文化地理复习整理(翻译)
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Toward Cultural Geography文化地理学a developmental progress发展进步“European SCIENCE”“欧洲科学”Becomes fractured in the 18th and 19th centuries by scientific and social studies into many disciplines.成为在第十八和第十九世纪断裂的科学和社会研究许多学科。
No more singular, correct, sanctioned (politically or religiously) METHODS of inquiry.没有更多的奇异，正确，制裁（政治或宗教）调查方法。
Same situation was happening in Medicine, Social Science, Government, and all other areas.同样的情况也发生在医学，社会科学，政府，和所有其他领域。
WHY ?为什么呢？“Quantitative versus Qualitative DATA”“定量与定性数据”the quantitative (scientific, factual, numbers) aspects of inquiry.定量（科学，事实，数字）方面的探究。
the qualitative (personal, experiential, immediate feelings) aspects of inquiry.定性（个人，体验，直接感受）方面的探究。
All scientific study becomes more specialized in both area and method.所有的科学研究都变得更专业的面积和方法。
Good for digging deeper into a specific area. 好深入挖掘到一个特定的区域。
Bad for understanding the larger picture of interconnectedness (how things connect to each other). Medical example. 坏了解大局的联系（如何互相连接）。
医疗的例子。
“Physical” Geog raphy “物理”地理This was the first. 这是第一个 。
Mountains, oceans, rivers, forests, deserts, plains, etc.山脉，海洋，河流，森林，草原，沙漠，等等。
What is there? 有哪些？Expanded into weather, vegetation, plant and insect species, animal and people populations. 扩大成气候，植被，植物和昆虫，动物和人的人口。
What is there, more closely? 有什么，更密切？Can we still call the field “Physical Geography”? 我们还可以叫“自然地理学”？Further expanded into economic aspects of crops, where and why do people move, why are cities where they are, the changing physical landscape.进一步扩大到经济方面的作物，在哪里和为什么人们搬到城市，为什么他们的身体变化，景观。
Why do the things and people that are there, change?为什么做事情和人，在那里，改变？It could NO longer be called simply “Physical Geography!”它不再是简单的“自然地理学！“Environmental determinism环境决定论Made popular in the 19th century by Carl Ritter and others 流行在第十九世纪由卡尔·及其他the theory that a people's physical, mental and moral habits are directly due to the influence of their natural environment. 理论，人们的身体，心理和道德习惯直接原因的影响，他们的自然环境。
“Where you are influences how you act” “你如何影响你的行为”However, by the mid-19th century, environmental determinism was under attack for lacking methodological rules associated with modern science (anti-qualitative analysis). 然而，到19世纪中叶，环境决定论是受到攻击，缺乏方法的规则与现代科学（anti-qualitative分析）。
The questions and curiosity pushed forward into new MAJOR areas of Geography.问题和好奇心推进到新的主要地区的地理。
For example: Regional Geography, Radical Geography, Human Geography, Humanistic Geography例如：区域地理，激进地理学，人文地理学，人文主义地理学Regional geography区域地理学during the later 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. 在稍后第十九和上半年的第二十个世纪。
The goal of regional geography was to delineate space into regions (not simply countries) and then describe the unique characteristics of each region, in both human and physical aspects. 目标区域地理是界定空间到地区（不只是国家），然后描述了独特的特点每个地区，在人力和物质方面。
Radical Geography激进地理学emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing heavily on Marxist theory and various techniques. 出现在上世纪70年代和80年代，大量吸收了马克思主义理论和各种技术。
Seeking to say something 'meaningful' about the problems recognized through quantitative methods 寻求说“有意义”的问题，确认通过定量方法to provide explanations rather than descriptions, to put forward alternatives and solutions and to be politically engaged. Being SUBJECTIVE! 提供的解释，而不是说明，提出的方案和解决方案，是政治参与。
主观的！Countless new ideas emerged. 无数新的想法出现。
A White Man Protesting Against Black Oppression一个白种人抗议对黑人的压迫Human Geography人文地理Regional and Radical Geography led to this. 区域和激进地理学导致这。
Human geography is a branch of the social sciences that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place. 人文地理学是一门社会科学研究世界，它的人民，文化和社区，重点在空间和地方的关系。
Human geography differs from physical geography mainly in that it has a greater focus on studying human activities and is more receptive to qualitative research methodologies. 人文地理不同于物理地理学主要在于它更注重研究人类活动和更容易接受定性研究方法。
Human versus Humanistic Geography人类与人文地理Human Geography became SUPER multi disciplinary and minute in smaller areas of study. 人文地理学成为超级多学科和在较小的研究领域。
though similar to behavioural geography (i.e. how do people behave based on where they live), pushed for a much more qualitative approach in methodology, with a more HOLISTIC approach. 虽然类似行为地理学（即人们如何表现在他们居住的地方），被推为更多的定性方法在方法论，以更加全面的方法。
associated with the work of Yi-Fu Tuan 与工作相关的段义孚“Human geography studies human relationships. Human geography's optimism lies in its belief that asymmetrical relationships and exploitation can be removed, or reversed.” “人文地理研究的人际关系。
