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常见关系代词限定性指人非限定性指物限定性指物主格who/that which that宾格whom which/that that属格whose of which/whose of which/whose 常见关系副词关系副词主要有三个，即when,where,why关系副词=介词+关系代词非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的特点：非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。
对它与主句的关系不如限定性定语从句的关系紧密，只是对先行词作些附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。
在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
1.限定性定语从句：从句不能省略，如果省略整个句子意思不完整。
非限定性定语从句：从句可以省略，如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。
2.限定性定语从句：先行词可以用“that”引导。
非限定性定语从句：先行词不可以用“that”引导。
3.限定性定语从句：引导词有时可以省略。
非限定性定语从句：引导词不可以省略。
4.限定性定语从句：主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句：主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。
5.限定性定语从句：从句只修饰先行词。
非限定性定语从句：从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。
1.Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. the one2. The wo lves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.A. thatB. whereC. in whichD. in that3. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..A. how you have observedB. what you have observedC. that you have observedD. how that you have observed4. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.A. becauseB. whyC. thatD. whether5. Is that the reason __________ you are in favour of the proposal?A. whichB. whatC. whyD. for that3.This book will show you what you have observed can be used in other contexts.这句话的意思是：这本书将向你展示你观察到的东西如何在其他环境中使用从句中的谓语observe是观察的意思，及物动词，必须跟宾语，但是它的后面没有宾语，所以连接词必须是能在从句中充当宾语的，how只能做状语，所以A和D都不对，至于that 它在从句中不做成分，也不能选。
The Second Lesson: GENITIVE CASE OF NOUNS第二讲：名词的属格格（Case）是个语法范畴，它表示名词（或代词）与句中其他词语（主要是动词）之间的语法关系和语义关系。
现代英语名词没有主格和宾格的标记，名词在句中处于主语或宾语地位全靠词序来决定。
“属格”（Genitive Case）有叫“所有格”（Possessive Case）。
2.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法现代英语的名词属格是一种屈折形式，即由“名词+ -'s ”构成，它适用于表示人名、有生命物或视为有生命物的名词，也可用于表示地理名称、天体名称以及表示时间、度量、价值等的名词。
1）名词属格的构成名词属格（Genitive Noun）的构成有以下几种情况：a)单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-'s，如Milton’s poems，my mother’sarrival，women’s clothes。
b)以-s 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-'，如the girls’ dormitory。
c)复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时，在最后一个词的结尾加-'s，如mymother-in-law’s death，an hour and a half’s talk，somebody else’s opinion。
d)并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要在各个名词之后加-'s，如Mary’s and Bob’s book。
如果仅在第二个名词之后加-'s（Mary and Bob’s），则指两人共有的书。
e)“名词词组+同位语”构成属格时，-'s加在同位语名词之后，如his schoolmate Johnson’s，Basel the bookseller’s，也可以前后都加-'s，如Basel’s，the bookseller’s。
f)以咝音/z/结尾的人名，其属格加-'s或-’均可，如Dickens’/Dickens’s，Jones’。
英语语法
第二讲代词
【教学目标】
1.对代词的定义、性质、功用及种类有一定的认知
2.掌握各类代词的用法以及人称代词前后指称的一致的用法
3.学习完本单元的语法要点后，能独立完成本单元练习
【教学重点】
各类代词的用法
【教学难点】
不定代词的用法及其构成的固定搭配
【学习建议】
1.首先总体了解代词
2.尽量掌握各个语法要点
3.各个例子最好烂熟于心，然后再举一反三，及时巩固
4.学习完所有语法要点后，简要小结后，再做练习
5.做练习的过程中，一定要清楚之所以选择该答案的原因，即要
知道每道练习题所包含的语法要点。
6.建议学习时长：0.7课时。
高二英语语法第二讲GOALS： 1. 现在完成时&现在完成进行时的讲解与练习；2.阅读练习；3. 完型填空讲解。
现在完成时：过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
Jack has read the story twice. They have known each other for ten years.1.句型结构：肯定句___________________________________否定句___________________________________疑问句____________________________________时间状语及其标志：________________________________________________________ __ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2.语法强化定义：（1）强调动作是过去发生的（2）强调对现在的影响或结果（3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。
一、练习：1. “How do you like the song, Two Butterflies?” “Great! I ______ such a beautiful song before.”A. don’t hearB. never hearC. have never heardD. has never heard2. In the past few years there _______ great changes in my hometown.A. have beenB. wereC. has beenD. are3. “Kitty, will you go to see Spiderman 3 with us this evening?” “Sorry. I _____ the film already.”A. sawB. have seenC. had seenD. see4. “Why don’t you go to the movie with me, Betty?” “Because I ______it twice.”A. seeB. will seeC. sawD. have seen5. “How can you start playing games so soon, Tom?” “I ______ my homework, mom.”A. have finishedB. finishedC. finishingD. finish二、用过去时或现在完成时填空：1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch yet?” “Yes.”“When ________ you __________ (have) it?”“I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.”2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”“Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.”3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work.三、用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。
A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.A: How long ___________ he ___________ there?B: He _____________ there for three days.Where there is a will, there is a way.A: When will he come back , do you know?B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?B: He _____________ there only once.总结：_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________延续性动词与非延续性动词的区别及其转换：延续性动词可和一段时间连用，非延续动词不能跟一段时间连用。
判断正误并改正：1.I’ve left this school for eight years.2. He has borrowed my dictionary for two days.延续性动词与非延续动词的转换：buy ______ borrow ______ open _______ close ________ begin/start _______ go _______ finish _______ die _______ get up ______ wake up _______ join _______ leave _______短暂性动词转换为延续性动词①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.→ be in sw./at school/at home/on th e farm/be here/be there1) He got to Beijing five minutes ago.He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.2) I moved to the USA last year.I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out1) He came out two years ago.He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.2) We return to Fuzhou yesterday.We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.③become → be1) I became a teacher in 2000.I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.2) The river became dirty last year.The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.④close → be closed open → be openWhere there is a will, there is a way.1) The shop closed two hours ago.The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.2) The door opened at six in the morning.The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.⑤get up → be up；die → be dead；leave sw. → be away from sw.fall asleep/get tot sleep → be asleep；finish/end → be over；marry → be married；1) I got up two hours ago.I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.2) He left Fuzhou just now.He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes..⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. ；begin → be on1) I began to teach at this school in 1995.I ____ ____ at this school since ____.2) The film began two minutes ago.The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.⑦borrow → keep；lose → not have ；buy → have ；put on → wearcatch/get a cold → have a cold；get to know → know1) They borrowed it last week.They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.2) I bought a pen two hours ago.I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.⑧have/has gone to → have been inHe has gone to Beijing.He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.⑨join the league/the Party/the army→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier→ be a member of the league/the Party→ be in the league/the Party/the armyHe joined the league in 2002.He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.He _______ _________ a __________ _________ the __________ for two years.He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.现在完成进行时Where there is a will, there is a way.1. 用法：表示动作从过去的某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作，这一动作可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然进行下去。
