Lecture 3

Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。

外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。

翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。

The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。

翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。

即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。

课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。

Lecture 3外汇市场和汇率国际交易、外汇与汇率•国际交易产生了以货币表示的国与国之间的债权、债务关系，其清偿需要外汇；•外汇（foreign exchange）是以外币表示的支付手段，如银行存款、银行汇票；•例：机械进出口公司从英国某出口商买进一台机器，双方约定以美元支付（实际中，只有机器的跨国境流动，无美元跨国境流动）。

•汇率：以一种货币表示另一种货币的价格（即两种货币的交换比率）如：6.83 Ұ/$•汇率的两种表示方法–直接标价法：6.83 Ұ/$–间接标价法：0.15 $/Ұ•汇率与相对价格：汇率使我们可以计算以不同货币计价的商品的相对价格（？要~）•例：某学生要决定是购买一条国产牛仔裤还是一件美国产毛衣，其价格分别为150元人民币和75美元，设汇率为6.83Ұ/$，则美国产毛衣的相对价格为75* 6.83 /150=3.42（国际贸易中只有相对价格才是重要的）•汇率的变动：贬值与升值•例：如果人民币升值到6.00Ұ/$，则美国产毛衣的相对价格为3.00•普遍原则：其他条件不变时，一国货币升值使进口商品的相对价格（相对于？）下降；使出口商品的相对价格上升。

•因为汇率对净出口和其它宏观变量有重要影响，所以汇率是开放经济中最重要的变量之一。

汇率对进出口的重要性取决于它在多大程度上影响相对价格。

•基本汇率和套算汇率（152种货币、11476种汇率）例：SF/$=2.000JҰ/$=120.000JҰ/SF=60•电汇、信汇汇率；现汇价、现钞价.•汇率是在何处、如何决定的？外汇市场•外汇市场的参与者–商业银行–从事国际贸易的公司、个人–非银行金融机构–中央银行–外汇经纪人•外汇市场的组织–批发市场（银行间市场）–零售市场（店头市场）•通常所说的汇率是在批发市场上决定的。

•批发市场中的做市商与经纪人（后者自身不持有外汇头寸）。

•经纪人的特殊作用•外汇市场的特征–外汇市场为分散化的市场–外汇市场交易量巨大且主要是交易商间交易–外汇市场交易的透明度低•批发市场中的做市商（大型商业银行）不仅在国内银行间市场上进行外汇交易，而且通过其海外的代理、分支机构在海外的银行间市场上进行交易，形成全球一体化的外汇市场。

【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 7 Lecture 3 AnthropologyPro: So we’ve been discussing 16th century Native American life, and today we’re going to focus on the Iroquois and Huron peoples. They lived in the northeastern great lakes region of North America. Now, back then, their lifes depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birch tree. The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and is prevalent in that area. Now can anyone here describe a birch tree?Stu: They are tall and white, the bark, I mean.Pro: Yes. The birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white bark, is waterproof. And this waterproof quality of the bark, it made it useful for making things like cooking containers, a variety of utensils. And if you peel birch bark in the winter, we call it “the winter bark”, another layer, a tougher inner layer of the tree adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material. So the winter bark was used for larger utensils and containers.Stu: I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of treebark?Pro: Well, birch bark is pliable and very easy to bend. The Native Americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shape they needed, then secure it withcords until it dried. They could fold the bark into many shapes.Stu: So if they cooked in bowls made of birch bark, wouldn’t that make the food taste funny?Pro: Oh, that’s one of the great things about birch bark. The taste of the birch tree doesn’t get transferred to the food. So it was perfect for cooking containers.But the most important use of the bark, by far, was the canoe. Since the northeast region of North American is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. The paths through the woods were often overgrown, so water travel was much faster. And here’s what the Native Americans did. They would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form lightweight yet sturdy canoes. The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin. You know that sticky liquid that comes out of the tree? And when it dries, it’s watertight.One great thing about these birch bark canoes was, uh, they could carry a large amount of cargo. For example, a canoe weighing about 50 pounds could carry up to nine people and 250 pounds of cargo.Stu: Wow! But how far could they travel that way?Pro: Well like I said, the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean at the coast. The canoes allow them to travel over avast area that today would take a few hours to fly over. You see, the Native Americans made canoes of all types, for travel on small streams or on large open ocean waters. For small streams, they made narrow, maneuverable boats, while, while larger canoes were needed for the ocean. They could travel throughout the area only occasionally having to portage, to carry the canoe over a land short distance to another nearby stream. And since the canoes were so light, this wasn’t a difficult task.Now how do you think this affected their lives?Stu: Well if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas which I guess would lead them to form alliances?Pro: Exactly. Having an efficient means of transportation, well, that helps the Iroquois to form a federation linked by natural waterways. And this federation expanded from what is now Southern Canada all the way south to the Dalever River. And this efficiency of the birch bark canoe also made an impression on newcomers to the area. French traders in the 17th century modeled their...well they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes, and they found they could travel great distances more than 15 kilometers a month.Now besides the bark, Native Americans also used the wood of the birch tree. The young trees were used as supports for lodgings, with the waterproof bark used as roofing. Branches were folded into snowshoes. And the Native American people were all adept at running very fast over the snow in these birch branchsnowshoes, which if you ever tried walking in snowshoes you know it wasn’t easy.When you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart. The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.。

【托福听力备考】TPO3听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

Lecture 3 Art HistoryNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Art History class. The professor has been discussing the origins of art.ProfessorSome of the world’s oldest preserved art is the cave art of Europe, most of it in Spain and France. And the earliest cave paintings found to date are those of the Chauvet Cave in France discovered in 1994.And you know, I remember when I heard about the results of the dating of the Chauvet paintings, I said to my wife, “Can you believe these paintings are over 30,000 years old?”And my 3-year-old daughter piped up and said, “Is that older than my great-grandmother?” That was the oldest age she knew. And you know, come to think of it. It’s pretty hard for me to really understand how long 30,000 years is too.I mean, we tend to think that people who lived at that time must have been pretty primitive. But I’m gonna show you some slides in a few minutes and I think you will agree with me that this art is anything but primitive. They are masterpieces. And they look so real, so alive that it’s very hard to imagine that they are so very old.Now, not everyone agrees on exactly how old. A number of the Chauvet paintings have been dated by a lab to 30,000 or more years ago. That would make them not just older than any other cave art, but about twice as old as the art in the caves at Altamira or Lascaux, which you may have heard of. Some people find it hard to believe Chauvet is so much older than Altamira and Lascaux, and they noted that only one lab did the dating for Chauvet, without independent confirmation from any other lab. But be that as it may, whatever the exact date, whether it’s 15,000, 20,000 or 30,000 years ago, the Chauvet paintings are from the dawn of art. So they are a good place to start our discussion of cave painting.Now, one thing you’ve got to remember is the context of these paintings. Paleolithic humans - that’s the period we are talking about here, the Paleolithic, the early stone age, not too long after humans first arrived in Europe - the climate was significantly colder then, and so rock shelters, shallow caves were valued as homes protected from the wind and rain. And in some cases at least, artists drew onthe walls of their homes.But many of the truly great cave art sites like Chauvet were never inhabited. These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate. There’s no evidence of people ever living here. Cave bears, yes, but not humans. You would have had to make a special trip into the cave to make the paintings, and a special trip to go see it. And each time you’d have to bring along torches to light your way. And people did go see the art. There’s charcoal marks from their torches on the cave walls clearly dating from thousands of years after the paintings were made. So we can tell people went there. They came but they didn’t stay. Deep inside a cave like that is not really a place you’d want to stay, so, why? What inspired the Paleolithic artists to make such beautiful art in such inaccessible places? We’ll never really know of course, though it’s interesting to speculate.But, um, getting to the paintings themselves, virtually all Paleolithic cave art represents animals, and Chauvet is no exception. The artists were highly skilled at using, or even enhancing, the natural shape of the cave walls to give depth and perspectives to their drawings, the sense of motion and vitality in these animals. Well, wait till I show you the slides. Anyway, most Paleolithic cave art depicts large herbivores. Horses are most common overall with deer and bison pretty common too, probably animals they hunted.But earlier at Chauvet, there is a significant interest in large dangerous animals, lots of rhinoceros, lions, mammoth, bears. Remember that the ranges of many animal species were different back then, so all these animals actually lived in the region at that time.But the Chauvet artists didn’t paint people. There is a half-man-half-bison creature and there is outlines of human hands but no depiction of a full human.So, why these precise animals? Why not birds, fish, snakes? Was it for their religion, magic or sheer beauty? We don’t know. But whatever it was, it was worth it to them to spend hours deep inside a cave with just a torch between them and utter darkness. So, on that note, let’s dim the lights, so we can see these slides and actually look at the techniques they used.。