外文翻译----- Freescale单片机在汽车控制中的应用

本科毕业设计（论文）AT89S52单片机应用中英文翻译专业名称：电气工程及其自动化年级班级：学生姓名：指导老师：二O一二年六月九日AT89S52 MCU ApplicationsFunction Characteristic DescriptionThe AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC ：Supply voltage.GND ：Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 outputbuffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table 1. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that areexternally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table 2.RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during eachaccess to exter-nal data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data. Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV @R0, #data. Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Watchdog TimerThe WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information o n the timers’ operation, please click on the document link below:/dyn/resources/prod_documents/DOC4316.PDFTimer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 6-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscil-lator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corre-sponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.InterruptsThe AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should not write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Nei-ther of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven,. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clock-ing circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Power-down ModeIn the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Power-down mode can be initiated either by a hardware reset or by an enabled external interrupt. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be heldactive long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Idle ModIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions regis-ters remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes pro-gram execution from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external memory.AT89S52单片机应用功能特征描述AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系统可编程Flash 存储器。

基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文English:The design of a wireless remote control car based on a single-chip microcomputer involves integrating various components and technologies to achieve a fully functional and user-friendly vehicle. The first step in the design process is to select a suitable single-chip microcomputer, which will serve as the brain of the car and control all its functions. Once the microcomputer is chosen, the next step is to design and implement the wireless communication system, which will allow the user to control the car remotely. This can be achieved using technologies such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, depending on the range and capabilities required for the car. In addition to the wireless communication system, the car will also require motor drivers to control the movement of the wheels, as well as sensors to detect obstacles and navigate the environment. These components will need to be integrated with the single-chip microcomputer, along with a power supply and user interface elements such as buttons or a joystick for controlling the car. Once all the components are integrated and the car is assembled, it will need to be programmed to respond to the user's commands and perform various maneuversand tasks. Overall, the design of a wireless remote control car based on a single-chip microcomputer involves careful planning and integration of various technologies to create a functioning and enjoyable vehicle for users to control.Translated content:基于单片机的无线遥控小车设计涉及集成各种组件和技术，以实现一个功能齐全且用户友好的车辆。

中文译文第1章器件概述S12XS-系列1.1简介新S12XS家族16位微控制器是S12XE家族的兼容，简化版本。

这些家庭提供了一种简单的方法来制定共同的平台，从低端到高端应用程序，最大限度地减少软件和硬件的重新设计。

针对通用汽车的应用和CAN节点，这些应用的一些典型的例子分别是：车身控制器，乘员检测，车门模块，RKE接收器，智能执行器，照明模块和智能接线盒以及很多其他。

该S12XS家族保留了许多S12XE家族包括纠错码的功能（ECC）的快闪记忆体，一个独立的数据闪存模块的代码或数据的存储，一个调频锁相环（IPLL），提高了EMC性能和快速的ATD转换器S12XS家族将提供32位的性能与16位MCU的所有优势和效率。

它将保留低成本，目前享有的功耗，EMCand代码大小效率优势由飞思卡尔现有的16位S12和S12X MCU系列的用户。

像其他S12X成员家庭，S12XS家庭将运行16 - bit宽访问无需等待状态的所有外设和回忆。

该S12XS家庭将可在112引脚LQFP ，80引脚QFP ，64引脚LQFP封装选项和保持与S12XE家族针兼容性的高水平。

除了在现有的I / O端口每个模块，多达18个进一步的I / O端口，可与中断功能，允许唤醒从停止或等待模式。

外设集包括MSCAN ，SPI，2个SCI，可，一个8通道24位周期中断定时器，8 - 通道的16位定时器，8通道PWM和多达16 - 通道12位ATD转换器。

软件控制外设到端口的路由可以访问外设模块的灵活组合在较低的引脚数封装选项。

1.1.1特点在S12XS-系列的特性都在这里列出。

请参阅表D-1对于内存选项和表D-2外设功能，可在不同的家庭成员。

•16位CPU12X- 向上与S12指令集除了五个模糊的指令兼容（MEM，W A V，W A VR，REV，REVW），它已被删除-增强的变址寻址-- 访问大数据段独立PPAGE的-•INT（中断模块）-- 七个级别的嵌套中断-- 中断源到每个灵活分配中断级。

毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Design of an Intelligent Car ControllerBased on Embedded PlatformAbstract: The paper presents a design of an intelligent car controller using embedded ARM7 chips as core component. Modular method has been applied in the design of the hardware; the paper focuses on layout of tracking circuit for the car and design ideas for the software. The experiment result proves that the designed intelligent car is stable in operation and good in tracking performance.Keywords: ARM Intelligent Tracking1 、IntroductionIn the 21st century, with development of science and technology, researches on intelligent car and its correlative techniques have become the focus in this field. Aiming to enhance practical ability，innovation, and teamwork performance of college students across the country, theEducation Department sponsored National Undergraduate Intelligent Car Contest. Based on the background, the paper introduces the design of multifunctional intelligent car controller on embedded platform, including design of hardware circuit and software implementation for key functional modules.2、Design of hardwareBy function and application, the controlling platform for the intelligent car is divided into several modules as shown below.2.1 Design of core moduleAT91SAM7S256 microprocessor produced by ATMEL has been adopted for the controller of the car, which a 32-bit low-power RISC microprocessor chip based on ARM7 TDMI-S core, and embedded with 64KB SARM, 256KB high-speed Flash and JTAG port for downloading or debugging of the program. As the core component of the car, the microprocessor plays a key role in controlling all running statuses of the car. PWM generating module inside it can be change duty cycle of outputted square wave by programming, and thus change the voltage loaded on the DC motor, which is amplified to control the revolution speed of the motor. The ports PA0, PA1, PA2 and PA3 of the PWM module respectively control the DC motor and the steering motor to perform functions such as go forward, retreat and turn etc.2.2 Design of power moduleThe car is powered by four AA dry batteries. The voltage is outputted through low-Noise LDO regulator MIC5209-3.3 to supply power for ARM7 chips and peripheral circuits. The working current of MIC5209-3.3 is as high as 500mA. When input voltage is above 3.5V, the module of MIC5209-3.3 can output stable voltage of 3.3V and achieve low power consumption. 2.3 Temperature detection ModuleMono-line digital temperature sensor DS18B20 is used to detect temperature in the car. The measure range is from -55℃ to +125℃, with increment of 0.5℃. It is low in power consumption and small in size, occupying only one I/O port.2.4 Auto tracking module2.4.1 Principles for tracking of intelligent carTracking means that the car goes along the two-centimeter-wide black guide line on the white floor. Infrared acquisition and camera shooting acquisition are commonly used for it.Infrared acquisition: Taking advantage of the feature that infrared light can change its reflective quality according to object surface of various colors. During running the car continuously sends infrared light to the ground, which will, either be reflected back by the white floor and received by the receiving tube in the car, or be absorbed by the black guide line and thus missed by the receiving tube. By this means the black guide line is positioned to identify the path for the car.Camera shooting acquisition: In certain resolution sample the image by interlaced scanning. When scanning a point, image sensor transfers the gray threshold into corresponding voltage which will be outputted via video signal port. As the car achieves auto tracking by recognizing the black guide line on the track, the image processing is a process of extracting the destination guide line. The task of image processing program is to identify the dots in the black-and-white image and filter noise, record dot positions relative to the image, and finally, by algorithm of control strategy, realize tracking and turning of the car along the guide line.2.4.2 Installation of tracking infrared probeChoosing proper detection method and sensor is the important factor to achieve tracking. Here we choose infrared acquisition. Correct installation of device is also a decisive factor for accomplishment of tracking circuit. In terms of simplicity, easiness, practicality and reliability, four infrared probes need be installed on the front chassis of the car to fulfill two-staged directional correction control to enhance the reliability of tracking. Four tracking sensors have been fixed, all in one line, among which L1 and R1 are primary sensors for direction control; L2 and R2 are secondary sensors. The distance between the two ipsilateral sensors should nor be more than width of the black direction control. When the car is running, the black guide line is always kept right between the two primary sensors L1 and L2. When the car goes off the black line, the primary sensors detect it, and thus the ARM7 chip detect level jump and execute the pre-prepared correction program to navigate the car back onto the track. The secondary sensors are actually a back-up for the primary. Once the car offsets the track for inertia, beyond the reach of detection of the primary probes, the secondary perform to correct the motion of the car, so as to ensure the reliability of tracking.3 Design of softwareThe software is developed in C language in Keil Uvision3 IDE, debugged and downloaded in J-Link ARM emulator. J-Link is a JTAG emulator which was brought out by SEGGER in USA to support emulation chips with ARM core. It works with IDEs such as IAREWARM, ADS, Keil, WINARM, and RealView, supports all ARM7/ARM9 core chips simulation, and seamlessly connects with various IDE by RDI interface. Easy to operate and to connect to, it is the most practical tool for study and development of ARM.The key for the design of software lies in the control process of tracking. The sensors are equipped with E3F-DS10C4 integrated infrared probes with photoelectric switch. There are only three wires（power wire, ground wire, and signal wire）at the output pin of the module. Connect the signal wire to I/O port of ARM7 chip, and execute enquiry check. Low level will be detected for the black guide line, while high level for the white floor. According to the principles stated above, flows of the algorithm for control tracking of the car. Two-stage control method is adopted to ensure the car’s adherence to the black guide line, and the effect is satisdied.4 Debugging of the finished carBased on the design scheme presented above, finish making of PCB board for hardware circuit of the car, welding of components, and debugging and downloading of the software. Test the car for several times on the track made of white KT board in the middle of which a two-centimeter-wide black guide line is pasted. The results have showed that, the car runs steadily even at a high speed along straight black guide line. When around the curve, if control the speed properly, the car goes smoothly as well. Two pieces of experience as shown below: (1)E3F-DS10C4 photoelectric sensor should be fixed as close tothe ground as possible to minimize the interference of environmental light to it. Vertical height of the sensor had better be 5~8mm. Too far distance from the ground causes weak reflective signal and unstable output of up level signal;too close distance may damage the sensor and intensify the effect of diffuse reflection.(2)Due to common DC motor adopted for it, the control of thecar is not accurate and stable enough to perform a break turn unless several same photoelectric sensors are added to the bottom of the car.5 ConclusionIntelligent car is a front subject which has synthesized many other subjects and has a widely-applied prospect. It particularly helps to develop the present Chinese undergraduates’ imagination, practical abilities, team awareness, and hi-tech innovation capacity.References[1] Wu Binghua, Huang Weihua, Cheng Lei among others, Systematic Design of Intelligent Car Based on Route Identification [J]. Application of Electronic Technique, 2007(3): 80-83.[2] Wang Chaoyi, Wang Yihuai. Design of Control System of Auto Tracking Car Based on Infrared Sensor [J]; Computer and Automation Techniques, 2008, 34(11):60-62[3] Li Yi, Lu Ren Yi, & Wu Tian. Intelligence Tracking Car [J]. Electronic Techniques, 2008, 45(1): 39-41[4] Wen Quangang, Principles and Application of Embedded System Interface [M]. Beijing: Aeronautics and Astronautics University Press, 2009[5] G.C.Hua, F.C.Lee. Soft-switching technique in PWM converter[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics 995.42(6):595-603.Author BiographyLiu Gang: (1963-) male, senior engineer, received his Bachelor’s degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics & astronautics in 1991, main research direction: computer measurement and control technology ete基于嵌入式平台的智能小车控制器的设计摘要：本论文介绍了智能小车控制器的设计方案。

基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文The advent of microcontroller technology has revolutionized the field of robotics and automation. One fascinating application of this technology is the design of a wireless remote control car. This essay delves into the intricacies of designing such a system using a microcontroller as the core component.At the heart of the wireless remote control car lies a microcontroller, a compact and powerful integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks. The microcontroller serves as the brain of the system, responsible for interpreting the commands received from the wireless remote and translating them into precise motor control signals. The choice of microcontroller is crucial, as it must possess sufficient processing power, memory, and input/output capabilities to handle the demands of the application.The wireless remote control aspect of the system introduces an additional layer of complexity. The communication between the remote and the car is typically achieved through radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth technology. RF-based systems offer a longer range andbetter penetration through obstacles, while Bluetooth provides a more secure and reliable connection. The selection of the appropriate wireless communication protocol and the design of the corresponding transmitter and receiver circuits are critical to ensure seamless and responsive control.The car's mechanical design is another important consideration. The chassis must be sturdy and lightweight, allowing for efficient movement and maneuverability. The selection of the appropriate motors, wheels, and suspension components is crucial to provide the desired speed, torque, and handling characteristics. Additionally, the integration of these mechanical components with the electronic control system is a delicate process that requires careful planning and execution.One of the key challenges in designing a wireless remote control car is the power management system. The car must be equipped with a reliable and efficient power source, such as a rechargeable battery pack, to ensure prolonged operation. The microcontroller and the various electronic components must be designed to operate efficiently, minimizing power consumption and maximizing battery life. This may involve the implementation of power-saving modes, intelligent power management algorithms, and efficient motor control techniques.Another important aspect of the design is the user interface. The wireless remote must be intuitive and easy to use, with clear and responsive controls that allow the operator to precisely maneuver the car. This may involve the use of joysticks, buttons, or even touchscreen interfaces, depending on the complexity of the desired control functions.To enhance the overall user experience, the design may also incorporate additional features such as on-board sensors, camera integration, and even autonomous driving capabilities. Sensors can be used to detect obstacles, monitor the car's performance, and provide feedback to the operator. Camera integration can enable live video streaming, allowing the user to navigate the car remotely with a first-person perspective. Autonomous driving functionalities, such as line following or object avoidance, can further expand the capabilities of the wireless remote control car.The development of a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining electrical, mechanical, and software engineering principles. The design process typically starts with a thorough analysis of the requirements and constraints, followed by the selection of appropriate components and the development of the necessary hardware and software.The hardware design encompasses the microcontroller, the wireless communication module, the motor driver circuits, and the power management system. The software design involves the programming of the microcontroller to interpret the remote control inputs, control the motors, and implement any additional features or functionalities.Throughout the design process, extensive testing and debugging are crucial to ensure the reliability, responsiveness, and safety of the wireless remote control car. This may involve the use of simulation tools, prototyping, and real-world testing to identify and address any issues that may arise.In conclusion, the design of a microcontroller-based wireless remote control car is a fascinating and challenging endeavor that combines various engineering disciplines. By leveraging the capabilities of microcontroller technology, designers can create innovative and engaging remote-controlled vehicles that offer a wide range of features and functionalities. As the field of robotics and automation continues to evolve, the development of such systems will undoubtedly play a significant role in shaping the future of personal and recreational technology.。

外文文献AbstractClimate conditions control emphases of automatic control greenhouses introduced from abroad are different from these in home and the introducing and product ion cost of them is so high ,so it is difficult to popularize and use cosmically .At present, in greenhouses designed and built in home itse，the degree of environment control and modern management of most of them is so low ,so they cannot satisfy crops' dema nd for high product ion and pla nti ng all the year; some can only carry out control on partial environment factors without considering mutual affect and coupling of them in the process of control; some still need manual con trol;so these factors greatly restrict exerti on of econo mic ben efit of greenhouses .Changing traditional modes of control; practicing computer monitoring and establishing greenhouse automatic monitoring system accord with the situation of China have important meaning for quickening modern degree of gree nhouse product ion in our country and in creas ing ben efit of gree nhouses.Based on summarizing formers' researches, the paper analyzes environmental parameters the integrative control property of greenhouse systems and the con trol process which is a non li near, delay and complicated system; Based on an alyz ing modes ofcurre nt gree nhouse mon itori ng systems and properties of sin gle-chip microcomputers, a practical automatic monitoring system for greenhouseenvironment is designed which can realize the monitoring of every parameter in greenhouseen vir onment by syn thetically using sen sor tech no logy, fuzzy con trol theory,com muni cati on tech no logy and microcomputer tech no logyThe system hardware is composed of two parts: a lower-level and a higher-level computer. The higher-level computer is a PC microcomputer which is the headquarter of the system and finishes the unified management and control of a gree nhouse by way of COM port RS-232 connecting with the lower-level computer. In monitoring environment, the system can finish monitoring for this nonlinear and delay system and realize crops' dema nd for gree nhouse en vir onment by using fuzzy con trol theory and tech no logy .The cen tral comp onent of the lower-level computer is 8098 single-chip microcomputer of MCS-96 series, which is used to collect, retreat con trol and com muni cate with the higher-level computer.The system software consists of two parts .The higher-level software is developed by VB and composed of seven modules of setting system parameters, demarcating sensors, ascertaining fuzzy control table, connecting and monitoring real-time data, recurring to history data and help, and each module has certain function and each other is independent from others. The lower-level software is developed by 8098 assemble Ianguage and composed of six modules of a main program, a sending and interrupting service program, a receiving and interrupting service program, ascertaining a samplingcycle, connecting data and pretreating data. Simulative experiment shows that the whole system is convenient to operate high efficient, easy to expand, has better adaptability and uni versal property and establishes certa in base for realiz ing con trol system desig with many factors in gree nhouse en vir onment.Key words: Automatic con trol, Gree nhouse. Si ngle-chip microcomputer, Computer mon itori ng and con trolli ng, Fuzzy con trol一ForewordAlong with calculator technique of development, the calculator data collect a technique and control the system acquire in the production line automation Extensive of application, it is comprehensivethe calculator, data collect, the process control, n etwork com muni cati on and sketch mani festatio n etc. tech niq ue, With the in formatio n obta in, process ing, supervisi on with excelle nt turn a product ion line for purpose, have function strong, application vivid, operation squareThen etc. characteristics, have thus exte nsive of applicatio n foregro und Gal. Be close to more tha n ten in the last yearses,it F the beg inning is to the agriculture research, produce to get The area permeate and promoted tradition agriculture production control mode to calculator imitate, auto control mode change.Especially establish Agriculture of rise and glasshouse cultivati on tech nique of expa nsion, accelerati on th calculator is on the agriculture of application step[atl Iasl fttl.Together Hour control theories also along with in dustry and moder n scie nee tech nique and fly of calculator soon developme nt but experie nee from"classic con trol Theories" on e"moder n con trol theories"~"big system theories" and"intelligence control theories" one"misty control theories" Of a few stage.Misty control theories along with calculator technique of progress and on eself theories of continu ously developme nt, at not line Of, complicati ons of hard establishme nt precisi on mathematics model of in the system ge exte nsive of applicati on。

基于单片机无线遥控小车设计英文范文Wireless Remote Control Car Design Based on MicrocontrollerIntroduction:In this article, we will discuss the design of a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller. The objective of this project is to build a car that can be controlled remotely without any physical connection. This technology has become widely used in various applications, such as toy cars and industrial automation. By the end of this article, you will have a clear understanding of how to design and implement a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller.Design Components:1. Microcontroller:A crucial element in our design is the microcontroller. It serves as the brain of the car, processing signals received from the wireless remote control and controlling the various components of the car. We have chosen an Arduino board for this project due to its popularity andversatility.2. Wireless Communication Module:To establish communication between the remote control andthe car, we need a reliable wireless communication module.In our design, we will use an RF (Radio Frequency) module like NRF24L01 for its simplicity and lower power consumption.3. Motor Driver:The motor driver circuit is responsible for controlling the motors' speed and direction in response to signals from the microcontroller. We will utilize an H-Bridge motor driverL293D chip, which allows bidirectional control of DC motors.4. Motorized Wheels:A set of motorized wheels is necessary for moving the car forward, backward, left, and right. These wheels should be compatible with your chosen DC motors and providesufficient traction on different surfaces.Implementation Steps:1. Connect the RF module to both your transmitter (remote control) and receiver (car). Ensure proper power supply connections are made according to their specifications.2. Program the Arduino microcontroller with appropriate code for establishing communication with the RF module and decoding received data packets.3. Interface the motor driver circuit with Arduino to manage motor speed and direction controls effectively.4. Connect the DC motors to the motor driver circuit, ensuring a proper connection with respect to polarity.5. Assemble the wheels onto the car chassis and attach the motors securely in place.6. Power up both the transmitter and receiver, ensuring they have independent power sources.7. Test your wireless remote control car by transmitting commands from your remote control to make it move forward,backward, and change directions.Conclusion:Designing a wireless remote control car using a microcontroller provides an exciting opportunity to explore various aspects of electronics and programming. Throughthis project, you will gain hands-on experience with components like microcontrollers, wireless communication modules, motor drivers, and DC motors. This knowledge canbe extended to develop more complex robotic applications or automation systems in the future.简介：在本文中，我们将讨论使用单片机设计无线遥控小车的过程。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)中文译文基于智能汽车的智能控制研究摘要本文使用一个叫做“智能汽车” 的平台进行智能控制研究,该小车采用飞思卡尔半导体公司制造的MC9S12DG128芯片作为主要的控制单元,同时介绍了最小的智能控制系统的设计和实现智能车的自我追踪驾驶使用路径识别算法。

智能控制智能车的研究包括:提取路径信息, 自我跟踪算法实现和方向和速度控制。

下文介绍了系统中不同模块的各自实现功能,最重要部分是智能车的过程智能控制:开环控制和闭环控制的应用程序包括增量式PID 控制算法和鲁棒控制算法。

最后一步是基于智能控制系统的智能测试。

关键词:MC9S12DG128;智能控制; 开环控制; PID ;鲁棒;1 研究背景随着控制理论的提高以及信息技术的快速发展, 智能控制在我们的社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

由于嵌入式设备有小尺寸、低功耗、功能强大等优点,相信在这个领域将会有一个相对广泛的应用, 如汽车电子、航空航天、智能家居。

如果这些技术一起工作,它将会蔓延到其他领域。

为了研究嵌入式智能控制技术,“智能汽车”被选为研究平台, 并把MC9S12DG128芯片作为主控单元。

通过智能控制, 智能汽车可以自主移动, 同时跟踪的路径。

首先, 本文给读者一个总体介绍智能车辆系统的[2、3]。

然后, 根据智能车辆的智能控制:提取路径信息, 自我跟踪算法实现中, 舵机的方向和速度的控制。

它提供包括了上述四个方面的细节的智能车系统信息。

此外, 本文强调了智能车的控制过程应用程序包括开环控制、闭环增量PID 算法和鲁棒算法。

2 智能车系统的总体设计该系统采用MC9S12DG128[4]作为主芯片,以及一个CCD 传感器作为交通信息收集的传感器。

速度传感器是基于无线电型光电管的原理开发。

路径可以CCD 传感器后绘制收集的数据,并且系统计算出相应的处理。

在同时,用由电动马达速度测试模块测量的智能汽车的当前速度进行响应的系统。

英文原文DescriptionThe at89s52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes RAM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pinout. The chip combines a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel at89s52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features:• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe at89s52 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the at89s52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description:VCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When is are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs theduring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the at89s52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through adivide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access toport pin or to external memory.RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: T he entire Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except thatP3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.中文翻译描述at89s52是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机，片内含4Kbytes的快速可擦写的只读程序存储器（PEROM）和128 bytes 的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，兼容标准MCS-51产品指令系统，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和flish存储单元，功能强大at89s52单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合，可灵活应用于各种控制领域。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almostevery time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a drivingcircuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside,in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system,the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to each function module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module,photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。