四川师范大学考博英语2014年考博真题试题

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of theconditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A. missed the most serious problems thereB. were poorly assembled for the missionC. cannot be called scientists at allD. value nature above people80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A. must redefine our relationship with the environmentB. should not take it seriously but to take it easyC. need a new way of thinking about natureD. need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage FiveHumanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities; by 2050, 70% are projected to do so – most of them in poorer。

2014年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章中科院考博英语阅读理解的短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。

考博英语的阅读理解题型中的文章通常选取外文杂志、外文网站中的文章，然后由各院校的命题组命题，或者选取四六级、考研、研究生学位英语考试等已考过的文章。

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章Passage OneMark Kelly is originally from Lancashire in England. He has been living in Japan for six years and, at the weekend, he is a fake priest. "I was living in Sapporo, studying Japanese, and I needed the money. it's far better paid than teaching in a language school," he said. "Being a fake priest is big business in Japan----I've done a TV commercial for one company," he added. "In Sapporo, there are five agencies employing about 20 fake priests. In a city like Tokyo, there must be hundreds."The fake Western priests are employed at Western-style weddings to give a performance and add to the atmosphere. These are not legal ceremonies-the couples also have to make a trip to the local registrar. "In the past almost all weddings in Japan were Shinto, but in the last few years Western-style weddings have appeared and become very popular," said one Japanese priest. "Most couples are trying to re-create a European wedding, so they overwhelmingly ask for a foreign priest instead of a Japanese one," he added.The fake priests in Japan sometimes have to deal with difficult situations. Mr. Kelly has often presided over ceremonies where the bride is pregnant. "It is common. Once, the bride vomited on me and then fainted. It wasn't very romantic," he said. Another difficulty is meeting genuine Japanese priests. "We do occasionally bump into the real thing. They are very much against us, but there are not enough genuine Japanese priests to meet the demand" he said.One Japanese Christian priest spoke out. "It is a real problem for us. They are not genuine and they give us a bad name," he said. "It isimportant for the bride and groom to have a proper wedding, and they are not getting it from these foreign priests. I have even heard of hotels using staff when they can't find anyone else."But Mr. Kelly argues that the ceremony is not about religion, but about image. "I give a good performance. I use an Apache wedding prayer in my ceremony. It works very well, although I had to take out the part about the bear god in the sky," he said. "If people are crying by the end of the wedding, I think I have done a good job."36. What do we know about Mark Kelly?A. He's a professional priest.B. He's a language student.C. He's working for a TV station.D. He's earning a living in Japan.37. The fake Western priests are in great demand in Japan because of______.A. the popularity of Western-style weddingsB. the bad reputation of Japanese priestsC. the decline of the traditional religion, ShintoD. the low prices at which they are hired38. Using a foreign priest at a wedding in Japan is______.A. forbidden according to criminal lawB. meant for having a Western atmosphereC. aimed to save a trip to a registrarD. deemed necessary to add to the solemnity39. According to the passage, Mr. Kelly considers his jobrather______.A. demandingB. amusingC. sacredD. creative40. Japanese priests are angry with those fake foreign priests because they are______.A. bringing an end to the occupationB. misleading the bride and groomC. damaging the image of the formerD. corrupting the morals of weddings41. According to Mr. Kelly, what mostly interests a Japanese couple at the wedding is______.A. how well the priest can perform his roleB. what religious rituals are being followedC. whether other participants can be movedD. who can make them burst into tears2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解文章大意及参考答案【华慧考博独家解析：文章大意】本文讲述的是西方人在日本假扮神父。

四川师范大学2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目名称：英语I.Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneThere are people in Italy who can't stand soccer.Not all Canadians love hockey.A similar situation exists in America,where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball.Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.They tell you it's a game better suited to the19th century,slow,quiet,and gentlemanly.These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there's the sport that glorifies"the hit".By contrast,baseball seems abstract,cool,silent,still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives,replays,close-ups.The geometry of the game, however,is essential to understanding it.You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject;you may,of course,project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won't do it for you.Take,for example,the third baseman.You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate.His legs are apart,knees flexed.His arms hang loose.He does a lot of this.The skeptic stili cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive.But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws:the third baseman goes up on his toes,flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him,takes a step right or left,backward or forward,perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman's position.Suppose the pitch is a ball."Nothing happened,"you say."I could have had my eyes closed."The skeptic and the innocent must play the game.And this involvement in thestands is no more intellectual than listening to music is.Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot;smooth the pocket in your glove;watch the eyes of the batter,the speed of the bat,the sound of horschide on wood.If football is a symphony of movement and theatre,baseball is chamber music,a spacious interlocking of notes,chores and responses.1.The passage is mainly concerned with2.3.4.no5.We can safely conclude that the authorA.likes footballB.hates footballC.hates baseballD.likes baseball Vocabulary1.dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2.pitcher n.投手3.symphony n.交响乐4.chamber n.室内长难句解析①解析：此句的主干是"Baseball..means...watching…"，其中"in funny tight outfits"用来修饰"grown men","standing…"和"staring"用来做"grown men"的定语。

英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killing chemicals by the end ofJune.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion”for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for thecourts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. Anall-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” through the Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialties and can contribute differentskills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have female board members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed toundermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventional understanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, the storm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help ______ the famine in thisregion.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his next move in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperity in their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life”is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally。

英语第I卷（选择题共90分）第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，共40分）第一节单项填空从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

（共10小题；每小题1分，共10分）1. She’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked and moved to Cambridge.A. bothB. neitherC. noneD. either2. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That’s I was born.”A. whenB. howC. whyD. where3. Was it because Jack came late for school Mr. Smith got angry?A. whyB. whoC. whereD. that4. Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, is quite unexpected.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. it5. The manager was satisfied to see many new products after great effort.A. having developedB. to developC. developedD. develop6. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother take me to Disneyland at weekends.A. mightB. mustC. wouldD. should7. —I hope to take the computer course.—Good idea. more about it，visit this website.A. To find outB. Finding outC. To be finding outD. Having found out8. I’ll be out for some time.anything important happens, call me up immediately.A. In caseB. As ifC. Even thoughD. Now that9. She someone ,so I nodded to her and went away.A. phonedB. had phonedC. was phoningD. has phoned10. —How about dinner tonight? It’s on me.—.A. You are welcomeB. Oh, I’d like toC. Well, I’m afraid soD. That’s all right第二节完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2014医学博士英语统考听力文字版Question 1W: It would help me if you could go over the last week and give me an idea how much beer drank each evening.M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening.Question: How much beer did the man drink last week?Question 2W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night? M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done.W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s nec essary, just remember to stay calm.Question: What does the doctor suggest the woman do?Question3W: How’s even your feeling in general?M: No complaints, really.Question: What does the man mean?Question 4W: Our managing director is going to give you a raise.M: Really? Are you kidding me?W: Absolutely! He thinks you would!Question: What does the woman say?Question 5W: I’ve been so worried about my daughter. She’s so different and temperament for me. We are not always on the same wheeling.M: Th at’s quite common with mothers and daughters.W: She is a further personality and very much on the ball, but she is an excitable child.Question: What does the woman mean?Question 6W: Where is your injury?M: Here, my ankle.W: How did it happen?M: I tripped over on the pavement and twisted it. It was swollen and very painful.Question: What is true about the woman?Question 7W: John wants to move upwards and onwards within his new company.M: He is well qualified and the boss interested him.W: So you think he will achieve his goal?M: Yeah! For betting he will.Question: What did the man mean?Question 8M: Take the slip to the front desk and then arrange an appointment for the tests.W: Thank you, doctor! Have a nice day!Question: What will the woman do?Question 9M: There is one girl on my school who everybody picks up. W: Why?M: Because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears. Question: What can be inferred about the girl in question?Question 10M: What’s your coming for today, Mrs. Anderson?W: I’ve been having some pains in my joints, especially the knees!Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?Question 11W: How long does the pain last when you get it?M: It comes and goes! Sometimes I hardly feel anything, other times it can last up to half an hour or more.W: Is there any type of food that seems to cause stronger pain or other types?M: Um, heavy foods like stay insomnia usually bring s it on, I’ll been to avoid those.Question: What type of food seems to cause stronger pain to the man?Question 12W: Carl, your bicycle is too old, it’s not safe ty to ride.M: Yeah! I think I need to buy a new one, but it will go with time.Question: What did the man mean?Question 13M: How long could you have these symptoms?W: Oh, I have the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just be past a few days.Question: What do we know about the woman’s illness?Question 14W: I think I could recover the cough at the end of this year. M: I’m sorry to burst your bubble, but the stock index still ranges between 1900 and 2900 after every year.Question 15M: I just want check to understand which pills to take and when?W: The yellow one in the morning and the others, oh, I think no, maybe, a h, you’d better to write it down! Then you wo n’t forget!M: Here is some paper! The yellow one once a day before breakfast, the large round one three times a day after meals, the small ones when you need one for sleeping.Question: Which of the following statements is true?Section B Dialogue One Question 16-20W: Hi, Patrick, how are your feeling today?M: A bit better.W: That’s good to hear. Are you still feeling nausea?M: No. I haven’t felt sick to my stomach so she is to switch my medication.W: Great, say, your test result came this morning.M: It’s about time. Is it good news or a bad?W: I guess it would be a bit of both. Which do you want first? M: Let’s get the bad news over with.W: OK. It looks like you are going to need surgery to remove your tumor from your leg. After the operation you’re going to have to escape your feet for at least 3 weeks. That means no soccer.M: It is a friend of you if you are going to say that.W: Now, for the good news. The belt shows the tumor is benign which means it is not cancerous. We’re going to take it out anyway just being on a safe side.M: Wow, that’s a load off my mind. Thanks doctor.W: Don’t get too excited, we still need to get the bottom of this way of loathing...M: I probably have just been so worried about stupid lump. W: These things off and on are stress-related but we’re still going to do a few blood test just rule a few things out.M: Things like what? Cancer?W: Actually, I am thinking more of the lines of food allergy.Passage 1Woman may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effect to smoking than men, according to the new research by Inassessali Sohine ND, and her colleagues from ChimingLaboratory, Briven and Women Hospital and University of Bergen Norway. They analyzed the data from the Norwegian case control study, including 954 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 955 controls, all the current or ex-smokers. And COPD subject had moderate or severe COPD. Although analysis indicated the women may be more vulnerable to the effect to smoking, which is something previously suspected but not proven, said Dr. Sohine. The study results would be prevented on May 18, at the 115 international conference of American directive society in Santiago. Examining the total study samples there is no gender differences with respect to lung function and COPD severity. The women were on average younger, and they smoked significantly left than men. To experience the differences further they also analyzed two subgroups of study example, COPD subject on the age of 60 and COPD subjects with less than 20 pack years. In both subgroups we need have more severe disease and great impairment to the lung function than man. This means the female smokers in our study experienced reduced the lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at the earlier age than men, said Dr. Sohine. It’s long been suspected that the effective smoking on lung function may be modified by gender. Interaction analysts confirm that being female represents a higher risk of reduced lung function and severer COPD. But this gender reset was most pronounced women’s level of smoking exposure was low.According to Dr Sohine, the reason why the women may be more susceptible to the effect of cigarette smoke is still unknown. There are several possible explanations. Women have small airways, therefore eat cigarettes may be more harm. Also there are genderPassage 2In December 1997 large numbers of cattle, goats and sheep began dying in the Garissa district of north-eastern Kenya. A month later people started dying, too. It was, at the time, the biggest recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever in East Africa. Some 100,000 stock animals succumbed and about 90,000 people were infected, hundreds fatally in five countries.In December 2007 the same thing happened. Or, it started to happen but was stopped in its tracks. The difference was that the second time around there was warning. In September researchers at the Goddard Space Century, Greenbelt, Maryland, part of America’s space agency, NASA, told the authorities in Kenya that they had a problem. They told them again in October. And again in November. By the time the epidemic emerged, the Kenyan health ministry had dispatched teams to the area to distribute mosquito nets and urge village leaders and religious authorities to stop people slaughtering and eating animals. Though the outbreak still killed 300 people in Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, it could bea lot worse. According to Kenneth Linthicum of America’s Department of Agriculture, the number of deaths would probably have been more than twice as high without the warning.The warning itself was possible because of a model of how disease spreads that Dr Linthicum helped design. And the data that were plugged into that model came from satellites.What the researchers at Goddard had noticed at the time of the first outbreak was that in the months preceding it, surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean had risen by half a degree. These higher temperatures brought heavy and sustained rains, cloud cover and warmer air to much of the Horn of Africa. Mosquitoes multiplied wildly, and lived long enough for the virus that causes the fever to develop to the point where it is easily transmissible. In September 2007 the researchers saw the same thing happening in the ocean, and suspected the same consequences would follow.参考答案：1-5 ABCCD 6-10 BDDAD 11-15 DDCAD16-20 BCDDAD 21-25DCABC 26-30 BADAD。

2014年四川师大一中英语试卷（内部直升）（10分）一、从各题的选项中选择正确的答案填入题前的括号内。

（2.5分）（）1.-What color is Eraser？-It's orange.It's orange eraser.A. an; an B．an;a C．the; an（）2. There a desk and two chairs in Tom's bedroom.A．am B.is C.are（）3. I don't like playing baseball, I like playing football.A. butB.andC. so（）4.-How was your last weekend, Terry?-It was . I played happily on the farm.A.badB. greatC.boring（）5. -What subject do you like , Chinese or English?-English.A. best B．good C. better二、从括号内选择正确的词填在横线上使句子的意思完整o (2.5分)1.Tom can play basketball very( well,good)．2.I didn't ride to school this morning.I( take,took) the taxi becauseI got up very late.3.Please call Jenny (in,at) 578-3345 0n school days.4.一 (What,Where) are my trousers?一They are on your bed.5.Look at this photo.(These,This) are my brothers and sisters.三、根据短文内容选择正确的答案填入题前的括号内o (2.5分)Today is March 3rd. All of my classmates are so excited because tomorrow we'll have a school trip: We are going to Donghu Park.It's a good place to have fun. There's a beautifullake. When spring comes, trees around the lake turn green and flowers in all colors come out. We can boat, fish, fly kites and play hide-and-seek. But we can't swim there, because it's dangerous. Usually we like going there to have a picnic with families on weekends. And on weekdays, we have a lot of activities in our school,such as, the Spmts Meeting and the English Speech Contest. Next month we will have an art festival.you are good at music and art, you can be in it. Also, we have an English festival in May every year. We can sing English songs, make English newspapers and play English acts. We enjoy ourselves a e and join us! （）1. When will they have an art festival?A．In May. B．In March. C．In April.（）2. What does the underlined(iZil线的) word mean?A．演唱会 B．节日 C．活动（）3. What can't they do in Donghu Park?A.They can't swim.B. They can't have a picnic.C. They can't boat. （）4. Are there many activities in their school?A. We don't knowB. Yes, there are.C. No, there aren't.（）5. Which of the following is true?A.They like the activities at school.B.They'll have a school trip on March 3rd.C.They like going to Donghu Park to have a picnic with families on weekdays.四、连词成句。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(四川卷)第二节完形填空My husband, Tom, has always been good with animals, but I was still amazed when he befriended a female grouse (松鸡). It's 11 for a grouse to have any contact (接触) with people. In fact, they're hard to spot, 12 they usually fly off when they hear humans approaching.This grouse came into our lives in 13 . Tom was working out in the field when he 14 her walking around at the edge of the field. She was 15 unafraid and seemed to be 16 about what he was doing.Tom saw the 17 bird several times, and she got more comfortable around him. We quickly grew 18 of the bird and decided to call her Mildred.One day, as Tom was working, Mildred came within a few feet of him to watch. Tom 19 he didn't see her and kept working to see what she would do next.Apparently, she didn't like to be 20 . She'd run up and peck (啄) at Tom's hands, then 21 off to see what he would do. This went on for about 20 minutes, until Mildred became tired of the 22 and left.As spring went and summer came, Mildred started to 23 more and more often. 24 Mildred felt comfortable enough to jump up on Tom's leg and stay long enough for me to get a 25 of the two of them together. This friendly grouse soon felt 26 not just with our family, but with anybody who walked or drove by.When hunting season opened, we put a 27 at the end of our driveway asking 28 not to shoot our pet grouse. My father, who lived down the road, 29 warned people not to shoot her. 30 , hunters would stop and take pictures, because they had never seen anything like her.11. A. interesting B. reasonable C. impossible D. unusual12. A. though B. because C. unless D. until13. A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter14. A. got B. kept C. noticed D. imagined15. A. naturally B. certainly C. normally D. surprisingly16. A. crazy B. curious C. concerned D. cautious17. A. shy B. awkward C. friendly D. elegant18. A. careful B. tired C. fond D. sick19. A. supposed B. realized C. hoped D. pretended20. A. ignored B. observed C. amazed D. disturbed21. A. put B. back C. set D. take22. A. game B. work C. place D. man23. A. give up B. come out C. turn over D. fly by24. A. Eventually B. Suddenly C. Constantly D. Presently25. A. chance B. dream C. picture D. sense26. A. comfortable B. guilty C. anxious D. familiar27. A. lantern B. sign C. gun D. loudspeaker28. A. drivers B. farmers C. hunters D. tourists29. A. just B. yet C. thus D. also30. A. In fact B. For long C. On the contrary D. By the way第二部分阅读理解第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。