PKUNMUN_2013_北大模联学术标准手册

声明：本手册内容版权归北京大学教务部所有。

未经允许，严禁任何单位和个人以商业为目的进行任何形式的复制。

否则，将追究法律责任。

北京大学本科素质教育通选课选课手册北京大学教务部2000年8月说明本科生素质教育通选课是学校2000年为深化本科教学改革，全面推进素质教育而开设的一种课程类型。

通选课面向全校本科学生开设，学生根据自己的兴趣选修。

本手册是包括通选课的有关规定、选课办法和现有通选课课程介绍。

手册的内容除印刷文本外，同学们还可以到北京大学教务部主页查询（网址是）。

通选课有关问题解答为了更好地指导同学们选课，现将同学们关心的问题解答如下：●开设通选课的目的是什么？我国现行大学本科教育的主要弊端是专业分割过细，知识结构单一，素质教育薄弱。

通选课的目的是引导学生广泛涉猎不同学科领域，拓宽知识面，学习不同学科的思想和方法，进一步打通专业，拓宽基础，强化素质。

●通选课划分为几个领域？通选课划分为五个基本领域:A、数学与自然科学B、社会科学C、哲学与心理学D、历史学E、语言文学与艺术●学校对通选课的学分有什么要求？1.2000年9月后入学的新生，毕业时应修满至少16学分的通选课。

其中，在每个领域至少选修2学分，在E领域选修至少4学分，其中必须要有1门艺术课程。

获得人文社会科学类学位的学生在A 领域课程至少选修4学分。

2.1999级学生应至少修读8学分，1998级学生应至少修读6学分，选修领域不限。

1997年级以前的学生不作具体要求，学校鼓励这些同学选修通选课。

●开设通选课后，原教学计划有何调整？原教学计划规定的总学分不变。

原文理互选课、艺术选修课学分纳入通选课学分，不再另外要求。

理科的大学语文课学分也纳入通选课学分。

●学校目前开设有多少通选课？如何选课？学校2000年秋季学期共开设31门通选课。

明年春季还有很多新课。

以后还将不断加强课程建设，丰富课程资源。

学校计划通过三年左右的建设，课程规模稳定在150－200门。

Committee SimulationIntroduction of the Dais 主席团介绍2. Roll Call 点名Moderator：Before setting the agenda，the Rapporteur will do the Roll Call in alphabetic order. Delegates，please raise your placard and answer “present”when your country’s name is called.主席：在设定议题之前，主席助理将按照字母顺序进行点名。

请听到名字的代表举起国家牌并答“到”。

Rapporteur：Afghanistan.Afghanistan：Present.Rapporteur：Afghanistan is Present.主席助理：阿富汗。

阿富汗代表：到。

主席助理：阿富汗代表到。

Moderator/Rapporteur：With__countries present，this conference is in quorum. The two-thirds majority is __, the simple majority is__. Delegates late for the Roll Call，please send a page to the Dais to notify your presence.主席或主席助理：本阶段会议共有__个国家出席，符合大会规定。

本阶段会议的三分之二多数为__，简单多数为__。

请迟到的代表向主席台传递意向条。

3.Setting of the Agenda 确定议题Moderator：Now we are going to set the agenda. Topic A is__ and Topic B is__. Are there any points or motions on the floor? China.主席：现在我们开始确定议题。

联合国森林问题论坛（UNFF）主题：以人为本，消除贫困背景指导森林问题论坛背景指导编写人员张韦伟北京大学外国语学院08级本科刘获北京大学国际关系学院09级本科陈迎新北京大学外国语学院09级本科All rights reserved. This publication should not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Organizing Committee of PKUNMUN2011.背景指导版权归北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会组委会所有，未经允许，不得以任何方式出版、引用。

12目录欢迎辞 (4)联合国森林问题论坛介绍 (7)主题介绍 (8)以人为本的森林（Forests For People ） ......................................................................... 8 生计（Livelihood ） .......................................................................................................... 8 消除贫困（Poverty Eradication ） .. (8)以社区为基础的森林管理（Community-based forest management ） (9)1. 社区概念的界定 (9)2. 社区林业管理定义 .................................................................................................... 103.社区林业资源管理内容 ......................................................................................... 10 4.以社区为基础的森林管理的发展历程 ................................................................. 12 5.社区林业管理开展实例 ......................................................................................... 13 6.以社区为基础的森林管理的意义 ......................................................................... 15 7. 社区林业管理面临的挑战 ..................................................................................... 16 林地土著和居民的社会发展（Social development and indigenous and otherlocal and forest-dependent communities ） (17)1.土著人民概况 ......................................................................................................... 17 2.土著人民居住地区森林状况 ................................................................................. 18 3. 影响林地土著和居民社会发展的症结 .. (19)相关的社会文化问题（Social and cultural aspects ） ..................................... 21 1. 消除贫困过程中对土著文化的破坏 (21)2. 消除贫困过程中对森林本土知识破坏 (22)3. 消除贫困过程中对生态平衡的破坏 (23)4. 改善林地管理过程中除国家与社区以外新的力量的介入 (24)5其他相关弱势群体 ................................................................................................. 25 部分国际组织已经采取的行动 .. (26)1. 世界银行 .................................................................................................................. 262.联合国粮食与农业组织 ......................................................................................... 26 3. 联合国开发计划署 . (27)国际社会已经采取的行动 (27)1. 北美洲 (27)2. 大洋洲 (28)33.非洲 ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.南美洲 ..................................................................................................................... 29 5. 欧洲 . (30)6. 亚洲和太平洋地区 (31)有关撰写文件的建议 (31)1. 自愿性报告 (31)2. 会议文件 (31)值得思考的问题 (32)第一点： ......................................................................................................................... 32 第二点： ......................................................................................................................... 32 第三点： . (32)参考网络资源 (33)参考书籍资源 (33)4欢迎辞尊敬的各位代表：欢迎你们参加2011年北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会，这里是联合国森林问题论坛。

序言BBS是Bulletin Board System的缩写，是上世纪末兴起的在线分享信息、交流平台。

北大未名BBS是北京大学的官方BBS，是北大学生最大的信息、交流平台。

自2000年正式运行起，未名已经陪伴北大走过了十个年头，成为了北大生活乃至北大文化不可分离的一部分。

未名共有近千个版面，分为BBS系统、北京大学、乡情校谊、学术研讨、计算机网络、人文艺术、休闲娱乐、情感交流、三角地、体育修身、俱乐部、社团团体、组织机构、课程、未名新区和校务特区十六个分区，涵盖了绝大部分校内外信息的发布和话题的交流。

无论是学业还是兴趣，生活还是发展，都能在未名找到相应的信息、话题和圈子。

未名的网友以北大师生为主，其修养、素质、知识水平在国内可称翘楚，三人行必有我师，未名大有开阔眼界、陶冶情操的裨益；北大生活个方面所需信息均可从未名获得，学校各机构直接在BBS和同学交流、答疑，未名亦是北大生活不可或缺的一部分。

作为一个BBS站点，未名和公众网上常见的论坛有着不同的web界面，以及方便快捷的term界面。

未名的帖子包括版面文章和精华区文章两类，在版面显示的是当下最新的讨论，而文章被收入精华区则可以更好地组织、保存。

除了浏览、参与版面讨论之外，未名还为网友准备了展现自己个性的文集和blog，并且正在开发崭新的聊天、微博等功能。

希望我们能为您提供满意的用户体验，也欢迎对未名的用户体验和界面提出您的意见。

虽然只是一个网站，未名BBS却在逐步尝试参与北大的实体事务，将网络的现实更好地连接起来。

我们参与北大新年晚会、毕业生晚会、十佳歌手大赛，我们举办版衫设计大赛、站庆活动，我们即将组建校园活动小组，利用未名BBS的平台参与校园文化建设。

未名期待每个有思想有活力有热情的新人的加入！未名湖是一片海洋，欢迎每一滴思想的飞扬！——by BrianTang第一部分：未名BBS 入门未名BBS 的域名是https:///,也可以 从北大主页( /)上点击“未名BBS”的链接进入北大未名BBS 。

如何参加北大模联[ 2008-10-07 23:19:43 ]北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会(PKUNMUN)是面向全中国高中生的最高水平模拟联合国会议，旨在通过会议的形式进一步推动模拟联合国活动的普及与开展。

大会于每年3月在北京大学举行，会期为3-4天。

从2008年起，每年会议将安排约560名学生代表及120名教师参加。

由于参会名额有限，大会组委会将在每年申请参会的学校中进行选拔，在会议开始前5个月确定参会学校名单及各学校参会名额，并安排教师会议。

具体申请流程及选拔办法如下：1．参会形式：PKUNMUN只接受学校团体报名，不接受学生个人报名。

每所参会学校报名人数为5人或10人，其中首次参会的学校只能申请5人代表团。

此外，每所学校代表团须有一位或两位带队教师，教师须参加每年10月在北京大学举行的教师培训会议，并在来年三月带领学生参加正式会议。

2．申请办法：PKUNMUN采取会员制政策，有意参加北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会的学校须首先成为PKUNMUN会员，之后即可参加参会学校选拔的流程。

曾经参加过往届会议的学校以及曾经报名参加过会议但未能通过选拔的学校自动成为PKUNMUN会员，目前共有112所学校为PKUNMUN会员。

此前从未参加或申请参加过PKUNMUN会议的学校，需按照以下流程进行申请：-会员资格：具有模拟联合国活动基础或对模拟联合国活动感兴趣的中国大陆、香港、澳门、台湾地区的高中学校均有资格加入成为会员；-申请材料：请提交一份学校情况介绍，并提交一份该校模拟联合国活动汇报，无固定格式要求，WORD版。

-申请方式：请将上述材料发送至组委会邮箱：contact.pkunmun@3．参会学校选拔办法：组委会将于每年4月开始进行第二年会议参会学校的选拔工作，并将于当年9月公布所有参会学校名单。

所有PKUNMUN会员学校均可申请参加选拔，为进一步促进模拟联合国活动在各地区的普及，大会每年将保留10%—15%的名额分配给首次申请参会的学校。

I am a MUNer！（北大模联后记）·会议前穿上正装，将自己那双极不情愿的脚塞进了高跟鞋，任它们在鞋子里尖叫抗议。

最后一次在镜子前审视自己并缓缓地深呼吸，默默地告诉自己：我是个外交官，我要为我们毛里塔尼亚的利益而奔波！（用手机前面的自拍摄像头照的，有点模糊……）·会议进行时对于习惯了一中模联进程的我们来说，第一个分组会议的迅速入题让我们有些措手不及，甚至有些手忙脚乱，还好立即让自己进入了状态。

在开会的过程中，我们认识到参会的真正目的不在于你多发几次言，而在于你是否尽了自己最大的努力并在合理的范围内为本国争取利益的最大化，同时我们也在其他代表的出色表现下感受到了这一切的艰难。

由我们自己创立的一个非洲国家与阿拉伯国家的联盟刚刚有了雏形却因种种原因而破裂，想起当时激动地在会场上为我们的联盟而奔波的过程就觉得很惋惜、很无奈。

但我们依旧积极地寻找并融入其他国家集团并共同书写了决议草案，虽然答应把非洲国家的利益书写进去，但在后来的写作过程中我们一直处于被动地位，成为这几天的一大遗憾，从而我们也真正地意识到了国家的贫穷弱小对于国际地位的影响，我的同伴感叹，真所谓“弱国无外交”啊！（图为会议中照的国家牌，前面是与其他传的意向条，意向条也是模联中很重要的一部分~）会议中有一个特殊的插曲——日本代表动议为地震中丧生的人们进行哀悼，这更是让我们感受到了一种国际精神，如果我们对于国际事务的关心，对人权的呼吁，对和平美好世界的向往都仅仅局限于模联中理论的层面，那么我们就无法实践在模联会场里自己津津乐道的事，就完全与模联的精神相悖。

因为漠不关心是对人道主义精神的玷污，而幸灾乐祸则是对人道主义精神的践踏，是模联让我们与世界同步心跳，让我们共同为日本而祈祷。

（图为地球村是日本展台的一部分）·地球村代表一中参加模联的最大亮点在于地球村的出色表现，我们用塑料泡沫、沙子、骆驼玩具、颜料等等模拟了一个西非沿海沙漠国家的风情，旁边的喷绘作品以及照片墙都做了详细介绍。

北京大学模拟联合国协会简介“模拟联合国”是世界各国官方和民间团体特意为青年人组织的活动。

青年学生们扮演各个国家的外交官，以联合国大会的形式，通过阐述观点、政策辩论、投票表决、做出决议等亲身经历，熟悉联合国的运作方式，了解世界发生的大事对他们未来的影响，了解自身在未来可以发挥的作用。

模拟联合国发源于美国，具有50多年的历史，吸引了全球总200,000高中生和大学生，每年全球举办近400个模拟联合国会议，遍及五大洲35个国家……2001年3月，北京大学成立了国内首家模拟联合国社团。

7年多来，我们成功举办了PKUNMUN（全国中学生模拟联合国大会），AIMUN（国际大学生模拟联合国大会），并多次派团到其它国家参加模联活动，包括哈佛世界模联，全美模联，欧洲国际模联，日内瓦模联等，足迹遍及9个国家和地区，并将拓展日本和俄国项目。

在校内外多次外事活动中均有出色表现，接待了多位各国首脑和重要官员，组织参与了大使论坛和北京论坛。

北京大学模拟联合国期待着你的加入，续写辉煌～协会结构PKUMUNPKUNMUAIMUN招新计划PKUNMUN（全国中学生模拟联合国大会）Dais members(主席团成员)：6----8名AIMUN（国际大学生模拟联合国大会）Public relation officers(公关干事)： 2名Dais members(主席团成员)：无具体限制。

其中包括一名中文委员会的成员。

Departments(协会骨干)Administration department(行政部)：2名技术助理（IT技术，重图文信息处理）Project department(项目拓展部)：3名助理Technology department(技术部)：3名助理（IT技术，重网站图文信息处理）Academic department(学术部)：3名干事（理科生优先）对一些职位的职责阐述：主席团：一个委员会的主席团通常由一名Director和几名Assistant Directors组成。

会议着装与会代表在会议期间必须严格按照以下要求进行着装。

会议工作人员有权要求不符合着装标准的代表离场。

男士：西装套装、衬衫、领带、皮鞋；女士：西装套装或裙装、衬衫、皮鞋。

着装要求：以整洁、庄重、大方为标准，在会场之内不得脱鞋或戴帽，不得穿牛仔裤或运动鞋。

考虑到天气炎热，建议代表准备短袖衬衫。

正式会议期间，如一些国家的代表需身着民族服饰出席会议，需要严格按照正式场合国际礼仪搭配着装。

地球村活动时，代表们可以身着便装或民族服装；除地球村活动外，本次会议的全部活动要求代表着正装出席。

CONFERENCE DESCRIPTIONFORMAL DEBATEDuring the formal debate, delegates have the opportunity to share their views with the entire committee. In the formal debate, delegates make speeches, answer questions, and introduce and debate resolutions and amendments. The rules of procedure are in force during the formal debate, and serve to expedite this process.The primary medium through which debate occurs in the formal debate is the Speakers List. Delegates can ask the Chair to be placed on a posted list of speakers. The Chair of the committee will then call on the delegates on the Speakers List sequentially (in the order they were placed on the list). This debate can be interrupted either by caucuses (see below) or through points or motions on the floor. A full explanation of all points or motions is included later in this document.UNMODERATED CAUCUSDuring the formal debate, delegates may motion for an unmoderated caucus of a fixed period of time. The caucus serves as a temporary suspension of the rules of procedure and the formal debate. During this time, delegates can meet informally with one another and the committee staff to discuss working papers, draft resolutions, amendments, and other relevant issues. Often a great deal of resolution writing and compromise is accomplished during caucuses, and delegates are encouraged to use the entire duration of the unmoderated caucus to the best of their advantage. (English is encouraged)A motion for an unmoderated caucus is in order at any time when the floor is open, prior to closure of debate. Support from the majority of members is required for passage. Take note that the Chair may rule the motion out of order, and this decision is not subject to appeal.MODERATED CAUCUSThe purpose of the moderated caucus is to facilitate substantive debate at critical junctures in the discussion. Delegates can also motion for moderated caucuses on specific topics to focus the debate of the committee on issues that they feel are of particular relevance. When a motion for moderated caucus is passed, the committee moves away from the speakers list and delegates raise their placards to be recognized to speak immediately. Once delegates make their remarks, they sit and others raise their placards. The Chair continues to recognize speakers in this manner for the duration of the caucus. Delegates address committee members for a predetermined amount of time.A motion for a moderated caucus is in order at any time when the floor is open, prior to closure of debate. The delegate making the motion must briefly explain its purpose and specify a time limit for the caucus well as the time limit of each individual speech. Once raised, the motion will be voted on immediately, with a majority required for passage. The Chair may rule the motion out of order, and the decision is not subject to appeal.WORKING PAPERWorking papers serve as a point of reference for discussion in the committee by putting abstract ideas into a concrete, written form (please see the sample provided below). Working papers are usually short proposals on one or more aspects of the problem under discussion, and serve as a way of breaking down an issue into manageable units. With the approval of the Director, working papers are copied so that the committee’s delegates can learn about the positions and interests of other delegates. As the committee’s work progresses, new points and ideas should be put into new working papers. Amendments cannot be made to working papers. Subsequent working papers must contain ideas that do not appear on any previous or concurrent working papers. Working papers should help advance the committee’s work, not duplicate it. This means that once a variety of proposals and viewpoints are introduced, the committee should begin to formulate the working papers into comprehensive resolutions.Delegates should be aware that working papers are not “mini-resolutions,” in that they do not need to be in any specific format and do not need to cover all the issues raised in the background guide. Additionally, ideas do not have to appear in working papers before they can become resolutions. That said, working papers do provide a very useful tool for getting the entire committee’s feedback on specific ideas before presenting them as formal resolutions.RESOLUTIONSThe final results of discussion writing and negotiation are resolutions — a committee’s writtensuggestions for addressing a specific problem or issue. Draft resolutions are all resolutions that haven’t been yet voted on. (see the sample draft resolution included in this guide). Each resolution should deal specifically with the topic area currently under discussion by the committee. The following criteria must be met before a resolution can be introduced to the committee:z The points set out in the “Recommendations for Formulating a Resolution” section of the background guide as well as any other points that have been raised in the course of debate should be addressed generally.z It must be well-written, concise and substantive, and be free of typographical errors.z It must have the minimum total number of sponsors and signatories countries as stipulated in the Rules of Procedure.(20% of the countries present)z It must be typed (for photocopying purposes).z It must receive the approval and signature of the Director; because the committee can pass only one resolution on each topic in our conference, delegates should expect to be asked to revise resolutions several times before they meet the Director’s standards.While the Director will not advocate a particular solution, it is his/her responsibility to ensure that the committee has fulfilled its responsibilities and adequately addressed the entire topic before it can be introduced as a resolution. Our Directors are trained to be very discriminating in accepting resolutions, and delegates should not be surprised or offended if the dais staff sends a proposal for a resolution back to the committee for revision before approving it.It is the committee’s responsibility to construct an effective resolution to handle the situation at hand. When a draft resolution is introduced, it is usually not ready for an immediate vote. Much debate, compromise, and work are involved in the formulation of a resolution that can be agreed upon by the committee. Listed below are some guidelines for good resolutions:z A good resolution should represent a technical solution to the issue. It is not enough to merely create an additional committee to discuss the problem, or to condemn or approve of this or that country. The resolution should present specific, concrete proposals to deal with the issue at hand.z The resolution should be the product of a workable compromise among the nations party to a dispute (in an antagonistic political situation), or among the competing viewpoints on how an issue should be resolved (in a cooperative problem-solving situation). This means all involved parties should agree. Any resolution dealing the situation in Israel/Palestine, for example, is meaningless if it does not meet with the approval of both Israel and the Arab community.z The compromise reached must take into account the relative power of the parties to the dispute.In the United Nations, each nation has one equal vote. But in the international community, it isa fact that some nations have more power than others. Any compromise reached must reflectthis, and cannot always be a 50-50 give and take. Other parties to the dispute must accept that any change in the situation must necessarily reflect the current state of affairs. If the status quo is unequal, it is likely that any compromise reached will also be unequal for many involved parties.DIRECTIVESDelegates may propose directives for committee consideration. A directive is a short statement proposing action that the Crisis Committee will take. More than one directive may be passed for each topic matter and directives could be amended. Total number of Sponsors and Signatories per directive shall reached 20% of the countries present before the directive is submitted to the chair. Being a signatory to a directive signifies only the desire to see the directive debated, and does not indicate approval of the directive. A sponsor may NOT be the sponsor or signatory of any other directive on the same topic matter. The format of directives is exactly similar as resolutions. However in order to immediately solve crisis, directives do not need perambulatory clauses. When a crisis happens, delegates should directly draft operative clauses, which should address detailed methods to be taken.AMENDMENTSThe amendment process is used to strengthen consensus on a resolution by allowing delegates to change certain sections of the resolution. There are two types of amendments in our conference: friendly and unfriendly.Friendly amendment: a friendly amendment is a change to the resolution that all sponsors feel is appropriate. The amendment must be signed by all the sponsors and approved by the Director. After this, the amendment is automatically incorporated in the resolution.Unfriendly amendment: an unfriendly amendment is one that one or more of the sponsors of the original draft resolution do not support. In this case, the authors of the proposed amendment must obtain the minimum number of signatories (20% of the counties present). After the appropriate number of signatures has been obtained, the Director must approve the amendment. Then, delegates could debate on it before the amendment being voted on.VOTINGThe final act in the discussion of a topic area is to vote on the resolution(s) currently on the floor (as amended). A resolution is passed if a 2/3 majority of delegates (who vote “yes” and “no”) vote “yes”. By adopting a resolution, the committee has agreed by a majority that this is the best solution to the problem currently possible. Consideration of the topic area is normally over whenone comprehensive resolution has been passed. The process is then repeated for the second topic area, time permitting.RULES OF PROCEDURE简易规则流程一、正式辩论 Formal Debate1.点名 Roll Call在这一阶段，主席助理会按国家的字母顺序依次点出国家名称，被点到的国家举起国家牌（Placard），并回答：“到（Present）”。

Academic Standard Handbookof Peking University National Model United Nations Conference for High School Students 20162016年北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会学术标准手册编订人员：刘欣羽（秘书长，北京大学经济学院2013级本科）樊仁敬（副秘书长，北京大学社会学系2013级本科）何雨辰（学术总监，北京大学元培学院2014级本科）王星程（学术总监，北京大学元培学院2014级本科）杨泽毅（学术总监，北京大学哲学系2014级本科）特别说明：“北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会”，会议名称、活动标志由北京大学所有，未经允许，不得用于与本会议无关的活动或其他商业性目的的组织或活动。

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目录前言 学术标准手册使用说明 ............................................................5 第一部分 会议规则与流程 ...............................................................6 •会议流程参考标准 .....................................................................6 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）议事规则 ......8 总 则 (8)第一章 会场和人员 (8)第二章 会议 (9)第三章 代表权利与义务 ...............................................................18 快速规则流程参考 ........................................................................20 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）议事规则示意图 ......21 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（中文）用语范例 ......22 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）议事规则 ......24 Rules and Procedures ..................................................................24 Introduction to the Staff ...............................................................24 The Process: Committee Session ......................................................26 Quick Reference Guide ..................................................................33 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）议事规则示意图 ......34 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会常规委员会（英文）用语范例 ......35 •北京大学全国中学生模拟联合国大会特殊委员会学术标准 (36)一、联合国经济社会理事会（ECOSOC ） (36)二、联合国志愿人员组织伙伴关系论坛（UNV Partnership Forum ） (38)三、世界卫生组织非洲地区委员会（WHO-RCA ） (40)四、欧洲经济区理事会（EEA Council ） (43)五、国际法庭（ICJ ） ... (47)六、联合国国际组织会议（UNCIO ） (54)第二部分会议文件 (57)一、立场文件Position Paper (57)二、工作文件Working Paper (61)三、决议草案Draft Resolution (63)四、指令草案Draft Directive (71)五、修正案Amendment (71)第三部分模拟联合国会议学术准备指南 (73)第一节准备阶段 (73)一．背景指导文件阅读指导 (73)二．资料检索指导 (76)第二节会议阶段 (86)前言 学术标准手册使用说明亲爱的各位代表：大家好！大会的《学术标准手册》（Academic Standard Handbook ）继续着自己每年一次更新的步伐。