英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读9

大学英语四级长篇阅读专项强化真题试卷9(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.Finding the Right Home—and Contentment, TooA)When your elderly relative needs to enter some sort of long-term care facility—a moment few parents or children approach without fear—what you would like is to have everything made clear.B)Does assisted living really mark a great improvement over a nursing home, or has the industry simply hired better interior designers? Are nursing homes as bad as people fear, or is that an outmoded stereotype(固定看法)? Can doing one’s homework really steer families to the best places? It is genuinely hard to know.C)I am about to make things more complicated by suggesting that what kind of facility an older person lives in may matter less than we have assumed. And that the characteristics adult children look for when they begin the search are not necessarily the things that make a difference to the people who are going to move in. I am not talking about the quality of care, let me hastily add. Nobody flourishes in a gloomy environment with irresponsible staff and a poor safety record. But an accumulating body of research indicates that some distinctions between one type of elder care and another have little real bearing on how well residents do.D)The most recent of these studies, published in The Journal of Applied Gerontology, surveyed 150 Connecticut residents of assisted living, nursing homes and smaller residential care homes(known in some states as board and care homes or adult care homes). Researchers from the University of Connecticut Health Center asked the residents a large number of questions about their quality of life, emotional well-being and social interaction, as well as about the quality of the facilities.E)”We thought we would see differences based on the housing types,”said the lead author of the study, Julie Robison, an associate professor of medicine at the university. A reasonable assumption—don’t families struggle to avoid nursing homes and suffer real guilt if they can’t?F)In the initial results, assisted living residents did paint the most positive picture. They were less likely to report symptoms of depression than those in the other facilities, for instance, and less likely to be bored or lonely. They scored higher on social interaction.G)But when the researchers plugged in a number of other variables, such differences disappeared. It is not the housing type, they found, that creates differences in residents’ responses. “ It is the characteristics of the specific environment they are in, combined with their own personal characteristics—how healthy they feel they are, their age and marital status,” Dr. Robison explained. Whether residents felt involved in the decision to move and how long they had lived there also proved significant.H)An elderly person who describes herself as in poor health, therefore, might be no less depressed in assisted living(even if her children preferred it)than in a nursing home. A person who had input into where he would move and has had time to adapt to it might do as well in a nursing home as in a small residential care home, other factors being equal. It is an interaction between the person and the place, not thesort of place in itself, that leads to better or worse experiences. “You can’t just say, ‘ Let’s put this person in a residential care home instead of a nursing home—she will be much better off,’“ Dr. Robison said. What matters, she added, “is a combination of what people bring in with them, and what they find there. “I)Such findings, which run counter to common sense, have surfaced before. In a multi-state study of assisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility’s type, size or age: whether a chain owned it: how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality. What mattered most was the residents’ physical health and mental status. What people were like when they came in had greater consequence than what happened once they were there.J)As I was considering all this, a press release from a respected research firm crossed my desk, announcing that the five-star rating system that Medicare developed in 2008 to help families compare nursing home quality also has little relationship to how satisfied its residents or their family members are. As a matter of fact, consumers expressed higher satisfaction with the one-star facilities, the lowest rated, than with the five-star ones.(More on this study and the star ratings will appear in a subsequent post.)K)Before we collectively tear our hair out—how are we supposed to find our way in a landscape this confusing? —here is a thought from Dr. Philip Sloane, a geriatrician(老年病学专家)at the University of North Carolina:” In a way, that could be liberating for families. “L)Of course, sons and daughters want to visit the facilities, talk to the administrators and residents and other families, and do everything possible to fulfill their duties. But perhaps they don’t have to turn themselves into private investigators or Congressional subcommittees. “Families can look a bit more for where the residents are going to be happy,” Dr. Sloane said. And involving the future resident in the process can be very important.M)We all have our own ideas about what would bring our parents happiness. They have their ideas, too. A friend recently took her mother to visit an expensive assisted living/nursing home near my town. I have seen this place—it is elegant, inside and out. But nobody greeted the daughter and mother when they arrived, though the visit had been planned: nobody introduced them to the other residents. When they had lunch in the dining room, they sat alone at a table.N)The daughter feared her mother would be ignored there, and so she decided to move her into a more welcoming facility. Based on what is emerging from some of this research, that might have been as rational a way as any to reach a decision.1．Many people feel guilty when they cannot find a place other than a nursing home for their parents.正确答案：E2．Though it helps for children to investigate care facilities, involving their parents in the decisionmaking process may prove very important.正确答案：L3．It is really difficult to tell if assisted living is better than a nursing home.正确答案：B4．How a resident feels depends on an interaction between themselves and the care facility they live in.正确答案：H5．The author thinks her friend made a rational decision in choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home.正确答案：N6．The system Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality is of little help to finding a satisfactory place.正确答案：J7．At first the researchers of the most recent study found residents in assisted living facilities gave higher scores on social interaction.正确答案：F8．What kind of care facility old people live in may be less important than we think.正确答案：C9．The findings of the latest research were similar to an earlier multi-state study of assisted living.正确答案：I10．A resident’s satisfaction with a care facility has much to do with whether they had participated in the decision to move in and how long they had stayed there.正确答案：G。

英语四级改革后新题型--长篇阅读A: Pizza Hut was started in 1958, by two brothers in Wichita, Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother, and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959, the first franchise unit opened in Topeka, Kansas. Almost a decade later, Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970, Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ.B: In 1986, Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990's Pizza Hut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998, Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary, and launched their famous campaign "The Best Pizzas Under One Roof." In 1996, Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46.4%. However, Pizza Hut's market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Domino's, Little Caesar's and newcomer Papa John's. Home delivery was a driving force for success, especially for Pizza Hut and Domino's.C: However, this forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas.D: In the past, Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didn't necessarily want pizza.E: Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut isalways trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different - different enough that customers will think it’s a whole new product. For example, let's look at some of the pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983, Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993, they introduced the "BigFoot," which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced "Stuffed Crust Pizza," where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed "The Edge," which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are marketing "The Big NewYorker," trying to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country.F: Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new ordering online system. Anyone with Internet access can order whatever they wish and get it delivered to their house without even speaking to someone. This program has just been started, so we do not have any numbers to support whether or not it will be a success.G: Lastly, Pizza Hut has always valued customer service and satisfaction. In 1995, Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs: a 1-800 number customer hotline, and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return. In our plan, we will first give a situation analysis of current and relevant environmental conditions that affect our plan. Next, we will give a brief analysis of the current fast food industry, and any trends or changes that might occur in the future.H: However, the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors don't have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously, Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices.I: An indirect weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due tosuch intense competition with competitors. Pizza Hut's opportunities are almost endless. They can increase revenue with their new innovative pizzas, and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.J: Pizza Hut's number one threats are from their competitors. Currently, their closest competitor is Domino's Pizza. Domino's main competitive advantage over Pizza Hut is their price. It is generally lower than Pizza Hut. Also, Domino's was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza within 30 minutes. However, many lawsuits have been filed against Domino's in the past for reckless driving by their drivers, so Domino's withdrew the promotion. Little Caesar's is another one of Pizza Hut's competitors, right behind Domino's in market share. Little Caesar's is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. Other competitors include Papa John's, Sbarro, and Pizza Inn.K: A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each of their individual competitive advantages are pretty much everyone's competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer free delivery, and always have some sortof promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizzas and make-it-yourself pizzas that are purchased in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas, Boboli, and Di'Gornio pizzas.1. Pizza Hut expanded its business into many parts of the country by the time of 1969.2. Pizza Hut has not always dominated the market.3. buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread are now commonly served at pizza restaurants.4. The diversification strategy is not to be the first mover.5. In Pizza Hut, a Pan Pizza was guaranteed to serve in 5 minutes.6. If you want a pizza from Pizza Hut delivered directly to your house, you have to have Internet access in the first place.7. In order to make sure their customers were happy, Pizza Hut introduced two customer satisfaction programs.8. The higher overhead costs of Pizza Hut obviously accounted for higher prices of their pizzas.9. The reason why Domino’s withdrew their promotionwas that they suffered legally from reckless driving by their drivers.10. Major pizza makers have to face the problem that their competitive advantages are the same.答案：1. A2. B3. C4. D5. E6. F7. G8. H9. J10. K。

PART V READING COMPREHENSION [35 MIN] SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answer marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE(1) When I was twenty-seven years old, I was a mining-broker’s clerk in San Francisco, and an expert in all the details of stock traffic. I was alone in the world, and had nothing to depend upon but my wits and a clean reputation; but these were setting my feet in the road to eventual fortune, and I was content with the prospect. My time was my own after the afternoon board, Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay. One day I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea. Just at nightfall, when hope was about gone, I was picked up by a small ship which was bound for London. It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passage without pay, as a common sailor. When I stepped ashore in London my clothes were ragged and shabby, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. This money fed and sheltered me twenty-four hours. During the next twenty-four I went without food and shelter.(2) About ten o’clock on the following morning, dirty and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a big pear –minus one bite – into the gutter. I stopped, of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it. But every time I made a move to get it some passing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent and pretended that I hadn’t been thinking about the pear at all. This same think kept happening and happening, and I couldn’t get the pear.(3) I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me was raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: “Step in here, please.”(4) I was admitted by a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. They had just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almost overpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of that food, but as I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.(5) Now, something had been happening there a little before, which I did not know anything about until a good many days afterwards, but I will tell you about it now. Those two old brothers had been having a pretty hot argument a couple of days before, and had ended by agreeing to decide it by a bet, which is the English way of settling everything.(6) You will remember that the Bank of England once issued two notes of a million pounds each, to be used for a special purpose connected with some public transaction with a foreign country. For some reason or other only one of these had been used and canceled; the other still lay in the vaults of the Bank. Well, the brothers, chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it. Brother A said he would starve to death; Brother B said he wouldn’t. Brother A said he couldn’t offer it at a bank or anywhere else, because he would be arrested on the spot. So they went on disputing till Brother B said he would bet twenty thousand pounds that the man would live thirty days, anyway, on that million, and keep out of jail, too. Brother A took him up. Brother B went down to the Bank and bought that note. Then he dictated a letter, which one of his clerks wrote out in a beautiful round hand, and then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to.(7) I finally became the pick of them.41. In Para. 1, the phrase “set my feet” probably means ____.A. put me asideB. prepare meC. let me walkD. start my journey42. It can be concluded from Para. 2 that ____.A. the man wanted to maintain dignity though starvedB. the man could not get a proper chance to eat the pear.C. the man did not really want the pear since it was dirtyD. it was very difficult for the man to get the pear43. Compared with Brother A, Brother B was more ____ towards the effect of the one-million-pound bank-note on a total stranger.A. neutralB. negativeC. reservedD. positivePASSAGE TWO(1) The concept of peace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think about how we greet people. In some languages, the phrases for greetings contain the word for peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with another gesture to show that we are not carrying weapons – that we come in peace. And there are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize as representing peace. Let’s look at a few of them.The dove(2) The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewal of life. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war.(3) There was a tradition in Europe that if a dove flew around a house where someone wasdying then their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that the devil can turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian are, the dove was used to symbolize the Holy Ghost and was often painted above Christ’s head.(4) But it was Pablo Picasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a poster for the World Peace Congress in 1949.The rainbow(5) The rainbow is another ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection between human beings and their gods. In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris, the goddess who brought messages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbow was a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noah that the Biblical flood was finally over, and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition, the rainbow is a common symbol for marriage because the colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadays the rainbow is used by many popular movements for peace and the environment, representing the possibility of a better world in the future and promising sunshine after the rain.Mistletoe(6) This plant was sacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most people know of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, which probably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya’s son was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it would always be a symbol of peace. It was often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship.(7) The ancient Druids believed that hanging mistletoe in your doorway protected you from evil spirits. Tribes would stop fighting for a period of time if they found a tree with mistletoe. But you will never see mistletoe in a Christian church – it is banned because of its associations with pagan religion and superstition.The olive branch(8) The olive tree has always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens, who showed their gratitude by naming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Wars between states were suspended during the Olympic Games, and the winners were given crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, the olive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. One well-known example is the United Nations symbol.The ankh(9) The ankh is an ancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960s to represent peace and love. It was found in many Asian cultures, but is generally associated with ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buried with an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the “afterworld”. The symbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to the people. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river and make sure that there was always enough water.44. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Concept of Peace.B. Popular Peace Symbols.C. Origin of Peace Symbols.D. Cultural Difference of Peace.45. The rainbow represents the connection between human beings and their gods in all the following countries EXCEPT _____.A. SwedenB. GreeceC. FinlandD. China46. In North Europe mistletoe was often hung in doorways to indicate_____.A. friendshipB. loveC. kinshipD. honour47. The origin of the ankh can date back to_____.A. the NileB. the “afterworld”C. the hippie movementD. ancient EgyptPASSAGE THREE(1)Two sides almost never change: That you can manipulate people into self-sufficiency and that you can punish them good citizenship.(2)The first manifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfare grants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paid work attractive. The second has us looking to the criminal justice system to cure behavior that is as much as anything the result of despair.(3)The welfare example is well known. We don’t want poor people to live in squalor or their children to be malnourished. But we also don’t want to subsidize the indolenc e of people who are too lazy to work. The first impulse leads us to provide housing, food stamps, medical care and a cash stipend for families in need. The second gets us to think about “workforce”.(4)We’ve been thinking about it for two reasons: the “nanny” problems of two high-ranking government officials (who hired undocumented foreigners as household helpers, presumablybecause they couldn’t find Americans to do the work) and President Clinton’s proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare.(5) Maybe so mething useful will come of Clinton’s idea, but I’m not all that hopeful. It looks to me like one more example of trying to manipulate people into taking care of themselves.(6) On the criminal justice side, we hope to make punishment tough enough to discourage crime bud not so tough as to clog our prisons with relatively minor offenders. Too short a sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. Too long a sentence will take up costly space better used for the violent and unremorseful.(7) Not only c an we never find the “perfect” punishment, our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime. The problem is that almost any punishment-even the disgrace of being charged with a crime - is sufficient to deter the middle class, while for members of the underclass, probation may be translated as “I beat it.”(8) So how can you use the system - welfare or criminal justice- to produce the behavior we want? The answer. I suspect is: You can’t.(9) We keep trying to use welfare and prison to change people - to make them think and behave the way we do - when the truth is the incentives work only for those who already think the way we do: who view today’s action with an eye on the future.(10) We will tak e lowly work (if that is all that’s available) because we believe we can make bad jobs work for us. We avoid crime not because we are better people but because we see getting caught as a future-wrecking disaster. We are guided by a belief that good things will happen for us in the future if we lake proper care of the present. Even under the worst of circumstances we believe we are in control of our lives.(11) And we have trouble understanding that not everybody believes as we believe. The welfare rolls, the prisons and the mean streets of our cities are full of people who have given up on their future. Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paid job makes no sense. Workinghard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoiding pregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness. The lawlessness and poverty arc only the obvious symptoms.(12) I’m not advocating that we stop looking for incentives to move poor people toward self-sufficiency or that we stop punishing people for criminal behavior. There will always be some people who need help and some who deserve to be in jail.(13) All I’m saying is that the long-term answer both to welfare and the crime that plagues our communities is not to fine tune the welfare and criminal justice systems but to prevent our children from getting the disease of despair.(14) If we encourage our young people to believe in the future, and give them solid evidence for believing, we’ll find both crime and poverty shrinking to manageable proportions.48. What is the aut hor’s attitude towards Clinton’s proposal to welfare?A. Pessimistic.B. Optimistic.C. Suspicious.D. Sarcastic.49. It can be inferred from Para. 7 that optimum penalties are _____to the underclass.A. hopelessB. uselessC. frighteningD. humiliating50. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Lawlessness and Poverty.B. Criminal Justice System.C. Welfare Grants.D. Disease of Despair.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO more than TEN words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE51. In Para. 4, what does the man mean by saying “I had to bear my trouble”?52. What can be inferred from the last sentence of the passage?PASSAGE TWO53. Why does the UN use the olive branch in its symbol?PASSAGE THREE54. According to the author, what balance should we keep in welfare?55. What does the author mean by saying “Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives” (Para. 10)?。

2021年12月英语四级改革后考试阅读训练(9)If the population of the earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the planet.By the middle of the 21st century,if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars,for example.Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race,the crowded conditions on earth will make it necessary for lus to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other planets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however,has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan.Sagan believes that before the earth's resources are compleetely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmophere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there.Sagan proposes that algae organisms that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same time produce oxygen,should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus.Assoon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the alge will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon.When the algae have done theri work, the atmosphere will become cooler,but befor man can set foot on Venus it will be neccessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few years something like earth will be reproduced on Venus.1.Inte long run, the most insoluble problem caused by population growth on earth will probably be the lack of ______.a.foodb.oilc.spaced.resources2.Carl Sagan believes that Venus might be colonized from earth because _____a.it might be possible to change its atmosphereb.its atmosphere is the same as the earth'sc.there is a good supply of water on Venusd.the days on Venus are long enough3.On Venus there is a lot of ________.a.waterb.carbon dioxidec.carbon monoxided.oxygen4.Algae are plants that can____.a.live in very hot temperaturesb.live in very cold temperaturesc.manufacture oxygend.all of the above5. Man can land on Venus only when_______.a.the algae have done their workb.the atmosphere becomes coolerc.thereis oxygend.it rains there参考答案：cabdd。

2021年英语四级阅读练习题附答案和解析(9)Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured(施肥)a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.Animals fight; so do savages (野蛮人); hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently --- this, after all, is what conquerorsand generals have done --- is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. And it not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or disabled. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets --- while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life --- nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.57. In the opening sentence the author indicates that ________.A) most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiers.B) those who truly helped civilization forward is rarely mentioned in history books.C) history books focus more on conquerors than on those who helped civilization forward.D) conquerors, generals and soldiers should not be mentioned in history books.58. In the author’s opinion, the countries that ruled overa large number of other countries are ________.A) certainly both the greatest and the most civilizedB) neither the most influential nor the most civilized.C) possibly the most civilized but not the most powerful.D) likely the greatest in some sense but not the most civilized.59. The meaning of “That is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.”(Last sentence of Paragraph2) is that ________.A) those who fight believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.B) only those who are powerful have the right to go to war.C) those who are right should fight against those who are wrong.D) in a war only those who are powerful will win.60. In the third paragraph, what the author wants to convey to us is that ________.A) World War I and World War II are different from previous wars.B) our age is not much better than those of the past.C) modern time is not so civilized compared with the past.D) we have fought fewer wars but suffered heavier casualties.61. This passage is most likely taken from an article entitled ________.A) War and World PeaceB) Creators of CivilizationC) Civilization and HistoryD) Who Should Be Remembered参考答案：BDABC。

英语四级改革的变化这么多年来，考试的规则一直在不断变化，当然英语也不例外，下面是小编为您收集整理的英语四级改革的变化，供大家参考!英语四级改革的变化1. 听力题型变化原复合式听写调整为单词及词组听写，短文长度及难度不变。

要求考生在听懂短文的基础上，用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。

短文播放三遍。

可以明显的看出，听力的题型又原来的符合式听写改变为单词以及词组的听写，理论上来讲应该是变简单了，但是考生们需要考虑到的是：阅读语速也会相应提高。

关于这个新题型，给大家考前出几个“速成”的方法：1. 做题过程中要瞻前顾后，一定要避免由于停顿卡壳而耽误下面的题目。

2. 较长的单词和词组在速记的过程中去记下单词的辅音字母而不是单词的前几个字母，因为从英语单词的构词法来看，元音字母是组成单词的必需，而辅音却决定了发音多样性，例如imptnt-----显然是 Important. Spctculr---可以分辨出是spectacular。

当然，这个方法的前提是对单词要相当的熟悉。

2. 取消了完形填空完形填空的取消应该算作是对广大考生的一个福音，因为完形填空的题型本身就不和未来的出题趋势吻合，答案的选项之间比较“tricky”，每个出题者所设定的考点规律不同，而且文章风格和出题者的主观思想比较密切，所以完形填空这个专项是比较难提高的。

需要提醒考生的是，不能因此就轻看词汇，特别是动词短语(verbal phrases)，更不能因此就忽视了语法和动词用法的重要性。

大家以前总觉得想搞定完型就是去疯狂背单词，但是事实是，想要搞定英语考试就得去疯狂背单词。

3. 段落翻译代替了完形填空原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。

翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。

四级长度为140-160个汉字;六级长度为180-200个汉字。

总之，完型填空被替代成了加长版的短句翻译，曾经的五句话翻译其实是一个很鸡肋的题型，而且也出现在考试的后一个部分，学生在经过各种阅读写作的“狂轰乱炸”之后也没有办法翻译出很“唯美”的句子了，然而段落翻译是一个考验英语应用水平的题型，作为一个中国的英语考试，对翻译要求的提高的确是可以让考生们更加重视对英语的实际运用，例如样卷中的翻译题目考查的是中国的剪纸文化和传统节日春节之类的话题。

英语四级改革之长篇阅读理解摘要：2013年12月的四六级改革已出方案。

针对阅读版块，传统阅读依旧传统，快速阅读却变成了长篇阅读。

考查形式从过去多元化的Y, N, NG、句子填空、多项选择转变成了十个句子的信息匹配。

2013年12月的四六级改革已出方案。

针对阅读版块，传统阅读依旧传统，快速阅读却变成了长篇阅读。

考查形式从过去多元化的Y, N, NG、句子填空、多项选择转变成了十个句子的信息匹配。

感觉上在向考研新题型靠拢。

但纵观目前官方给出的样题，实则不难发现，长篇阅读依旧快速阅读，只是更加快速阅读了些，颇有些换汤不换药的意思。

下面，就大纲样题一起来分析下，找找新旧阅读的异同。

样题Universities Branch Out来自于2007年12月四级真题的快速阅读原文。

这符合本次改革官方说法"原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。

"而题目实则与之前考法异曲同工。

匹配题主要在于定位，则就定位我们遵循专有名词，数词，连字符词，动宾结构，题干新信息等之前课上讲的定位原则，具体我们以样题来操作。

46. American universities prepare their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship.原文：D Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2, 2000 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships(实习)abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity and providing the financial resources to make it possible.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第4题47. Since the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent.原文：C Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number ofstudents leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2994. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries id growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America's best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第2题48. The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competitiveness.原文：I Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation's well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects：and like immigrants throughout history-strength the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few Instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.49. The way research is carried out in universities has changed asa result of globalization.原文：E Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Shanghai's Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a4300-square-meter laboratory seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu's Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducing from a word-class scientist and his U.S. team.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第5题50. Of the newly hired professors in science and engineering in the United States, twenty percent come from foreign countries.原文：C Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.0 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2994. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries id growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America's best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第5题51. The number of foreign students applying to U.S. universities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process.原文：H American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11,changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第8题52. The U.S. federal funding for research has been unsteady for years.原文：G For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research university model. Most politician recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003,but has risen more slowly than inflations since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.[page]重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第7题53. Around the world, governments encourage the model of linking university-based science and industrial application.原文：F As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led of the world in the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and integrated circuit of the 1960s to the internet infrastructure(基础设施)and applications software of the 1990s.The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of his model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第6题54. Present-day universities have become a powerful force for global integration.原文：A As never before in their long story, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantages. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第1题55. When foreign students leave America, they will bring American values back to their home countries.原文：I Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation's well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students and like immigrants throughout history-strength the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few Instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第9/10题综上，可以看出实际新的长篇阅读和过去的快速阅读考点重复率极高，同时由于少了干扰项，难度有所下降。

大学英语四级长篇阅读题型透析及解题技巧一、题型概述自2013年12月起，原快速阅读调整为长篇阅读理解。

篇章长度和难度不变。

篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。

每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。

有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落则可能不对应任何一题。

同时，在试卷中的顺序也由原来的第二部分调整到现在的第三部分。

新旧题型对比如下：根据四级样卷可知，全文共计15个段落，对应10道题，这意味着必然有5个段落不对应任何题目。

样题中未出现一个段落对应多个试题的现象，但今后的考试中很可能会出现这种情况，考生需注意。

原快速阅读考试时间是15分钟，原深度阅读（含简答题+仔细阅读）考试时间是25分钟，而调整后的阅读理解（含选词填空+长篇阅读+仔细阅读）考试时间是40分钟，由此可推出新题型长篇阅读的考试时间基本不变，大概为15分钟。

从四级大纲样卷来看，长篇阅读主要考查段落信息匹配。

段落信息匹配题有4个特点：1.绝对乱序；2.绝对同义转换；3.通常超细节；4.通常无特殊印刷体。

从这4大特点我们足以看出这类题的难度：绝对乱序意味着考生不能按“题文同序”原则逐一解题；同义转换、超细节及无特殊印刷体意味着考生要死掉大量脑细胞去理解所读到的每个信息，而无法快速地定位!二、题型特点虽然从表面上看，命题人似乎把解答信息匹配题的方法之“门”堵死了，但事实上，他们还是善解人意地为考生打开了一扇解题之“窗”。

这一题型固然有着不同于传统阅读解题方法的种种特点，但同时也有一些可以为考生所利用的新特点。

下面就来分析这些新特点。

1、题干中的细节信息往往反映文章的主旨或段落主题，考生可据此了解原文内容。

在信息匹配题中，题干中的信息虽然陈述的都是文章中的细节，但其内容基本都是围绕文章主题或是某一段落的主题进行描述的。

通过快速阅读题干中的若干条细节信息，考生可以迅速了解文章的主旨大意，从而能够在回头阅读原文时加快阅读速度，节省定位时间。

Universities Branch OutA)As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.B)In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.C)Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.D)Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.E)Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University, in collaboration w ith faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu’s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.F)As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.G)For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.H)American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreignstudents seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.I)Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished (珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

英语四级改革后新题型长篇阅读A: Pizza Hut was started in 1958, by two brothers in Wichita, Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother, and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959, the first franchise unit opened in Topeka, Kansas. Almost a decade later, Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970, Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ.B: In 1986, Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990's Pizza Hut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998, Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary, and launched their famous campaign "The Best Pizzas Under One Roof." In 1996, Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46.4%. However, Pizza Hut's market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Domino's, Little Caesar's and newcomer Papa John's. Home delivery was a driving force for success, especially for Pizza Hut and Domino's.C: However, this forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas.D: In the past, Pizza Hut has always had the first moveradvantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didn't necessarily want pizza.E: Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make apizza into something slightly different - different enough that customers will think it’s a whole new product. For example, let's look at some of the pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983, Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993, they introduced the "BigFoot," which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced "Stuffed Crust Pizza," where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed "The Edge," which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are marketing "The Big NewYorker," trying to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country.F: Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new ordering online system. Anyone with Internet access can order whatever they wish and get it delivered to their house without even speaking to someone. This program has just been started, so we do not have any numbers to support whether or not it will be a success.G: Lastly, Pizza Hut has always valued customer serviceand satisfaction. In 1995, Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs: a 1-800 number customer hotline, and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return. In our plan, we will first give a situation analysis of current and relevant environmental conditions that affect our plan. Next, we will give a brief analysis of the current fast food industry, and any trends or changes that might occur in the future.H: However, the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors don't have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously, Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices.I: An indirect weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due to such intense competition with competitors. Pizza Hut's opportunities are almost endless. They can increase revenuewith their new innovative pizzas, and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.J: Pizza Hut's number one threats are from their competitors. Currently, their closest competitor is Domino's Pizza. Domino's main competitive advantage over Pizza Hut is their price. It is generally lower than Pizza Hut. Also, Domino's was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza within 30 minutes. However, many lawsuits have been filed against Domino's in the past for reckless driving by their drivers, so Domino's withdrew the promotion. Little Caesar's is another one of Pizza Hut's competitors, right behind Domino's in marketshare. Little Caesar's is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. Other competitors include Papa John's, Sbarro, and Pizza Inn.K: A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each of their individual competitive advantages are pretty much everyone's competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer free delivery, and always have some sort of promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizzasand make-it-yourself pizzas that are purchased in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas, Boboli, and Di'Gornio pizzas.1. Pizza Hut expanded its business into many parts of the country by the time of 1969.2. Pizza Hut has not always dominated the market.3. buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread are now commonly served at pizza restaurants.4. The diversification strategy is not to be the first mover.5. In Pizza Hut, a Pan Pizza was guaranteed to serve in5 minutes.6. If you want a pizza from Pizza Hut delivered directly to your house, you have to have Internet access in the first place.7. In order to make sure their customers were happy, Pizza Hut introduced two customer satisfaction programs.8. The higher overhead costs of Pizza Hut obviously accounted for higher prices of their pizzas.9. The reason why Domino’s withdrew their promotion was that they suffered legally from reckless driving by their drivers.10. Major pizza makers have to face the problem that their competitive advantages are the same.答案：1. A2. B3. C4. D5. E6. F7. G8. H9. J10. K。

Hate Your Job? Here's How to Reshape It Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or A)bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile. We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list B)Amy responsibilities, says things to do and a list of ofof School the Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at Yale Management. But what if you set aside that mind-set? If you start you do, she says, who would you could adjust what talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?her and make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski C) Toa Justin Berg have developed and colleagues Jane Dutton with 're working call methodology they job-crafting. TheyFortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools toto is idea way Americans think about work. The change the ones---more 平(凡的) all make jobs--even mundaneand to brainstorm employees meaningful by empowering implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments. Step 1: Rethink Your Job--Creatively dragging to is up peopledefault D)The some wakethemselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do, 10/ 1says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step how You first analyze to think about your job holistically. is much time, energy and attention you devote to your various ). See I0 perfect tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( 分配jobs for the recession--and after.s Bees, E) T ake, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt'in was interested products. which makes personal-care Hejob of his wasn't part that process engineering, though description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the time some if he could spend technician asked a supervisors manufacturing 'studying an idea he had for making the firmhelpful, His ideas proved energy-efficient. procedures moreand now process engineering is part of the scope of his work. Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of F)psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday 'says itemotions. Doing so, she says, will help you discover whichmost most life-giving-and your aspects of work arelife-draining.G) Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all10/ 2benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. Even in the of have a certain amount jobs, most constraining people wiggle room, he says. Small changes can have a real impact on life at work.Step 2: Diagram Your DayTo lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants H)assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The firstobjective is to develop new insights about what you actually integrate ways to dream up fresh do at work. Then you can motives strengths, calls job-crafting exercise your what the lists task routine. You convert and passions into your daily after an result is building into flexible blocks. The end diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.I) lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says theexercise helped her adjust her priorities. Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues. As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.10/ 3to counsel, to business books that managers J) In contrast influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than s crucial to make the most six months to find a new position, it've got.of the job you' Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates) how you think about your job, you K) By reorienting (使适应free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure yourake an IT worker who hates dealing workday time and energy. Tenjoy might incompetent callers. He with technologically teaching more than customer service. By spending more time as treating help-line callers instructing colleagues--andcurious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.Ross 's the at University of MichiganDutton, L) a professor auto-industry local she has seen of School Business, says workers benefit from the job-crafting process. They come in this hours two on spending but worn looking down, after exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently.10/ 4They start to recognize they have more control over their M)with parmered Dutton, who work than they realized, says Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action list participants thejob-crafting process, N)To concludemeeting one-0n-one Many plan a specific follow-up steps: Others new project ideas. with a supervisor to propose tasks. about trading certain connect with colleagues to talk Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.活t about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( Job-craftingisn'O)the beefing up end employee engagement may up 跃) bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more50% more than Surveys show that disgruntled. workers are and Berg they do. Dutton, 'arent happy with whatboost can emphasizing enjoyment Wrzesniewski argue that up and jacking by lowering turnover rates efficiencyt rid you of a lousy boss or a 'productivity. Job-crafting wonjob remedies for does salary, but it offer some subpart ditch or switch a job, at least make 'dissatisfaction. If you canit more likable.10/ 51. A long time ago when a person hated his/her job,he/she will resign or bear it.2. Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.3. Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly .4. The idea of a maintenance technician at Burt's Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.5. Berg's suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.6. According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit fromjob-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, thesituation in job market is ---it is difficult to find a job.8. Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers 10/ 6profit from the job-crafting process.9. According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.10. If you can't quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction.答案：文章精要日常生活中，人们往往认为工作是一些不得不做的任务、不得不承担的责任。

2023年8月英语专业四级改革新题型（样卷）PART 1 DICTATION [10 MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 1 minute to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]SECTION A TALKIn this section you will hear a talk. You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the talk. When it is over, you will be given TWO minutes to complete your work.SECTION B CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear two conversations. At the end of each conversation, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, youshould read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have thirty seconds to preview the questions.Now, listen to the conversations.Conversation One.1. A. The return trip is too expensive.B . There is no technology to get people back.C. People don’t want to return.D. The return trip is too risky.2. A. Intelligence.B. Health.C. Skills.D. Calmness.3. A. The kind of people suitable for the trip.B. Interests and hobbies of the speakers.C. Recruitment of people for the trip.D. Preparation for the trip to Mars.…Conversation Two6. A. Going to the high street. B. Visiting everyday shops.C. Buying things like electrical goods.D. Visiting shops and buying online.7. A. 3%. B. 33%.C. 42%.D. 24%.8. A. They want to know more about pricing.B. They can return the product later.C. They want to see the real thing first.D. They can bargain for a lower shop price.…PART III LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGEThere are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words, phrases or statements marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word, phrase or statement that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.11.When you have finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back on the shelf, ______?A. don’t youB. do youC. will youD. won’t you12.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Only one out of six were present at the meeting.B. Ten dollars was stolen from the cash register.C. Either my sister or my brother is coming.D. Five miles seem like a long walk to me.13.It is not so much the language ______ the cultural background that makes the film difficult tounderstand.A. butB. norC. likeD. as14.There is no doubt ______ the committee has made the right decision on the housing project.A. whyB. thatC. whetherD. when15.If you explained the situation to your lawyer, he ______ able to advise you much better than Ican.A. will beB. wasC. would beD. were16.Which of the following is a stative verb (静态动词)?A. Drink.B. Close.C. Rain.D. Belong.17.Which of the following italicized parts indicates a subject-verb relation?A. The man has a large family to support.B. She had no wish to quarrel with her brother.C. He was the last guest to leave.D. Mary needs a friend to talk to.18.Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. Another two girls.B. Few words.C. This work.D. A bit of flowers.19.When one has good health, ______ should feel fortunate.A. youB. sheC. heD. we20.There ______ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.A. to beB. to have beenC. beD. being21.Bottles from this region sell ______ at about $50 a case.A. entirelyB. totallyC. wholesaleD. together22.The product contains no ______ colours, flavours, or preservatives.A. fakeB. artificialC. falseD. wrong23.______ and business leaders were delighted at the decision to hold the national motor fair inthe city.A. CivilB. CivilizedC. CivilianD. Civic24.The city council is planning a huge road-building programme to ease congestion. Theunderlined part means ______.A. calmB. relieveC. comfortD. still25.His unfortunate appearance was offset by an attractive personality. The underlines part meansall the following EXCEPT ______.A. improvedB. made up forC. balancedD. compensated for26.The doctor said that the gash in his cheek required ten stitches. The underlined part means______.A.B.C.D.27.During the economic crisis, they had to cut back production and ______ workers.A. lay offB. lay intoC. lay downD. lay aside28.To mark its one hundredth anniversary, the university held a series of activities includingconferences, film shows, etc. The underlined part means ______.A. signifyB. celebrateC. symbolizeD. suggest29.His fertile mind keeps turning out new ideas. The underlined part means ______.A. abundantB. unbelievableC. productiveD. generative30.These issues were discussed at length during the meeting. The underlined part means ______.A. eventuallyB. subsequentlyC. lastlyD. fullyPART IV CLOZE [10 MIN]Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. The words can be used ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.A. asB. aimlessC. botherD. fastE. flightsF. helplessG. labor-savingH. levels I. money-saving J. pause K. quite L. stand by M. standstillN. traffic O. trappedElectricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadays that we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the TV set. At night, roads are brightly lit, enabling people and (31) ______ to move freely. Neon lighting used in advertising has become part of the character of every modern city. In the home, many (32) ______ devices are powered by electricity. Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are (33) ______ asleep, electricity is still working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. Every day, trains and subways take us to and from work. We rarely (34) ______ to consider why or how they run—until something goes wrong．In the summer of 1959, something did go wrong with power-plant that provided New York with electricity. For a great many hours, life came almost to a (35) ______. Trains refused to move and the people in them sat in the dark, powerless to do anything; lifts stopped working, so that even if you were lucky enough not to be (36) ______ between two floors, you had the unpleasant task of finding your way down (37) ______of stairs．Famous streets like Broadway and Fifth Avenue in an instant becameas gloomy and uninviting (38) ______ the most remote back streets. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to (39) ______ in case of emergency. they were just as confused and (40) ______ as anybody else.PART V READING COMPREHENSION [35 MIN]SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONEInundated by more information than we can possibly hold in our heads, we’re increasingly handing off the job of remembering to search engines and smart phones. Google is even reportedly working on eyeglasses that could one day recognize faces and supply details about whoever you’re looking at. But new research shows that outsourcing our memory –and expecting that information will be continually and instantaneously available – is changing our cognitive habits. Research conducted by Betsy Sparrow, an assistant professor of psychology at Columbia University, has identified three new realities about how we process information in the Internet age. First, her experiments showed that when we don’t know the answer to a question, we now think about where we can find the nearest Web connection instead of the subject of the question itself. A second revelation is that when we expect to be able to find in formation again later on, we don’t remember it as well as when we think it might become unavailable. And then there is the researchers’ final observation: the expectation that we’ll he able to locate information down the line leads us to form a memory not of the fact itself but of where we’ll be able to find it.But this handoff comes with a downside. Skills like critical thinking and analysis must develop in the context of facts: we need something to think and reason about, after all. And these factsc an’t be Googled as we go; they need to be stored in the original hard drive, our long-term memory. Especially in the case of children, “factual knowledge must precede skill,” says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology, at the University of Virginia – meaning that the days of drilling the multiplication table and memorizing the names of the Presidents aren’t over quite yet. Adults, too, need to recruit a supply of stored knowledge in order to situate and evaluate new information they encounter. You ca n’t Google context.Last, there’s the possibility, increasingly terrifying to contemplate, that our machines will fail us. As Sparrow puts it, “The experience of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a friend.” If you’re going to keep your memory on your smart phone, better make sure it’s fully charged.41. Google’s eyeglasses are supposed to ____.A. improve our memoryB. function like memoryC. help us see faces betterD. work like smart phones42. Which of the following statements about Sparrow’s research is CORRECT?A. We remember people and things as much as before.B. We remember more Internet connections than before.C. We pay equal attention to location and content of information.D. We tend to remember location rather than the core of facts.43. What is the implied message of the author?A. Web connections aid our memory.B. People differ in what to remember.C. People keep memory on smart phones.D. People need to exercise their memory.PASSAGE TWOI was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds at a nearby hospital. My university’s philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. Nice idea, but it overlooked one detail: second-year students know next to nothing about medicine.Assigned to my team that day was an attending – a senior faculty member who was there mostly to make patients feel they weren’t in the hands of amateurs. Many attendings were researchers who didn’t have much recent hos pital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition there were two interns(住院实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was，but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs.I began the day at 6:30am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other five - piece of cake.But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams，he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘气). He’d just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didn’t seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on.“It’s really hot in here, Doc,” he replied.So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye.At 8:40 am., during our team meeting, “Code Blue Room 307!” blared from the loudspeaker.I froze.That was Mr. Adams’s room.When we arrived, he was motionless.The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity in half. His symptoms had been textbook: heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs. The only thin g was: I hadn’t read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help.This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what’s particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naïve as I, and how many more will?44. We learn that the author’s team members had _____.A. much practical experienceB. adequate knowledgeC. long been working thereD. some professional deficiency45. “His symptoms had been textbook” means that his symptoms were ______.A. part of the textbookB. no longer in the textbookC. recently included in the textbookD. explained in the textbook46. At the end of the passage, the author expresses ____ about the medical education systemA. optimismB. hesitationC. concernD. supportPASSAGE THREEThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation’s greatest public health success stories – but not for everyone.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do. But some states – Kentucky, South Dakota and Alabama, to name just a few – seem to have missed the message that smoking is deadly.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan. 11, 1964, by the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation’s attitude on smoki ng. Then, smokers were cool. Today, many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. But the surest way to prevent smoking, particularly among price-sensitive teens, is to raise taxes. If you can stop them from smoking, you’ve won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19.The real-life evidence of taxing power is powerful. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack – three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York’s. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor. True, but so do the deadly effects of smoking – far worse than a tax. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.47. According to the context, “Their failure” refers to _____.A. those adults who continue to smokeB. those states that missed the messageC. findings of the reportD. hazards of smoking48. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to stage anti-smoking campaigns.B. The effects of the report on smoking and health.C. Tax as the surest path to cut smoking.D. The efforts to cut down on teenage smoking.PASSAGE FOURAttachment Parenting is not Indulgent Parenting. Attachment parents do not “spoil” their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and regardless of what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums(发脾气), ice cream for breakfast. Attachment parents don’t give their children everything that they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys.Attachment Parenting is not “afraid of tears” parenting. Our kids cry. The difference is that we understand that tantrums and tears come from emotions and not manipulation. And our children understand this too. They cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so overwhelming that they need to get it out. They do not expect to be “rewarded” for their strong negative emotions; they simply expect that we will listen. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child has need for comfort and love, it isour job to provide those things. We are not afraid of tears. We don’t avoid them. We hold our children through them and teach them that when they are hurt or frustrated we are here to comfort them and help them work through their emotions.Attachment Parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling to my children. In fact, I’m pretty free-range. As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and let me set up a chase as they crawl, run, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. The “attachment” comes from their being allowed to attach to us, not from us attaching to them like parental leeches.Attachment Parenting is not Selfish Parenting. It is also not selfless parenting. We are not doing it for us, and we are not doing it to torment ourselves,Attachment parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don’t hover. I supervise, I follow, I teach, I de monstrate, I explain. I don’t slap curious hands away, I show how to do things safely, I let my child do the things that my child wishes to do, first with help and then with supervision and finally with trust. I don’t insist that my 23 month old hold my ha nd when we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely.Most of the negative thi ngs that I hear about “attachment parents” are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment Parenting. Attachment Parenting is child-centric and focuses on the needs of the child. Children need structure, rules, and boundaries. Attachment Parents simply believe that the child and the parent are allies, not adversaries, And that children are taught, not trained.49. According to the author, what should parents do when their kids cry?A. Providing comfort and love.B. Trying to stop kids crying.C. Holding them till they stop.D. Rewarding kids with toys.50. What does “free-range” mean according to the passage?A. Fond of providing a home base.B. Ready to play games with my kids.C. Curious to watch what games they play.D. Willing to give kids freedom of movement.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO more than TEN words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE51. According to the passage, what does “cognitive habits” refers to?PASSAGE TWO52. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?PASSAGE THREE53. What does “counting” mean in the context?54. What does the author think of raising tax on cigarettes?PASSAGE FOUR55. What does the passage mainly discuss?PART VI WRITING [45 MIN]Should we revive traditional Chinese characters or continue using simplified characters?This has been an intensely discussed question for years. The following are the supporters’and opponents’ opinions. Read carefully the opinions from both sides and write your response in about 200 words, in which you should first summarize briefly the opinions from both sides and give your view on the issue.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

英语四级长篇阅读训练题及答案解析导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英语四级长篇阅读训练题及答案解析》的内容，具体内容：长篇阅读题是英语四级考试中的重点题型，通过阅读训练提高长篇阅读能力是备考的重点内容。

下面我为大家带来英语四级长篇阅读训练题，供考生阅读练习。

英语四级长篇阅读训练题（一）…长篇阅读题是英语四级考试中的重点题型，通过阅读训练提高长篇阅读能力是备考的重点内容。

下面我为大家带来英语四级长篇阅读训练题，供考生阅读练习。

英语四级长篇阅读训练题（一）Addieted, Really?A.Mental~hea1th specialists disagree over whether to classify compulsive online behaviour as addiction --------------------- and how to treat it. Craig Smallwood, a disabled American war veteran, spent more than 20, 000 hours over five years playing an online role-playing game called ^Lineage II〃・When NCso ft, the Sou th Korean firm behind the game, accused him of breaking the games rules and banned him, he was plunged into depression, severe paranoia （偏执）and hallucinations （幻想）.He spent three weeks in hospital. After that, he sued NCsoft for fraud and negligence （过失）,demanding over $ 9m in damages and claiming that the company acted negligently by failing to warn him of the danger that he would become"addicted" to the game・B.But does it make sense to talk of addiction to online activity? Mental-hea1th specialists say three online behaviors can become probl ema tic for many people: video games, pornography （色情作品）and messaging via e-mail and social net works ・ But t here is far less agreement about whether any of this should be called 〃Internet addiction"--or how to treat it.C.Some mental-hea 1th specialists wanted "Internet addiction" to be included in the fifth version of psychiatrys bible,the〃Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", known as DSM~V, which is currently being overhauled （全面修订）.The American Medical Association endorsed （赞成）the idea in 2007, only to back track （放弃）days later. The American Journal of Psychia try called Internet addiction a z，common disorder" and supported its recogn it ion. Las t year the DSM-V dra fting group made its decision: Internet addiction would not be included as a "behavioral addiction"--only gambling made the cut--but it said furtherstudy was necessary.D.Skeptics say there is nothing uniquely addictive about the Internet ・Back in 2000, Joseph Walt her, a communi ca tions professor at MichiganState University, co~wrote an QTticle in which he suggested, tongue in cheek, that the criteria used to call someone an Internet addict might also showthat most professors were "addicted" to academia （学术活动）.He arguedthat other factors, such as depression, are the real problem.He st ands by that view to day. 〃No scie nti fic evidence has emerged to suggest that lnternet use is a cause rather than a consequence of some other sort of issue, " he says・"Focusing on and treating people for Internet addiction, rather than looking for underlying clinical issues, is definitely unwise・"E.Others disagree・〃That would be wrong," says Kimberly Young, a researcher and therapist who has worked on Interact addiction since 1994.She insists that the Internet, with its powerfully immersive environments, creates new problems that people must learn to navigate（应对）・Otherwise, the changing lifestyle will affect the development of the society.F.No one disputes that online habits can turn toxic・ Take South Korea, where widespread broadband means that the average high-school student plays video games for 23 hours each week. In 2007 the government estimated that around 210,000 children needed treatment for Internet addiction. In 2010 newspapers around the globe carried the story of a South Korean couple whofed their infant daughter so little that she starved to death. Instead of caring for the child, the couple spent most nights at an Internet cafe, sinking hours into a role- playing game in which they raised, fed and cared for a virtual daughter. And several South Korean men have died from exhaustion after marathon, multi—day gaming sessions・G.The South Korean government has since asked game developers to adopt a gaming curfew （宵禁）for children, to prevent them playing bet weenmidnigh t and 8 a. m ・ At the same ti me, it has also opened more than 100 clinics for Internet addiction and sponsored an ^Internet rescue camp，z for serious cases・H.But compulsive behaviour is not limited to garners・ E-mail or web-use behaviours can also show signs of addiction. Getting through a business lunch in which no one pulls out a phone to check their messages now counts as a minor miracle in many quarters・ A deluge （泛滥）of self-help books, most recently "Alone Together" by Sherry Turlde, a social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offer advice on how to unplug （去除障碍）.I.Pornography is hardly new, either, but the Internet makes accessing it much easier than ever before・ When something can be summoned in an instant via broadband, whether it is a game world, an e-mail inbox or pornographic material, it is harder to resist. New services lead to new complaints. When online auction sites first became popular, talk of "eBay addiction" soon followed・ Dr. Young says women complain to her now about addiction to Facebook—or even to ，z FarmVille z，, a game playable only within Facebook・J.Treatment centres have popped up around the world with the popularityof online games・ In 2006 Amsterdams Smith t believe her. In his research on college students, he found that most sense when they are "going overboard and restore self-control". Less thanl% have a pathological （病态的）problem, he adds・ For most people, Internet use 〃is just a habit一and onethat brings us pleasure・"46.According to Joseph Walther, it is unwise to emphasize the treatment of Internet addiction instead of seeking for potential clinical issues・47.As online games become popular, t rea tmen t cent res have sprung up all over the world・48.After playing online games continuously for days, several South Korean men were exhausted to death.49.Smallwood sued NCsoft and claimed a huge compensation for fraud and its negligence of warning him of the danger of game addiction.50.In South Korea, a gaming curfew for children was adopted to prevent children playing after midnight.51.Internet addiction still needs to be further studied though the DSM~Vdid not categorize it as a ^behavioral addiction".52.An lnternet specialist found that most college students could realize when they are going too far and restore self-control.53.According to mental~hea1th specialists, for many people, video games, pornography and messaging via e-mail and social networks can become problematic online behaviors・54.People regard it as a small miracle if nobody takes out a phone to read the messages at a business lunch.55.Kimberly Young insists that people must learn to deal with new problems brought about by the Interact.英语四级长篇阅读训练题答案解析：题干意为，根据JosephWalther所说，只关注对上网成瘾的治疗, 而不寻找其潜在的临床问题，这是不明智的。

英语四级阅读：长篇阅读解析篇下面是店铺整理的英语四级阅读：长篇阅读解析篇，希望对大家有帮助。

今天是长篇阅读。

长篇阅读题型，说白了就是阅读匹配题。

一、题型概览(一)背景和考试综合长篇阅读的前身是快速阅读;2013年12年之后，四六级发生了改革。

改革之后，有两个变化：一是位置发生了变化，由原来的Part II 调至Part III里的Section B, 即由原来的单独部分，变成了与其他的阅读理解放在一起;另一个变化就是题目形式的变化，由原来的多项选择题变成了段落信息匹配题。

这一变化更挑战考生对于文章的理解程度和信息定位的能力，应该说是加大了难度。

四级考试中快速阅读调整为长篇阅读顺应了时代发展的要求。

该题型主要考查段落信息匹配。

在筛选信息的过程中，要求考生在把握文章整体的基础上，对文章的一些细节进行整理、归纳以及同义转换。

这意味着考生不仅要读懂文章，还要对所掌握的信息进行加工处理。

(二)文章特点通过试卷可知，长篇阅读的文章长度、难度、体裁、题材、题目数量、考试时间、所占分值等都不变。

(三)试题特点1.题干中的细节信息往往反映文章的主旨和段落主题。

通过快速地阅读题干中的若干细节信息，考生可以迅速了解原文的主旨大意。

2.题干提供的细节信息中往往暗含一些说明文或议论文所必需的逻辑关系，考生可以利用这种关系预先对一些表达进行排序，这对于解答信息匹配题有着非常重要的意义。

3.提干提供的信息表达中通常包括如下三类：能够指示开头段的词，如overview, introduction, initiation, main idea, definition 等;能够指示结尾段的词，如future, solution, conclusion, suggestion, summary 等;能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词，如rate, ration,proportion, percentage, number, figure, statistical demographics 等。

大学英语四级阅读理解改革新题型（附答案和解析）Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原迅速阅读理解调节为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。

篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。

每句所含信息出自篇章某一段落，规定考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配段落。

) Directions：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statementcontains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions bymarking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Caring for elderly parents catches many unprepared[A ] Last July，Julie Baldocchi，s mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver，something that she wasn"t prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi，an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83，and she knew her father couldn’t handle her mother’s care. The hospital recommended putting her mother in a nursing h ome. Baldocchi wasn’t willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents’ home created other problems. Baldocchi，48，is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lifther mother. “I couldn’t do it all,” she says. “But I didn’t even know how to find help.”[B] With help from the Family Caregiver Alliance，she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally，you’re never read y for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mother’s stroke，she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities，according to a survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.[C] While many parents lack an advance care directive，it’s the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts，including：a durable power of attorney，which gives someone legal authority to make financial decisions on another’s behalf；a health care proxy，which is similar to the power of attorney，except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment；and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example，parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “It’s invaluable for the kids，because it’s hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona，an elder- law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville，N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises，says Kathleen Kelly，executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance，which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive，the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parent’s legal guardian，says .[D] It’s important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents，preferences，wishes and goals，says Lynn Feinberg，a caregiving expertat AARP. But it’s not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their children’s financial motives，says Susan John，a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro，N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues，she says. And when there are many siblings，the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony，says Ann-Margaret Carrozza，an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove，N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys，financial planners，geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February，AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.[E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions，especially when they find out that Medicare doesn’t pay for long-term care，Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in was $77,745，according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.[ F] Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services，such as meals，housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still，it’s not cheap：The national median cost in was $39,135，according to Genworth. Assisted living isn’t covered by Medicaid.[G ] If they have a choice，at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can，according toAARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home，it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example，Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver.[H] Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parent’s finances，while another sibling will take the parent to doctors" appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mother’s home in Leesburg，Fla. After her mother，who is 83，had fallen，she wasn’t able to get around as well. Walker，55，has three brothers. But she is the only daughter，is divorced and has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have，and I gu ess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker，who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrapbooking website. “When you get into the trenches，it’s literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. It’s not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. It’s everything,” she says.[I ] Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout，” Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older，20% reported symptoms of depression，according to a study on working caregivers by MetLife. “It’s a hard job,” Walker says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. It’s only natural that I be here for her now.”46. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely，their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility.47. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their children’s fi nancial motives.48. Besides advance planning for finances or medical care，family caregivers take over many other responsibilities.49. The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment.50. Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home，but she had difficulty taking care of her.51. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in .52. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements，there are many people they can call on.53. Caregivers should pay attention to their own health，or they may burn out or become depressed.54. One will have to petition the court to be the parent’s le gal guardian，if there is no advance directive.55. The national median cost of assisted living in was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid.Section B46. [G]。