerce. Shipping, fulfillment, and inventory management can be complex tasks for businesses, especially if they operate globally. Companies need to ensure timely delivery, maintain a high standard of customer support, and manage returns and refunds efficiently. Furthermore, businesses must comply with local tax regulations and customs policies when selling products in different countries.Despite the challenges, e-commerce continues to offer several future opportunities for innovative businesses. For instance, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), and other emerging technologies can enhance the shopping experience of customers, offer personalized recommendations and even assist in buying decisions. AI-powered chatbots can handle customer queries and complaints, while VR/AR technologies can simulate the real-life experience of trying on clothes or testing electronics.Moreover, e-commerce also provides an excellent platform for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to compete with big players in the market. By leveraging the power of social media, search engine optimization (SEO), and online marketplaces, SMEs can showcase their products to a considerably larger audience and gain a foothold in the digital marketplace.In conclusion, e-commerce has transformed the way we conduct business and shop for goods and services. Its benefits are numerous, ranging from convenience and accessibility to increased revenue and customer satisfaction. However, it also brings about various challenges, includingsecurity, logistics, and legal compliance. Nevertheless, the future of e-commerce appears bright, with opportunities for innovation and growth, particularly for those businesses that can adapt and evolve in the fast-paced digital landscape.。
Key Technologies for e-Business SystemNormally, e-Business has the the following technical directions and the technical specifications:1.Service-oriented Architecture (SOA)e-Business application framework will use SOA（Service-Oriented Architecture）. SOA is the new system architecture for application development facing to the enterprise-level requirements. In the system based on SOA, the functions of specific application are combined by some loose-couple and defined by unified interfaces components(also called services).So, the architecture based on SOA must be started from the specific needs of enterprises themselves.Otherwise, the main difference between SOA and other enterprise architectures is its service deployment flexibility, which refers to the enterprise can respond quickly and effectively as the business changed.And enterprise can use the advantage of quick business change to gain competitive position.For an enterprise IT architecture designer, creating a flexible architecture means to create the architecture which can satisfy the demands of the unknown future applications.Using those construction methods based on SOA, all the functions in the system can be packaged into some functional modules. Using those modules can construct a program or system which we need.Actually, those function modules are the different services in SOA architecture.From the schematic figure above,we can see that SOA is a typical structure of MVC （Model-View-Controller）model. But, compared with traditional method, SOA emphasize these advantages: standards-based, loose coupling, shared services, coarse-grained and joint control. Through constantly creating standard services needed by business, form a “service warehouse”. Thus, to realize customization based on demands, finally to achieve business independence.Service is the available software resources in network.Providers provide service through standard mechanism while users use the service through the network according to their advance plan. Service agents publish the location of services and locate the service when users demand. The role of users or provider is not absolute and unique.Providers can also be users and vice versa.Providers describe their service by standard language in services agreement, and publish service to the ers query their service via the service agent(or registration) and receive all the related service agreement and information. Subsequently, the customer or user will be bound with the service, and communicate directly with provider.Service implementation contains the function of service or business logic. For serviceusers, service implementation should be a “black box”. Users don’t need to know the detail of service implementation. Services can be divided into five types:1.Data access:which allow unified access for different data sourcesponents:which provide the service visit of package applications, such ascontent management3.Business:which provide the complex services more than one packaged orcustomized applications with corresponding functionsbinations:use more than three kinds of services to create new service withnew function and existing function.5.Shared or low-level services like enterprise infrastructure services, message log,reusing feature make it possible to create a new advanced service.In the SOA framework, whether it is data access, component access, or business visit, these are all the access to services, and can be combined and shared. Company has standard service specifications and interfaces which makes the calculation environment very simple.Here are a few key terms and implementation technologies and standards related to the concept.The first is "loosely coupled", meaning users can use the service, and it is integrated into your application, but without knowledge of the language of the service, platform, location or condition. Web Services provides the website or application program interface. Users may have several operations, each operation has its own input and output information.These operations together constitute the service interface. Specific implementation details, platform and language have been hidden. As long as we follow the HTTP protocol in the call, follow the SOAP protocol in return,we will be free in the Web Service world.The second key term is "discovery." The famous triangle architecture shows a service-oriented in the "registration" or "discover" interaction cycle, the aim is to achieve dynamic service discovery.The third key term is "workflow”.Workflow provides the information order and control order among services.Workflow includes simple or complex decision-making, through the selection and loop structures. Business rules on the processes are responsible for direction and control.The above key terms describe the SOA can increase productivity and agility.Currently, Web Services core standards have been relatively mature,so the suppliers have launched compliant products to the market. Web service is built on the basis of open standards and platform-independent protocol. Web services use SOAP (XML-based protocol)through HTTP for the communication between service providers and consumers. Services define open interfaces through WSDL (Web Service Definition Language). WSDL semantics is defined by XML. UDDI is an independent protocol with the language used for the interaction and searching service with the registration center. All these features make Web Services become an excellent choice for SOA application development.Some of the key aspects of service quality standards have made great progress, such as safety standards (such as WS-Security) and reliability standards (such as WS-ReliableMessaging). There are other standards like BPM standards (such as BPEL), Web Services Management (such as WSDM) and Web Services Portal Standard (WSRP) also get support from many manufacturers, and the related products are also mature.2.B/S Three-layer StructureThe benefit of multi-layer service model is to separate Presentation layer and business process layers / data communications layer.So, when adding a new access channels, only increasing a channel-driven, changing the contents of the display formats, and leaving the transaction processing and data communications without any changes.As technology developing, problems of the traditional client / server model gradually emerge,B/S（Browser/Server）Three-tier architecture comes into being on thisenvironment t, and the advantages are as follows:✓To encapsulate complex business logicImprove the traditional object-oriented program to a new level. A component in the realization of a service allows it that when business needs change, the maintenance will be very simple.✓Independent of programming language, and nothing to do with specific language✓To Reduce project riskThe concept of development based on service components separates an object of public business logic from user interface and data layer, and increases component reusability.The basic model is divided into：Presentation Layer-Business layer-Data LayerPresentation layer is the interactive interface of man and machine, and no difference with traditional application program.However, the business logic of this layer is reduced.Business layer is also called business logic layer or intermediate layer.This layer is mainly used for high volume transaction processing, transaction support, large-scale configuration, message transmission and network communications.In this layer, thecomplex business relationships are broken down into a number of single services, each service implements a special task.These services adopt relatively independent service components to achieve the sub-function.Through the distribution of these components, you can balance the data processing, coordination logic and adjust the business scale and rules. This layer can be located anywhere in the network, so often called application servers.Data layer is the traditional data server：Such as SQL Server, Oracle, etc.In this architecture, the traditional business logic of the Presentation layer and data layer will be concentrated to business layer to manage.This increases the client application versatility, independence, and avoids bloated stored and trigger procedures in data layers. In addition, it reduces the update problems of software configuration and version. So only need to configure and update the business layer. Using this architecture, the secondary development for the system will be realized in the business logic layer.Realization of system functions will be based on the database, using a common JSP (JavaServer Pages) technology to achieve.JSP is a relatively mature technology, and the technology is proven safe and reliable.From the above three-tier structure, you can get: the end-user can not directly operate data layer, therefore, the security of data layer can be guaranteed.In addition, according to the three-tier structure, the designed system has good scalability.With the business expansion, if necessary, we can easily add the appropriate application, and realize the expansion of system functions.3.XML Data StandardsContent Integration System Requires data adopts unified specification or standards. In the current, we commonly use XML specifications.Extensible Markup Language (XML) is the common data language on the Web.It is an open standard, free from the limit of any entity, even being owned by any entities.XML can be extended and XML tags can be created by anyone and also used by other people.It allows developers to structure data from many different applications and deliver them to the desktop for a local computation and presentation.XML is allowed to create a unique data format for a specific application.It is an ideal format for structured data to be transferred between the servers.In the system application, using XML technology has the following advantages ✓providing the data for the local computingData can be delivered to the desktop for local computation.XML parser can read the data and submit it to the local application program (such as browser) for the further viewing or processing.Data can also be dealt by the script using the XML object model or other programming language.✓providing users with the correct structured data viewThe data can be delivered to the desktop in many ways.According to user preferences, configurations and other factors, local data can be dynamic displayed in the view with an appropriate form.✓allowing integration of structured data from different sourcesIn general, using a proxy,the data from the back-end database and other applications can be integrated in the middle tier server, so that the data can be passed to the desktop or other servers for further aggregation, processing and distribution.✓description the data from a variety of applicationsBecause XML is extensible, so it can be used to describe data from a variety of applications, from the description of a collection of Web pages to data records.As the data can be self-described, so does not need the built-in data description, and can receive and process data.✓Granularity update to improve performanceXML allows granularity update.Developers do not need to send the entire structured data set every time when they change.When the granularity update, only the changed elements should be sent from the server to the client. Thechanged data can display without refreshing the entire page or table.4.Technology Based on Web Service1)Technical advantagesWeb Service technology allows computers and equipment in different regions geographically distributed working in order to provide users a variety of services. Users can control the content, time and access mode of information collection, and not have to browse in numerous information islands to find the information they need. Judging from the trend it is no doubt that Web Service will become the mainstream of next-generation Web technology. Selecting Web Service technology is also based on the following technical advantages.Web Service creates the new interoperable platform for distributed applications. Web Service's main objective is to achieve cross-platform interoperability.To achieve this goal, Web Service is entirely based on XML, XSD and other standards which are independent from software suppliers and particular platform.For the application programs’cross-platform and cross-network communication, Web Service is very useful.Web Service is ideal for application integration, B2B and G2G integration, code and data reuse, as well as through the Web, client and server communication.Based on the above advantages, Web Service technology to support next-generation Internet protocol standard can not be substituted by any other technologies, which is the reason for Web Service technology highly respected and success.2)Platform technology componentsAny platform has its own data representation and type system. Web Service also has a protocol to achieve the creation of distributed application program.To achieve interoperability, Web Service platform provides a set of system standardfor communication between different platforms, programming languages and component models of different types of systems.In traditional distributed systems, platform based on the interface provides a number of ways to describe the interfaces, methods and parameters (such as COM and COBAR in the IDL language).Similarly, Web Service platform also provides a standard to describe Web Service, so customers can get enough information to use the Web Service.Based on the existing Web technology and facilities, Web Service technology is brought through making the new protocols and standards and introducing new technologies.The main protocols and technologies associated with Web Service include SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), WSDL (Web Services Description Language) and UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration).SOAP is used to define the standards of data description and remote access, WSDL is the description language to issue and request Web Service while UDDI plays the intermediary role to connect Web Service with the users.3)Implementation Modes of ArchitectureWeb Service architecture is built based on the three roles,which are Web Service providers, Web Service requester and Web Service intermediate, and three actions, which are issuing, discovery and binding.In brief, Web Service provider is the owner of Web Service, which waits for the provision of its existing functions to the other services and users.Web Service requester is the user of Web Service function, using SOAP it sends requirement messages to Web Service provider to obtain services.Web Service intermediate is to connect a Web Service requester with the appropriate Web Service provider and act as manager role, generally it is UDDI.These three roles are divided according to the logic.In practice, the roles are probably crossed:a Web Service can be Web Service providers or Web Service requester, or both.The relationship between the Web Service as follows: "issue" is to allow users or other services to know the existence of a Web Service and related information; "discovery" is to find an appropriate Web Service; "binding" is to establish a link between the requester and the provider.4)E-business System based on Web serviceThe Rapid development of B2C，B2B，Enterprise Portal and other commercial websites leads to the proliferation of enterprise e-business system’s application plan. It cause the enterprises need an integrated, open and customer-oriented flexible information system.But the business actions of inner government or enterprise always have different business process specification which is uncertain because they depend on many different systems’ data resource. The uncertainty of business process specification, the uncertainty of enterprise organization, high mobility of enterprise workers will form the background of e-business integrated system.In traditional solutions, usually start the secondary development based on interface and integration with other systems. But it’s a complex system integration model with systems’ inter-connection and tight couple. For it depends on special programming interface and developing platform, it’ll cause small-scale tight integration and a large number of data islands. Due to traditional solution doesn’t stand on the high position of enterprise application integration, it’s difficult to solve the problem of sharing information that enterprise face, also difficult to improve the competitiveness of enterprise. With the increase of enterprise applications deployment and external competitive pressure, this problem becomes more and more acute.Web Service make software into services, compiling with the relevant standards so that different system can be cross-platforms, compatible with each other and it has the ability of seamless communication and data sharing. Through structured SML documents, Web Service technology use standard network protocols to convey and transfer data fast and conveniently. It achieves the effective integration of information resources. Thus, Web Service brings many new idea and challenges for the construction of e-business, system deployment and data integration.In the consideration of technical features of Web Service,we give a new distributed architecture which is fit for the e-business application in new situation, named e-business application system architecture.The system architecture of e-business application is divided logically into five parts: the presentation layer, web servers, application servers, data integration and data layer. Web browsers and web servers exchange information via HTML／XM, visit application via SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol). Application servers and data integration visit the applications via SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol). The structure is as below:1.Presentation layer’s main task is to assemble the data to format that can beexpressed; provide access and main formed by web browsers. Web browser is a cross platform to provide a universal platform of user-friendly, style uniform and easy to use for e-business clients. Presentation layer may visit all equipments of web servers.2.Web servers manage and place e-business website and server-side components,accept the request of clients, then interact with application servers and data integrator, finally, return the result to the web browser.3.Application servers mainly realize the business logic of enterprise e-business.Application server can be divided into internal web services and external web services.Internal web services realize the main logic ability of enterprise and don’t release to outside. External web service is responsible for the information interaction of up and down stream enterprises in the supply chain, also the enterprise logic interface to outside. Besides,though the external Web service, enterprise can rent third-parts’ web services to reinforce enterprise’s own partial function, such as security authentication. In essence, application server can extend out infinitely in order to realize the business logic for enterprise. Due the Web service based on SOAP (based on HTTP to transmit XML data), the system with good cross-platform and scalability, can change flexibly the logic of company’s business in order to fit for the dynamic demand of e-business.4.Data integrator. The involved data in the application of e-business exist in theheterogeneous data sources. How to transfer the data from heterogeneous sources into a unified SML data is the basis of system operation. Data integrator is responsible for the conversion and integration of heterogeneous data XML, hides heterogeneous features of data layer,and provides a consistent dataformat based on XML for application server or web server.It puts the business data outside and realizes the exchange of enterprise data. At the same time,use data integration to shield the enterprise data so that the outside can only visit the data indirectly which enhances the security of data.5.Data layer contains the relational database, XML documents and otherheterogeneous data sources. Database server achieves the data’s access, modify,query, and ensure data’s security, integrity and consistency. Also provide OLTP（on-line transaction processing）and other functions.5)Data Integration ServicesAlthough three-tier integration solutions, integration technology based on DCOM／CORBA and based on XML, can provide integration service of data. Otherwise, these technologies can’t penetrate the firewall and meet the needs of e-business data integration. Web services revolutionarily achieve the good mutual operation of cross-platform. For this problem, there is solution provide by data integration, named data integration solution based on Web service/SML, as shown:Data integration solution based on Web service /XML is constituted by XML interface, integrated processor and SML wrapper:1.XML interface provides unified access mode to the related multiple data resourcefor the clients, shields the structure and running environment difference among data resources of data layer. It’s responsible for sending the request of visitors and other WCB service data request to integrated processor, and returning the XML response result at the same time.2.Integrated processor mainly includes data integration logic, such as divide thequery request of Web form or other web service of integrated data into several sub-queries, and hand those sub-queries to corresponding XML wrapper.3.XML wrapper will pack the heterogeneous data sources. In the inner of integratedsystem, use XML for the unified description and stroage of data. Wrapper completes the data reflection between XML data model and all the other heterogeneous data sources, shields the difference of heterogeneous data resources. The wrapper uses decomposed sub query to operate the dataresources and uses XML data model to describe the returned result of data resources.Data integration solution based on Web service, by using web service and XML technology,encapsulate enterprise’s core business functions into components via Web which are convenient to be shared among enterprises. It also simplifies the integration of heterogeneous data resources; also make enterprise’s internal data output and enterprises’ data exchange become transparent and efficient. Due the web service is between the clients and data resource, client can only visit data via XML interface, which enhances the security of enterprise’s data resources. Using standard XML data code provides a perfect natural support for the data exchange among enterprises. Based on Web service technology, use standard HTTP and SOAP protocol to communicate; which makes data can penetrate the firewall smoothly among enterprises. It solves the difficulty that data integration in the past can’t overcome. Data integration solution based on Web service can easily fit for the future development of e-business data integration.6)Component Technology and Modularization BuildingComponent is reusable and self-contained software components which is independent of specific programming languages and application system. Those software components can be easily combined into larger program without considering their own implementation details. In one system, components are replaceable unit. Thus, software system is easy to develop and with greater flexibility.Component technology develops based on the object-oriented developing techniques. It’s the extension of object-oriented technology in system design. Compared with object-oriented technique, component technique inherits the encapsulation function of object-oriented technology, but ignores the inheritance and polymorphism. Component is the organic integration of the object, regardless of component objects and implementation details. Component’s fixed feature is software reuse, interoperability, scalability, stability of component interface and robustness of infrastructure component. No matter static or dynamic reference, it can provide stable functions and interfaces.At the same time, system use modularized structure with good openness and scalability. It may adjust, combine and develop new functions constantly according to the developing demand of business.。
