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An Analysis of the Art of Living in Dear LifeName: Lu JianyuNumber: 2012051110Supervisor: Wang LanmingMajor: EnglishSpecialty: LiteratureDepartment: Foreign Languages DepartmentApril20th.2016ContentsAbstractOutlineIntroductionI.Writing Characteristics of Dear Life (2)II.Inevitable Reality of Living (4)III.Attractive Artistry ofLiving (7)Conclusion (10)BibliographyAn Analysis of the Art of Living in Dear LifeLu Jianyu(Foreign Languages Department, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619,China)Abstract: In the development history of literature, there are many excellent and brilliant female writers. The Canadian writer Alice Munro is one of the representative female writers. Munro won the Nobel Prizes for literature in 2013 because ofthe simple style of writing and deep feelings in her works. Her short story Dear Life is considered to be the most abundant, the most perfect, the most autobiographical novel, and is interpreted by Munro as "the first, the last, and the closest things I have to say about my own life". Reading this book is somewhat like looking at a rare work of art, suddenly findingthat its profound connotation is difficult to be covered up by the beauty of the surface. Therefore,we can see her artistry in both creative language and connotation. Key words:Alice Munro; life; artistic connotation浅析《亲爱的生活》中生活的艺术鲁健宇(太原师范学院外语系,山西,晋中,030619)【摘要】在文学发展史中,出现了很多优秀且独具一格的女性作家,其中加拿大著名的女作家爱丽丝·门罗就极具代表性。

爱丽丝因她用朴实的文笔,在作品中传达出的深沉情感获得了2013年诺贝尔文学奖。

她的短篇小说《亲爱的生活》被认为是其最丰富,最完美,最具有自传性质的一部作品,并被门罗诠释为“从最初到最后,直到灵魂的最深处”的关于生活的艺术品。

当阅读这本书时,就像在审视一件难得的艺术品,然后恍然发现深刻的内涵是难以被表面的美丽掩盖住的。

因而可以看出,她的作品不论在创作语言还是所表露的内涵上都极具艺术性。

关键词:爱丽丝·门罗;生活;艺术内涵An Analysis of the Art of Living in Dear LifeThesis statement:This paper is aimed to explore the nature of life through the analysis of some common but extraordinary stories in Dear Life, and reveal the emotional skeleton of Alice Munro.Outline:IntroductionⅠ. Writing Characteristics of Dear LifeA. The basic construction of Dear LifeB. Alice Munro’s writing techniquesC. Alice Munro and her short storiesⅡ. Inevitable Reality of LivingA. The confrontation between reality and fantasyⅰ. Stream of consciousnessⅱ. Three times’runawayB. Mental growth of teenage Alice Munroⅰ. Psychological realismⅱ. The first understanding of love and sexⅢ. Attractive Artistry ofLivingA. Unexpected theatricalityⅰ. The implication of theatricalityⅱ. The emotional change of Viviana. Terrible impression on Focusb. The acceptance of Focus’s proposalc. Mournful condition of being abandonedB. Aesthetic concept of sentimentⅰ. The relationship between artaesthetic and emotionⅱ. Leaving and waitingof love in all one’s lifeConclusionLu JianyuEnglish2012051110Wang LanmingMay 1st .2016An Analysis of the Art of Living in Dear LifeIntroductionAlice Munro as the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 2013, her high literary attainments is beyond doubt. In Munro’s elaborate and even almost trivial description, most of ordinary women in her works live in the most ordinary life, but these female desiresare full of anxiety and uncertainty. Although they try to struggle and revolt in their minds, their thoughts are confused, pulled by reality and healing.Alice Munro shapes so many ordinary women’s fig ures in order to explain the indescribable meaning of life and tells her own feelings towards life.Her newest short novel Dear life shows the perception of individual living conditions, the exploration of human nature and the irresistible force when facing intricate life.The nature and the relationship between art and life exist in the themes of her works all the time. Although her stories are seemingly simple and trivial, peoplecan still inadvertently peep into the real life in miniature from these stories. After Nobel Prize for literaturein 2013 for the first time is awarded for a female short novel writer, Alice Munro gradually enjoys great prestige in the literary field at home and aboard. In western countries, most of studies about Alice Munroaremainly divided into two categories, literary criticism and the narrative studies.Ten papers published in English Fiction Periodicals-- Munro album all refer to literary criticism to analyzeAlice Munro’s works (Ventura 2010). In Magazine Narrative, most of body of the second issue revolve about the perspective of narration to spread (Lohafer 2012). Although in China domestic researches of Alice Munro are unusual, in recent years, Munrois known by more and more scholars and readers. Before Alice Munro won the Nobel Prize for literature, domestic researches about her and her works are divided into three categories in terms of research’s content.Many scholars deeply study some of Munro's works from the perspective of feminism and analyze female figures in her works (Dong Shanshan 2009). Some people are fascinated by Munro's narrative techniques(Zhou Yi 2011).Others further study and pay close attention to the relation between the regional culture of Canada and Munro'screativeidentity (Tan Min, Tao Tao2012).Dear Life isAlice Munro's newest short novel, so until now very few people spend time studying this works. Toreveal complexity and nothingness of people of the town in the ordinary life, Munro often regards ordinary female characters as the protagonist and pinpointsthe inner feelings of the ordinary people as the starting point in her works. This paper is aimed to explore the nature of life,clearly reveal the emotional skeleton of Alice Munro and dissect the art of living that depicted by Alice Munroin Dear Life. F ourrepresentative women in Dear Life are selected as the main characters of the separate stories.From different stories and fates of these four women, readers can see what on earth real life is.Ⅰ.Writing Characteristics of Dear LifeA. The basic construction of Dear LifeAlice Munro’s Dear Life is composed offourteen tales. They are independent for each other.And in this brilliant new collection, Alice Munro gives a detailed description of the moment a person is always altered by a unexpected chance encounter, an action not taken, or a simple twist of fate. Her characters are flawed and fully figures: a soldier returning from war and avoiding his fiancée, a wealthy woman deciding whether to confront a blackmailer, an adulterous mother and her neglected daughter, a guilt-ridden father, a young lady abandoned by her lover. Enlightened by Munro’s acute insight, these lives draw in with their quiet depth and surprise people with unexpected turns.[1]The last four autobiographical tales are not totally imaginary but root in her real life. We can see that an astonishing suite of the last four autobiographical tales offers an unprecedented glimpse into Munro’s own childhood. Alice Munroalso regards these four tales with autobiographical nature as a simple exploration of life.Exalted by her clarity of vision and her unparalleled gift for storytelling,Dear Life shows how placid, intricate, and extraordinary ordinary life can be.B.Alice Munro’s writing techniquesAlice Munro belongs to postmodernism creation style, she permutes and combines different statements and contents, or links up uncorrelated content and form in the same story. And Alice Munro does not deliberately plan and have a subtle layoutin the creation process of the content and the structure in her short stories,but with the migration and extension of the idea of narrative,she tends to modify and adjust after finishing the structure of a story. Alice Munro breaks through the tradition of creation oneness, and perfectly combines fact with imagination in her works. Her works are from life, but are not entirely reproduction of original life. The most obvious evidence is the limitation between fiction novel and the non-fiction novel is fuzzy when Munro creates the last four stories in Dear Life. She merges fact, image and feelings into one. Therefore, it is so amazing that she achieves perfectly the combination of tradition and breakthrough.Alice Munro is good at using the unique female perspective to interpret complex things, and dig out those details that has always been ignored in life. So Munro has been focusing on the psychological description of ordinary women with a lot of details to reveal their complex and intense emotions. In addition, the theme of her works does not involve too esoteric, but try to restore the most real life of ordinary women. Despite the fact that in her short novel simple language, simple structure is used, but the depth of worksis the same as novel. In this work, Dear Life, there are no twists and turns. But refer to her excellent style, simplicity and sincerity of a text have revealed out Munro’sintelligent views towards life. She is realistic rather than preaching; is the description and non inductive; is art rather than scientific, is philosophical rather than religious.[3]C.Alice Munro and short storiesShort novel is neglected, and in the marginalized position in the long-term. For decades, Alice Munro has been focusing on the creation of short novel. Nobel Prize for literature is awarded for a short novel writer for the first time, which is enough to illustrate the remarkable success of creation of Alice Munro's short novel. That Alice Munro chooses short novel as her own form of creation subverts the traditional concept that the writing level of a writer needs to be measured througha novel.[4]The creation of short novel and her Canadian and female writers' identity are closely linked. In terms of the external conditions, the creative period of Munro is in the heyday of the development of Canadian literature, and a series of literary column founded by Weaver, Godfather of Canadian literature, provides a wide platform for Munro's short novels. In the early stage of the creative process, Munro must control the length of her works because of the limitation of layout, which is main reason for Munro's first contact with short novel. On the other hand, women often struggle hard in constraint of marriage and family. The literary writing cannot be regarded for women as a stable occupation, but is only a hobby. Alice Munro is not onlya great writerbut alsoan eligible mother, wife. So before she is a famous writer, she also needs to try herbest to balance her family and creation just as ordinary women.Munro regards short novel as her own specific way of looking at and understanding this world. She said that "I am no longer interested in polishing perfect novel. I hope to write my story to convey strong life experience."[5]So in her later works, Munro regards short stories as her main genre entirely because of her personal orientation.All in all, whether in the creative language or the connotation of the expression, her short novel can be said to be very artistic and profound.Ⅱ.Inevitable Reality of LivingA. The confrontation between reality and fantasyReality and fantasy are contradictory, which is the basic principle of dialectical materialism. In real life, t he confrontations between reality and fantasy are widespread. Alice Munro inevitably keeps a watchful eye on the conflict of the reality and fantasy in one’s life.Constant switching between the reality and fantasy is considered to be the human’s awakening and indulg ing to a certain extent. Ideological contradictions usually indicates the complexity of women’s id eas. In Munro's works, women are often hovering between reality and fantasy, especially young women. In their ordinary life, they go after and even are crazy for romance, love, adventure and fantasy. They are eager to break the shackles of the spirit, but it is always difficult to really get rid of the troubles, because the troublesare always lingering in theirminds. In the first story To Reach Japan,Alice Munro just shows mixed and entangled feelings of the ordinary people when facing the dilemma between reality and fantasy. Alice Munro uses the characteristic of stream of consciousness to display ordinary women’s spirit and emotion under the ambivalent condition.The stream of consciousness itself is the collision and continuation of the emotion in the free state of mind.[2] In fact,To Reach Japan is not about drifting to Japan, and even can be said that has nothing to do with Japan, which is associated with the"stream of consciousness". Interest in your stream of consciousness maybe takes you to awareness means the ductility and extensity of human being’s consciousness are always around reality.In To Reach Japan, the young Greta has a unbroken but prosaic family. Her husband Peter is a young engineer who has the tolerant attitude of art, and she has a daughter Katie. One day Greta meets a gentle man named Harris at a writer’s party, and ha s a crush on him.Then Greta traps in fantasy about another man's love, eventually she even attempt to get rid of family moralconstraints, sending Harris a letter," Writing this letter is like putting a note in a bottle / And hoping / It will reach Japan"(Munro 14).She imagines another meeting with Harris, "Nearest thing to a poem in some time"(Munro 14).Her writing talent and inspiration has been burst out, which implies the runaway of her spirit and the infinite fantasy escaping from reality. The fact is that a poem itself is the product of fantasy. Greta expresses her delicate feelings to Harris by creating poetry with her own romantic feelings,and she has a thirst for adventure to meet her desire for passion. This is first time that Greta was eager to far away from everything in real life.Then, on the train to Toronto Greta comes across a man named Greg asa child's theatre actor anddevelops an improper relationship with him.When finally she realizes that she almost lost Katie on account of her shameful behavior and carelessness, deep fear and self-accusation takes a wide place in her heart. When Greta suddenly realizes that "poetry is a kind of betrayal to life",she also realizes that she is absolutely wrong and cannot ignore the reality of fantasy. So shame and guilt for the family make Greta realize her betrayal of real life in her soul. This is the second time that Greta was indulge in her own fantasy but had to be coward because of her family and the reality.However in the last scene, Harris givesher a kiss after Greta and her daughter arriving in Toronto,which makes Gretacompletely addicted in this kiss again. She once again gets lost in the fantasy and attends to throw reality and moral boundaries away, but when she tries to hang onto her daughter, the children pulls away and gets her hand freeat that moment.Her daughterKatie’s departure brings her into reality.“She did not try to escape, she just stood there, waiting for whatever had to come next”(Munro 30), Greta realizes that her desire of escaping from the real life is impossible in the end. It is the third time that Greta’s consciousness lingers between reality and fantasy.Her struggling consciousness is strong and lasting.Munrodepicts such a scene closely around the story to reveal the contradiction between reality and fantasy. Reality and fantasy co-existence is obvious conflict in this story, the behavior of escaping from real life and wandering of mind exist from beginning to end. Alice Munro wields creative technique of the consciousness to express Greta’s desire in her soul. Greta is pulled by reality and fantasy, and strives for balance, but is always wandering between reality and fantasy. Her minds have been changing with the emergence of others and emotional needs, but she cannot escapes the constraints of reality eventually. Munroconstantly breaks her fantasy with reality again and again in the process of shaping Greta, and then brings her in to the real life again. This is Munro’sexplanation about the art of life: the collision between reality and illusion.B. Mental growth of teenage Alice MunroAlice Munro’s newest short novel Dear Life was published in 2013. It is composed of four autobiographical tales. So in a sense, this short novel belongs to her response to real life.Although Munro combines fact and image in her creative process, it is still based on her real experience and attitude towards her own life. So the last four autobiographical tales fully reflect the characteristics of psychological realism. Literary realism means a literary movement stressing the depiction of contemporary life and society as it exists or existed.From the angle of psychology, psychological realism represents the character in literary realism so as to express the core idea of the realism --- the objectivity, regularity and rational of natural and social order.[6]Munro depicts and conjectures details and the psychology of the characters in her great patience. She tries to show her purpose that mentality embodies reality and the reality reflects psychological changes, and achieves the combination of epic realism and fantasy, which shows typical psychological reality principle. In Voices, AliceMunro recalls the circumstance that she goes to a dancing party with her mother when she was young. In this short story, Munro examines the whole dance and various types of participant from the child's perspective. Besides, Munro also has a detailed description and evaluation on the mother's dress and behavior from a child's point of view.Her slightly sarcastic tone about mother's ridiculous behavior reflects Munro's rebellion and her challenging the power of her mother.This is common that teenager Munro constantly hates her mother’s everything, just as other girls in the same period. At the party she meets a young woman named Peggy and two young aircraftmen. When Munro see two air force soldiers woo and please Peggy, teenage Munro cannot stop thinking,“Peggy is so lucky. She doesn't deserve.” Teenage Munro is jealous of Peggy because of good treatment from the two aircraftmen, and never forgets the two men. This situation is a wonderful moment that she has been expected. Alice Munro describes the first understanding of love in her young period. Munro’s emotion change is gradually mature along with the deepening of real life. Although teenage Munro is fascinated by the two air force soldiers because of their male charm, at that time she is an innocent girl without love experiences. In the ending of story, Munro writes, “ And while they still inhabited my not yet quite erotic fantasies they were gone. Some, many, gone for good”(Munro 298).With enriching her experiences, Munro notices love is not what she realizes. Reality teaches Munro from immaturityto maturity to understand and explore love in her life. This story is about teenage girls exploring the love between men and women and their ignorant understanding about love and fantasy. Girls in teenage period hopeto keepa wonderful relationship with the opposite sex,while they are not brave enough toachieve those little fantasies in their minds. Anyway, whether in physiology or in mentality, they gradually grow up, because living is alwayschanging. The intense psychological fantasy also has risen with age.When one blindly praises life all the time, Munro shows cruel and broken reality to people by depicting ordinary people’s unfortunate experience and irresistiblefates.When one is excessively hopeless and lament precious life, Munro tries to persuade everyone to be kind to his or her life.Munro shows the real side of life in her works, even if the truth is ugly and unbelievable. But from the name of the works, people can see that Munro has a gentle attitude and calm manner to treat her life. This is the keynote of Dear Life.Ⅲ.Attractive Artistry of LivingA.Unexpected theatricalityProfessor Zhu Binzhongpoints out that outward actions in Munro’s works are compressed or postponed to a large extent, until developed to the intermediate of stories. In this time, conflicts begin to arise.[8] Whether Dear Life oranother famous works, Runaway, the two works seem to show that Alice Munro never observes traditional writing characteristics of short story. Alice Munro gives up intensifying conflict of plot to attract reader’s eye.In term s of content of works,although her works seem lacking of strong theatricality,gentle conflicts do not weaken profound connotation.Rendering of the external environment,the tangled and complicated inner world of figures and control of subtle emotion are main artistic technique through which Alice reveals unique and abundant lives from average persons.German dramatist and theorist Freytag believes that the theatricality is condensed into the heart activity of the will and action or the influence of their own and other people's actions caused in the heart. Munro in her short stories also attaches great importance to heighten the emotion by depicting surrounding objects in detail.People who ever experienced will have the same feelingwith the narrator, while people who havedifferent personal sorrow and joy will inevitably sigh.Alice Munro still prefers to set up the story Amundsen in a quiet remote town as its background.In this story, She uses a large amount of detail description and environmental description to expound this story.Alice Munro seems to create a dusky, tedious and even depressive atmosphere on purpose. Cloudy weather, smothering of diseases and fear of death make the whole story gloomier, which indicates the final woeful ending of the relationship. When the heroine seemingly harvests love and happy marriage, the atmosphere of the story seems to become clear. But happiness is just an illusion, the overall tone has been clear gradually.Vivian from Toronto comes to a town called "Amundsen", and she is hired for temporary to teach those children who suffering from tuberculosis in the local hospital school. When she meets her employerDr. Fawkes, the story begins to be unfolded. Munro tries to tell the story through the eyes of Vivian, through deepening the image of Fawkes and emotional changes to Dr. Fawkes. In the beginning, when Vivian first seesher employer Fawkes, Fawkes’s sharp tone makes her feel violated. Fawkes’s impression is so terrible to Vivian. When invited to the home of Fawkes, "Bookssuggesting someone anxious to know, to possess great scattered lumps of knowledge. Perhapsnot someone whose tastes were firm and exacting"(Munro 49), "he puts a dish towel round my waist to protect my dress"(Munro 51).In this time,the ever terrible impression toFawkes apparentlyis changed in the eyes of Vivian.Vivian is rather amazed and joyful because Fawkes show h is extensive knowledge, his consideration and even t he same taste with her. Vivian has been crazy for her love to Fawkes.Although later when she sees how brutal does Fawkes treat Marie, Vivian is still self deception,"he had done it for me, in a way. So that his time with me should not be taken away."(Munro 54).She would ratherdeceive herself for him. With the development of the tale, the image ofFawkesin the eyes of Vivian is constantly changing, and Fawkes constantly bringsthe shock to her heart.Vivian coming to this small town lonely is not entirely dependent on other people. But after falling in love with Fawkes, Vivian gradually loses herself in this love, becomes blind, and is in a passive position. When Fawkes tells her that their honeymoon is a mistake, Vivian faces a unexpected dilemma at this time, and has to return her home by train alone.From surprise and happiness in the beginning to shock and flawless in the end, Vivian's feelings for Fawkes are changing all the time. The theatricality of this storiesis completely clear, and dramatic change is stressed. At last a new tone in his voice, almost a lively cheerful tone,Fawkes’s performance is ruthless. Though Vivian is aware of being abandoned,she has impractical illusions to Fawkeseven in the moment of leaving. The protagonist Vivian'sfeeling to Fawkes will undoubtedly become the main line of the plotdevelopment, and is the key to the dramatic story.Many years later, two people came across accidentally and continue to go away.It is not hard to see that accidental meeting did not change the life trajectory of two person. But lovedeeply rooted in the heart has never been forgotten.So at the end of the story Munro wrote: "Nothing changes really about love"(Munro 66).B.Aesthetic concept of sentimentLiterary works tends to become an important medium by which writers depict their emotional skeleton. Emotion is the ontology of art and direct basis of aesthetics. Artistic expression also needs emotion as a requisite carrier.From Runaway to Dear Life, Alice Munro manifests a mixed but everlasting feeling from the perspective of aesthetic concept of sentimentall the time. Humanism of aesthetics embodies the development of human nature and the exploration of human virtues, while the thesis of aesthetic concept of sentiment is always about pursuit of love and reflection of human nature. People always found out that b eautiful soul, fair emotion and nice manner are stressed in Munro’s stories. Aesthetic concept of sentiment’s study regards perceptual self as its standard. The internal needs, potency of life and free nature interpret literary and artistic creative activities and emotional performance, showing essence characteristics of modern text doctrine of non-rationalism.[4] The nature of art is the emotional performance to a certain extent. Art connotation is often the concentration of emotional process, and is the materialization of emotional rule. Strong emotional resonance and huge power of human emotion are important foundations of the sense of beauty.Alice Munro expounds the aesthetic meanings of feelings and conveys a gentle attitude towards love in Dear Life. She tell us that we should be patient and calm down because love is completely growing process.In Dolly, the story tells about love and waiting from the old couple. Dolly is a woman named Gwen, and she makes a living by selling cosmetics to raise her four granddaughters. In this stories, she is not the owner of love but is a key guide in the love world of the old couple. When knows the relation between her husband Franklin and Gwen afteran unexpected reunion, the feeling of the heroine begins to become distorted. When the hostess heard her husband and Gwen in the kitchen having a pleasant conversation,“I got up at once and hurried into my clothes and fixed my hair, a thing I never usually bother with so early. All the safety and merriment of the evening was gone from me. I made a good deal of noise coming down the stairs” (Munro 245).In the meantime,the heroine’s jealousness begins to take up her entire mood. Her emotion begins to be exposed in public. “This grievous excitement got more and more of a hold on me” (Munro 246), the hostess decides to leave home out of jealous, leaving a crazy letter to her husband. When she arrives at othertown,her performance is totally nervous.When she stays alone, she inadvertently recalls some habits of her husband and understands that there could be no thought in her head of any man but Franklin, ever. This is the beautiful sound from the heroine's inner feelings. And she also admitted that “I did not think of Gwen except as a person who had got in the way and created absurd problems ”(Munro 243).So at this time, the feelings of the heroine have her come to realize the truth that her babyish behavioris so absurd and she loves her husband Franklin, forever. So when she finally realizes her behavior of leaving home is a mistake, she decides to let it go and come back home. Even if she returns to Franklin's side, but still tangleswhether her husband Franklin has read poetry tohis old lover, she is a naive girl full of jealousy.Her husband Franklin's tolerance and respect play a quite important role during the changed process of emotion. “We can’t afford rows”(Munro 253), this words just right manifest Franklin's attitude towards his wife.Emotional crisis doesn’t destroy the love of this old couple. Alice Munropinpoints emotional maturity process of the mistress. Her aesthetics thought is throughout the story.From jealousy, skepticism to deep feelings, the process of emotion changescan be seen that the heroine's feelings aregraduallygrowing up. The heroine at lastrealizes that she and her husband are always together and not separate because an insignificant person. It's all about life. It's life as if we need more. Although skepticism and hesitation all are in this story named Dolly,the beauty of love seems to play the most important role.In Munro's works, emotional regulation is manifested, repeatedly ve rifiedand enriched by countless people. I n her works, Alice Munro combines the exploration of human nature with the experience of the aesthetics of feelingsto express her view about love and life. J ust as Munro said in this book, "No matter what happens, accept it readily.Everything is a gift, we give, and we accept".ConclusionLife is not as specific and accurate as science. Life is more like unspoken art, emotional and complex. So Alice Munro does notintend to give a direct answer about what is life by a piece of ordinary story. Her unique writing style also decides that she would not elaborate philosophical。