解读《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义

王尔德童话《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义Aestheticism in Oscar Wilde’s FairyTale The Nightingale and the Rose摘要本文从形式和内容入手，探讨了王尔德《夜莺与玫瑰》童话中的唯美主义体现，从而揭示了王尔德“为艺术而艺术”，“艺术高于一切”的唯美主义价值观。

在形式上，分别从修辞、意象入手，分析了童话在文字层面上精巧华丽的美以及作者构造奇幻图画的写作技巧。

在内容上，从更深层次的讽刺、象征、人物刻画、死亡与悲剧之美以及二元对立等方面分析，表现了作者强烈的情感，对爱与艺术美的追求，对善的颂扬以及对恶的摈弃，并从中反映了艺术与当时社会现实生活的关系。

关键字：唯美主义，修辞，意象，对立ABSTRACTFrom the aspects of form and content, this thesis will analyze the embodiment of Aestheticism in Oscar Wilde‘s The Nightingale and the Rose, in order to manifest his aesthetic values of ―Art for art‘s sake‖ and ―Art is superior‖. From the aspect of form, the paper argues from rhetoric and image to analyze the writing methods to construct fantastic images and magnificent beauty on the literal level. From the aspect of content, the thesis analyzes from irony, symbol, depiction of characters, beauty of anticlimax and binary antithesis of two specific elements, expressing the authors‘intense emotion, pursuit towards art and beauty, glorification of goodness, and critique towards vice.Keywords: Aestheticism, rhetoric, image, antithesisContents1 Introduction (1)2 Previous Studies (4)3 Embodiment of Aestheticism in form (5)3.1. Beauty of rhetoric (5)3.1.1 Use of repetition (5)3.1.2 Use of antithesis (5)3.1.3 Use of synaesthesia (6)3.1.4 Use of personification (6)3.2 Beauty of image (7)3.2.1 The combination of movement and stillness (7)3.2.2 Converting between concrete and abstract images (8)4 Embod iment o f Aestheticism in co ntent (10)4.1 Beauty of rhetoric (10)4.1.1 Use of sarcasm (10)4.1.2 Use of symbol (11)4.2 Beauty of imagery (12)4.2.1 The nightingale (12)4.2.2 The student (14)4.2.3 Beauty of anticlimax (death and tragedy) (16)4.2.4 Binary antithesis of two specific elements (17)4.2.4.1 The binary antithesis of poem and reality (17)4.2.4.2 The binary antithesis of deep and shallow emotion 185 Conclusion (19)Works cited (20)1IntroductionOscar Wilde (1854—1900) is a famous dramatist, novelist and poet in the 19th century‘s England. He has a great deal of accomplishments in nearly every field of literature. His novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray, comedies Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Woman of No Importance as well as The Importance of Being Earnest all created sensation when they were published. With gifts of language, Wilde was once acclaimed by Y eats: ―I never before heard a man talking with perfect sentences, as if he had written them all overnight with labour and yet all spontaneous.‖（吴伟仁，2006）In the 19th century in England, industry developed rapidly. Following the development of industry, the principle of materialism infiltrated into every status of the society. Wilde thought that in the age he lives ―to be practical is everything‖, in his words: ―Present people‘s life has been entirely affected by business.‖As English female writer V erginia Woolf wrote in her later observation: ―Behavior of human-beings have been changed tremendously.‖（章安祺，2003)In intellectual sphere, people generally feel the shortage of culture and loss of beauty. Thus aesthetic movements developed in the universities and intellectual circles in the last decades of the 19th century. It reflected artists‘ sense of frustration and uncertainty against materialism and restrictive moral code of bourgeoisie. Because of this, artists withdrew from political and social stage, and escaped into aesthetic isolation. Wilde is the main representation of the aesthetic movement. His aesthetic opinion can be summarized as ―Art is superior.‖In detail, Wilde‘s aestheticism can be related in several aspects below: He advocates the pure artistic theory. ―Art for art‘s sake‖–Art has independent life, which is far away from the real world, not related to ethics. All excellent works of art pursue pure art effect. So, ―the only beautiful thing is that irrelevant to us.‖―Artists should neither have any purposes of utilitarianism, nor be restrained by ethics.‖He emphasizes ―the admiration of form‖ He considers that art has one highest principle, the principle of form. As he once said: ―You needn‘t have superb rationalimagination, deep satire towards life, even excited emotion.‖―Form is all you need.‖About the relationship between life and art he thought, ―Life imitates art much more than art imitates life.‖ Art is always ahead of life. It‘s not art reflecting the reality but the reality reflecting art. The real society is ugly and vulgar. Only ―beauty‖has perpetual value. ―Art is superior to life. Life is dull and disorderly. But art can satisfy our emotion need of love and resent, joy and pain.‖He believes art superior to all other things. ―In order to pursue entertainment and beauty, one can disregard and sacrifice anything.‖―Art is life itself. It is ignorant of death, which is absolute truth, ignorant of facts.‖ (Ellmann, 1988) Here art has its broaden meaning, which includes beauty entertainment and joy. Here beauty is some kind of free beauty which is sublime epicurean and irrelevant to utilitarianism; joy is not purely sensory enjoyment, but coming from life, creation and love.The fairy tale The Nightingale and the Rose is chosen from his The Happy Prince and Other Tales,1888. His another book about fairy tale is A House of Pomegranates. They are regarded as works of superior quality among the world‘s creation of fairy tales. The famous Chinese writer ZhouZuoren said that: ―The two books are purely poems…In my opinion their feature is the plentiful words and wit of spirit.‖(王开林，2002)These fairy tales extol love beauty art and kind heart, satirize selfish and cruel behavior and show sympathy to the insulted weak. ―The different elements of narration provide social satire, comedy of manners, moral allegory and a commentary on aestheticism for the cognoscenti.‖ (Varty, 2005) In The Nightingale and the Rose, the theme is also around above topics. A student wept sadly, for the reason that the girl he loved promised to dance with him if he got a red rose. But he can‘t find one in his garden. A nightingale saw and was moved by the student. Regarding him as a true lover, she decided to find a red rose for him. Disregarding some insects‘ query and sneer, she flied over the garden, from white rose-tree to yellow rose-tree, and then finally found a red rose-tree. The tree answered it wouldn‘t have any rose that year, but if she wanted a red rose she must sing all night long with her breast against a thorn. The thorn must pierce her heart and her life-blood must flow into tree. Death is a great price to pay for a red rose.But the nightingale believed love is more precious than life. Thus she did what the red rose-tree told her to do. She died and a rose as red as ruby was produced. The student discovered the red rose in his garden. He was so excited for he had never seen any rose like it. However, when he hopefully brought the rose to the girl, she refused, because she wanted to dance with the Chamberlain‘s nephew who had sent her some real jewels. Angrily the Student threw the rose and a cart-wheel went over it. He thought love silly and went back to read books again.This fairy tale praised the nightingale kind-hearted, selfless, and persevering in the pursuit of love. It also criticized the girl ungrateful superficial. Rodney Shewan claimed this fairy tale to be ―the most concise social critique‖. (Shewan, 1977) Through the whole story, Wilde‘s views of Aestheticism are manifested themselves. In the following paragraphs, I will analyze them from the aspects of form and implied meaning, to reveal how Wilde‘s Aestheticism is embodied in this fairy tale by more specific and detailed analysis on the aspects of rhetoric and imagery. Thus we can have deeper understanding of the writer, his Aestheticism and his works.2 Previous StudiesPredecessors have ever since researched this fairy tale and have already made profound achievements in some aspects.They analyzed and eulogized various kinds of beauty, from superficial level of diction and sentences to deep level of theme and emotion. They wanted to probe the inner spirit of the fairy tale, Wilde‘s individual temperament and style, and connect them to the aesthetic purpose of Wilde‘s creation and the whole social background. Wilde once wrote to a friend that the tales were ―meant partly for children, and partly for those who have kept the childlike faculties of wonder and joy, and who find in simplicity a subtle strangeness.‖(Beckon, 1970) which I think may be his main purpose to write these fairy tales. He wanted to bring people simple joy and made them ponder in the seeming simplicity.Otherwise, they also probe the usage of various writing methods, such as peculiar imagination, humorous irony combined with philosophy, and the changing of characters and readers‘emotion. Wilde‘s friend Alexander Galt Ross (1860—1927) wrote: ―One of the chief functions of the true fairy story is to excite sympathy.‖ (Beckon, 1970)Wilde is the representative of aestheticism and decadent literature. Some people criticized his aesthetic works to be decadent; while others thought him to be writer of real art and beauty. In his works, we realized the antithesis of dream and reality. He took art beauty and love as his ideal, having the sense of justice. On the other hand, he was extremely individualistic.Since a long time ago, Wilde‘s theory of ―Art for art‘s sake‖has been considered disadvantage outweighing advantage, because he overstressed literary beauty, letting the relationship between art and life upside down. Especially in the domestic art sphere, where artists paid more attention to life, their social responsibility was stressed. Aestheticism was condemned having messed people‘s course of recognizing things and induced writers into the concept of ―Form is everything.‖3 Embodiment of Aestheticism in form3.1 Beauty of rhetoricWilde is best adept at visual refined language abounding in color and sound. Rhetoric is one aspect of the beautiful language. Repetition, contrast, metaphor, personification and synaesthesia are often used in this fairy tale. The seemingly simple rhetoric has polished the fairy tale a lot.3.1.1 Use of repetitionThe rhetorical effect of sentence repetition varies with individual cases, but most writers use it to add force and emphasis to their statement.（冯翠华，1995）―Give me a red rose,‖ she cried, ―and I will sing you my sweetest song.‖（奥斯卡·王尔德，1996）This sentence appears three times in the fairy tale. It indicates the nightingale‘s eager mood to find the red rose. It was a long process. She failed to find a red one the first and second time, but didn‘t give up. She insisted on her seeking and at last achieved her expect. From the repetition we can see the hardship in finding a red rose. Facing continuous failure, the nightingale maintained a resolute and positive attitude. The repetition transfers to us a shock and more intense emotion.3.1.2 Use of antithesis(contrast)Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis. The form of the expression is very important for effect, for the force of the emphasis, whether for profundity of judgement, for humor or for satire, depends chiefly on the juxtaposition of direct opposition, of glaring contrasts.（冯翠华，1995）Wilde has used several contrast to manifest a kind of beauty that exist between two opposite things or two opposite aspects in one thing. For example, the death of the nightingale and the blossom of the red rose forms striking contrast. The exhaustion of nightingale leads to the blossom of the rose. Nightingale‘s crimsonblood dyes the rose red. As nightingale pressed closer to the thorn, ―Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) The marvelous rose grew from white to pink then to crimson. It was the nightingale who let her life-blood and energy ebbed away from her and transferred to the red rose. The red rose was the fruit of nightingale‘s death, also the bitter price of the nightingale‘s pursuit of love.3.1.3 Use of synaesthesia―the mixing of sensations; the concurrent appeal to more than one sense; the response through several senses to the stimulation of one‖（文军，1991）Wilde is good at describing a scene with various blended senses, and makes the readers as if be present at the scene.Take examples, ―It is pleasant to sit in the green wood, and to watch the Sun in his chariot of gold…Sweet is the scent of the hawthorn.‖ Here from visual sense and sense of smell Wilde described the pleasure and bright of life. The brilliant Sun with chariot of gold and the crystal Moon with chariot of pearl enhance each other‘s beauty in the sky, forming a splendid spectacle. While fragrance of flowers floats far and near, making people refreshed in mind and heart.―…blossomed a marvelous rose, petal following petal, as song followed song.‖―Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) From visual sense, sense of hearing and sense of pain, the heroic scene of nightingale‘s sacrifice reappears before readers.3.1.4 Use of personification―attributes human qualities and abilities to inanimate objects, animals, abstractions, and events.‖(Bander, 1978)Unlike in other stories, personification is widely used in this fairy tale which becomes an outstanding feature of it. Every animal and plant has been personified, from big sun and moon in the sky to little insects on the ground. Their language is lively and vivid. Each character has distinctive personality which makes the story touching. For example, the offish attitude of the Green Lizard the Butterfly and the Daisy reflects the general attitudeof the English in those years.3.2 Beauty of imageBeautiful language is an outstanding feature of this fairy tale which produces many exquisite images that constantly emerge in the fairy tale. ―An image is a literal and concrete representation of a sensory experience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses. It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated.‖(Holman & Harmon, 1986) Light and shadow, color and smell, sound and shape, quality and movement, the multitudinous image interweave with one another, constructing poetic imagery. And in these images, we can find out some special writing methods.3.2.1 The combination of movement and stillness―but passion has made his face like pale ivory, and sorrow has set her seal upon his brow.‖(奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) Sorrow is originally a kind of static state which presents itself on people‘s face. But here it comes into a movement. It climbs up on the boy‘s face. That is more vivid than just stating the fact.―And a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose‖ (ibid) Here we can feel the process how the color of the rose changes. It changes little by little from delicate to dark.―Echo bore it to her purple cavern in the hills, and woke the sleeping shepherds from their dreams. It floated through the reeds of the river, and they carried its message to the sea.‖ (ibid) Here the author describes the nightingale‘s last song with movement. Like a deliver, it fluctuates and spreads far away, and brings message and blessing to all creatures.3.2.2Converting between concrete and abstract imagesIn this fairy tale, when describing abstract things, the author likes to use some concrete images to deepen their value and impression in readers‘hearts. Otherwise, when describing concrete things, the author sometimes use abstract images to create a romantic and hazy atmosphere.For example, when describing color, the author uses concrete images a lot. They can avoid the monotony of using simple color words. White is drawn as ―pale ivory‖, ―the foam of the sea‖, ―the snow upon the mountain‖, ―pale as the mist that hangs over the river‖, ―pale as the feet of the morning, and silver as the wings of the dawn.‖Y ellow is drawn as ―the hair of the mermaiden who sits upon an amber throne‖, ―the daffodil that blooms in the meadow before the mower comes with his scythe‖ And red is drawn as ―the feet of the dove‖, ―the great fans of coral that wave and wave in the ocean-cavern‖, ―crimson like the rose of the eastern sky‖, ―crimson was the girdle of petals, and crimson as a ruby was the heart.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) When describing the value of love, the author wrote like this: ―It is more precious than emeralds, and dearer than fine opals. Pearls and pomegranates cannot buy it, nor is it set forth in the marketplace. It may not be purchased of the merchants, nor can it be weighed out in the balance for gold.‖(ibid) After comparing with concrete precious jewelry, this sentence indicates that love is priceless. It can‘t be substituted by money or material in reality.The nightingale‘s voice is described like ―water bubbling from a silver jar‖(ibid). From the concrete simile, we can feel the sweet of the voice as if we have heard the bump of water in dear silver container.When referring to the image of a true lover, the author wrote like this: ―Flame- coloured are his wings, and coloured like flame is his body. His lips are sweet as honey, and his breath is like frankincense.‖ (ibid) The image of a lover is originally hard to definite, but here the author describes it with concrete elements. Being emphasized on body lips and breath, the lover mingles with flame honey and frankincense, like an angle with wings. With the image, readers can image keen and beautiful passion in love.Moreover, Wilde also used some abstract images to describe concrete things. For instance, ―As the shadow of a rose in a water-pool, so was the rose that blossomed on the topmost spray of the Tree.‖―She swept over the garden like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed through the grove.‖ (ibid) In these two places, description of a rose turns to its shadow in a water-pool, and description of the flyingnightingale also turns to its abstract shadow. The rose becomes hazy and romantic while the nightingale‘s quick movement and slender figure is revealed thoroughly, as if both of them are living in two artful pictures.4Embodiment of Aestheticism in content Through the contrast of beauty in visual world and frightfulness in real world, Wilde has used beautiful images to embody abstract beauty in his aesthetic opinion. His purpose is definite, that he wanted art not be constrained by materialism and restrictive moral code in the society. He wanted to create a world of art, which should be imitated by the real life. He tried to rectify evils in the world with beautiful art, providing an ideal mode for people‘s life.4.1 Beauty of rhetoric4.1.1 Use of sarcasmThere is much sarcasm used in this fairy tale, from which ingeniously mirrors Wilde‘s hatred towards the money worship and gang of philistine in the English society at that time. He wants to use the ―beauty‖ of art to resist the ―ugly‖ in vulgar reality.For example, ―Why is he weeping?‖asked a little Green Lizard, as he ran past him (the student) with his tail in the air. ―Why, indeed?‖ said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam. ―Why, indeed?‖ whispered a Daisy to his neighbour, in a soft, low voice. ―He is weeping for a red rose,‖said the Nightingale. ―For a red rose?‖they cried, ―how very ridiculous!‖and the little Lizard, who was something of a cynic, laughed outright. (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996)Above is the conversation between the nightingale and other animals and plants. The Lizard represents some arrogant person. They have no sympathy towards others. Like cynics, they often laugh at others‘misfortune or disadvantage, building their happiness upon others‘ sadness. The butterfly represents one kind of people who like flattering. They don‘t judge things themselves but depend on others. The Daisy represents some coward people who have concern towards others but dare not show this concern directly.Towards the three types of people Wilde showed his sarcasm. These people are the miniature of partial people existed in the society in that era, who were foolishvulgar indifferent and snobbish. When principle of materialism infiltrated into the society, they didn‘t comprehend love and art, but doubted and criticized Wilde‘s aestheticism.The other sarcasm exists in the conversation between the student and the daughter of the Professor at the end of the story. But the girl frowned. ―I am afraid it will not go with my dress,‖she ……went into the house. (ibid) Facing the red rose which was gotten after great hardships, the girl went back on her words. Her attitude was so indifferent and merciless. She‘s a person full of vanity. What she pursuits is money and status. So she looked down upon the student and received the invitation of the Chamberlain‘s nephew who had sent her some real jewels. She‘s the representation of utilitarian people who were the targets Wilde hold displeasure and complaints in that society.4.1.2Use of symbolIn literature, a symbol is a thing that refers or suggests more than its literal meaning. Often symbols we meet in fiction are inanimate objects. In a broad literary sense, a symbol is such a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect.（钱坤强 & 袁宪军，2004）Some seemingly simple things or scenes may transfer Wilde‘s profound implication.Such as, ―But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) Here we can see, the tree of red rose has been broken by the winter, the frost and the storm. The sentence also implies cruelty of reality. It‘s like a person who has encountered adversity and numerous setbacks, depressed and feeble. This is the impediment ahead of the nightingale on her way to get the red rose. It also implies that Wilde‘s way to pursue art is not smooth. There exists much impediment, such as not understanding and critique of the sphere of intellectuals then.However, Wilde decided to insist on his proposition, even if he would sacrifice what he owned. We can see it in the fairy tale from the nightingale‘s attitude. ―Thereis a way,‖ answered the Tree; ―but it is so terrible that I dare not tell it to you.‖―Tell it to me,‖said the Nightingale, ―I am not afraid.‖(ibid) These sentences imply Wilde‘s determination. The solution is hard, while the future is rough. But in order to achieve her target, bravely and firmly, the nightingale is ready to cope with her challenge.At last the nightingale succeeded. The song she sang when she pressed her breast against the thorn symbolizes the process of passion between a couple, from ―birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl‖ to ―the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid‖ to ―flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kisses the lips of the bride‖to ―the Love that is perfected by Death, the Love that dies not in the tomb‖. (ibid) The passion experiences the process from naive to mature, from mild to beautiful and ardent.―Press closer, little Nightingale,‖ cried the Tree, ―or the Day will come before the rose is finished.‖ (ibid) It symbolizes the dark before the dawn. That time may be the most crucial moment, when the leading role will often go through the most difficult trial. And the nightingale was also experiencing her most painful moment before the rose was finished.From the beginning to the end, we can feel a kind of persistent and dauntless spirit of the nightingale, which symbolizes Wilde‘s attitude towards art. That is, regardless of hardship and impediment, be brave enough to pursue.4.2Beauty of imagerySeveral characters have appeared in the fairy tale, the nightingale the student the girl and other animals and plants which are all personified. Each of them symbolized one kind of crowd in the society at that time. From them, we can find some of Wilde‘s aesthetic opinion.4.2.1 The nightingaleThe nightingale is the protagonist of this story. Even though she is feeble in figure and energy, with extreme courage, she has done great thing for strangers that in this aspect she even overpasses those wise and strong people. We can take thenightingale as the symbol of Wilde, for they share similarity in some aspects. Wilde always eulogizes love as the eternal theme in his fairy tale. Love is also the nightingale‘s pursuit all through her life.She‘s a typical idealist. In her mind, love is the most valuable thing in the world. ―Surely Love is a wonderful thing. It is more precious than…nor can it be weighed out in the balance for gold.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996) She even sacrifices her precious life for seeking of sincere love. Love is powerful supreme and holy. It can neither be influenced by social conventions nor by fame and money in reality. ―Love is wiser than Philosophy, though she is wise, and mightier than Power, though he is mighty.‖(ibid) All these are the reflection of Wilde‘s Aestheticism, for Wilde once said ―In order to pursuit comforts and beauty, one can disregard and sacrifice everything.‖Love here is what he said comforts and beauty. However, in the era when Wilde was living ―practice is every thing‖, what people pursued was money power and status. Selfless love was not welcomed in the reality. So she was destined to have a tragic finale.She‘s warm-hearted and always ready to help others. All of these originate from her universal love to the world. She has ardent love for life, ―Life is very dear to all. It is pleasant to sit in the green wood, and to watch the Sun in his chariot of gold, and the Moon in her chariot of pearl. Sweet is the scent of the hawthorn, and sweet are the bluebells that hide in the valley, and the heather that blows on the hill.‖ (ibid) Life is happy and bright in her mind. She has ardent love for others and sympathy to the student. Though she knew the student not, she was willing to sing of him and tell his story to the stars night after night, and selflessly devoted her life in helping the student to find a red rose. Finally even though her flesh and blood exterminated, the spirit of love she having expressed was imperishable.In fact what she has done and said reflected the inner hope of herself. She wants to fulfill her own wish. For in her values, love is of the first importance. It‘s pure and lofty. It‘s the objective of her living. By helping others to obtain love, herself can also obtain inner-heart‘s satisfaction. ―she sat silent in the oak-tree, and thought about the mystery of Love.‖―Love is better than life.‖―All that I ask of you in returnis that you will be a true lover.‖ (ibid)She longed for and pursued love, regardless of some opposite features in her surrounding. In fact she just lives in the beautiful dream she made for herself. Even though the student didn‘t comprehend her intention; other animals and plants failed to understand or even sneered at the nightingale as an idealist, she never changed her mind. ―In an age of turmoil, in the horrible moment of disputes and despair, only the palace of beauty makes us forget and merry. Where shall we go if we don‘t go there?‖（王尔德，1988）Above reflected Wilde‘s aesthetic philosophy. Love symbolizes comforts and beauty, in other words, art. Her opinion that love is superior to all other things in the nightingale‘s values actually means that art is superior to all other things. It breaks away from the real life to a certain degree. For in reality, not everyone agrees with the values. Many people take material and money as their pursuit, like the daughter of the Professor. The student thought love stupid at the end of the fairy tale. Even more people can‘t comprehend it. So actually the opinion of ―Love is superior to other things‖ (ibid) just lives in the nightingale‘s mind which is her beautiful dream. ―Art has its independent life.‖―It‘s irrelevant to reality, ……‖ (ibid)4.2.2The studentHe is also a performer of Aestheticism. But at the same time he is ignorant and stubborn. He has no difference with other animals and plants. So his pursuit towards Aestheticism is destined to fail.He‘s also an idealist, because he is still dreaming of love and tortured by it. ―But with me she will not dance, for I have no red rose to give her.‖ (奥斯卡·王尔德，1996); and he flung himself down on the grass, and buried his face in his hands, and wept. He was indeed an infatuated young man.Another aspect of the student as a performer of Aestheticism is his complete dependence on books. Even when encountering problem, he expected to find solution from books. ―I have read all that the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched.‖。

摘要:作为英国唯美主义运动的倡导者,为了“艺术而艺术”是王尔德唯美主义的精髓,他追求形式完美和艺术技巧。

象征、重复、明喻、暗喻、“三段式”叙事手段等艺术技巧在王尔德童话作品《夜莺与玫瑰》中的运用,赋予了作品形象美、音乐美、色彩美等美,给读者带来了感官上的愉悦。

关键词:夜莺与玫瑰; 唯美主义; 艺术技巧; 形象美;音乐美;色彩美一唯美主义唯美主义,就是以艺术的形式美作为绝对美的一种艺术主张。

认为“美”才是艺术的精髓。

这里所说的美,是指脱离现实的技巧美。

因此,有时也将唯美主义称为“美的之上主义”。

它形成于19世纪后期出现在英国艺术和文学领域,提倡“为艺术而艺术”、一味追求形式完美和艺术技巧的唯美主义运动(AestheticMovement) [ 1 ]。

唯美主义运动的主要特征包括:追求建议性而非陈述性、追求感观享受、对象征手法的大量应用、追求事物之间的关联感应———即探求语汇、色彩和音乐之间内在的联系。

英国著名作家、诗人、戏剧家、艺术家奥斯卡·王尔德是唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者。

“维多利亚时代文学之所以伟大的部分原因就在于以王尔德为首的唯美主义文学在英国文学史上留下了浓彩重墨”。

[ 1 ]童话历来被认为是他唯美主义理论最理想的载体。

本文将从艺术技巧使用的角度解读王尔德童话作品《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义。

二《夜莺与玫瑰》中运用的艺术技巧及其中的美王尔德是形式的信奉者,无论是理论上的召唤,还是文学创作的实践,都说明形式是王尔德孜孜以求的。

王尔德唯美主义对形式( form)强烈的爱好,对形式完美和艺术技巧的追求,在童话《夜莺与玫瑰》中具体体现在丰富多彩的积极修辞在作品中的运用。

积极修辞( active rhetoric)是相对“在形式上要求‘明确’、‘通顺’、‘平匀’、‘稳密’,偏于‘记述的’”消极修辞(passive rhetoric)而言的,它“是偏于‘表现的’,‘以生动地表现生活的体验为目的的’,因而是‘具体的、体验的、情感的’。

《夜莺与玫瑰》：爱情与美的化身爱情与美的化身：《夜莺与玫瑰》“爱情不是你拥有的，而是你舍不得失去的。

”这是法国小说家圣埃克苏佩里在《小王子》中的名言，也是奥斯卡王尔德的《夜莺与玫瑰》所传达的主旨。

作为一篇现代寓言，本文将从夜莺与玫瑰的角度，探究爱情与美的化身。

作品以夜莺和学生、玫瑰和王子的爱情故事交叉展开。

夜莺为了帮助学生得到他所爱的姑娘，献出了自己的生命，而玫瑰也因为自恋而失去了爱人王子的青睐。

这两个角色涵盖了爱情中最基本的两个方面，一个是奉献，一个是自我。

在爱情中，没有一方绝对支配了对方，因为爱情是一种奉献与接纳相互的过程。

正如夜莺所言，“人类之所以不懂得爱情，那是因为他们对此视若理所当然”。

真正的爱情必须是自愿的，并包含了接受爱的人的全部，包括他们存在中的优点和缺点。

除了爱情，作品中还有美的主题，人们通常认为美是自然的产物，比如花朵、风景等。

但王尔德表达了一种不同的看法，他认为美不仅仅存在于自然之中，也可以创造出来，就如同玫瑰。

美是一个人对世界的一种感知，也是一种精神实质。

这里美代表着人类感性和创造性的表现，我们内在的特性可以通过独特的形式呈现出来。

玫瑰是自恋、傲慢和自私的化身，但她确实美丽，因为她拥有了自我的理解和表达。

这也是王尔德对美的理解，创造者需要有对自我存在的认识，才能创造出美丽的作品。

爱情与美，在《夜莺与玫瑰》中经历了许多考验，无论是夜莺还是玫瑰，他们在寻找和守护美的过程中都经历了巨大的痛苦和牺牲。

在现实生活中，很多人都面临着寻找美与受到伤害的困境。

但正是因为这些磨难，我们才会珍惜美，也会明白美不是不劳而获的，需要发掘和表达自己内心的东西。

《夜莺与玫瑰》不仅仅是一部美好的爱情故事，更是对于爱情和美的高度表达。

作品中通过夜莺和玫瑰的化身，传达了爱情和美的真正内涵：一种奉献和接纳相互交织的感情，一种对自我存在的认识和表达。

爱情与美是人类最美好的追求，也让我们变得更加完整和美好。

夜莺与玫瑰讽刺了什么
作品赞扬了爱情的可贵，讽刺了世间的拜金主义。

《夜莺与玫瑰》是英国唯美主义作家王尔德创作的童话作品之一，首次出版于1888年，收录于《快乐王子及其他故事》。

在《夜莺与玫瑰》中，作者赋予了夜莺以自己的思想，借夜莺之嘴写出了作者对真爱的追求，在夜莺做了以死换红玫瑰的决定后，作者描写了橡树的感受，表现出了橡树对夜莺的疼爱和理解，让人深刻感受到生离死别的无奈与痛苦以及朋友的有力支持。

而夜莺的最后一曲，作者将月亮拟人化，说月亮倾听夜莺的歌唱而沉溺其中忘了天明，依然挂在天空中，深刻的表现出了夜莺是在用真情在歌唱，用真心在创造红玫瑰，同时也渲染了永别的清凉之情。

生存的世俗与唯美的追求———浅析王尔德《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义艺术观凌　茜(西北师范大学　外国语学院,兰州　730020)提要:　作为英国唯美主义运动的倡导者,“为艺术而艺术”是王尔德唯美主义艺术观的精髓,他运用多种体裁的创作实践着自己的艺术主张。

本文着重从不被人们重视的王尔德童话作品《夜莺与玫瑰》的分析中,探究他的唯美主义的特征,认为在这篇童话作品中,王尔德通过虚构的故事和幻想的形象,充分表达了对真、善、美的讴歌和假、丑、恶的鞭挞。

同时,也将唯美主义的艺术观发挥到了极致。

关键词:　王尔德;《夜莺与玫瑰》;唯美主义中图分类号:　I88 文献标识码:　A 文章编号:　1003-3637(2008)04-0046-03 作为19世纪后期英国唯美主义文学运动的代表人物,王尔德的唯美主义文学观和创作成就在我国和在西方评论界一样,成为始终不衰的研究话题。

但是无论是在西方学术界,还是在我国的评论界,在对王尔德唯美主义文学观进行研究时,人们只把注意力集中在他的长篇小说《道林・格雷的肖像》和诗剧《莎乐美》等作品上,而对王尔德的童话创作的关注和研究却远远不够。

作为唯美主义运动主力的王尔德,必然会在他的所有创作中体现唯美主义的艺术观。

因此,本文着重从王尔德的童话故事《夜莺与玫瑰》的分析入手,来探究其唯美主义的人生观和艺术观。

一、王尔德唯美主义创作的时代背景19世纪中后期,是被英国史学家誉为“黄金期”的维多利亚时代。

此时,正是“产业革命”后工商业空前迅猛发展之际,物质世界发生了人们见所未见、闻所未闻的剧变,“物质至上”的拜金主义之风弥漫了大不列颠的整个社会。

社会矛盾加剧,人心浮动,社会处于大变动的前夜。

唯美主义文艺思潮正是在这个被称为“世纪末”的历史时期登上了文坛。

王尔德对于资本主义现实及艺术商品化现象极为不满。

对于科学和唯物文化教育不以为然,对传统的现实主义和新出现的自然主义文学观都持一种反对的态度。

在生活中,他对一切假仁假义、虚伪和庸俗习气感觉敏锐,对资产阶级贵族社会的精神贫乏取讽刺鄙视态度,大胆地嘲笑当时英国流行的道德的卑鄙,总之,王尔德对当时英国的现实与艺术都产生了幻灭感和危机感。

简析唯美主义思想在王尔德《夜莺与玫瑰》作者：齐俊来源：《青年文学家》2013年第30期国家级特色专业（英语）项目编号：TS12154摘要：奥斯卡·王尔德是唯美主义的代表作家，他的作品中体现了他的唯美主义思想，文章从形式和精神上分析其童话故事《夜莺与玫瑰》中唯美主义思想的体现。

关键词：王尔德；《夜莺与玫瑰》；唯美主义思想作者简介：齐俊，女，1979年生，安庆师范学院外国语学院讲师，研究方向为英语语言文学。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2013）-30-0-0219世纪后期唯美主义运动在英国的文学和艺术领域中逐渐开始兴起。

在当时唯美主义被定义为和法国象征主义同出一脉的运动，其本身在英国只是作为了其中一个巨大的分支。

在反对维多利亚风潮中其自身也作出了巨大的贡献，后浪漫主义的基本特征在唯美主义中也有所体现。

唯美主义运动中相关的作家和艺术人指出：将观感愉悦最大限度地提供给人类是艺术最根本的使命，并非是对某种道德以及情感信息的传播；以任何形式存在的说教因素都不应该存在于艺术中，艺术应该是对单纯美感的追求。

他们如痴如醉的追求艺术的“美”，认为艺术的本质便是“美”，并且提出在生活中应该模仿艺术的美。

奥斯卡·王尔德（1856-1900）就是唯美主义的代表，他的童话故事《夜莺与玫瑰》正是体现了作者的唯美主义思想。

一、王尔德思想中唯美主义的体现王尔德通过自身对唯美主义的实践为唯美主义的彰显做出了巨大的贡献，他在实践过程中对唯美主义进行了大力倡导。

仅从现实和艺术形式两者之间的关系上来看，艺术源于现实但是应该超越现实是王尔德对艺术的基本理念，同时还应该游离在人生之外。

现实中的所有都是艺术的劲敌。

实感是一切艺术坏处产生的源头。

自然是最明白的，而一旦明白之后便不能够称之为艺术。

一切不切实际不具艺术实感的艺术都是因为对现实的描写而出现的。

因此便将所有和现实生活有关的艺术都定位到了拙劣艺术范畴中，艺术的存在若能够愈加远离现实，现实的超脱便能够更加完美的实现。

美到极致美到幻灭——论《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义连菲菲康玫(河北工程大学文学院，河北邯郸056038)摘要：王尔德是19世纪唯美主义的代表人物。

本文以童话《夜莺与玫瑰》为例，从灵魂美、图画美、语言美三方面探讨其中的美学思想。

关键词：唯美主义童话矛盾性一、王尔德的唯美主义观点王尔德是19世纪英国唯美主义大师，以其剧作、诗歌、童话和小说名世。

在风流才子那颓废唯美、猖狂放浪的表面姿态下，是一颗至纯至善、永难泯灭的童心。

他所创作的童话成为世界文学宝库中的传世佳作。

王尔德推崇“为艺术而艺术”，宣称“艺术就是撒谎”。

其理论和人一样充满了叛逆精神。

他的创作无处不是智趣横生，充满真理似的悖论。

而其矛盾性是与当时的社会背景不无关系。

19世纪末期的英国，充满矛盾和痛苦。

垂死而疯狂的政治高压和空前突破的科学进步，对传统的生活结构和秩序产生了双重冲击。

到处弥漫着一种世纪末的悲哀，文化知识界人士普遍处于一种焦灼和混乱的心态之中．他们一方面感受到了资产阶级的腐朽、庸俗，另一方面又找不到拯救时代和解脱自己的出路。

王尔德正是在这样的社会生存环境中将唯美主义作为自己反叛现实和正统思想、对抗资产阶级庸俗人生的旗帜。

但他为解决世纪末的社会危机和精神危机开出了一个近乎天真的药方．就是把“改造社会的理想寄托于所谓美的追求。

以‘装饰美’来唤起人们对美的向往．以‘艺术美’来批判社会。

影响人生。

”而童话以其纯美独异的自由幻想的文体特征，为他张扬唯美主义文艺主张提供了最为理想的实验基地。

本文以《夜莺与玫瑰》为例，探讨其中的唯美主义。

二、《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义《夜莺与玫瑰》出自《快乐王子及其它童话故事》，文中的夜莺为了达成一个穷学生的爱情愿望不惜牺牲自己，利用自己的鲜血染红玫瑰，而玫瑰却终为无情人所弃，任由车轮从它身上碾过。

本文从灵魂美、图画美、语言美三方面进行分析。

{1．灵魂美《夜莺与玫瑰》中的玫瑰与青年学生和女孩形成强烈的对比，表现出美与丑、高尚与卑劣的对立。

《夜莺与玫瑰》中“唯美色彩”的艺术构成色彩的角度分析夜莺与玫瑰王尔德全名奥斯卡・王尔德,是19世纪英国著名的剧作家、散文家、诗人和英国唯美主义艺术运动的实践者,是“为艺术而艺术”的倡导者。

王尔德生于爱尔兰都柏林的一个家世卓越的家庭,是家中的次子,他的父亲威廉姆・怀尔德爵士是一个外科医生,母亲是一位诗人与作家。

王尔德自都柏林圣三一学院毕业后,获得奖学金,于1874年进入牛津大学莫德林学院学习。

在牛津,王尔德受到了沃尔特・佩特及约翰・拉斯金的审美观念影响,并接触了新黑格尔派哲学、达尔文进化论和拉斐尔前派的作品,这为他之后成为唯美主义先锋作家确立了方向。

在都柏林圣三一学院读书期间,他阅读了大量的古典文学作品,再加上本身才华出众,很快就在文学上获得了巨大成功。

虽然他主要以写作成人小说作家而著称,但他的早期作品中有两本童话集:《快乐王子故事集》和《石榴之家》已载入英国儿童文学史册。

《夜莺与攻瑰》就出自他的《快乐王子故事集》,它讲述了夜莺为了实现一个穷学生的爱情愿望而不惜牺牲自己,利用自己的鲜血换来冬日里火红的玫瑰,而玫瑰最终为无情学生所弃的故事。

第一次读完《夜莺与玫瑰》的时候,我很难平静。

这篇童话呈现给人滴血的美丽。

这美丽是那样的残酷,在你的心为它的美而震颤的同时,却又不能不为深入骨髓的刺痛而抽搐。

在明净的月光下,夜莺在歌唱,还有那盛开的红艳艳的玫瑰,这一切是多么富有诗意;而那玫瑰却是那只刺穿心脏的歌唱真爱的夜莺用血换来的。

夜莺用生命赋予了那只红玫瑰无与伦比的价值,而它却被喜欢“好长的拉丁名字”与“满是尘土的大书”的大学生以及崇拜权势和珠宝的少女丢弃在阴沟里。

一个动人却令人心酸的故事!《夜莺与玫瑰》虽然简短,但寓意深刻,文章处处折射出王尔德的唯美主义文学观。

唯美主义是19世纪末流行于西欧的资产阶级文艺思潮。

所谓“唯美主义”,就是以艺术的形式美作为绝对美的一种艺术主张。

这里所说的“美”,是指脱离现实的技巧美。

外国文学总第期MangZhongLiterature437《夜莺与玫瑰》中唯美主义的现代价值◎郑月波(河北经贸大学外国语学院，河北石家庄050061)唯美主义始于19世纪中后期的欧洲，是当时一些评论家、艺术家等掀起的旨在对抗中产阶级对于艺术的摧残，捍卫艺术的超然价值和独立性的文化运动。

英国作家奥斯卡·王尔德便是这一唯美主义运动的杰出代表，他以创作戏剧、小说、诗歌、短篇小说、童话故事和文艺评论为实践，宣扬其唯美主义艺术主张，和虚伪的资产阶级及腐朽的社会现实抗争。

《夜莺与玫瑰》是王尔德童话集中比较有代表性的一篇，以其内容和形式上的简单与精神和实质上的深刻这一特点吸引了中外无数读者，也引得无数专家学者对其从各方面进行解读，尤其是其唯美主义文艺观。

《夜莺与玫瑰》中所表现出来的唯美主义，无论从艺术形式还是精神内涵层面对艺术的创作和定位都有着重要的现代价值，王尔德的唯美主义文艺观可见一斑。

一、王尔德唯美主义文艺观综述(一)时代背景19世纪中后期，英国处于产业革命高潮和工业空前发展的时期，在这一社会大背景下人们的物质第一、金钱至上的价值观渗透到社会的每个领域和阶层。

艺术领域也没有逃脱掉拜金之风的侵袭，艺术已经不再是纯粹的艺术，而被看做用来交易的商品。

这种把艺术商品化和功利化的社会现象、普通民众的市侩嘴脸、资产阶级虚伪丑恶的道德表现、人心的躁动以及加剧了的社会矛盾愈演愈烈，艺术领域迫切需要一面纯艺术的大旗指引艺术家们摆脱自然和社会现实的束缚与摧残，捍卫艺术的至高无上地位，唯美主义便应时而生。

1871年，获得奖学金的王尔德进入都柏林三一学院学习。

在这里他受到希腊文化思想的熏陶，而希腊正是唯美主义精神所主张的纯粹的形式和至高的精神的萌芽地。

1874年，他进入牛津大学迈格德林学院学习。

在这里他受到文艺评论家佩特和拉斯金二人唯美主义的影响，并接触了先拉斐尔派运动精神和新黑格尔派哲学等方面的作品，这些都为他之后成为唯美主义的领军人物奠定了坚实基础。

纯粹与极致：《夜莺与玫瑰》折射出的王尔德的唯美主义摘要：作为唯美主义集大成者的王尔德，其美学观念以其强烈的反抗性和保持艺术独立的纯洁性而一直为世关注。

《夜莺与玫瑰》与寻常的童话不同，作为王尔德杰出的代表作，它创造了复杂的美感和难以言喻的震撼。

本文着力于通过分析王尔德的唯美主义呼吁人们内心对美的追求，弘扬真善美的社会价值观。

关键词：王尔德；唯美主义；《夜莺与玫瑰》唯美主义是19世纪末西欧兴起的一种资产阶级文学思潮，主要流行于维多利亚时代末期的英国，并持续了近半个世纪。

唯美主义认为艺术是用纯粹的形象和令人愉悦的作品来反映不真实的、完全不存在的事物。

艺术先于生活，生活模仿艺术。

深入研究王尔德的唯美主义可以给我国现代文学发展带来新鲜生命力与思想活力,推动了我国现代文学表达形式和审美方式的多元化。

一、《夜莺与玫瑰》中的艺术之美《夜莺与玫瑰》是最能体现王尔德文学风格的代表作之一。

其极致的艺术美主要表现为：1、细腻的字词美王尔德笃爱纯粹的文字，注重文字的节奏和语感。

在《夜莺与玫瑰》的描述中，王尔德利用诗性的语言和韵调将故事叙说得绝伦超群，比如“The white moon heard it, and she forgot the dawn, and lingered in the sky. The red rose heard it, and it trembled all over with ecstasy, and opened its petals to the cold morning air.” 这句描述将毫无生气的月亮拟人化，将静息的自然风景动态化，使读者可以在诗化的语言中感受到明月的细腻感，黎明的仓促感及凌晨时分的凄凉感。

英语词汇的多样性是有局限的。

而王尔德根据唯美主义和自己的诗歌创作经验，时时注重词汇的选配、句式的韵律和语言的节律，创造出细腻且极致的字词美。

2、丰富的意象美象征是指运用客观存在的实事和具象，以引导暗示的方式激起读者的遐想，使其理解文学作品的内在底蕴。

《夜莺与玫瑰》：美的魅力与无情"夜莺与玫瑰"是奥斯卡·王尔德的一部短篇小说，通过夜莺和玫瑰之间的爱情故事，探讨了美的魅力与无情的主题。

本文将从夜莺的牺牲、玫瑰的冷漠以及美的价值等方面展开论述。

在故事中，夜莺为了帮助学生取得心爱女孩的花束，奉献出了自己的生命。

夜莺用自己的歌声感动了玫瑰，并希望她开出红色的花朵来。

然而，玫瑰却因为没有红色花瓣无法得到男孩的青睐。

虽然夜莺知道自己的牺牲是徒劳的，但她仍然付出了全部努力。

这展示了夜莺对美的魅力的追求和无私的奉献精神。

与夜莺不同，玫瑰却表现出了冷漠无情的态度。

当夜莺问她为什么不开出红色花瓣时，玫瑰理直气壮地回答说：“我不需要红色花瓣，因为我不相信爱情。

”这种无情的回答表明玫瑰追求美的过程中，并没有真正理解或珍惜夜莺的牺牲。

她的冷漠反映了人们对于美的追求可能带来的无情和冷漠。

夜莺和玫瑰之间的冲突也使我们思考美的价值。

夜莺的努力和牺牲体现了美的追求的价值和意义。

然而，玫瑰的无情和冷漠则让我们反思美是否真的具有无限价值。

夜莺的牺牲是否值得，美是否可以超越现实中的无情和冷漠，这些问题都与美的价值紧密相关。

夜莺在故事中最终以生命为代价实现了她的愿望，让玫瑰开出了红色花瓣。

然而，除了夜莺之外，再没有其他人意识到她的牺牲。

这也引发了对美是否能够被理解和感悟的思考。

夜莺的努力和牺牲，虽然没有被理解，但她仍然以美的形式存在着。

正是由于夜莺和玫瑰之间的爱情故事，展现了美的魅力与无情之间的冲突。

夜莺的奉献和玫瑰的冷漠，使我们思考了美的价值和意义。

美并非总能得到应有的理解和感悟，但它仍然以无形的方式存在于世间。

正如王尔德所言：“美是自由的；只有有自由意识和自由活动的人，才能创造美。

”无论是夜莺的牺牲还是玫瑰的冷漠，都在不同角度上诠释了美的概念。

总而言之，“夜莺与玫瑰”这个故事通过夜莺和玫瑰的爱情故事，展现了美的追求与无情之间的冲突。

夜莺的奉献精神和牺牲，以及玫瑰的冷漠无情，引发了对美的价值、意义和理解能力的思考。

《夜莺与玫瑰》中的象征意义解析《夜莺与玫瑰》是莫泊桑的短篇小说，讲述了两个象征爱情的故事。

他们分别代表着美好与丑恶，而这些正是当时资本主义社会中人类最真实的写照。

《夜莺与玫瑰》整体风格轻松明快，语言流畅清新，虽然没有很高的艺术价值，但它通过对比鲜明、极富表现力的描写，将当时的法国社会刻画得淋漓尽致。

同时，也反映出当时的社会状况和当时法国上流社会人们之间虚伪冷漠的关系。

莫泊桑写《夜莺与玫瑰》是受到了法国作家福楼拜在《包法利夫人》中用夜莺象征女性的启发，那么莫泊桑为什么用夜莺来象征女性呢？又为什么用玫瑰花呢？梅森作为一名医生，深知“人心难测”的道理。

他无意中碰见了妓女迪蒂斯，被她天使般纯洁的心灵打动，于是有意接近她，并向她求婚，娶了她。

迪蒂斯婚后为梅森生了两个儿子，可是生活并不幸福。

丈夫不爱她，并经常虐待她。

一天晚上，丈夫对她拳脚相加，直到把她打死为止。

梅森闻讯赶来，亲手埋葬了迪蒂斯。

回家后，他听见孩子们在呻吟，但没有看见迪蒂斯的尸体。

梅森十分悲痛，像失去了一件珍贵的东西。

从此，他再也不愿去嫖娼。

他经常对妻子和孩子们讲：“每个人都有他的价值所在，每个人都要死。

你母亲有她的价值所在，她有不死的原因。

”现代人类从社会发展进程中一步一步走来，身上背负着一层一层的包袱。

于是，许多人都已不再单纯，不再简单。

不再清楚自己需要什么。

追求的是什么。

但总有那么一部分人仍在坚持着。

而莫泊桑则坚持着不变的信念——爱，并用轻松欢乐的方式宣扬爱。

在文章中，夜莺的优雅高贵，玫瑰花的娇艳欲滴，正是当时法国社会中的资产阶级生活的典型写照。

夜莺高贵优雅，给人留下完美印象；玫瑰花妩媚动人，为人们带来惊喜，他们分别代表着当时的资产阶级与劳动人民。

我们不仅要从文章的艺术上学习，更要透过现象看本质。

莫泊桑的这篇文章采用两种艺术手法相结合的方式，以充满诗意的语言表达形式和讽刺、幽默的小说技巧展现当时资本主义社会中丑陋的现象。

同时揭露资本主义社会中人们对金钱的崇拜与庸俗的生活态度。

阅读《夜莺与玫瑰》：对美好的追求与终结在奥斯卡王牌作家奥斯卡·王尔德的短篇小说《夜莺与玫瑰》中，我们看到了对美好的不懈追求与悲伤的终结。

故事背景设定在一个繁华的城市里，主人公是一位贫穷的学生，他深爱着城市里最美丽的姑娘，但她却不给他任何机会，除非他能够给她一支真正的红色玫瑰和歌唱给她的夜莺。

学生不断地向花园里的玫瑰树求情，但是每一朵玫瑰都告诉他它们的颜色不够红或者夜莺不在这里唱歌了。

绝望之余，学生遇到了一只夜莺。

夜莺愿意帮助学生唱出最美妙的歌声，并为他凝聚出最红色的玫瑰。

但是，夜莺必须用自己的生命换取这一切。

在这个故事中，夜莺的牺牲为这个城市里的美好和浪漫奠定了一个完美的基调。

夜莺的牺牲为学生的情感提供了一个彻底的表示。

夜莺代表了热情与爱情的力量，但她的死亡暴露了美好和理想所遭受的残酷和破灭。

故事中出现的所有人物都追求了它们版本中的美好，但是他们都体会到了美好的终结。

城市里的姑娘追求着珠光宝气和华丽，而学生则期待着真正的爱，夜莺则力图寻求真理和美好。

然而，他们每个人都在不同的时刻意识到自己追求的美好是虚幻和不切实际的。

这个故事的主题是人类永恒的梦想和追求：爱、真理和美好。

然而，这个故事也揭示了这些理想的终结和悲惨。

这是一个复杂的、启迪性的故事，既简单又生动地诠释了我们对美好和理想的向往，同时为我们展示了这些理想的终结时刻。

这个故事非常适合年轻人或者新手读者。

它是一个快速的、情感上的故事，其中存在着明显的意义和复杂的主题，既有哲学，又有情感，没有不恰当的语言或场景。

作为一位读者，我强烈推荐这个故事，即使您已经读过它。

再一次读到这个故事也会让人们对永恒的美好和终结更有深刻的理解。

解读奥斯卡·王尔德童话《夜莺与玫瑰》的美学内涵邱晓蓉19世纪的英国著名剧作家、散文家、诗人奥斯卡·王尔德是一个唯美主义者，他一生都在追求至高至尚的理想主义。

坎坷的人生经历也没能改变他的初衷，他一如既往的“为艺术而艺术”进行艺术创作。

他的童话《夜莺与玫瑰》就是其追求理想爱情的见证，遗憾的是一曲爱情悲歌。

作品以深刻的主题揭示了世人践踏、蹂躏美丽崇高的爱情之花，以诸多纯美的意象反衬当时社会的黑暗、腐朽、没落，以诗化的艺术语言叙述了一曲爱的颂歌，以戏剧化的故事情节撼动了世人肮脏的灵魂。

作品充满着艺术之美、思想之美、精神璀璨之美。

作品文学意蕴丰厚，思想内涵丰富，哲理深刻、发人深思，具有很高的艺术价值和审美价值。

一、崇高的爱情之美作为唯美主义的爱情就是那种超越金钱名利、权势地位、相貌等任何物质的爱情，这种至高无上的纯美爱情可以牺牲自己的生命去捍卫，这种崇高纯洁的爱情观在《夜莺与玫瑰》中得以充分体现。

与之相对的爱情观在童话《夜莺与玫瑰》中还有爱情无用论，那个所谓懂得爱情的年轻大学生在一次恋爱失败后，甚至就绝望地认为爱情不如虚伪缥缈的哲学有用，认为爱情是愚蠢的。

还有人认为爱情是有力量的，夜莺在决定为纯美的爱情献身之前告诉那个大学生说：“我唯一想要你报答的是，你必须要做一个真正的恋人。

因为尽管哲学很聪明，爱情比它更聪明；虽然权力很强大，但爱情比它更强大。

”作为珍视爱情的夜莺，她认为“爱情是美妙的，它比绿宝石还要珍贵，比上好的猫眼石还要难得。

珍珠和石榴都换不来它，市场上也不出售它。

它不能从商人那里购得，也不能用黄金来衡量”。

作为唯美主义者的王尔德一直歌颂赞美着纯真至善的爱情，他歌唱着那种因死亡而完美的爱，他歌唱那种在坟墓中不朽的爱情。

这种感人至深的爱情超越了功利，超越了道德，超越了生死。

这种纯美的爱情也超越了美，升华了美，这种美是玲珑剔透的、空灵的、璀璨的。

《夜莺与玫瑰》中的夜莺是爱情的化身，也是唯美主义理想者的化身。

夜莺对玫瑰的唯美追求作者：姜卓林来源：《青年文学家》2014年第02期摘要：奥斯卡·王尔德是英国19世纪末唯美主义运动的代表人物，是唯美主义理论的倡导者，也是唯美主义理论的实践者。

他宣扬“为艺术而艺术”的唯美主义思想，一生中运用多种题材的创作实现着自己的主张。

《夜莺与玫瑰》充分表现了王尔德多唯美主义的执著追求，在此作品中从文字层面、创作手法和思想内涵上所体现的唯美主义思想尤为明显。

更加具体的展现了王尔德“为艺术而艺术”的唯美主义追求。

关键词：《夜莺与玫瑰》；奥斯卡·王尔德；唯美主义作者简介：姜卓林（1985-），男，吉林梅河口人，吉林大学公共外语教育学院2011级硕士研究生，曾任吉林师范大学博达学院英语教师，从事英语教学和研究工作。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2014）-02-0-01《夜莺与玫瑰》是王尔德《快乐王子童话集》中的一篇，也是他的代表作之一。

奥斯卡·王尔德（1854一1900），英国诗人、小说家、剧作家、童话作家，是英国19世纪末唯美主义运动的代表人物。

对于唯美主义理论，他有着自己独到的观点：“艺术除了表现它自身外，不表现任何东西；一切坏的艺术都是返归生活和自然造成的，并且是将生活和自然上升为理想的结果；生活模仿艺术甚于艺术模仿生活。

” [1] （P117）长期以来，虽然人们对唯美主义的存有一些争议，其中认为王尔德的“不是艺术再现生活，而是生活模仿艺术。

艺术不是人类社会生活的镜子，生活仅仅是艺术的学生，艺术是至高无上的。

”否定了社会存在决定社会意识的历史唯物主义的观点，但是王尔德以他的生活方式和文学创作诠释了什么是唯美主义，特别是在童话《夜莺与玫瑰》中，为我们展示了唯美主义的美好画卷。

无论是在文字层面、创作手法还是思想内涵上都深刻地反映了他对唯美追忆的执著追求。

一、《夜莺与玫瑰》中文字层面所体现出的唯美主义特征王尔德对文字的运用有着特别的理解：“这种高于一切的形式美是源于心灵的，技巧实际就是人的个性。

《夜莺与玫瑰》：美的崇高与虚伪纪念人类的不朽智慧，美学已经成为哲学和文学的重要一部分。

《夜莺与玫瑰》作为文学史上的经典之作，被公认为是奥斯卡·王尔德
最优秀的故事之一。

本文将讨论《夜莺与玫瑰》中美的崇高与虚伪。

首先，故事中的夜莺代表了美的崇高。

夜莺是玫瑰园中的主题，它
的美妙歌声和无私奉献的精神在王尔德的作品中具有象征意义。

夜莺
自愿用自己的生命换取玫瑰男孩的爱情。

它的歌声使花园中的动物、
树木和人类都受到感动，并成为他们生活中的一部分。

夜莺的歌声具
有无限的力量，使人们忘记自己的痛苦。

这也反映了王尔德对美学哲
学的理解，认为美可以拯救人类灵魂上的痛苦和哀伤。

然而，故事中的男孩和玫瑰代表了美的虚伪。

男孩和玫瑰都追求着
表面上的美，而忽略了内部的价值。

男孩对玫瑰的爱情是浅薄、自私、并且是欺骗。

他相信只有玫瑰的外观才是真正的美，从而忽略了玫瑰
的内在美和价值。

但是，当他发现他无法拥有玫瑰时，他才懂得了玫
瑰的真正价值。

他明白了，外表的美只是一种虚假的幻象，真正的美
在于内心的品质和价值。

因此，我们可以将《夜莺与玫瑰》中的夜莺和男孩、玫瑰相比较，
得出结论：美的崇高在于生命的无私奉献、内在的价值和品质，而美
的虚伪在于仅仅注重表面的外观，忽略了内在的价值和品质。

总之，文学作品《夜莺与玫瑰》反映了美的崇高和虚伪。

作为一个
文学经典，这个故事传达的信息也引人深思。

我们应该注重内在的价
值和品质，而不是仅仅关注外在的表面美。

《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义
摘要：王尔德是19世纪末英国唯美主义的代表人物，“为艺术而艺术”是王尔德唯美主义艺术观的核心。

无论是诗歌、戏剧、小说还是童话创作王尔德都旨在实践他的唯美主义思想。

其中童话是王尔德表现他唯美主义思想最理想的题材。

《夜莺与玫瑰》正是体现他唯美主义思想的代表作。

关键词：唯美主义意象美悲剧美精神美
正文：王尔德生活在19世纪中后期，那时的英国处于“产业革命”后期工商业的到了空前发展。

“物质至上”的拜金主义之风弥漫了大不列颠的整个社会。

社会矛盾加剧，人心浮动，社会处于大变革时期。