2009年盛夏广西大范围干旱成因初探英文
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2009年青岛气候公报摘要:2009年度,青岛市气象条件属于偏好年景,除秋旱较重外,没有重大的气象灾害发生。
2009年全市年平均气温13.3℃,年平均降水量为604.1mm,年平均日照时数为2424小时。
一、2009年气候概况1、概述2009年,我市初春出现霜冻,初夏冰雹较多,盛夏7月份连续出现3次暴雨天气过程,盛夏较为凉爽,秋季出现干旱和低温,冬季寒潮降雪偏早。
总体来看,2009年全市无大范围气象灾害发生,且强度较小,本年度气象条件属于偏好年景。
2、主要气象要素气温 2009年全市年平均气温为13.3℃,较常年偏高0.9℃,较上年偏高0.4℃,是1997年以来连续第12个偏高年份。
极端最高气温为38.2℃(6月25日出现在莱西),极端最低气温为-13.9℃(1月24日出现在平度)。
降水 2009年全市年平均降水量为604.1毫米,较常年偏少56.5毫米,较上年偏少287.8毫米。
日照 2009年全市年平均日照时数为2424小时,较常年偏少98.1小时,比上年偏多150小时,莱西日照时数最多为2638小时,青岛市区最少为2300小时。
3、重要天气气候事件阶段性干旱2009年我市出现了春、夏局地干旱和秋季全市性干旱,其中秋旱最为严重。
9~10月我市降雨量为40.6毫米,仅为常年的39%,多数区市连续50多天无有效降水,土壤墒情较差,干旱面积达124万亩,严重影响了夏玉米的后期生长,小麦播种较常年推迟15天左右。
干旱还引起崂山区个别山村吃水困难。
强对流天气6月份我市遭受三次冰雹、雷暴袭击(分别出现在6月5日、29日和30日),造成部分乡镇小麦倒伏,树木、西瓜也受到不同程度的损失。
据不完全统计,共造成经济损失6190.2万元,其中即墨3906万元、莱西1181万元、平度484.2万元。
大风全年全市平均9.4天,市区出现大风天气31天,比常年偏少。
近海岛屿平均大风天数为59天,给海上作业安全造成一定影响。
高考英语外刊阅读训练——阅读理解:重新思考干旱【原标题】The thirst to rethink droughts【原文】Nearly half of the continental United States is experiencing prolonged drought, according to federal scientists. Precipitation models predict that winter will provide little reliefin much of the West and South. An independent study found the last two decades in the Southwest to be the driest continuous stretch since the 1500s.On the other side of the continent, half of the Northeast had reached the levels of “severe”or “extreme”by September. At this moment, 72 million Americans are living in drought conditions. Globally, more than 2 billion people live in countries experiencing what the United Nations calls high water stress.The effects of climate change are neither consistent nor uniform. In recent years, for example, the Midwest has experienced both widespread flooding and persistent drought. Yet as water experts grapple with understanding these unusual weather patterns, assumptions about water are shifting as well. As Jens Berggren, a Swedish sustainability expert, told Deutsche Welle, “It’s not a lack of water per se, it’s a lack of water governance.”If people could reduce wateruse by almost half, he said, that would “give ample opportunity to meet all our needs.”Last year researchers in Finland asked a novel question: Can there be water scarcity with an abundance of water? Despite Finland having ample water resources and typically no significant dry season, the study found that local drought-like effects were being caused by population concentration, drainage of wetlands, and inefficient water use. The finding led to a rethink of human development in order to find a balance with water resources.A good example of a place that did reset its harmony with nature is Cape Town, South Africa. In March 2018, following three years of severe drought, the city’s main reservoir had fallen to 11% capacity. This month it reached overflow capacity.A return of better-than-average rainfall helped, but the real change was civic. The city imposed strict water-use practices, and residents quickly adapted. Researchers of this mass shift found “thirsty participants share water more often equally with powerless, anonymous others than they do money.”Cape Town is now better poised to avoid water stress because people created different lifestyles.Adapting to a changing planet requires more than a physical response to scarcity. It entails seeing abundance in people’s ability to innovate, join together in common cause, and be open to letting go of destructive behavior. Those traits are not scarce. And neither is humanity’s ability to draw upon them. 【新课标重点词汇】1. prolonged - 持续的2. drought - 干旱3. precipitation - 降水4. relief - 缓解5. independent - 独立的6. Southwest - 西南部7. Northeast - 东北部8. severe - 严重的9. extreme - 极端的10. water stress - 水资源匮乏压力11. consistent - 一致的12. uniform - 均匀的13. flooding - 洪水14. governance - 治理15. assumptions - 假设16. reduce - 减少17. scarcity - 稀缺性18. abundance - 充裕19. population concentration - 人口密度20. drainage - 排水21. inefficient - 低效的22. human development - 人类发展23. harmony - 和谐24. Cape Town - 开普敦25. reservoir - 水库26. civic - 市民的27. strict - 严格的28. water-use practices - 用水习惯29. adapt - 适应30. planet - 行星31. innovation - 创新32. common cause - 共同目标33. open - 开放的34. destructive behavior - 破坏性行为35. traits - 特质36. draw upon - 利用37. physical response - 物理反应38. scarcity - 稀缺39. water resources - 水资源40. water stress - 水压力41. persistent - 持续的42. effects - 影响43. grapple - 探索44. understand - 理解45. assumptions - 假定46. shift - 转变47. governance - 治理48. participants - 参与者49. lifestyles - 生活方式50. humanity - 人类【阅读理解练习题】1. According to federal scientists, what proportion of the continental United States is experiencing prolonged drought?A. Approximately 25%B. Nearly 50%C. Over 75%D. More than 90%答案:B。
新教材高中地理第六章自然灾害6.1气象灾害学案新人教版必修第一册第一节气象灾害一、洪涝灾害1.定义洪涝灾害是因连续性的降水或短时强降水导致江河洪水泛滥,或积水淹没低洼土地,造成财产损失和人员伤亡的一种灾害。
2.影响洪涝灾害分布的因素(1)气候因素:洪涝灾害主要分布于亚热带季风区、亚热带湿润气候区、温带季风气候区、温带海洋性气候区。
(2)地形因素:多分布在沿河、沿海地势低洼的地区。
3.危害(1)淹没农田、聚落等。
(2)破坏交通、通信、水利等基础设施。
(3)造成人员伤亡、农作物减产、交通受阻、人畜饮用水困难等。
(4)引发河流泥沙淤塞、水土流失等生态问题,破坏人类生存环境,制约区域经济发展。
(5)洪涝过后易发疫情,威胁人类身体健康。
(6)人口越密集,经济发展水平越高的地区,洪涝造成的损失越大。
4.我国的洪涝灾害(1)我国是世界上洪涝频繁且灾害严重的国家。
(2)主要分布:东部季风区各大江河的中下游平原。
广大山区也常受到洪水侵袭。
二、干旱灾害1.干旱:因长时间无降水或降水异常偏少造成的空气干燥、土壤缺水的现象。
2.旱灾:当干旱持续时间较长,影响人类的生产和生活时,称为干旱灾害。
3.分布地区:非洲、亚洲和大洋洲的内陆地区是世界上旱灾频繁发生的地区。
4.危害(1)极易造成农作物大量减产甚至颗粒无收。
(2)影响畜牧业,影响牧草生长、加剧草场退化和沙漠化。
(3)引发水资源短缺,造成人畜饮水困难。
(4)严重时影响经济发展和社会稳定。
(5)极易引发沙尘暴、火灾、虫灾等灾害。
5.我国的干旱灾害(1)我国旱灾的发生范围广泛。
(2)东部季风区:因降水季节变化、年际变化大,易发生旱灾。
(3)旱灾多发区:华北、华南、西南和江淮,其中华北地区的旱灾发生最频繁、影响最严重。
三、台风灾害1.定义:台风是在热带或副热带洋面上形成并强烈发展的大气漩涡,中心附近最大风力在12级以上。
2.多发海域:西北太平洋是世界上台风发生频率最高的海域。
高三英语询问地理单选题50题1. Which climate zone is characterized by hot and dry summers and mild, wet winters?A. Tropical rainforest climateB. Mediterranean climateC. Polar climateD. Tundra climate答案:B。
解析:热带雨林气候(Tropical rainforest climate)终年高温多雨,不符合题目描述。
地中海气候(Mediterranean climate)的特点是夏季炎热干燥,冬季温和多雨,符合题意。
极地气候 Polar climate)终年寒冷干燥。
苔原气候 Tundra climate)冬季漫长寒冷,夏季短促凉爽,降水少。
2. What type of terrain is often associated with the formation of waterfalls?A. PlainB. PlateauC. MountainD. Desert答案:C。
解析:平原(Plain)地势较为平坦,一般不会形成瀑布。
高原(Plateau)整体地势较平坦,不易形成瀑布。
山脉(Mountain)因为地势落差大,河流在流经落差大的地方容易形成瀑布。
沙漠Desert)中水源较少,很难形成瀑布这种需要较大水量和地势落差的地貌。
3. Which of the following is a major factor influencing ocean currents?A. Moon's gravityB. Earth's rotationC. Human activitiesD. V olcanic eruptions答案:B。
解析:月球引力(Moon's gravity)主要影响潮汐现象,而非洋流。
地球自转 Earth's rotation)是影响洋流的一个主要因素。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(海南、宁夏卷)英语本试卷分第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至14页。
第二卷15至16页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷注意事项:1.答题前,考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选图其他答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?A. £19.15B.£9.15C. £9.18答案是B。
1. What do the speakers need to buy?A. A fridgeB. A dinner tableC. A few chairs2. Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurant.B. In a hotelC. In a school.3. What does the woman mean?A. Cathy will be at the party.B. Cathy is too busy to come.C. Cathy is going to be invited4. Why does the woman plan to go to town?A. To pay her bills in the bank.B. To buy books in a bookstore.C. To get some money from the bank5. What is the woman trying to do?A. Finish some writing.B. Print an article.C. Find a newspaper.第二节(共15小题,每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(含答案)第一节单项填空(共15小题;每小题l分,满分l5分)21. -- It looks heavy. Can I give you a hand?--A. No, thanksB. Yes, my pleasureC. No, never mindD. Yes, I do22. Let's go to cinema that'll take your mind off the problem for while.A. the; theB. the; aC. a; theD. a; a23. How much she looked without her glasses!A. wellB. goodC. bestD. better24. Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please?A. whoB. whatC. whoeverD. whatever25. What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There be twelve.A. shouldB. wouldC. willD. shall26. His sister left home in 1998, and since.A. had not been heard ofB. has not been heard ofC. had not heard ofD. has not heard of27. I tried phoning her office ,but I couldn'tA. get alongB. get onC. get toD. get through28. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.A. themB. whoC. whomD. these29. Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.A. didn't knowB. hadn't knownC. don't knowD. haven't known30. The children all turned the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked atB. to look atC. to looking atD. look at31. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only , but students became more interested in the lessons.A. saved was teachers' energyB. was teachers' energy savedC. teachers' energy was savedD. was saved teachers' energy32. Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A. drawB. strikeC. rushD. push33. One of the most important questions they had to consider was of public health.A. whatB. thisC. thatD. which34. Everybody was touched words after they heard her moving story.A. beyondB. withoutC. ofD. in35. Now that we've discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ?A. takingB. takeC. takenD. to take第二节完形填空(共20小题;每小题l.5分,满分30分)The True Story of Treasure Island It was always thought that Treasure Island was the product of Robert Louis Stevenson'simagination. 36 , recent research has found the true story of this exciting work.Stevenson, a Scotsman, had lived 37 for many years. In 1881 he returned to Scotlandfor a 38 . With him were his American wife Fanny and his son 39Each morning Stevenson would take them out for a long 40 over the hills. They had been 41 this for several days before the weather suddenly took a turn for the worse. Kept indoors by the heavy rain, Lloyd felt the days 42 . To keep the boy happy, Robert asked the boy to do some 43One morning, the boy came to Robert with a beautiful map of an island. Robert 44 that the boy had drawn a large cross in the middle of 45 . "What's that?" he asked. "That's the 46 treasure'" said the boy. Robert suddenly 47 something of an adventure story in the boy's 48 . While the rain was pouring, Robert sat down by the fire to write a story. He would make the 49 a twelve-year-old boy, just like Lloyd. But who would be the pirate (海盗)?Robert had a good friend named Henley, who walked around with the 50 of a women leg. Robert had always wanted to 51 such a man in a story. 52 Long John Silver, the pirate with a wooden leg, was 53 .So, thanks to a 54 September in Scotland, a friend with a wooden leg, and the imagination of a twelve-year-old boy, we have one of the greatest 55 stories in the English language.36. A. However B. Therefore C. Besides D. Finally37. A. alone B. next door C. at home D. abroad38. A. meeting B. story C. holiday D. job39. A. Lloyd B. Robert C. Henley D. John40. A. talk B. rest C. walk D. game41. A. attempting B. missing C. planning D. enjoying42. A. quiet B. dull C. busy D. cold43. A. cleaning B. writing C. drawing D. exercising44. A. doubted B. noticed C. decided D. recognized45. A. the sea B. the house C. Scotland D. the island46. A. forgotten B. buried C. discovered D. unexpected47. A. saw B. drew C. made D. learned48. A. book B. reply C. picture D. mind49. A. star B. hero C. writer D. child50. A. help B. problem C. use D. bottom51. A. praise B. produce C. include D. accept52. A. Yet B. Also C. But D. Thus53. A. read B. born C. hired D. written54. A. rainy B. sunny C. cool D. windy55. A. news B. love C. real-life D. adventure第三部分阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分。
干旱的原因华南区以夏秋旱为主,长江区多为伏旱,华北区旱灾频率最大以春旱最为严重,个别年有春、夏、秋连旱;西南地区四季都可能发生旱灾,云南和川西山地多春旱,四川盆地西部与北部地区多夏旱。
它们分别是由什么原因引起的?另外,东北地区到底是以春旱为主还是以夏旱为主?教材上是说盛夏季节常引起旱灾,可人教社星图社地理室合编的星图社出版的地图册上p19“中国的干旱灾害和季节干旱地区分布”一图却又用春旱表示东北区。
干旱在我国是影响面最广,最为危机的气象灾害。
干旱的概念:指在农业技术水平不高的条件下,由于长期降水偏少,造成空气干涸,土壤缺水,引起农作物对水分的需求得不到满足,影响正常生物发育而减产失败的一种农业气象灾害。
干旱的类型:1、按干旱发生的原因分类(1)土壤干旱土壤含水量少,土壤颗粒对水份的吸附力,植物的根系难以在土壤中吸收到足够的水分去补偿蒸腾的消耗,植物体内的水分收支便失去平衡,从而影响生理活动的正常进行,以至发生旱害。
(2)大气干旱虽然土壤中具有一定的、可供植物利用的有用水分,但由于空气极度干燥、光照强、气温高,植株蒸腾加剧,终使水分入不敷出,植株体内水分平衡遭到破坏而遭致旱害。
2、根据干旱发生的季节分类(1)春旱春旱主要发生在3-5月份,这时我国华北、西北和东北的许多地方,春季温度回升很快,空气干涸,太阳辐射较强,风力大,蒸发力强,在这些地区冬季降水珍稀,一量春季长时间无雨或雨量明明偏少,就易发生春旱。
(2)夏旱日射剧烈,气温很高,空气温度低,因而土壤蒸发及植物蒸腾都很强,如长期少雨或无雨极易造成干旱。
(3)秋旱秋旱的特点与夏旱相类似,但强度稍弱。
秋夏主要影响夏播作物和部分晚熟春播作物的灌浆成熟,影响越冬作物的播种和出苗。
(4)冬旱由于冬季,大陆性干冷气团控制我国广漠地区,降水珍稀,且多西北大1风,气温低,湿度小,就易发生冬旱。
干旱的成因:干旱主要是在高气压长期控制下形成的。
高气压常占据很大的空间,故干旱往往波及广漠地区,即所谓“干旱一大片”。
2009年全国统一考试地理试卷(全国卷Ⅱ)一、本卷共4小题,每小题0分,共44分。
在每题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。
近期研制出利用玉米叶片加工、编织购物袋的技术,这种购物袋易分解且物美价廉.据此完成1~3题.1.(4分)该种购物袋的生产厂应该近( )A.原料产地B.销售产地C.能原产地D.研发基地2.(4分)以该种购物袋替代目前广泛使用的同类产品,对环境保护的直接作用是( )A.减轻大气污染B.减轻“白色污染”C.促进生物多样性D.减轻酸雨危害3.(4分)该种购物袋的生产原料在我国的最大产地是( )A.河南省B.山东省C.四川省D.吉林省如图显示某国1951﹣2000年每10年的人口变化读图完成4~5题4.(4分)1951﹣﹣2000年,该国( )A.是人口净迁入国B.人口的迁入是维持人口增长的主要方式C.人口的出生率一直高于死亡率D.人口增长了15.1%5.(4分)据图示资料推测,该国( )A.自20世纪70年代,人口再生产进入现代型B.可能位于欧洲C.1990年人口达到900万D.20世纪末青壮年人口比重偏大如图中.H地恰与某高压天气系统中心吻合,该天气系统以每天约200千米的速度东移.据此完成6~8题.6.(4分)H地与甲聚落的相对高差约为( )A.800米B.1500米C.1800米D.2100米7.(4分)上午10时,H地气温为12℃,甲聚落气温为17℃.到15时甲聚落的气温最接近( )A.15℃B.18℃C.21℃D.24℃8.(4分)甲聚落第二天的天气状况为( )A.晴天转阴雨B.大风有浮尘C.晴暖有微风D.阵风间暴雨某旅游团希望在杭州西湖欣赏“雷锋(塔)夕照”的同时,也领略“月到中天(月亮高度最大),水面风来”的情境.(注:月球公转周期约为30天,农历初一月球在天空中的视位置最靠近太阳完成9~11题.9.(4分)若旅行团在某日16时左右看到了“月到中天”,则该日式农历( )A.初二B.初五C.初八D.十一10.(4分)若该旅行团在某日18时40分左右看到“月到中天”,则该日式农历( )A.初二B.初五C.初八D.十一11.(4分)若该旅行团在18时40分左右看到“月到中天”,并欣赏到“雷峰夕照”,那么这时期( )A.华北平原小麦丰收在望B.长江三角洲油菜花盛开C.松嫩平原稻谷飘香D.山东半岛瑞雪迎春二、解答题(共2小题,满分96分)12.(36分)阅读分析材料,回答下列问题.20世纪90年代以来花卉消费的国际需求迅速增长,北美、日本、欧洲、成为世界三大花卉消费市场.同期,如图所示国家成为所在大洲第二大花卉出口国.(1)简述该国的地理位置及地形特征.(2)说明该国有利于花卉生长的自然条件.(3)概述该国发展花卉产业的社会经济条件.13.(60分)阅读分析资料和图,完成下列各题.材料一(鲁)肃对(孙权)曰:“…肃窃料之,汉室不可复兴,曹操不可卒除.为将军计,惟有鼎足江东,以观天下之衅(缝隙,可乘之机)…剿除黄祖,进伐刘表,竟长江所极,据而有之,然后建号帝王以图天下,此高帝之业也.”…刘表死,苏进说曰:“夫荆楚与国邻接,水流顺北,外带江汉,内阻山陵.有金城之固,沃野万里,士民殷富,若据而有之,此帝王之资也.”﹣﹣《三国志•鲁肃传》材料二(诸葛)亮答(刘备)曰:“…今操已拥兵百万之众,挟天子以令诸侯,此诚不可与争锋.孙权据有江东,已历三世,国险而民附,贤能为之用,此可以为援而不可图也.荆州北据汉、沔,利尽南海,东连吴会,西通巴、蜀,此用武之国…益州险塞,沃野千里,天府之土,高祖因之以成帝业.…若跨有荆、益,保其岩阻,西和诸戎,南托夷越,外结好孙权,内修政理;天下有变,则命一上将将荆州之军以向宛、洛,将军身率益州之从出于秦川,百姓孰敢不箪壶桨以迎将军者乎?诚如是,则霸业可成,汉室可兴矣.”﹣《三国志•诸葛亮传》(1)根据材料一、二,概括指出鲁肃和诸葛亮对荆州认识的相同之处.(2)根据材料一、二,分别指出鲁肃和诸葛亮提出的战略目标及实现步骤.(3)根据材料一、二,分析荆州问题对孙、刘双方未来关系的影响.(4)据图分析古荆州地区的交通区位.如图示意古荆州部分地区.(5)根据材料及所学知识简析但是荆州地区的农业发展条件.材料三三国时期的荆州地区包括现在的湖北、湖南部分地区.这一区域位于我国经济梯次发展战略的中部.为统筹区域经济发展,近年来国家推进“中部崛起“战略,确定其为重点开发区域,拟加大对该地区基础设施建设等财政投入,从而使该地区面临吸纳资源、资金和人才的绝好时机.同时,东部发达地区进入产业升级换代的新阶段,也使该地区具有承接东部产业转移的区位优势.改革开放30年来,尤其是在“中部崛起”战略的指导下,位于该地区的甲地的经济建设取得了很大成就,在经济总量不断增加的同时,产业结构也发生了变化.表3 三次产业产值比重表(%)第一产业第二产业第三产业全国28.247.923.9 1978年甲地513019 2007年全国11.348.640.1甲地29.733.536.8(6)根据表3,指出甲地产业结构的变化趋势,并分析其经济发展的特点.(7)运用整体和部分辩证关系的原理,结合材料分析三国时期的荆州地区在当时和现在所处地位的不同.2009年全国统一考试地理试卷(全国卷Ⅱ)参考答案与试题解析一、本卷共4小题,每小题0分,共44分。