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法律英语实用单词讲解accord释义：accord和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。
如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。
acquire释义：acquire指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger 的缩写。
如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。
act释义：act作为，与不作为forbear相对应。
如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear fromaction释义：诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。
adopt释义：adopt的最常见含义是采用，通过，如adopt a law通过一项法律，adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等，这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。
另外，adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养，如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。
admission释义：采纳，采信（证据），如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。
法律英语（Legal English）（第二版）法律出版社，2003年•北京何家弘Lesson One Legal System1. 公诉制度 public prosecution2. 普通法系 common law legal system3. 判例法case law4. 成文法（制定法） written law (statutory law)5. 遵从前例 stare decisis6. 判例汇编 reports7. 有约束力的法律解释binding interpretation8. 法学方法论 legal methodology9. 颁布•••为法律be decreed10. 巡回法官itinerant judges11. 英国皇家法院 English Royal Court12. 令状，法院令状writ13. 诉讼请求的强制执行 enforcement of a claim14. 追诉权 recourse15. 牛津条例Provision of Oxford16. 本案令状writ upon the case17. 诉讼行为forms of action18. 衡平法 equity law19. 公平且善良 ex aequo bono20. 特定履行（实际履行）方式之救济relief in the form of specific performance21. 大法官法院 Court of Chancery22. 补偿性损害赔偿金 compensatory damages23. 强制令the injunction24. 衡平法准则 maxims of equity law25. 法律概念 legal concept26. 不动产real property/ real estate/ immovable property/ realty27. 民事诉讼 civil suit28. 衡平法院 Chancery Court29. 财产法上的所有权分割 division of title in the law of property30. 先例 precedents31. 普通法系the Common Law Legal Family/ the English Law Legal Family/ the English-American Law Legal Family32. 大陆法系 the Roman Law Legal Family/ the Civil Law Legal Family/ the Continental Law Legal Family33. 五月花号公约the Mayflower Compact34. 制宪会议 the Constitutional ConventionLesson Two Legal Profession1. 法律职业/律师职业 the bar法官职业 the bench2. 律师协会 The Bar Association3. （律师）执业 practice law4. 执业律师 practicing lawyer5. 出庭辩护/代理诉讼 advocacy6. 法律咨询 counseling7. 法律文件的起草 drafting of legal instruments8. 法律文件 legal instruments9. 单独执业者single/individual practitioner10. 合伙关系 partnership11. 薪水律师 salaried lawyer12. 律师业务 law practice13. 专职法律顾问 house counsel/corporate counsel（公司或团体法律顾问）14．辩护人/律师 advocate15. 私人开业 private practice16. 州检察官/律师 state prosecutor/state attorney17. 地区检察官/律师 district attorney18. 起诉检察官/公诉律师 prosecuting attorney19. 检察系统prosecutorial system20. 联邦检察官 federal prosecutor21. 地方检察官 local prosecutor22. 助理检察官 assistant prosecutor23. 检察行业prosecutorial profession24. 个人尊严 the integrity of the individual25. 机会均等equality of opportunity26. 职业道德规范 ethics codes27. 听证会hearings28. 社区法律服务community legal services29. 单人开业 solo practice30. 律师/法律工作者（美国）attorney/attorney-at-law/counsellor/counsellor-at-law31. 律师（英国）barrister/solicitorLesson Three Legal Education1. 法律博士 Juris Doctor(JD)我国现称“法律硕士”并有新名“Juris Master(JM)2. 法学硕士 Master of Laws(LLM)3. 法学博士 Doctor of Juridical Science(SJD)4. 法律文书写作 legal writing5. 批评性思维 critical thinking6. 案例教学法 case method7. 苏格拉底式教学法 socratic method8. 讲演式教学法lecture method9. 美国律师协会认可的法学院 ABA accredited law schools10. 案情摘要briefs11. 模拟法庭 moot court12. 模拟审判 mock trial13. 课程指南 curriculum guide14. 刑事司法 criminal justice15. 自由资本主义laissez faire/lesei’ feə/Lesson Four Judicial System1. 联邦法院federal courts2. 联邦法院的组成：联邦最高法院the Supreme Court13个联邦上诉法院 Courts of Appeals95个联邦地区法院 District Courts此外还有：索赔法院 the Court of Claims关税法院 the Customs Court关税及专利上诉法院the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals等联邦特别法院 special courts3. 各州法院系统一般包括三级法院：基层法院多称为审判法院 Trial Court或巡回法院 Circuit Court中级法院多称为上诉法院 Appellate Court or Court of Appeals高级法院多称为最高法院 Supreme Court许多州也有一些专门法院：遗嘱检验法院 Probate Court青少年法院 Juvenile Court家庭关系法院 Court of Domestic Relations小额索赔法院 Small Claims Court4．联邦和州最高法院法官称为大法官 Justice上诉法院和审判法院的法官则称为法官 Judge有些基层法院的审判人员还称为治安法官 Justice of the Peace或司法官 Magistrate5. 美国联邦最高法院首席大法官 Chief Justice其他8人称大法官 Associate Justice6. 巡回法官Circuit Judge7. 合议庭Collegiate Panel/Collegiate Bench8. 诉讼当事人 litigant9. 司法管辖区 judicial district10. 案件数量caseload11. 联邦巡回法院 the Federal Circuit12. 复审案件 review a case13. 复查判决 review a decision14. 特别法庭 tribunals15. 死刑 capital punishment/death penalty16. 调案复审令writ of certiorari17. 具有开业律师资格be admitted to practice law18. 职业法官 career judiciary19. 民众选举 popular vote20. 现任法官 sitting judges21. 严重不端行为 gross misconduct22. 正式诉讼 formal proceedings23. 负民事责任incur civil liability24. 美国律师协会的“法官行为准则”The American Bar Association’s Code of Judical Conduct25. 私人开业律师 private practitioner26. 重罪felony27. 轻罪misdemeaner28. 审查案件的事实并作出判决 review the facts of a case and render a disposition29. 终审法院 court of last resort30. 司法巡回区judicial circuit31. 保释金 bond32. 预审听证 preliminary hearings33. 杀人 homicide34. 强奸 sexual assault35. 累犯 repeat offenders36. 惯犯 habitual offenders37. 驳回上诉 deny the petition for appeals38. 发回重审remand the case back to the lower court for reconsideration39.行使广泛的自由裁量权 exercise wide discretion overLesson Five Constitution1. 法律分类 classification of law2. 普通法Common Law衡平法 Equity3. 实体法 substantive law程序法 procedural law4. 公法public law私法private law5. 联邦条例 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union(1977年，美国联邦会议通过，美国最早的宪法性法律文件)6. 宪法修正条款amendments7. 人权法案 the Bill of Rights（美国1787宪法前十条修正条款的合称）8. 宪法至上原则 doctrine of constitution supremacy9. 基本法 fundamental law10. 通过投票选举来表示其意思 express their will through the ballot box11. 严重不法行为 extreme misconduct12. 渎职行为 malfeasance13. 弹劾程序 process of impeachment14. 第二条第四款 article II, section415. 弹劾案 bill of impreachment16. 众议院 House of Representatives17. 参议院 Senate18. 严厉措施 drastic measure19. 众议院司法委员会House Judiciary Committee20. 生效 enter into force21. 无效 have no force22. 司法解释 judicial interpretation23. 叁权分立 separation of powers24. 制衡原则 checks and balance25. 滥用职权 excesses26. 行政法令合条例 executive acts and regulations27. 马伯里诉麦迪逊案 case of Marbury vs Madison28. 司法审查原则the doctrine of judicial review29. 合宪性 constitutionality30. 酸度测试/严格检验 acid test31. 否决 veto32. 特赦grant pardons for33. 拨款 appropriate funds for34. （法规、条约等的）序言、导言preamble35. 联邦条例 Articles of Confederation36. 权力的滥用 excessive power37. 英国普通法中的“自然正义原则”principles of “Natural Justice” under British Common Law。
资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载法律英语基础知识简介地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容Part 1 Insurance1. He is a holder of an insurance policy.他是保险单持有人。
2. How long is the period form the commencement to termination of insurance.保险责任起至期限多长？3. Insurance company insured ships and their cargoes against loss and sea.保险公司为船舶和船货承保了海损险。
4. Mr. Rodman is the most heavily insured man in the world, carry $4,000,000 insurance on his life.罗德曼先生是世界上投保最多的人，为自己投了4,000,000美元的人寿险。
5. One kind of insurance policy is the one that covers a named person.有一种保险单是记名保险单6. Parties to an insurance contract are required to exercise the utmost good faith and disclose all relevant matters to each other.保险合同双方当事人都应该尽到最大的善意，并且想到披露所有的相关事实。
7. The coverage is written in the basic form and clauses.保险范围写在基本保险单和各种险别条款里。
Constitution宪法public law 公法private law 私法common law 普通法civil law 罗马法, 大陆法; 民法case law 判例法statutory law 制定法equity law 衡平法Provisions of Oxford 牛津条例writ 令状writ upon the case 本案令状court of chancery 衡平法院injunction 强制令binding interpretation 具有约束力的法律解释civil suit 民事诉讼action 法律诉讼,诉讼行为the Bar 律师业，司法界barrister 诉讼律师, 大律师, 出庭律师solicitor 非诉律师, 诉状律师, 事务律师advocacy 出廷辩护，代理诉讼single practitioner 单独开业者house counsel 专职法律顾问public prosecutors 公诉人，检察官attorney 律师；检察官Attorney General 司法部长；检察总长Chief Justice 首席大法官litigation 诉讼litigant 诉讼当事人Juris Doctor (JD) 法律博士Master of Laws (LLM) 法学硕士Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) 法学博士curriculum 课程required course 必修课elective course 选修课the case method 案例教学法the Socratic method 苏格拉底式教学法old boy networks 老哥们关系网the modern regulatory nation 现代规制国家Federal Court System 联邦法院系统: The Supreme Court 最高法院Courts of Appeals上诉法院District Courts地区法院Special Courts特别法院Three-tiered model 三级（审判）体制：trial court （审判法院；初审法院）appellate court , court of appeals（上诉法院）supreme court 最高法院Litigant 诉讼当事人capital punishment死刑writ of certiorari调案调卷令be on the bench担任法官career judiciary职业法官popular vote普选gross misconduct严重的过失行为doctrine of constitutional supremacy宪法至上原则malfeasance 渎职行为judicial interpretation 司法解释judicial review 司法审查constitutionality 合宪性impeachment 弹劾associate justice 陪审大法官administrative law 行政法agency action 行政行为adjudication 裁定；裁决sub-constitutional 准宪法性；亚宪法性statutory law 制定法Formal adjudication 正式裁决Informal adjudication 非正式裁决Formal rulemaking 正式规章制定Informal rulemaking 非正式规章制定Criminal Law 刑法Model Penal Code 标准刑法典Criminal liability刑事责任Capital punishment 死刑Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护Homicide 杀人罪Self-defense 自卫；正当防卫forcible felony暴力性重罪gross negligence严重过失criminal homicide 有罪杀人Malice恶意Murder谋杀Death penalty死刑Felony重罪co-felons重罪共犯first degree murder一级谋杀罪manslaughter非恶意杀人；非预谋杀人criminal sanction刑事惩罚conviction rate定罪率acquittal 宣告无罪gross negligence严重过失reckless homicide疏忽大意杀人negligent homicide过失杀人civil rights law 民权法invidious discrimination 嫉恨式歧视Magistrate治安法官；司法官summary judgment motion即决审判动议cause of action诉因Contract Law合同法Agreement-in-fact事实协议Agreement-as-written书面协议Uniform Commercial Code统一商法典Offer要约Acceptance承诺Consideration对价Contract performance合同履行Tangible property有形财产Intangible property无形财产Conveyance of property财产权的转让Primary authority首要法源Secondary authority次要法源Tax evasion逃税Restatements of the Law法律重述汇编Stare decisis遵从前例Tort Law 侵权法intentional tort故意侵权negligence or negligent tort过失侵权contingent fee 成功酬金tortfeasor 侵权人intangible damage 无形损害conversion of propertyfalse imprisonment 非法拘禁defamation 诽谤invasion of privacy侵犯隐私products liability 产品责任duty of care照看义务contributory negligence 共同过失comparative negligence 比较过失strict Liability 严格责任medical malpractice 医务渎职property law 财产法tangible property 有形财产intangible property无形财产security transaction 担保交易deficiency judgment不足额判决foreclosure 取消赎回权mortgage holder 抵押权人secondary financing 间接融资Corporation Law公司法individual proprietorships个体业主partnerships 合伙Uniform Partnership Act统一合伙条例Model Business Corporation Acts标准商务公司条例Securities Exchange Act证券交易条例Blue Sky Laws 蓝天法Federal Antitrust Laws 联邦反托拉斯法separate legal entities 独立法人实体general partnerships 一般合伙Limited partnerships 有限合伙publicly held corporations公众持股公司close corporations 内部持股公司Insurance Law保险法group insurance 团体保险insurance policy 保险单accident insurance 意外保险liability insurance 责任保险insurance proceeds 保险收益buy-out agreement (股权）承买协议premium 保险费stock retirement plan 赎股计划Commercial Law商法The Uniform Commercial Code 统一商法典commerce clause 商业条款complete grant of power 完全授权commerce power 商务权力Modern Commerce Power Tests现代商务权力检验标准Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine现代授权原则rulemaking 规章制定due process 正当程序学习好资料欢迎下载。
法律英语Stare Decisis 遵循先例equity law 衡平法the Bar 律师协会法律顾问house counsel刑法criminal law普通法common law宪法最⾼原则Doctrine of constitutional supremacy司法系统judicial system司法审查judial review判例法case Law制定法statutory law执业律师practical lawyer⼤法官Chief judge重罪谋杀felony-murderImpeachment 弹劾misconduct or malfeasance 轻罪或重罪Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护Capital punishment 死刑LLM 法学硕⼠JD，Juris Doctor 法律博⼠Answer the following questions briefly based on the text book.1.What activities is a lawyer permitted to engage in besides practicing law?A lawyer is permitted to engaged in any activity that is open to other citizens, such as serving on boards of corporate clients,engaging in business ,and participating actively affairs.2.What is the only way to prepare for membership in the legal professiom in the UnitedStates？Attending a law school.3.What are the main courses for the first-year students in most of Americon law schoos？*The traditionnal first-year program include contracts, torts, property, criminal law and civil procedure.4.How many court systems are there in the United states?and What are they?*There are fifty-two court systems in the united states, Each state, as well as the District of Columbia ,has its own system of courts and there is a separate federal court system.5.What is the principle of separation of powers?*The three main branches of government——legislative,executive and judiciary are separate and distinct from one another. The powers given to each are delicately balanced by the powers of the other two .Each branch surveys as a check onpotential excesses of the others.6.what is homicide?*Homicede is the killing of one human being by another human being.7.What are the important factors, according to the writer’s opinion for understanding Americanlaw and legal methodology ?And why?Knowledge of the case law method as well as of the technique of working with case law is of central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology. Because the American legal system is methodology mainly a case law system.8.What are the requirements for admission to practice?Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar.Translation1.The work of a lawyer involves continuous contacts with clients, associates, other lawyers,judges, witness, others affected by the law, and involves the lawyers’ own goals, attitudes, performance, and sense of satisfaction.律师⼯作涉及到持续不断的与当事⼈、合作者、其他律师、法官、证⼈以及其他受法律影响的⼈的联系，还涉及律师本⼈的⽬标、⼯作态度、表现和满意感。
法律英语词汇大全学习法律术语法律程序和法律体系的英文英语词汇The Complete Guide to Learning Legal English Terminology for Legal Terms, Procedures, and SystemsIntroduction:Legal English is a specialized language, used within the legal profession and in legal contexts. It encompasses a vast array of terms, procedures, and systems that are essential for lawyers, legal researchers, and anyone dealing with legal documents or proceedings. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore a wide range of legal English vocabulary to enhance your understanding and communication within the field of law.I. Legal Terminology:1. Common Law:Common law is a legal system derived from judicial decisions and case law. It is predominantly used in countries such as the United States, England, and Australia. Some key terms associated with common law include "precedent" (a legal decision that serves as a guideline for future cases) and "tort" (a civil wrong that causes harm to an individual or their property).2. Statutory Law:Statutory law refers to laws enacted by legislative bodies, such as Congress. These laws are often codified and published in statutes or codes. Examples of statutory law terms include "act" (a written law passed by alegislative body) and "amendment" (a change or addition made to an existing law).3. Civil Law:Civil law is a legal system based on codified laws and regulations, prevalent in many European countries. It typically deals with private disputes between individuals or organizations. Important civil law terms include "plaintiff" (the party bringing a civil lawsuit) and "defendant" (the party being sued in a civil case).4. Criminal Law:Criminal law focuses on acts that are considered offenses against society as a whole. It involves the prosecution of individuals accused of committing crimes. Common criminal law terminology includes "felony" (a serious crime punishable by imprisonment or fines) and "misdemeanor" (a lesser offense with less severe penalties).5. Contract Law:Contract law encompasses legal principles and rules that govern agreements between parties. It outlines the rights and obligations of each party involved. Key contract law terms include "offer" (a proposal made by one party to another) and "consideration" (something of value exchanged between parties to a contract).II. Legal Procedures:1. Litigation:Litigation refers to the process of resolving disputes through the court system. It involves filing a lawsuit, presenting evidence, and obtaining a judgment. Important terms related to litigation include "complaint" (a formal written document that initiates a lawsuit) and "summons" (a legal notice requiring a person to appear in court).2. Mediation:Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution method where a neutral third party assists disputing parties in reaching a voluntary settlement. Key mediation terms include "mediator" (the neutral party facilitating the process) and "mediation agreement" (a written document outlining the terms agreed upon).3. Arbitration:Arbitration is another form of alternative dispute resolution, wherein parties submit their dispute to an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators who render a final decision. Terms associated with arbitration include "award" (the final decision made by the arbitrator) and "arbitration clause" (a provision in a contract that requires disputes to be resolved through arbitration).4. Deposition:A deposition is a formal, out-of-court statement given under oath. It involves questioning of a witness or party to a lawsuit to gather information and gather evidence. Deposition-related terms include "deponent" (the person being deposed) and "transcript" (a written record of the deposition).III. Legal Systems:1. Adversarial System:The adversarial system is a legal system where opposing parties present their cases before a neutral judge or jury. This system is characterized by an emphasis on the adversarial relationship between the prosecution and defense. Terms associated with the adversarial system include "cross-examination" (questioning a witness called by the opposing party) and "burden of proof" (the obligation to prove one's case in court).2. Inquisitorial System:Contrasting with the adversarial system, the inquisitorial system is a legal system where the court plays an active role in investigating and gathering evidence. It is commonly used in civil law jurisdictions. Important inquisitorial system terms include "investigating magistrate" (a judge responsible for conducting the investigation) and "judicial dossier" (a file containing all relevant documents in a case).Conclusion:This comprehensive guide has provided you with an extensive collection of legal English vocabulary. Mastering the terminology, procedures, and systems discussed will enhance your comprehension and proficiency in the field of law. Whether you are a law student, legal professional, or simply interested in expanding your legal knowledge, this guide serves as a valuable resource for navigating the intricacies of legal English.。
上次是关于备考ILEC方向的，这次说说备考TOLES方向的。
（还是要再强调一遍，这个考试只是法律英语的入门考试。
目的还是要“以考促学”，证书是实力的体现，却不等同于实力。
另外所谓的“18本教材”只是网上流传的说法，实际上并不是toles官网指定的。
其最早出现在天涯上。
大家不要太在意。
）首先要做到有的放矢，就要先了解一下toles考试。
（这些是老生常谈了，了解的朋友可略过）toles全称法律英语技能测试(Test of Leging English Skills缩写TOLES)，注意是“skills”，但不考口语，因为在你进入律所时，会有人面试你的口语能力。
这是和ILEC所不同的。
TOLES依难度不同划分为三个级别：Foundation(初级), Higher(中级)和Advanced（高级）。
初级和中级都是100分制，中级考听力；高级是500分制，按成绩高低分为6个颜色档，如图：由于考试费用高的关系，基础好的朋友，初级和中级可以不考，直接以高级为目标。
这里借用星爷的话——“人没有追求，和咸鱼有什么分别？”为什么建议直接考高级呢？TOLES 3个级别的考试虽然难度递增，但其都以“词汇”为根本。
初/中级考试主要是测试基本法律词汇和用语的意思，固定搭配，近义词辨析等；比如"in ( for consideration"。
当然还有一些基础的法律背景知识，但这毕竟还是英语考试，老外的英语考试套路感强，新题少。
加上考这试多是法科研究生或律师，所以问题不大。
但这里要注意：不考不是说就不学初/中级，直接从高级开始学起。
不是这意思。
恰恰相反。
以高级为目标，就要从初级开始，踏踏实实，一个用语一个用语的熟练掌握，这个过程是痛并快乐的，一定要有“圣人样的耐心”。
要勤查勤问。
因为这个词汇积累的过程直接关系到高级的阅读和写作能力，试想基础用语都没有掌握，怎么可能在较短的时间内完成高强度的TOLES高级测试？所以从大处着眼，从小处着手就是如此。
法律英语unit1总结Words：V：admonition 警告citation 案号contend争论，主张constrain 驱使enforce 强制执行evict 没收haunt 时常出现在justify 充分论证induce 诱导leave 许可merit 值得testify出庭作证N：adjudication 判决allegation 宣称appellant 上诉人avenge 惩罚citation 案号coercion 强制conformity 遵守consortium 配偶权corpus 语料库creditor 债权人debtor 债务人deviant 不正常者Disposition 判决结果doctrine 信条holdings 裁定humility 谦逊jurisprudence 法学jurist 法学家jurisdiction 司法管辖区justification 认为有理implement 执行lawsuit 法律诉讼legitimacy 正当性lien 留置权litigation 诉讼manifestation 表现marijuana 大麻motion 动议ordinance 条例plaintiff 原告proceeding 案件诉讼prophecy 预言restitution 赔偿rationale 判决理由sanction 制裁tenant 租户token 记号testimony 证词brief 上诉状Adj：accusatory控诉的administrative经营的appellate上诉的applicable 适用的compensatory补偿的conciliatory愿意和解的deviant 反常的implicit 不言明的illiterate 文盲的penal 刑事的normative 规范的pretentious自命不凡的prosaic 平凡的temporal暂时的tremendous 极大的remedial 补救的statutory 法定的therapeutic 治疗学的重点单词英英翻译：Phrases：Conjure up 使想起give over 停止rectify mistakes 改正错误be concerned with 关于be concerned about 关心observe a case 旁听案件Hear a case 审理案件stare decisis 遵循先例的原则trial court 初审法院Mandatory precedent司法先例litigious status 诉讼主体地位Cause of action 诉因on the bench 由法庭全体法官出庭审理的案件Sue sb for sth 起诉某人某事（民事诉讼make a complaint to the court 向法院起诉deny sb sth 剥夺某人某权益question of law 法律争议question of fact 事实争议concurring opinion 并存意见dissenting opinion 反对意见plurality opinion 多数意见majority opinion 大多数意见moving part 动议方Sentences：For some...for others...for still others...一些人....另一些人...还有一些人Words and its English meaningRestitution: compensation, recompense,repayment,refund, reimbursement Prophecy: prediction, foretellingPretentious: affected,ostentatious,pompous,showyOrdinance: a statute or regulation, especially one enacted by a city government Litigation: legal action, proceedings,lawsuitLegitimacy:being in compliance with the law, lawfulness, authenticity Jurisprudence:the philosophy or science of lawInduce: tempt, encourage, bring on, stimulateImplement: put into practice,execute, applyEnforce: put into effect, put into force,make compulsoryDeviant: one that differs from a norm, especially a person whose behavior and attitudes differ from accepted social standardsCreditor: one to whom money or its equivalent is owedConformity: compliance, action or behavior in correspondence with current customs, rules, or stylesConciliatory: appeasing, reconciling, peace-makingComplainant: the party that makes a complaint or files a formal charge, as in a court of law, plaintiffCoercion:forcing to act or think in a certain way by use of pressure, threat, or intimidationAvenge: take revenge, retaliate,even the scoreAuthorize:give permission for, grant authority or power to, sanctionAdmonition: warning or cautionAdjudication:the settling of a case or dispute by judicial procedureTranslation：That city is anywhere between sixteen and twenty miles away.那座城市距离这里大约16到20英里The application of law to factual situations is necessary when there is a controversy between two or more persons or when parties seek guidance concerning the consequences of their conduct or proposed conduct.双方或多方之间存在争议，或者当事人为各自已实施的行为或打算实施的行为的后果寻求指导时，就有必要把法律应用到各种具体的事实情形之中。
( civil law a legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of theEnglish-speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions( common law b usually the most important source of law which serves as a general statement of the rights and liberties of the citizens(Constitution? c the rules and decisions formulated by administrative agencies(statute? d legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation( administrative law e laws made by Congress or the states, which must comply with either the Constitution or the state’sThe topic I’d like to deal with today is the sources of law. As we know, in the countries of continental Europe and those are as influenced by them, the governing law dates back to Roman law and is known as the civil law system. However, the law with which Americans are more familiar is known as the common law, which developed in English speaking countries.Let’s begin by talking about the common law system. Under such a sys tem, the law develops more through the decisions of judges applying prior decisions of courts to the new facts at hand. As a result, a very substantial part of law is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases. A case once decided establishes a binding precedent to a certain extent, and will be followed by the courts when similar issues arise later. Although judges tend to focus more upon statutes or administrative rules these days, the fact that they still review past cases before making a decision shows that adherence to decided cases is still kept as a tradition in American courts.Because of the common law tradition, American law comes from four basic sources: the federal and state constitutions, statutes made by the US Congress and the legislatures of the various states, case law or judge-made law, and administrative law. The last source of law is usually the rules and decisions formulated by administrative agencies. However, the judicial system has established a general priority among the various sources of law. Constitution prevails over statutes, and statutes prevail over common law principles established in court decisions. Courts will not turn to case decisions for law if a statute isdirectly in point.The (1) (two words) system has developed on the European continent and beenadopted by those countries, while the (2)(two words) has developed in the English speaking countries.In the United States, common law has been the predominant influence. Besides the (3)(three words or one word) serving as the major source of law, there are also a largenumber of (4)(one word) made by the Congress and the various states. (5)(two words), and (6)(two words) are theother two sources of the American law.administrative lawthe body of law that governs the activities ofadministrative agencies of government and isconsidered a branch of public law.行政法civil lawa legal system inspired by Roman law, theprimary feature of which is that laws are writteninto a collection, codified, and not determined byjudges 大陆法common lawrefers to law developed through decisions ofcourts and similar tribunals (called case law),rather than through legislative statutes orexecutive action, and to corresponding legalsystems that rely on precedential case law.普通法statuteis a formal written enactment of a legislativeauthority that governs a country, state, city, orcounty.成文法；法条Why do people hate to get letters from lawyers? They carry bad news. They mean serious business. They're hard to understand. They use strange words. They carry the inherent threat of suit. Why do lawyers send such letters? They mean serious business, and they intend to sue. But must they use those ancient, strange words and be so hard to understand, or can lawyers express serious business and imminent suit using words everyone knows? Whether writing a demand letter to a contract breacher, an advice letter to a client, or a cover letter to a court clerk, the letter fails if the person receiving it cannot understand what it says. All of these letters have one thing in common: They are not great literature. They will not be read in a hundred years and analyzed for their wit, charm or flowery words. With any luck they will be read just once by a few people, followed quickly by their intended result, whether that be compliance, understanding or agreement.Lawyers are Letter Factories ---- We write many, many letters. An average for me might be five letters a day. This includes advice letters, cover letters, demand letters, all sorts of letters. Some days have more, some have less, but five is a fairly conservative average, I would think. Five letters a day for five days a week for fifty weeks a year is 1,250 letters a year. This is my 25th year in practice, so it is quite conceivable that I have written 31,250 letters so far.As you have learned from this unit, the law with which the Americans are more familiar is known as the (1)which developed in English speaking countries. Under such a system, the verdict is made according to the (2)judges applying prior decisions of courts to the new facts at hand. Because of such atradition, American law comes from four basic sources: the (4)law, and administrative law.Speech by Max WilliamThe new culture at Hi-Tech. presents a brand-new intention to everyone after our long and careful preparation. The core concept of our new culture can be summarized in a few words: loyalty, harmony, extensiveness, infinity and creativeness. These words are the combination of doctrines of our traditional culture and modern business management. This core concept has come about through the years of Hi-Tech’s growing experience and is the result of efforts made by many people.When we consider the essence of a country’s culture, it usually reflects the nation's vitality, creativity and cohesiveness. The same is true of a company. The culture of a company reflects its capabilities, which not only define its present status but also determine its future prospects. This new culture will definitely enhance our image and competitiveness in the market.。
